DBL_7381_2019-07(中文)

E/ October 2008Mercedes-BenzSupply SpecificationCoating for major passenger car components/body panels and other functional parts* with high corrosive stressDBL 7381BQF available* also decorative - weather resistantAdditional Daimler standards required: DBL 7399, 7390, 7392, 8585, 6714 and MB Special Terms In addition, Directive 2000/53/EC of the European Parliament and Council of 18 September 2000 regarding end-of-life vehicles (ELV) shall be observed.Supersedes draft 7381 for passenger cars Edition:December 2007Continued on pages 2 to 25Issued by:Daimler AG70546 StuttgartStandards (H. Pfander); Tel.: +49 (0)71117-41040Technical responsibility (Name): Petra Emmert Department: PWT/VBTPlant: 050 Phone: +49(0)7031 90-3775HPC: E 430Technical coordination by PWT / Production and Coating Engineering Plant 050, Department PWT/VBT Name: Dr. Rolf SpechtTelephone: +49(0)7031 90-5326 HPC: B 515Confidential! All rights reserved. Distribution or duplication in part or in whole without prior written approval of DaimlerChrysler AG is not permitted. Incase of doubt, the German language original should be consulted as the authoritative text.Product versions (PV) and application examplesGeneral: Finish coat (top coat) for components subject to high corrosive stress, and - if applicable - also mechanical stress.This DBL applies to coatings on the outer side and underside of vehicles and in the engine compartment, not for vehicle interiors.P r o d u c t v e r s i o n sM o d e r a t e c o r r o s i v e s t r e s sM e a n c o r r o s i v e s t r e s sH e a v y c o r r o s i v e s t r e s sC a v i t y c o a t i n gS t o n e i m p a c t r e s i s t a n t c o a t i n gT h e r m a l s t r e s s 24 h o u r s 130°C *D e c o r a t i v e e f f e c tType of coatingApplication examples00 X Single or multicoat finishcataphoretic dip coating, powder etc.01 X X Thermally stable single or multicoatfinishOnly for special cases following agreement10XSingle or multicoat finish, e.g.cataphoretic dip coating, powder etc.11 X X Thermally stable single or multicoatfinish12 X X Multicoat finish/powder coatingAll parts in the engine compartment and on the underfloor not falling in the category body panel / PV 20/21.20 X XCataphoretic dip coating21 X X XCataphoretic dip coating + stone impact-resistant coating All components in the underfloor area with cavities, or components subject to particularly high corrosive stress22XCataphoretic dip coatingBody panels and/or detachable parts which are only cataphoretically dip coated, such asunderfloor, front module, engine compartment partition, sliding roof frame etc.30 X X Baked multicoat finish and/or powder coatingDecorative and weather resistant Functional parts such as Al disk wheels, outside mirror, air inlet grille, decorative roof strip etc. 31X XBaked multicoat finishDecorative and weather resistantBody panels and/or detachable parts such as trunk lids, engine hoods etc.Abbreviated designation: For drawings in the block for surface protection e.g. DBL 7381.30For product versions 20 to 22, the responsible department PWT/VBT shall be contacted in the event of continuous temperatures > 130°C.PVs 22 and 31 concern components which must comply with MobiLolife requirements.Single or multicoat finish: all common coating systems provided that they comply with the requirements of this DBL. Diese DBL gilt für Beschichtungen an der Außen- und Unterseite des Fahrzeuges und imMotorraum, nicht für den Fahrzeuginnenraum1Field of application, general requirementsProduct versions with light alloys as base material1.1.1 Aluminum alloys1.1.1.1 Extruded aluminum parts / Rolled aluminumThe CASS test and/or the filiform test according to 4.17 shall be performed as approval-relevant corrosion test.1.1.1.2 Aluminum die castingThe CASS test without scribe shall be performed as approval-relevant corrosion test.1.1.1.3 Aluminum sand casting/Aluminum chill castingThe CASS test shall be performed as approval-relevant corrosion test.1.1.1.4 Mirror-turned / polished aluminum wheelsThe filiform corrosion test according to Section 4.17 shall be performed as approval-relevant corrosion test for the mirror-turned section, and the CASS test for the three-layer structure.1.1.2Magnesium die casting / Zinc die castingThe corrosion cycle test shall be performed as the approval-relevant corrosion test .To check the coverage of the whole surface, the CASS test can be used as accelerated test.(This test is performed without scratching the surface).1.1.3Other substratesApproval-relevant corrosion tests shall be agreed with the responsible department.2General properties of the materials, raw materials and supply conditionAll product versionsThe materials (cleaning and phosphating agents) used for pretreatment before coating, the binder types and pigments used for the paintwork structure as well as the coating methods and the drying types shall be disclosed to the receiving Daimler AG plant for initial samples and in the event of changes. This stipulation is intended to facilitate, in particular within the framework of development processes, the general material assessment and compliance with any necessary technical and/or personal protective measures for the processing of painted components (e.g. grinding, welding). The pretreatments and coatings shall be free of heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium-VI, lead or their compounds. In addition, DBL 7399, Section1.2.1, DBL 8585 and DBL 6714 as well as directive 2000/53/EC of the European Parliament and Council of 18 September 2000 regarding end-of-life vehicles (ELV) or the latest version of the ELV directive shall be observed.Pretreatment, coating material and coating processes shall be selected by the part supplier so as to fulfill the requirements of this DBL. Residues which could promote corrosion and/or impair adhesion of the coating (flux, scale or similar) shall be removed chemically or mechanically, in particular on weld seams or on laser-cut edges.Edges, corners, overlaps and points accessible only with difficulty which are subject to the risk of corrosion shall be treated particularly carefully.The surface shall be free of any visible roughness, craters, dust inclusions etc.2.1.1PV 22/31All materials used in the coating must have been approved according to the applicable material DBL.e.g. cataphoretic dip coating in accordance with DBL 7292.2.2 InitialsamplingThe corrosion-relevant documents of the initial sample inspection report (ISIR) to PWT/VBT or the responsible department of the receiving MB plant shall be attached in the SQMS system (if available) under ISIR plants – surfaces/corrosion testing, and include the following information:Indication of the production and coating location. If the component is produced or coated at several locations, these locations shall be listed separately including the following data for each location. In addition, one component shall be submitted for sampling for each production/coating location.- Pretreatment materials, product name with product code, supplier- Coating materials, product name with product code (for cataphoretic dip coats also binder and pigment paste), supplier- Process description (flow chart)- Process parameters, test frequency- Layer thickness, layer thickness measuring points and layer thickness window (illustrated documentation), test frequency - Object stoving temperature (ideal, minimum, maximum)- Object temperature curves (at full load), object temperature measuring points (illustrated documentation), test frequency - Test frequency requalification measures according to MB Special Terms (corrosion tests, technical-mechanical coating test in analogy with Section 6.2 of this DBL)- Corrosion test report (illustrated)- Repair paint : work instructions, coating materials with product and name of supplierCorrosion test report for this repair concept (illustrated)(material,process)2.3 ChangesAny changes shall be notified to the Daimler AG receiving plant in good time according to VDA volume 2 and MB Special Terms No. 13 and subjected to initial sampling and approval before application in production.2.4 AssembliesNote that this DBL applies to the testing of individual components. If these components are installed with other components which might have an influence on the overall corrosion result after exposure (e.g. conductive rubber components, material combinations which run the risk of creating contact corrosion etc.), relevant corrosion tests in the corresponding assembly condition shall be agreed.2.5 MAG weld seams / heat-affected zoneMAG weld seams shall be pretreated so that silicate and slag residues are removed to an extent that allows proper pretreatment (e.g. phosphating). The heat-affected zone shall be treated in the same way, if it is accessible. Options: ceramic blasting, vibratory finishing ("Trowalisation"), dry ice blasting etc. In individual cases, an additional coating on the weld seams is also possible. It depends on the component which of these possibilities mentioned makes sense, and it shall therefore be selected following discussions with the responsible Daimler AG department.Pickling of components with cavities is not permissible; exceptions can only be allowed in individual cases for small production series following discussions with PWT/VBT. For such components, a cavity preservation shall then always be provided. Precoated components (e.g. with zinc) shall not be pickled in principle.2.6 Punched and cut edgesPunched and cut edges shall be designed such that compliance with the edge protection required in the relevant PV is reliably ensured. The following rework possibilities are available to improve edge protection: grinding, brushing, vibratory finishing ("Trowalisation"), shot peening etc. If freedom from burrs is specified on the drawing, embossing of the edges, where possible, is recommended. If the parts are laser cut, an oxygen-free cut shall be chosen. Where this is not possible, the edges shall be finished as described above.2.7 Cataphoretic dip coating material and pretreatmentThe supplier shall ensure that the phosphate content in the cataphoretic dip coating bath does not exceed 100 ppm as corrosion protection deteriorates significantly with increasing phosphate content. PWT/VBT and/or the materials engineering department of the relevant Daimler AG receiving plant shall be notified in writing if the cataphoretic dip coating materials are changed following sampling with regard to binder / solids ratio, or if measures are taken which might impact on the flow.In addition, care shall be taken to ensure that an Ni content of 0,8 - 1,2 g/l is maintained in the phosphating when zinc-coated sheets are used.coating2.8 CavityThe minimum layer thickness of cataphoretic dip coatings in cavities shall be 12 µm. A complete flow through the parts shall be ensured for cataphoretic dip coatings of cavities. If air bubbles cannot be avoided, these air bubbles shall be shifted to areas which are non-critical with regard to corrosion and functionality by suspending the parts appropriately. If required, additional measures (e.g. waxing) shall be taken.2.8.1 Cavity preservationIf the flange corrosion exceeds the requirements specified in Sections 4.11.7 and 4.12.7, cavity preservation shall be provided. Also, if the adhesion test in the heat-affected zone of cavities is worse than that required in Sections 4.11.8 and 4.12.8, cavity preservation shall be performed.paintwork2.9 RepairFor repair paintwork, the supplier's repair instructions and the coating materials used shall be indicated according to 2.1.2. If repair paintwork is carried out, the relevant components shall also comply with the requirements of the specified PV. The relevant department is responsible for requesting a component repaired in line with these instructions and for testing it according to the specified PV.The following process is required for rewelded, cataphoretically coated components:Completely remove any weld residues from the weld.- Use angle grinder to remove weld flash.- Resand using 80 grit sanding paper.- Clean using commercially available silicone remover.- Apply 2-component repair primer 4075 manufactured by Spies Hecker.Mixing ratio, layer thickness and drying according to manufacturer's specifications.Refinish using MB 7 167, MB spray can (1-component) MB Art. No. 00 986 29 50/7 167 2 spray applications, air drying. 2.10 CoatingthicknessesFor the paints used, the coating thicknesses specified by the paint supplier, at which the requirements of this DBL are fulfilled, shall be maintained.3Dimensions and tolerances / Form of supplyIn accordance with drawing and approved sample.4Technical dataPreliminary remark:Since in addition to the quality of the coating material itself, the material, the pretreatment and the shape of the parts to be coated may also be crucial to compliance with the following requirements, the tests shall be conducted on finished parts. If, due to their size, components are sawn into pieces, the cut edges shall be protected (by waxing, masking with Jaband No. 92402 supplied by Jaband, www.jaband.de).A test angle between 30° and 70° shall be maintained. For components intended for the underfloor, the underside of the components in the intended installation position in the vehicle shall form the upper side in the test chamber.All values indicated are maximum values.FPT ... Focal point test, refer to Section 6.2 of this DBL.n.r. no requirementFrom Section 4.11, either cross cuts or scratch tests can be performed. The values indicated shall always apply.Affected PVs and their requirementsProperties00/01 10/11/12 20/21/22 30/31 Test method4.1 Color Deviation with respect to standard panel not greater than degree of deviation3-4Section 5.16 of this DBL4.2 GlossIn accordance with drawing or approved sample.Deviation with respect to standard panel not greater than degree of deviation2-3Section 5.15 of this DBL4.3 Layer thickness (FPT) According to drawing or approved sample with the tolerances typical of thematerial, as documented in the ISIR.Section 5.1 of this DBL4.4 Cross-cut (FPT) Gt 1Section 5.3 of this DBL4.5 Mandrel bending test,conical mandrelDocument resultNo requirement at presentSection 5.17 of this DBL4.6 CuppingDocument resultNo requirement at presentSection 5.18 of this DBL4.7 Scratch test (FPT) K2 Section5.2 of this DBLAffected PVs and their requirementsProperties 01 11 Test method4.8 Temperatureresistance The coating shall attain the characteristic values of Section 4.4/4.6 and 4.11 or 4.12 (corrosion cycle test) following exposure to temperature24h 130°C Affected PVs and their requirementsProperties Test method4.9 4.9.1 Multiple stone impact testOriginal conditiononly PVs 30/31Chipping area rating 2Degree of corrosion 0,5Section 5.19 of this DBLSection 5.19.1 of this DBL4.9.2 With salt spray fogExposure time in hRequirementonly PV 12/2172Chipping area rating 2Degree of corrosion 1Section 5.19.2 of this DBL4.10 4.10.1 4.10.2 Steam jet teston St Andrews crosson multiple stone impactonly for PV 30/31No loss of adhesion on St Andrew's crossD1, minor wash-out of existing damageSection 5.20 of this DBLAffected PVs and their requirementsProperties 00/01 10/11/12 20/21/22 30/31 Test method4.11 Constant condensation wateratmosphereSection 5.8 of this DBL Exposure time in h 120 240 360 3604.11.1 Blistering/degree of blistering(S) < 2 (S 2) 0Section 5.6 of this DBL4.11.2 Scratch testK21/24 h minutes after removal on the undamaged surface Section 5.2 of this DBL4.11.3 Cross-cutGt 11/24 h minutes after removal on the undamaged surface Section 5.3 of this DBLAffected PVs and their requirementsProperties 00/01 10/11/12 20/21/22 30/31 Test method4.12 Corrosion cycle testSteel substrates(FPT)Assessment after 1, 3 cycles and at the end of the test period.PVs 00/10 shall only be assessed at the end of the test period.Section 5.10 of this DBLExposure time in cycles 3 6 10 104.12.1 Surface corrosion No clusters or accumulations4.12.1.1 Intermediate assessment1 cycleRi 0 Ri 0 Ri 04.12.1.2 Intermediate assessment3 cyclesRi 0 Ri 0 Ri 04.12.1.3 Final assessment 3 cycles Ri 14.12.1.4 Final assessment 6 cycles Ri 14.12.1.5 Final assessment 10 cycles Ri 1 Ri 0Section 5.5 of this DBL 4.12.2 Edgecorrosion The values indicated refer to one edge length.No integration across the whole component is made.4.12.2.1 Intermediate assessment1 cycle KR 0 KR 0 KR 04.12.2.2 Intermediate assessment3 cycles KR 1 (5%) KR 1 (5%) KR 04.12.2.3 Final assessment 3 cycles KR 2 (30%)4.12.2.4 Final assessment 6 cycles KR 2 (30%)4.12.2.5 Final assessment 10 cycles KR 2 (30%) KR 1 (5 %)Section 5.7 of this DBL 4.12.3 Weld corrosion4.12.3.1 Intermediate assessment1 cycle SR 0 SR 0 SR 04.12.3.2 Intermediate assessment3 cycles SR 1 (5%) SR 1 (5%) SR 1 (5%)4.12.3.3 Final assessment 3 cycles SR 1,5 (20%)4.12.3.4 Final assessment 6 cycles SR 1,5 (20%)4.12.3.5 Final assessment 10 cycles SR 1,5 (20%) SR 1,5 (20%)Section 5.14 of this DBL4.12.4 Subsurface corrosionU/2 in mm at end of test 1,5 2 1,5 1,5Section 5.4 of this DBL 4.12.5 Scratch test K 2 Section 5.2 of this DBL 4.12.6 Cross-cutGt1 Section 5.3 of this DBL4.12.7 Blistering/degree of blistering(S)< 2 (S 2) 0 Section 5.6 of this DBL4.12.8 Flange corrosionAssessment after 3 cyclesNo flange corrosion (no red rust) visible to customer Section 5.22 of this DBL4.12.9 CavitiesAssessment at end of testonly PV 20/21Complete coating in cavities with at least 12µmscratch adhesion in the heat-affected zone K 2. Surface corrosion Ri 0Affected PVs and their requirementsProperties 00/01 10/11/12 20/21/22 30/31 Test method 4.13 Corrosion cycle testZinc-coated and zinc-coated + organically coated / hot-dip aluminized substrates (FPT)Assessment after 1, 3 cycles and at the end of the test period.PVs 00/01 shall only be assessed at the end of the test period.The values indicated refer to white rust. No red rust shall occur in any case.Section 5.10 of this DBLExposure time in cycles 3 6 10 10 4.13.1 Surface corrosion No clusters or accumulations4.13.1 .1 Intermediate assessment1 cycle Ri 0 Ri 0 Ri 04.13.1.2 Intermediate assessment3 cycles Ri 0 Ri 0 Ri 04.13.1.3 Final assessment 3 cycles Ri 14.13.1.4 Final assessment 6 cycles Ri 14.13.1.5 Final assessment 10 cycles Ri 1 Ri 0Section 5.5 of this DBL4.13.2 Edge corrosionThe values indicated refer to one edge length. No integration across the whole component is made.4.13.2.1 Intermediate assessment1 cycle KR 0 KR 0 KR 04.13.2.2 Intermediate assessment3 cycles KR 1 (5%) KR 1 (5%) KR 04.13.2.3 Final assessment 3 cycles KR 3 (50%)4.13.2.4 Final assessment 6 cycles KR 3 (50%)4.13.2.5 Final assessment 10 cycles KR 3 (50%) KR 2 (30%)Section 5.7 of this DBL 4.13.3 Weld corrosion4.13.3.1 Intermediate assessment1 cycleSR 0 SR 0 SR 04.13.3.2 Intermediate assessment3 cycles SR 1 (5%) SR 1 (5%) SR 1 (5%)4.13.3.3 Final assessment 3 cycles SR 1,5 (20%)4.13.3.4 Final assessment 6 cycles SR 1,5 (20%)4.13.3.5 Final assessment 10 cycles SR 1,5 (20%) SR 1,5 (20%)Section 5.14 of this DBL4.13.4 Subsurface corrosionU/2 in mm at end of test4 4 4 4 Section 5.4 of this DBL 4.13.5 Scratch test K 2 Section 5.2 of this DBL 4.13.6 Cross-cut Gt 1 Section 5.3 of this DBL4.13.7 Blistering/degree of blistering(S)< 2 (S 2) 0 Section 5.6 of this DBL4.13.8 4.13.8.1 4.13.8.2 Flange corrosionAssessment after 3 cyclesEnd of testonly PV 20/21/22/31No flange corrosion (no red rust) visible to customerOpen flanges max. Ri 4 white rust (no red rust)Section 5.22 of this DBL4.13.9 CavitiesAssessment at end of testonly PV 20/21/22/31Complete coating in cavities with at least 12µm cataphoretic dip coating scratch adhesion in the heat-affected zone K 2. Surface corrosion Ri 0Affected PVs and their requirementsProperties 00/01 10/11/12 20/21/22 30/31 Test method4.14 Salt spray testonly steel substrates This test can be used to obtain a quick assessment of running series parts forsteel substrates without zinc coatingSection 5.9 of this DBLExposure time in h 168 240 504 5044.14.1 Subsurface corrosionU/2 in mm1 Section 5.4 of this DBL4.14.2 Surface corrosion Ri 1 Section5.5 of this DBL4.14.3 Blistering/degree of blistering(S)< 2 (S 2) 0 Section 5.6 of this DBL 4.14.4 Edge corrosion KR 1 Section 5.7 of this DBL 4.14.5 Scratch test K 2 Section 5.2 of this DBL 4.14.6 Cross-cut Gt1 Section 5.3 of this DBLAffected PVs and their requirementsProduct version 00/01 10/11/12 20/21/22 30/314.15 CASS testAluminumThis test shall be used for aluminum as base material. Section 5.11 of this DBL Exposure time in h 96 168 240 2404.15.1 Subsurface corrosionU/2 in mm2 1 Section 5.4 of this DBL 4.15.2 Surface corrosion Ri 0 Section 5.5 of this DBL4.15.3 Blistering/degree of blistering(S)< 2 (S 2) 0 Section 5.6 of this DBL 4.15.4 Edge corrosion KR 2 (30%) KR 1 (5%) Section 5.7 of this DBL 4.15.4.1 Edge corrosion Al wheels KR 1 Section 5.7 of this DBL 4.15.5 Scratch test K 2 Section 5.2 of this DBL 4.15.6 Cross-cut Gt1 Section 5.3 of this DBLAffected PVs and their requirementsProperties 30/31 Test method4.16 Filiform testAluminumThis test shall be used for aluminum as base material. Section 5.12 of this DBLExposure timeCass test 24 hours28 days at 40°C ±1°C / 82°% ±2% rel. humidity4.16.1 4.16.1.1 Subsurface corrosion around ascribe U/2 in mmMaximum filament length inmm24Section 5.13.1 of this DBL4.16.2 Surface corrosion Ri 0Section 5.5 of this DBL4.16.3 Blistering/degree of blistering(S) 0 (S 0)Section 5.6 of this DBL4.16.4 Edge corrosion Ri 1 (5%) Section5.7 of this DBL 4.16.5 Scratch test K 2 Section 5.2 of this DBL 4.16.6 Cross-cut Gt 1 Section 5.3 of this DBLAffected PVs and their requirementsProperties 30 Test method4.17 Filiform corrosionAluminumThis test shall only be used for mirror turned/polished aluminum wheels.Section 5.13 of this DBLExposure timeCass test 24 hours28 days at 60°C ±1°C / 82°% ±2% rel. humidity4.17.1 4.17.1.1 Subsurface corrosion around ascribe U/2 in mmMaximum filament length inmm24Section 5.13.1 of this DBL4.17.2 Surface corrosion Ri 0 Section5.5 of this DBL 4.17.3 Blistering/degree of blistering(S)0 Section 5.6 of this DBL 4.17.4 Edge corrosion KR 0 Section 5.7 of this DBLAffected PVs and their requirementsProperties 00/0110/11/12 20/21/2230/31Test method 4.18 Corrosion cycle testMagnesium/ZincSection 5.10 of this DBL Exposure time in cycles 104.18.1Subsurface corrosion U/2 in mm 1,5 Section 5.4 of this DBL 4.18.2Surface corrosionRi 0Section 5.5 of this DBL4.18.3 Blistering/degree of blistering (S)0 Section 5.6 of this DBL4.18.4 Edge corrosionKR 2 Section 5.7 of this DBL4.18.5 Scratch test K 2 Section5.2 of this DBL4.18.6 Cross-cut Gt 1Section 5.3 of this DBL Affected PVs and their requirementsProperties 00/01 10/11/12 20/21/22 30/31Test method 4.19 CASS testMagnesium/ZincIn principle, this test is only intended to check the complete coverage of thesurface. This test is performed without scratching the surface.Section 5.11 of this DBLExposure time in h 2404.19.1Surface corrosionSection 5.5 of this DBL4.19.2Edge corrosionSection 5.7 of this DBL4.19.3Blistering/degree ofblistering (S)Only to be used as comparative test.Surface corrosion, edge corrosion and blistering shall comply with the values of the alternating VDA test.The values of the original sample from the CASS test are then a constituent part of the ISIR.Section 5.6 of this DBLAffected PVs and their requirementsProperties 00/01 10/11/12 20/21/22 30/31 Test method4.20 Process and operatingfluid test Proof of compliance with these requirements by the paint supplier shall be sufficient (test results are part of ISIR)4.20.1 Hydraulic fluids The coating shall not demonstrate any changes VDA test sheet 621-412Section 4.1.4 Exposure time4 h at 50 °C4.20.2 Standard gasoline Temporary softening is still permitted provided that the adhesion testrequirements in accordance with Section 4.7. are fulfilled again after aregeneration time of 16 hours VDA test sheet 621-412 Section 4.1.1 Exposure time 10 min at 23°C ± 2°C4.20.3 Preservatives After an exposure time of 60 minutes at 23 ± 2°C, wipe off the preservativewith standard gasoline in accordance with DIN 51 604 Part 1.The coating shall neither be swollen nor discolored. VDA test sheet 621-412 Section 4.2.44.20.4 Cold cleaning solvent Temporary softening is permitted provided that the adhesion test requirementsin accordance with Section 4.7. are fulfilled again after a regeneration time of16 hours VDA test sheet 621-412 Section 4.2.3 Exposure time 10 min at 23°C ± 2°C4.20.5 Brake fluid Temporary softening is permitted provided that the adhesion test requirementsin accordance with Section 4.7. are fulfilled again after a regeneration time of16 hours VDA test sheet 621-412 Section 4.2.1 Exposure time 10 min at 23°C ± 2°CAffected PVs and their requirementsProperties 30/31 Test method4.21 Resistance to chemicals Proof of compliance with these requirements by the paint supplier shall besufficient (test results are part of ISIR)Section 5.21 of this DBL 4.21.1 Sulfuric acid4.21.2 Tree pitch4.21.3 Pancreatin4.21.4 Water4.21.5 Caustic soda solution No discoloration. No change in surface with regard to gloss and adhesionSection 5.21 of this DBL4.21.6 Wheel cleaner Only for Al wheels Section5.21 of this DBL For wheel MB No.A 001 986 34 71Affected PVs and their requirementsProperties30/31 Test method 4.22 Cold resistance No cracks 1 hour at –40°CAffected PVs and their requirementsProperties 30 31 Test method4.23 Weathering Proof of compliance with thisrequirement by the paint suppliershall be sufficient (reference samplepart of ISIR) The coating materials used require a separate DBL approval with regard to the compliance with this item.4.23.1 4.23.1.14.23.1.2 Florida testExposure time withoutaluminum wheelsExposure timeAl wheelsAt least 3 yearsAt least 2 yearsChange in color and gloss compared to unexposed reference sample notgreater than assessment figure 3-4 (color) / 2-3 (gloss).No cracks, no chalking.DBL 7399,Section 7.8.2 under 5°South。

Approved Specification ListFilm ZoneEngineering Specification Film Thickness Salt Spray Hours Humidity Hours AM GeneralSuper HighTT-C-490E0.9 - 1.1 Mils1000AMERICAN AXLEHighMS-40050.788 - 1.182168ARVIN MERITORHighP250.7 - 1.1 Mils2000BEHRM-1153NA See Spec0LowBMWLowBMW S 600 87.0 LA SW 1NA NA0LowGS 90011 LA SW 1NA NA96LowGS 90011 LA SW 2NA NA240LowGS 90011 LA SW 3NA NA240 BORG WARNER COOLINGLow01ES000020.4 - 1.0 Mils Per print or 2500 BOSCHLow6 002 674 0030.4 - 0.8 Mils4800MidES-25310.5 Mils min10000 BROSEHigh562162-103/10020.788 - 1.38 Mils9696 CATERPILLAR1E126796NANACHRYSLERNACS 9003 (Meets environmental requirements)NA NAMidMS-PB45-10.6 - 0.8 Mils360240MidMS-PB45-20.6 Mils min360240MidMS-PB60-2C0.6 Mils min240, 360240NAPF-7051See Engineering Spec00NAPS-508See Engineering Spec00MidPS-72320.59 Mils min0240CLUB CAR, CLASS II1024661010.7 Mils>3000HighCONTINENTAL TEVESNAATE N 106 36.31 (Ob No. 301/4)See ATE N 550 60.01NA NAMidATE N 550 60.01 (Type of Finish L7)0.591-0.788 Mils(guide)600500 CUMMINGSLow210730.4 - 0.8 Mils750500DANALowM-20080.4 - 2.3 Mils5000 DAYCODES-F004 (Except 2.3 & 2.4)0.4 - 0.8 Mils3360LowQ:\EC-DDC\EDIT\ASL\ASL.mdbPage 1 of 6DELBARSee SpecDPS 78See Spec See Spec DELPHINADCM 1581See Engineering Spec3360LowDCM 51670.3 Mils min3360LowDCM 5188See Engineering Spec33696LowDX 5500430.394 - 0.591 Mils min NA0LowDX551400See Engineering Spec See Spec0HighDX5514010.788 Mils3360HighDX5514020.788 Mils1680HighDX5514030.788 Mils960HighDX5514040.788 Mils00HighDX5514050.788 Mils3360HighDX5514060.788 Mils1680HighDX5514070.788 Mils960MidDX5514080.591 Mils240MidDX5514090.591 Mils00See SpecDX650059 3.94 Mils max See Spec See Spec DENSOD 1N 02 B1-TFE13 (DDS 2346)0.788 Mils8400HighHighD 1N 02 B1-TFE13 (DDS 6700-001)0.788 Mils7500LowD 1N 02 B1-TFE21 (DDS 6700-001)0.394 Mils3840LowD 1N 02 B1-TFE23 (DDS 2346)0.394 Mils4800 DEXTER AXLELowES-10390.4 - 1.0 Mils5000 EATONLowES-560C0.394 - 0.985 Mils5000LowTES 005Not Specified96180 FIAMM TECHNOLOGIES INCHighFI-10000.8 min480FORDMidESA-M2P15-A0.512 Mils00HighESA-M64J19-B1 to B40.788 - 0.985 Mils10000HighESB-M2P129-B0.709 - 1.18 Mils5000MidESB-M2P28-B0.512 Mils min96 parts 168 panels0LowESB-M2P29-A0.394 Mils120 panels 48 parts0LowESB-M2P29-B0.394 Mils48 parts 120 panels0LowESB-M2P30-A0.315 Mils96 panels 24 parts0LowESB-M2P30-B0.315 Mils24 parts 96 panels0HighESB-M2P6-B0.709 Mils min2400HighESB-M2P6-C0.709 Mils min5000MidESB-M64J12-B0.6 - 0.8 Mils240NAMidESB-M64J19-A1 to A40.512 - 0.591 Mils360240MidESB-M64J20-A1 to A40.512 - 0.591 Mils360240HighESB-M64J23-A1 to A40.709 - 1.18 Mils500240MidESE-M2P10-A0.512 Mils1680MidESE-M2P128-A0.591 Mils min1680 Q:\EC-DDC\EDIT\ASL\ASL.mdbPage 2 of 6NAESN-M2P86-A See Engineering Spec960MidWSB-M64J28-A1 to A40.6 Mils5000MidWSB-M64J36-A1 to A40.6 Mils min5000HighWSK-6M4J35-A10.8 - 1.2 Mils480NANAWSK-M2P149-A1See Engineering Spec2400NAWSK-M2P149-A1 and A2See Engineering Spec240 - 4800LowWSK-M2P151-A1 to A3 (Excluding 3.5.4)0.394 Mils24-720LowWSK-M2P152-A1 (Excl. top coat, powder)0.394 Mils min960MidWSK-M2P152-A2 (Excl. top coat, powder)0.591 Mils min1200HighWSK-M2P152-A3 (Excl. top coat, powder)0.788 Mils min2400LowWSK-M2P153-A1 to A6NA16 - 4800HighWSK-M2P157-A1 to A30.788 Mils960NAWSS-M00P0000 A1 (Meets environmental req.)NA NAMidWSS-M2P177-A1 to A50.71 Mils Target4800NAWSS-M2P177-B1 to B2See Print NA - Cycle NANAWSS-M2P177-C1 to C3See Print NA - Cycle NALowWSS-M2P185-A2Not Specified4800LowWSS-M2P185-A4Not Specified960LowWSS-M64J39-A1 to A5 (Satellite line)0.4 - 0.8 Mils9600 FREIGHTLINERHigh49-00023 (101)0.8 - 1.0 Mils500500High49-00023 (102)0.8 - 1.0 Mils240240High49-00023 (103)0.8 - 1.0 Mils9696High49-00099-0040.8 - 1.4500500 FUJIMidTS430-7-890.591 Mils min NA24 GMLowGM 4350-M X.XXX See Engineering Spec33696LowGM 99840170.394 - 0.788 Mils00NAGM 9984090 (ZN Phos immersion)NA096See Spec-tbl. 3GM 9984120See Spec-table 316896LowGM 9984120 / 4350-M C-00.394 - 0.591 Mils33696MidGM 9984120 / 4350-M A-1680.591 Mils min16896MidGM 9984120 / 4350-M A-3360.591 Mils min33696MidGM 9984120 / 4350-M A-960.591 Mils min9696LowGM 9984120 / 4350-M C-240.394 - 0.591 Mils2496See Paint SpecGM 9984123 (ZN Phos)See Paint Spec NA0Mid-not in NO ZONEGMW 14671-A0.630 - 0.866 Mils336144Satellite LineGMW 14671-B0.906 - 1.379 Mils336144NAGMW3059 (Meets environmental requirements)NA NA GORDON MFGLow41010.4 - 0.8 Mils960 HARLEY DAVIDSONLowES 805-43101 - A10.4 - 0.8 Mils16848 HAWORTHLowES 10380.3 - 0.5 Mils72HERMAN MILLERQ:\EC-DDC\EDIT\ASL\ASL.mdbPage 3 of 6LowPR-1320.4 - 1.2 Mils0See SpecHighSI-287 1.0 Mils min1500 HINOLowHS K 1010Not Specified See Spec0HighHTSH31280.67-0.91840240 HONDALow5100 Z SGO-000NA4800High5100 Z-TR0-6000 (Galvaneal/Galvanize Only).788960240MidHES D 2016-06 Grade 10.591 Mils min2448HighHES D 2016-06 Grade 20.788 Mils min4848LowHES D 2021-07 Grade 1Not Specified24/4848LowHES D 2021-07 Grade 2Not Specified72/12048LowHES D 2021-07 Grade 3Not Specified120/240120HighHES D 2021-07 Grade 40.788 Mils min240/480240HighHES D 2021-07 Grade 50.788 Mils min600/1000240 INALPHAIES 06.01796-480120-504See DrawingSee SpecIES.20.004 Gloss 0, 3; Exc SO2, Otdoor, Edg Corr See Engineering Spec See Spec See Spec INTERNATIONAL/NAVISTARCEMS G-5, Part I, Sec. A Class A Primer0.8 min500500HighHighCEMS G-5, Part I, Sec. A Class B Primer0.8 min250250HighCEMS G-5, Part I, Sec. A Class D Primer0.8 min NA100HighCEMS G-5, Part I, Sec. A Class E Primer0.8 min250250SuperCEMS G-5, Part I, Sec. A Class F Primer 1.0 min100100SuperCEMS G-5, Part I, Sec. A Class G Primer 1.0 min100100HighEMS G05-50010.8 - 1.2100100MidTMS-90090.6 Mils250250 ISUZULow1SC-B51-001B Bxxx0.985 Mils max See Spec See Spec Jagemann5B0110.6 Mils Min16896MidJCILowMEPM-PLUS-SP-04-07-05-E0.4 - 1.0 Mils0See Spec KELSEY-HAYESMidS-12193401-A0.5 - 1.2 Mils240240 KEY SAFETY SYSTEMSLowE502660.394 Mils Min7224 LUCAS/VARITYMidS-121934 01 B0.5 - 1.2 Mils NA0 MACK TRUCKHigh617 GS 1330.8 - 1.2 Mils480240 MAGNA - DONNELYLowPD-12250.4 - 0.8 Mils NA0 MAZDAQ:\EC-DDC\EDIT\ASL\ASL.mdbPage 4 of 6MES MN 600 TXX CO1-CO8 (CRS)See Engineering Spec1200See SpecSee SpecMES MN 600 TXX CO41-CO6 (Galvanize)See Engineering Spec720See SpecMES MN 600 TXX-CO1-CO6 (Aluminum)See Engineering Spec1272 MERCEDES-BENZLowDBL 7381-00/10/20/22 (Excluding 4.24)0.4 - 0.8504360 DBL 7382SEE PRINT SEE PRINTHighDBL 7390-500.8 - 1.2 Mils504240See PrintDBL 7391-04/54, 60See Print240-5040LowDBL 7392-500.4 - 0.8 Mils7296 MILITARYHighA-A52474A0.788 - 1.30 Mils1000NAHighMIL-P-53084 (ME) (Black only)0.788 - 1.30 Mils1000NA MILWAUKEE WIRE PRODUCTSMid457-0002-10.6 - 1.0 Mils5000 MISHAWAKAMES-7220.5 - 1.0 Mils2400MidMITSUBISHINAES-X 71221See Engineering Spec7200MidES-X712240.59 Mils00 MODINEMidCP-60.5 Mils min5000 NISSANMid54400-NDS00 S-I0.591 Mils min800240MidNES-M 50500.591 - 0.985 Mils NA NAHighNES-M 50830.788 Mils80048 PACCARMidCMT-0030 (Aluminum Sheet)0.6 - 1.0 Mils CASSMidCMT-0030 (Hot rolled pickle & oil)0.6 - 1.0 Mils168500MidCMT-0048 (Aluminum Sheet)0.6 - 1.0 Mils CASSMidCMT-0048 (Hot rolled pickle & oil)0.6 - 1.0 Mils336750MidCMT-0048 TYPE II (CRS)0.6 - 1.0 Mils336750MidCS-0031 (CRS)0.6 - 1.0 Mils336750MidDAF LAK 60009 (Excluding 4.3.1)0.59 - 0.78240192 ROWE INTL.Low00147600NA240Mid001685000.6 - 1.4 Mils00 SIEMENSLowMPS-50620.4 - 1.1 Mils2400 TENNECOMidPS-152.040.591 - 0.985 Mils4000 TOYOTAMid01206-00050-A, 1206-01003-A0.591 Mils7200Satellite Line01206-00051-A, 01206-01004-A0.985 - 1.773 Mils9600HighTIS 01206-000560.788 - 1.30 Mils8400 Q:\EC-DDC\EDIT\ASL\ASL.mdbPage 5 of 6TIS 01206-010090.788 Mils 8400High TIS 01248-000920.788 Mils See Spec 0High TIS 01277-00065 (Stainless Steel Only)0.8 Mils840480High TSH 2354 G (CRS)0.788 Mils min 8400High TSH 2354 G (Galveneal)0.394 Mils min 4800Low TSH 3600 G0.591 Mils00Mid TSZ0001G (Meets environmental requirements)NANANATRELLEBORG TES-5820See Engineering Spec 2400NA TRW 0456350.6 - 1.0 Mils 5000Mid 0456380.4 - 1.2 Mils See Spec 0Low TRW MS 000190.5 - 0.8 Mils 480Mid TRW MS 000810.5 - 0.8 Mils 480Mid TS2-24-0150.59 - 0.98 Mils500500MidVIKING SPF02-W010.6 - 1.0 Mils 00Mid W01/V01See Engineering SpecLowVOLKSWAGEN TL 2270.591 - 1.380240Mid TL 2600.591 - 1.97 Mils240MidVOLVO MS-0036 (Volvo)0.5 Mils 240240Mid WABCOJED 2400.591 - 1.379400500Mid WARNER ELECTRIC MP-347 (Section 5 & 6 only)0.7 - 1.1 Mils 168168High WHEELHORSE 112200 Wheelhorse See Engineering Spec 00Low WHIRLPOOL WM-3561- A6See Engineering Spec 500600Low YH AMERICA Approval: Tim Stitt Distribution: online - hard copies are uncontrolledRevised: 04/10/13Page 6 of 6Q:\EC-DDC\EDIT\ASL\ASL.mdb。

几种汽车循环腐蚀试验方法对比分析杨旋;李玮【摘要】介绍了汽车循环腐蚀试验机理,并对目前国内几种主要的循环腐蚀试验方法,包括大众汽车标准PV1210、通用汽车标准GMW14872、克莱斯勒汽车标准SAE J2334的腐蚀量进行了对比.分析了三大循环腐蚀试验标准的差异及其影响因素.准确把握试验过程中的关键点,将有助于试验更接近户外自然腐蚀状态.【期刊名称】《上海涂料》【年(卷),期】2018(056)005【总页数】4页(P52-55)【关键词】汽车;金属;腐蚀量;腐蚀速率;影响因素【作者】杨旋;李玮【作者单位】通标标准技术服务(上海)有限公司,上海201302;通标标准技术服务(上海)有限公司,上海201302【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TG178;U4670 引言汽车金属零部件的腐蚀破坏已经成为当今影响汽车寿命的重要原因之一。

早在20世纪80年代，美国每年因汽车金属腐蚀所造成的损失就高达200亿美元［1］，因此对汽车抗腐蚀性能的研发显得越来越重要。

循环腐蚀试验可以提供自然腐蚀的最佳实验室模拟环境。

最新的研究成果表明，循环腐蚀试验的结果在腐蚀结构、表面形态和相对腐蚀速率等方面与户外自然腐蚀非常接近。

目前各大汽车主机厂采用的循环腐蚀试验标准有：大众汽车标准PV 1210、通用汽车标准GMW 14872、克莱斯勒汽车标准SAE J2334、奔驰汽车标准DBL 7381、宝马汽车标准GS 90011、雷诺汽车标准D17 2028，菲亚特汽车标准50493.04、捷豹路虎汽车标准TPJLR-52-256和日产汽车标准NES M0158。

国内的循环腐蚀试验能力还处于起步阶段，因此，通过了解循环腐蚀的机理，分析目前主流循环腐蚀试验标准之间的差异，准确把握试验过程中的关键点，将有助于让试验更接近户外自然腐蚀状态。

1 循环腐蚀的机理腐蚀一般分为2种，即化学腐蚀和电化学腐蚀。

化学腐蚀是指金属表面与非电解质直接发生纯化学作用而引起的腐蚀，这类腐蚀没有水介入；电化学腐蚀则是在电解质和水的共同作用下发生的，反应时产生电流，形成电池。

盐雾试验的样品
盐雾试验的样品，可以是样板，也可以是成品。

1 样板
2 成品
目前大部分车企使用成品作为试验样品，例如：
DBL 7381-2019 戴姆勒
PR 292-2017 宝马
PV 1210-2016 大众
GMW 14872-2013 通用
3 样品要求
(1) 供试验用样品底材，必须彻底清除锈迹和润滑油脂。

无论是经喷砂、打磨还是磷化过的底材，谨防暴露于潮湿空气中，以防底材表面形成水膜造成再度生锈或因此而降低涂层与底材间的附着力。

特别强调的是，严禁用手指触摸底材有效部位，因为手指上的油脂、汗渍会沾污板面，造成涂层局部起泡和生锈；
(2) 选取表面干净且无明显划伤的样品进行试验；
(3) 如果没有其他规定，试验前样品应彻底清洗干净，清洗方法取决于样品材料性质，样品表面及其污物清洗不应采用可能浸蚀样品表面的磨料或溶剂，样品清洗后应注意避免再次污染；
(4) 如果样品是从带有覆盖层的工件上切割下来的，不能损坏切割区附近的覆盖层。

除另有规定外，应用适当的覆盖层如油漆、石蜡或胶带等对切割区进行保护。

April 2006Mercedes-BenzSupply SpecificationCoating / Painting for Parts withHigh Corrosive StressDBL 7391BQF availableAdditional DaimlerChrysler Standards required:DBL 7399, 7390, 7392, 8585, 6714 and MB Special Terms. In addition, Directive 2000/53/EC of the European Parliament and Council of 2000-09-18 regarding end-of-life vehicles (ELV) shall be observed.Supersedesedition: 01/2005 Continued on pages 2 to 15Issued by:DaimlerChrysler AG 70546 StuttgartStandards (EP/QIN)Technical responsibility (Name): Petra Emmert Department: PWT/VBTPlant:050Telephone: +49(0) 7031 903775HPC:E430Technical coordination by PWT / Materials and Process Engineering Plant 050, Department PWT/VBT: Dr.Rolf Specht Telephone: +49(0)70 31 90-53 26 HPC: B 515Confidential! All rights reserved. Distribution or duplication in part or in whole without prior written approval of DaimlerChrysler AG is not permitted.In case of doubt, the German language original should be consulted as the authoritative text.Product versions (PV) and application examplesGeneral: Finish coat (top coat) for components subject to high corrosive stress, and - if applicable - also mechanical stress.This DBL applies to coatings on the outer side and underside of vehicles and in the engine compartment.Corrosive stress Specific additional requirements Type of coating Application examples high long term high00* 50 Operating fluids in the engine compartment Air or force-dried single or multi-coat finishes Components in engine compartment, brackets, struts, engine shock absorbers, radiators, signaling horns01* - as for PV 00Air or force-dried single-coat finishesCast iron parts such as engine, transmission and steering gear housings, clutch and brake cylinders, forged parts02* 52 Compatibility during product manufacturing as for PV 00/50 Metal-rubber parts such as engine and chassis mounts, vibration dampers/absorbers on crankshafts and propshafts 03* 53 as for PV 00as for PV 00High-build coatingas for PV 010454Run-free paintinghigh corrosion protection (non decorative,non weather resistant, not stone chip resistant) Single-coat finish from hot-set electrophoretic paints (anaphoretic/cataphoretic dip coating)Steel sheet drawn/pressed parts, steel disk wheels, air filters, pulleys, brake units10* 60Stone-impact resistant coatingStone-impact resistant air or force-dried single or multi-coat finishesVehicle underside, chassis/axle parts, shock absorbers, coil springs, torsion bars, tie rods and drag links, longitudinal and cross members of commercial vehicle chassis, brake/compressed air reservoirs20* Coating suitable for spot weldingSingle-coat finish from air-dried one- or two-component paintsBus substructure sheet stiffening, Unimog frame and attachment parts3080 High mechanical resistance Powder coating or equivalent high-build coatingPassenger car underside/engine compartment, bus seat frames and interior parts up to waistrail height, bus underfloor coating, attachment parts, engine blocks, oil pans, cylinder head covers, brake/compressed air reservoirs31* - as for PV 30/80as for PV 30/80Interior fittings for buses above waistrail height 40* 90Decorative appearance, weather resistant Single/multi-coat finish,predominantly from baked paintsBody and/or attachment parts, Al disk wheels, mirror frame, ventilation window frame, air inlet grille, door handles, wiper arms/blades* Not for new design Abbreviated designation:For drawings in the block for surface protection e.g.: DBL 7391.00On the underfloor, PVs "long term/high" shall be used PV 04/ 30 only for the engine compartment area Replacement remarks: For PV 01 PV 03 / 53For PV 20 DBL 7390.20 or DBL 7390.21 For PV 31 DBL 7392.401Field of application, general requirements1.1Product versions with light alloys as base material1.1.1Aluminum alloysThe approval-relevant corrosion test for aluminum parts is the CASS test (refer to Section 4.24 of this DBL).For mirror turned aluminum wheels, the filiform corrosion test (refer to Section 4.27 of this DBL) shall be performed.1.1.2Magnesium die-casting alloyThe alternating corrosion test shall be used as the approval-relevant corrosion test for magnesium die-casting alloys.To check the coverage of the whole surface, the CASS test can be used as accelerated test.(This test is performed without scratching the surface)1.1.3Other substratesApproval-relevant corrosion tests shall be agreed with the responsible department.2General properties of the materials, raw materials and supply condition2.1All product versionsThe materials (cleaning and phosphating agents) used for pretreatment before coating, the binder types and pigments used for the paintwork structure as well as the coating methods and the drying type shall be disclosed to the receiving MB plant for initial samples and in the event of changes. This stipulation is intended to facilitate, in particular within the framework of development processes, the general material assessment and compliance with any necessary technical and/or personal protective measures for the processing of painted components (e.g. grinding, welding).The pretreatments and coatings shall be free of heavy metals and their compounds such as arsenic, cadmium, mercury, chromium-VI compounds or lead. In addition, DBL 7399, Section 1.2.1, DBL 8585 and DBL 6714 as well as directive2000/53/EC of the European Parliament and Council of 2000-09-18 regarding end-of-life vehicles (ELV) or the latest version of the ELV directive shall be observed.Exception:The requirements regarding "Chromium-VI compounds and lead-free" refer to new designs or new samples.Production parts shall be adapted within the statutory transitional periods following agreement with the responsible department.Pretreatment, coating material and coating processes shall be selected by the part supplier so as to fulfill the requirements of this DBL. Residues which could promote corrosion and/or impair adhesion of the coating (flux, scale, organic contamination residues from assembly or other processing steps) shall be removed chemically or mechanically, in particular from weld seams or on laser-cut edges.Edges, corners, overlaps and points accessible only with difficulty which are subject to the risk of corrosion shall be treated particularly carefully.The surface shall be free of any visible roughness, craters, dust inclusions etc.2.1.1Initial samplingThe corrosion-relevant documents of the initial sample inspection report (ISIR) to PWT/VBT or the receiving MB plant shall include the following information:- Pretreatment materials, product name, supplier- Coating material, product name, supplier- Process description (flow chart)- Process parameters, test frequency- Layer thickness, layer thickness measuring points (illustrated documentation), test frequency- Object stoving temperature (target value, minimum, maximum), object temperature curve (at full load)- Object temperature measuring points (illustrated documentation), test frequency- Corrosion test report (illustrated)- Requalification measures, test frequency (at least acc. to MB Special Terms No. 14) Corrosion tests, technical-mechanical properties in analogy with Section 6.2 of this DBL2.1.2Changes (material, process)Any changes shall be notified to the MB receiving plant in good time according to VDA volume 2 and MB Special Terms No. 13 and initial sampled and approved before production application.2.1.3MAG weld seams / heat-affected zoneMAG weld seams shall be pretreated so that silicate and slag residues are removed to an extent that allows proper phosphating/coating. The heat-affected zone shall be treated in the same way, if it is accessible.Possibilities: ceramic blasting, barrel finishing etc. In individual cases, an additional coating on the weld seams is also possible. It depends on the component which of these possibilities mentioned makes sense, and it should therefore be selected following discussions with the responsible department.2.1.4Punched and cut edgesPunched and cut edges shall be designed such that compliance with the edge protection required in the relevant PV is reliably ensured. The following rework possibilities are available for edge protection: grinding, brushing, barrel finishing, shot peening etc. If the parts are laser cut, an oxygen-free cut shall be chosen. Where this is not possible, the edges shall be finished as described above.2.1.5Cavity coatingThe minimum layer thickness of the cataphoretic dip coating in cavities shall be 12 µm. A complete flow through the parts shall be ensured. If air bubbles cannot be avoided for design reasons, these air bubbles shall be shifted to areas which are non-critical with regard to corrosion and functionality by suspending the parts appropriately.If required, additional measures such (waxing etc.) shall be taken.2.1.6Cataphoretic dip coating material and pretreatmentThe supplier shall ensure that the phosphate content in the cataphoretic dip coating bath does not exceed 100 ppm as corrosion protection deteriorates significantly with increasing phosphate content. PWT/VBT and the relevant MB receiving plant shall be notified in writing if the cataphoretic dip coating materials are changed following sampling with regard to binder / solids ratio, or if measures are taken which might impact on the flow.2.1.7OverpaintabilityThe coating shall be capable of being repaired using state-of-the-art touch-up paints without disturbing surface changes such as crinkling. The paints to be used shall be agreed with the receiving plant and shall be matched to the relevant paint structure. Also refer to Section 4.20 of this DBL in this respect.2.1.8AssembliesNote that this DBL applies to the testing of individual components. If these components are installed with other components which might have an influence on the overall corrosion result after stressing (e.g. conductive rubber components, material combinations which run the risk of contact corrosion creation etc.), relevant corrosion tests in the corresponding assembly condition shall be agreed.3Dimensions and tolerances / Form of supplyIn accordance with drawing and approved sample.4Technical dataPreliminary remark:Since in addition to the quality of the coating material itself, the material, the pretreatment and the shape of the parts to be coated may also be crucial to compliance with the following requirements, the tests shall be conducted, wherever possible, on finished parts.All values indicated are maximum values.* For commercial vehicles, this test is also permitted for zinc-coated components. Values shall be specified with the relevant commercial vehicle receiving plant.4.21 Weldability Refer to DBL 7390.20/.214.25 Severe outdoorweathering Only for PVs 54 / 90Body onlyDBL 7399,Section 7.8Product version 5490 Exposure time 12 months with light protection 12 months4.25.5 4.25.5.1 4.25.5.2 4.25.5.3 Filiform corrosionMax. filamentlengthin mm (single-sided)Al ungroundAl groundAl production244244Section 5.4of this DBL5Test methods5.1Adhesion test Section 4.5.2not applicable5.2Combined steam-jet/weathering testnot applicable5.3Adhesive tape method at fold (adhesive tape method)N/A5.4Filiform corrosion Section 4.25.5Following the end of the test, the longest filament shall not exceed the specified value.5.5Steam-jet test Section 4.18The steam-jet test can be performed optionally on the St Andrews cross or on the multi-impact stone-chipping,whereby the multi-impact stone-chipping shall be preferred.6Duties of the supplierThis DBL as well as all other required DaimlerChrysler standards shall be provided to all sub-suppliers in order to ensure DBL-compliant products.6.1Tests before deliveryRefer to DBL 7399, Section 1.5.The parts to be sampled shall be tested by the supplier in accordance with the specifications before initial sampling. For the corrosion tests, photographic documentation of the intermediate and final assessment is required.6.2Scope of focal point testing (FPT)A reduced test scope in accordance with the following sections of this DBL may be conducted for supplies:All substrates: 4.3/4.4/4.5/4.9.(layer thickness, cross cut, scratch test, constant condensed waterclimate)Steel substrates: 4.8 (4.22 preferred) (salt spray test, VDA alternating test)Zinc-coated substrates: 4.23 (VDA alternating test for zinc)Aluminum substrates: 4.24 (CASS test)Magnesium substrates: 4.26 (VDA alternating test for magnesium)6.3RequalificationRefer to MB Special Terms No. 14.6.4Functional tests of test equipment (VDA alternating test and outdoor weathering)Functional tests are required In order to check the reproducibility of the test results of test equipment or the comparability of test results from different test equipment. The followingprocedure must be followed:6.4.1Specimens for functional testsAt least two specimens per week which are 30 mm wide, 100 mm long and 1,2 mm to 2 mm thick (see sketch) from sheet EN 10130 + A1-DC04-B (mill-finish)Fig. 1: Sketch of weight removal sheets6.4.2Specimen preparationBefore the beginning of functional tests, degrease the specimens using white spirit or other suitable solvent (e.g. n-hexane in combination with isopropanol) with a soft, non-linting cloth or brush, and then weigh to ±10 mg. If weighing is not possible immediately after degreasing, store the specimens in a desiccator or, in the event of prolonged interruptions, freeze at at least -20°C.6.4.3ExposureInstall the specimens at a distance of 10-15 mm, e.g. on a plastic panel, and place in the test chamber on edge at an angle of 60° to 75° to the horizontal line.6.4.4Removal of corrosion productsRemove the corrosion products on both sides at 6 bar using steel corundum Abrasit–A grain 0,25 to 0,5mm. Then store the specimens in a desiccator until weighing or, in the event of prolonged interruptions, freeze at at least -20°C.Note: The results can only be compared with each other if the same method is applied. 6.4.5Weighing of specimens Weigh the specimens to ± 10 mg.6.4.6Test frequencyEach week, insert test panels and remove 10 weeks later. This allows the test chamber to be monitored continuously. 6.4.7Evaluation of the result of the function testTake the mean value of the mass losses determined and calculate the mass loss in % relative to the original mass. In some cases, the value to be achieved is specified in the test specifications.'m Mean mass loss in % relative to the mean value of the initial mass A m Mass before commencement of the testE mMass after removal of corrosion products1,2,….n = number of specimens used (statistics)>@>@%...100......212121An A A En E E An A A m m m x m m m m m m m'7SamplesRefer to MB Special Terms No. 13. Initial sampling and DBL 7399, Section 1.18DeliveriesRefer to MB Special Terms Nos. 13 and 16 and DBL 7399, Section 1.39MarkingRefer to MB Special Terms Nos. 4, 24 and 27 as well as notes regarding marking in MBN 33015 and VDA 26010PackagingRefer to MB Special Terms No. 28 and No. 30.11StorabilityRefer to MB Special Terms No. 28 and No. 30.12Special instructionsRefer to DBL 7399, Section 1.11Beyond the characteristics specified in this DBL, running deliveries shall correspond to the approved sample in every respect. 13ComplaintsRefer to DBL 7399, Section 1.6 and "Purchase Conditions for Production Materials and Spare Parts for Motor Vehicles", Sections 4 and 10.14Environmental protection regulations/Industrial safetyRefer to DBL 7399, Section 1.2, DBL 8585 and the Annex to DBL 8585 "Negative list for paints and thinners",Purchase Conditions for Production Materials and Spare Parts for Motor Vehicles", Section 9.5.Where a danger of microbial germ formation exists, explanations shall be given on the danger/risks which arise for the user as a result of biocides being contained in the product. The use of biocides shall always be restricted to the minimum quantity required for functional reasons.In addition, directive 2000/53/EC of the European Parliament and Council of 2000-09-18 regarding end-of-life vehicles (ELV) or the latest applicable ELV directive shall be observed.15Other applicable standardsDBL PBO DC MBN DIN VDADBL 5416 371 33015 DIN 4628-2 VDA 621-412DBL 6714 361 DIN 50021 VDA 621-415DBL 7390 DIN 55996-1 VDA 260DBL 7392 VDA volume 2DBL 7399 DIN EN ISO 2409DBL 8585 DIN EN ISO 4892-2DIN EN ISO 4892-1DIN EN ISO 6270-2The latest versions of the standards indicated shall apply in each case.16Changes as against previous edition:PV.60 No cataphoretic dip coat as sole layerPV Abbreviated designation on drawingSection 1Section 1.1 Special regulation for aluminum wheelsSection 1.1.3 Other substratesSection 2Section 2.1.1 Layer thickness indications with tolerancesSection 2.1.2 Procedure in the event of changes to materials and processesSection 2.1.7 Overpaintability addedSection 2.1.8 Stone-chipping-resistant paint addedSection 2.1.9 Assemblies addedSection 4Section 4 S (focus point test) replaced by SPPSection 4.6.1 Single stone impact deletedSection 4.7 Multi-impact stone-chipping and steam jet only for PV 40/ 90Section 4.8 Exceptions for commercial vehicles addedSection 4.8.3 Degree of blistering according to DINSection 4.9.1 Degree of blistering according to DINSection 4.18 Steam-jet test, distinction between St Andrews cross and multi-impact stone chipping Section 4.22 Exceptions for commercial vehicles addedSection 4.22.3 Degree of blistering according to DINSection 4.23.3 Degree of blistering according to DINSection 4.24 Differentiation Al ground/ungroundSection 4.24.3 Degree of blistering according to DINSection 4.24.4 Requirements differentiated according to substrate (Al ground/unground)Section 4.25.3 Degree of blistering according to DINSection 4.25.4 Requirements for infiltration differentiated according to substrateSection 4.25.5 Filiform corrosion added for outdoor weatheringSection 4.26 Testing of and requirements for Mg substrate during VDA alternating test added Section 4.27 Testing of and requirements for Mg substrate during CASS test addedSection 5Section 5.4 Filiform corrosion addedSection 6Section 6.3 Requalification addedSection 6.4 Functional test of test equipment addedSection 15 Other applicable standards addedCorrection of various typing errorsNote: DBL 7399 is under revision at present, e.g. comparative images for evaluations, updating of standards。

Manufacturer: National InstrumentsBoard Assembly Part Numbers (Refer to Procedure 1 for identification procedure): Part Number and Revision Description198219B-04L or later PXI-7841R198219B-05L or later PXI-7842R198219B-02L or later PXI-7851R198219B-01L or later PXI-7852RVolatile MemoryTarget Data Type Size BatteryBackupUser1AccessibleSystemAccessibleSanitizationProcedureData storage during VI execution FPGABlockRAM32 x 36 Kbits (-02, -04)48 x 36 Kbits (-01, -05)No Yes Yes Cycle PowerNon-Volatile Memory (incl. Media Storage)Target Data Type Size BatteryBackupUserAccessibleSystemAccessibleSanitizationProcedureDevice configuration •Device information •FPGA bitstream •Calibration metadata •Calibration data2Flash 2M x 8 bits NoNoYesYesNoYesYesYesYesNoneProcedure 2Procedure 3None1 Refer to Terms and Definitions section for clarification of User and System Accessible1 Calibration constants that are stored on the device include information for the device’s full operating range. Any implications resulting from partial self-calibration can be eliminated by running the full self-calibration procedure.ProceduresProcedure 1 –Board Assembly Part Number Identification:To determine the Board Assembly Part Number and Revision, refer to the label applied to the surface of your product. The Assembly Part Number should be formatted as “P/N: #####a-##LProcedure 2 - Device Configuration Flash (FPGA bitstream):You can use the NI-RIO Device Setup utility to erase the FPGA bitstream data. For more details, visit/info and enter the infocode fpgaflashclr.Procedure 3 - Device Configuration Flash (Calibration Metadata):The user-accessible areas of the Device Configuration Flash are exposed through a calibration Applications Programming Interface (API) in LabVIEW. For more details, visit /info and enter the infocode rseriescalclr.Terms and DefinitionsCycle Power:The process of completely removing power from the device and its components and allowing for adequate discharge. This process includes a complete shutdown of the PC and/or chassis containing the device; a reboot is not sufficient for the completion of this process.Volatile Memory:Requires power to maintain the stored information. When power is removed from this memory, its contents are lost. This type of memory typically contains application specific data such as capture waveforms.Non-Volatile Memory:Power is not required to maintain the stored information. Device retains its contents when power is removed.This type of memory typically contains information necessary to boot, configure, or calibrate the product or may include device power up states.User Accessible:The component is read and/or write addressable such that a user can store arbitrary information to the component from the host using a publicly distributed NI tool, such as a Driver API, the System Configuration API, or MAX. System Accessible:The component is read and/or write addressable from the host without the need to physically alter the product. Clearing:Per NIST Special Publication 800-88 Revision 1, “clearing” is a logical technique to sanitize data in all User Accessible storage locations for protection against simple non-invasive data recovery techniques using the same interface available to the user; typically applied through the standard read and write commands to the storage device.Sanitization:Per NIST Special Publication 800-88 Revision 1, “sanitization” is a process to render access to “Target Data” on the media infeasible for a given level of effort. In this document, clearing is the degree of sanitization described.。

September 2002Mercedes-BenzSupply SpecificationSealing sections / Moulded parts manufactured fromelastomers, mainly in body areasuitable for thermal stressing from 70°C to 100°CDBL 5571BQF availableýAdditional DaimlerChrysler standards required: DBL 5555, DBL 8585 as well as MB Special TermsSupersedes Edition: 12.95Refer to Section Changes onContinued on pages 2 to 5Issued by:DaimlerChrysler AG D-70546 Stuttgart Standards (EP/QIN)Technical responsibility (Name): Elke StoeckerDepartment: PWT/VWL Plant: 050Telephone: (+49) 7031/90-81572HPC: F105Technical coordination by PWT / Materials and Process Engineering Plant 50 Department PWT/VWL Name: Dr. HerrmannTelephone +49 7031-90-2461HPC F 105Confidential! All rights reserved. Distribution or duplication in part or in whole without prior written approval of DaimlerChrysler AG is not permitted.In case of doubt, the German language original should be consulted as the authoritative text.1. General requirements and elastomer bases Product versions PVHardness range Shore A Application examplesRecommended polymer type1025 to 80Fixed seals such as shims, gaskets, cup seals etc.EPDM1480 to 90and > 90as PV .10e.g. clamping baseEPDM blends2025 to 80Seals subject to lifting stress, e.g. for doors, engine hood etc.2180 to 90and > 90as PV .20e.g. clamping base3025 to 80Seals subject to mechanical-dynamic stress, e.g.dust shield seal, window guide railAbbreviated designationsFor drawings in the block for material: e.g. Elastomer 70 ± 5 Shore A DBL 5571.102. General properties of materials, raw materials and supply conditionThe general conditions in accordance with DBL 5555 shall be observed.These include, for example, receiving inspections, in-process inspections, test certificate, sampling, industrial safety and environmental protection, deliveries, marking, packaging, storability, complaints.3. Dimensions and tolerances/Form of supply: Refer to drawing4. Technical data : Refer to Table on page 35. Changes over edition 12/95:Test specifications adapted to VDA standards Editorial revisionPage 2DBL 5571 : September 20026. Other applicable standards:MB standards Other standardsDBL 5555VDA 675 106MB Special Terms VDA 675 130DBL 7906VDA 675 125DBL 8585VDA 675 116DBL 5527VDA 675 242PBVWL 717VDA 675 216 Method BDIN 75 200VDA 675 311DIN 75 201 B VDA 270 Method B 2VDA 675 310VDA 675 102VDA 675 101VDA 675 130VDA 675 205VDA 675 211 Test specimen AVDA 675 217B1) refer to DBL 5555 Part II Item 32) 25% elongation at tension strain (compression set not applicable)> 90 Shore A (tension and compression set not applicable)Page 3DBL 5571 : September 20021) refer to DBL 5555 Part II Item3Technical data4.Product versions (PV)Limit requirements Permitted tolerance with reference to sample value 1)Test method10142021304.1Density g/cm³in accordance with sample ± 0,02VDA 675 106buoyancy method 4.2Shore-A and/ormicrohardness IRHD in accordance with drawing± 5VDA 675 102VDA 675 1014.3Colorin accordance with drawing --4.4 Extractable matter %in accordance with sample ± 3VDA 675 1254.5Residue on ignition%in accordance with sample± 2VDA 675 1304.6Tensile strength at least N/mm²Shore Aat hardness up to 35at hardness of35 to 65at hardness of65 to 80at hardness of80 to 90 and > 905,06,07,0----8,06,06,07,0----8,06,06,07,0-± 20%VDA 675 2054.7Elongation at tear %at leastShore Aat hardness up to 35at hardness of35 to 65at hardness of65 to 80at hardness of80 to 90 and > 90300250200----80350300250----80350300250-± 20%4.8Tear growth resist., at least N/mmShore Aat hardness up to 35 at hardness of 35 to 65at hardness of 65 to 80at hardness of 80 to 90 and > 904,04,55,0----4,04,05,08,0----4,05,08,09,0-± 20%VDA 675 211test specimen A assessment in accordance with DIN 53539Page 4DBL 5571 : September 20021) refer to DBL 5555 Part II Item 32) 25% elongation at tension strain (compression set not applicable) > 90 Shore A (tension and compression set not applicable)4.Technical data (continued)Limit requirements Permitted tolerance with reference to sample value 1)Test method10142021304.9Compression and tension setmaximum %352)60352)5030± 10 %VDA 675 216 BVDA 675 217 B 24h/70+-2°C 4.10Cold reference (stiff- ness) value, max. °C-35± 3VDA 675 116Small discoloration permissible4.11 Contact stainingMigration stainingNo discolorationpermissible-VDA 675 242Visual assessment4.12 Heat ageingresistanceChange in hardnessShore A ± 5± 3VDA 675 3107d/70° CHeat storageDimensional change of length and widthmaximum %1-Tensile strength N/mm²at least Shore Aat hardness up to 35at hardness of 35 to 65at hardness of 65 to 80at hardness of 80 to 90 and > 903,54,55,0----7,04,04,55,0----7,04,05,06,0± 20%Elongation at tear at least %Shore Aat hardness of 35at hardness of 35 to 65at hardness of 65 to 80at hardness of 80 to 90 and > 90250200150----70300250200----70300250200-± 20%4.13Combust. test mm/min< 100-DIN 75 200only for interior partsPage 5 DBL 5571 : September 20021) refer to DBL 5555 Part II Item3Limit requirements4Technical data(continued)1014202130Permittedtolerance withreference tosample value 1)Test method4.14Fogging testQuantity of condens-able substance mg max.2-DIN 75 201-Bonly for interiorparts4.15Odour test gradeat least 3-VDA270Method B 2only for interiorparts4.16Ozone not applicable to EPDM-VDA 675 311 4.17Free of nitrosamines all components-PBVWL717 4.18Self-adhesive finish in accordance with drawing-DBL 79064.19Contact corrosion inconnection with Al orMg parts elastomer blend with reducedconductivity-DBL 5527。

专利名称：Methods and systems for providing randomaccess to structured media content发明人：Jin Li,Hong-Hui Sun,Hu Li,QianZhang,Xianoning Ling申请号：US09453827申请日：19991201公开号：US06807550B1公开日：20041019专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：Methods and systems for providing random access of structured media content are described. One aspect provides a novel file structure or “Vfile”, and method ofusing the same, for organizing and managing portions of a structured media content file that are or can be downloaded from a content provider such as a multimedia content server. The Vfile is configured to emulate a server file structure that a server uses to store structured media content files. The Vfile is established at a client location when a client accesses a structured media content file and is used to buffer and cache structured media content file portions. In addition to having an infrastructure that emulates the server's file structure, the Vfile includes one or more media management tags. The tags are used by the client to manage a cache of structured media content file portions that are downloaded from the server. Exemplary tags include, but are not limited to (1) a validity tag that indicates whether a particular portion of a structured media content file is available in the Vfile cache, (2) a hit count tag that gives an indication of how many times a particular portion has been accessed, (3) an importance tag that gives a weight to the hit count and determines how long the portion can stay in cache, and (4) a lock tag that indicates whether or not to lock selected structured media content file portions in the Vfile. Cache management strategies make use of the management tags to ensure that relevant portions of the media file are maintained by the client for as long as they are needed. Those file portions that are needed, but which are not present in the Vfile, can be streamed to the client by the server while those file portions that are present are used to render a view for the user.申请人：MICROSOFT CORPORATION代理机构：Lee & Hayes, PLLC更多信息请下载全文后查看。

46 集成电路应用 第 36 卷 第 7 期（总第 310 期）2019 年 7 月Applications创新应用1 引言网络通信技术的高速发展，充分显现了传统网络通信技术与信息飞速发展时代需求的不符，由于网络通信系统管理信息化是社会发展的必经之路，这就要求大数据技术应用于网络通信系统是必然趋势。

大数据技术是网络通信建设的重要组成，为新时期的网络系统架构提供基础。

网络通信系统的产生与信息化技术的发展息息相关，积极建设并充分应用大数据及物联网等技术，保障系统数据的有效分析，解决网络卡顿的现象，能够最大程度满足用户的服务需求。

2 大数据技术及网络通信系统 2.1 大数据技术大数据技术是近些年兴起的网络技术，实现对海量数据的处理，利于改善传统数据处理方法[1-6]，是经济高速发展下的产物。

大数据技术将计算机信息技术作为基础，使传统行业与大数据技术深度融合，对社会各项因素更新、调整，实现经济转型目标。

大数据技术的产生，进一步发挥互联网技术的优势。

大数据技术基于云计算理念，云计算为大数据的基础，具有开放性，实现数据的分析与整合，在数据下观察需求间的关系，是互联网技术发展的飞跃，对提升社会生产力具有重要推动作用。

新时期各个领域需要不断融合大数据技术，以保障在激烈的市场竞争中永远保持强有力的技术实力。

2.2 网络通信系统传统电力行业网络通信系统采取分布式方式，现代网络通信系统采取智能通信系统，智能通信系统是建立在分布式系统之上，对分布式系统进行优化升级，更新设备、数据分析方法以及通信方式。

传统分布式网络通信系统示意见图 1，智能化网络通信系统示意见图 2。

基金项目：内蒙古电网电力系统科技创新课题项目。

作者简介：李琦，内蒙古电力经济技术研究院，研究方向：电子技术与自动控制技术。

收稿日期：2019-04-28，修回日期：2019-06-08。

摘要：探讨大数据背景下的网络通信技术，展开大数据网络通信系统的架构设计。

第28卷第3期 水下无人系统学报 Vol.28No.32020年6月JOURNAL OF UNMANNED UNDERSEA SYSTEMS Jun. 2020收稿日期: 2019-05-19; 修回日期: 2019-07-21.作者简介: 杨管金子(1988-), 男, 在读博士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为鱼雷制导技术.[引用格式] 杨管金子, 李建辰, 国琳娜, 等. 一种回溯算法结合数据时序重构融合滤波的初始对准方法[J]. 水下无人系统学报, 2020, 28(3): 263-270.一种回溯算法结合数据时序重构融合滤波的初始对准方法杨管金子1, 2, 李建辰1, 2, 国琳娜1, 2, 黄 海1(1. 中国船舶重工集团公司 第705研究所, 陕西 西安, 710077; 2. 水下信息与控制重点实验室, 陕西 西安, 710077)摘 要: 为了在提高鱼雷初始对准精度的同时保证较短的对准时间, 文中在采用回溯算法进行初始对准的基础上, 通过对存储数据的调用及线下处理, 提出一种数据时序重构融合滤波算法, 通过对存储数据进行再次调用、整体辨识、特征量提取和时序重构, 构建多级滤波器, 与传统“正向—逆向—正向”滤波回溯算法比较, 实现了一定时间内滤波估计及对准精度的进一步提高。

实航数据的仿真对比试验证明了该方法在精度及时间上的有效性。

关键词: 鱼雷; 初始对准; 回溯算法; 时序重构; 融合滤波中图分类号: TJ630.33; U666.124 文献标识码: A 文章编号: 2096-3920(2020)03-0263-08 DOI: 10.11993/j.issn.2096-3920.2020.03.004An Initial Alignment Method Using Backtracking Algorithm Combined withData Sequence Reconstruction Fusion FilteringYANG Guan-jin-zi 1,2, LI Jian-chen 1,2, GUO Lin-na 1,2, HUANG Hai 1(1. The 705 Research Institute, China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation, Xi’an 710077, China; 2. Science and Technol-ogy on Underwater Information and Control Laboratory, Xi’an 710077, China)Abstract: In order to improve the initial alignment accuracy of torpedo and ensure shorter alignment time, on the basis of applying the backtracking algorithm to the initial alignment, a data sequence reconstruction fusion filtering method is proposed by calling and offline-processing the stored data. The proposed method can further improve the filtering esti-mation and alignment accuracy within a certain time compared with the traditional “forward-backward-forward ” filter-ing backtracking algorithm by re-calling of the stored data, overall identification, feature extraction, time sequence re-construction, and construction of a multi-stage filter. Comparison between simulation results and sea trial data proves the effectiveness of the proposed method in accuracy and time.Keywords: torpedo; initial alignment; backtracking algorithm; sequence reconstruction; fusion filtering0 引言作为水下反舰反潜主战武器, 鱼雷需要具备快速发射和精确制导的作战能力, 初始对准作为惯性导航系统的关键技术之一, 直接影响鱼雷射前准备时间及水下导航定位精度。

OpenStack High Availability Guidecurrent (2015-07-02)Copyright © 2012-2014 OpenStack Contributors All rights reserved.This guide describes how to install, configure, and manage OpenStack for high availability.Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at/licenses/LICENSE-2.0Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.Table of ContentsPreface (v)Conventions (v)Document change history (v)1. Introduction to OpenStack High Availability (1)Stateless vs. Stateful services (2)Active/Passive (2)Active/Active (2)I. HA using active/passive (4)2. The Pacemaker cluster stack (6)Install packages (6)Set up Corosync (6)Starting Corosync (11)Start Pacemaker (12)Set basic cluster properties (12)3. Cloud controller cluster stack (14)Highly available MySQL (14)Highly available RabbitMQ (17)4. API node cluster stack (21)Configure the VIP (21)Highly available OpenStack Identity (21)Highly available OpenStack Image API (23)Highly available Block Storage API (25)Highly available OpenStack Networking server (26)Highly available Telemetry central agent (28)Configure Pacemaker group (29)5. Network controller cluster stack (30)Highly available neutron L3 agent (30)Highly available neutron DHCP agent (31)Highly available neutron metadata agent (32)Manage network resources (32)II. HA using active/active (33)6. Database (35)MySQL with Galera (35)MariaDB with Galera (Red Hat-based platforms) (39)7. RabbitMQ (42)Install RabbitMQ (42)Configure RabbitMQ (43)Configure OpenStack services to use RabbitMQ (44)8. HAProxy nodes (46)9. OpenStack controller nodes (50)Run OpenStack API and schedulers (50)Memcached (51)10. OpenStack network nodes (52)Run neutron DHCP agent (52)Run neutron L3 agent (52)Run neutron metadata agent (53)Run neutron LBaaS agent (53)A. Community support (54)Documentation (54) (55)OpenStack mailing lists (55)The OpenStack wiki (55)The Launchpad Bugs area (56)The OpenStack IRC channel (57)Documentation feedback (57)OpenStack distribution packages (57)PrefaceConventionsThe OpenStack documentation uses several typesetting conventions.NoticesNotices take these forms:NoteA handy tip or reminder.ImportantSomething you must be aware of before proceeding.WarningCritical information about the risk of data loss or security issues. Command prompts$ prompt Any user, including the root user, can run commands that are prefixed with the $ prompt.# prompt The root user must run commands that are prefixed with the # prompt. You can also prefix these commands with the sudo command, if available, to runthem.Document change historyThis version of the guide replaces and obsoletes all earlier versions.The following table describes the most recent changes:Revision Date Summary of ChangesApril 30, 2015•This guide has various updates for the Kilo release, such as adding MariaDB, updates to theMySQL information, corosync and networking updates.October 17, 2014•This guide has gone through editorial changes to follow the OpenStack documentation con-ventions. Various smaller issues have been fixed.May 16, 2014•Conversion to DocBook.April 17, 2014•Minor cleanup of typos, otherwise no major revisions for Icehouse release.January 16, 2012•Organizes guide based on cloud controller and compute nodes.May 24, 2012•Begin trunk designation.1. Introduction to OpenStack High AvailabilityTable of ContentsStateless vs. Stateful services (2)Active/Passive (2)Active/Active (2)High Availability systems seek to minimize two things:System downtime Occurs when a user-facing service is unavailable beyond a specifiedmaximum amount of time.Data loss Accidental deletion or destruction of data.Most high availability systems guarantee protection against system downtime and data lossonly in the event of a single failure. However, they are also expected to protect against cas-cading failures, where a single failure deteriorates into a series of consequential failures.A crucial aspect of high availability is the elimination of single points of failure (SPOFs). ASPOF is an individual piece of equipment or software which will cause system downtime ordata loss if it fails. In order to eliminate SPOFs, check that mechanisms exist for redundancyof:•Network components, such as switches and routers•Applications and automatic service migration•Storage components•Facility services such as power, air conditioning, and fire protectionMost high availability systems will fail in the event of multiple independent (non-conse-quential) failures. In this case, most systems will protect data over maintaining availability.High-availability systems typically achieve an uptime percentage of 99.99% or more, whichroughly equates to less than an hour of cumulative downtime per year. In order to achievethis, high availability systems should keep recovery times after a failure to about one to twominutes, sometimes significantly less.OpenStack currently meets such availability requirements for its own infrastructure services,meaning that an uptime of 99.99% is feasible for the OpenStack infrastructure proper.However, OpenStack does not guarantee 99.99% availability for individual guest instances.Preventing single points of failure can depend on whether or not a service is stateless.Stateless vs. Stateful servicesA stateless service is one that provides a response after your request, and then requires nofurther attention. To make a stateless service highly available, you need to provide redun-dant instances and load balance them. OpenStack services that are stateless include no-va-api, nova-conductor, glance-api, keystone-api, neutron-api and no-va-scheduler.A stateful service is one where subsequent requests to the service depend on the results ofthe first request. Stateful services are more difficult to manage because a single action typi-cally involves more than one request, so simply providing additional instances and load bal-ancing will not solve the problem. For example, if the Horizon user interface reset itself ev-ery time you went to a new page, it wouldn't be very useful. OpenStack services that arestateful include the OpenStack database and message queue.Making stateful services highly available can depend on whether you choose an active/pas-sive or active/active configuration.Active/PassiveIn an active/passive configuration, systems are set up to bring additional resources on-line to replace those that have failed. For example, OpenStack would write to the maindatabase while maintaining a disaster recovery database that can be brought online in theevent that the main database fails.Typically, an active/passive installation for a stateless service would maintain a redundantinstance that can be brought online when required. Requests may be handled using a virtu-al IP address to facilitate return to service with minimal reconfiguration required.A typical active/passive installation for a stateful service maintains a replacement resourcethat can be brought online when required. A separate application (such as Pacemaker orCorosync) monitors these services, bringing the backup online as necessary. Active/ActiveIn an active/active configuration, systems also use a backup but will manage both the mainand redundant systems concurrently. This way, if there is a failure the user is unlikely to no-tice. The backup system is already online, and takes on increased load while the main sys-tem is fixed and brought back online.Typically, an active/active installation for a stateless service would maintain a redundant in-stance, and requests are load balanced using a virtual IP address and a load balancer suchas HAProxy.A typical active/active installation for a stateful service would include redundant serviceswith all instances having an identical state. For example, updates to one instance of adatabase would also update all other instances. This way a request to one instance is thesame as a request to any other. A load balancer manages the traffic to these systems, en-suring that operational systems always handle the request.These are some of the more common ways to implement these high availability architec-tures, but they are by no means the only ways to do it. The important thing is to make sure that your services are redundant, and available; how you achieve that is up to you. This doc-ument will cover some of the more common options for highly available systems.Part I. HA using active/passiveOpenStack High AvailabilityJuly 2, 2015current GuideTable of Contents2. The Pacemaker cluster stack (6)Install packages (6)Set up Corosync (6)Starting Corosync (11)Start Pacemaker (12)Set basic cluster properties (12)3. Cloud controller cluster stack (14)Highly available MySQL (14)Highly available RabbitMQ (17)4. API node cluster stack (21)Configure the VIP (21)Highly available OpenStack Identity (21)Highly available OpenStack Image API (23)Highly available Block Storage API (25)Highly available OpenStack Networking server (26)Highly available Telemetry central agent (28)Configure Pacemaker group (29)5. Network controller cluster stack (30)Highly available neutron L3 agent (30)Highly available neutron DHCP agent (31)Highly available neutron metadata agent (32)Manage network resources (32)2. The Pacemaker cluster stackTable of ContentsInstall packages (6)Set up Corosync (6)Starting Corosync (11)Start Pacemaker (12)Set basic cluster properties (12)OpenStack infrastructure high availability relies on the Pacemaker cluster stack, the state-of-the-art high availability and load balancing stack for the Linux platform. Pacemaker is stor-age and application-agnostic, and is in no way specific to OpenStack.Pacemaker relies on the Corosync messaging layer for reliable cluster communications.Corosync implements the Totem single-ring ordering and membership protocol. It also pro-vides UDP and InfiniBand based messaging, quorum, and cluster membership to Pacemak-er.Pacemaker interacts with applications through resource agents (RAs), of which it supportsover 70 natively. Pacemaker can also easily use third-party RAs. An OpenStack high-avail-ability configuration uses existing native Pacemaker RAs (such as those managing MySQLdatabases or virtual IP addresses), existing third-party RAs (such as for RabbitMQ), and na-tive OpenStack RAs (such as those managing the OpenStack Identity and Image services). Install packagesOn any host that is meant to be part of a Pacemaker cluster, you must first establish clustercommunications through the Corosync messaging layer. This involves installing the follow-ing packages (and their dependencies, which your package manager will normally installautomatically):•pacemaker (Note that the crm shell should be downloaded separately.)•crmsh•corosync•cluster-glue•fence-agents (Fedora only; all other distributions use fencing agents from cluster-glue)•resource-agentsSet up CorosyncBesides installing the Corosync package, you must also create a configuration file, stored in/etc/corosync/corosync.conf. Corosync can be configured to work with either mul-ticast or unicast IP addresses.Set up Corosync with multicastMost distributions ship an example configuration file (corosync.conf.example) as partof the documentation bundled with the Corosync package. An example Corosync configu-ration file is shown below:Corosync configuration file (corosync.conf).group: root}logging {fileline: offto_stderr: yesto_logfile: noto_syslog: yessyslog_facility: daemondebug: offtimestamp: onlogger_subsys {subsys: AMFdebug: offtags: enter|leave|trace1|trace2|trace3|trace4|trace6}}The token value specifies the time, in milliseconds, during which the Corosync tokenis expected to be transmitted around the ring. When this timeout expires, the token is declared lost, and after token_retransmits_before_loss_const lost tokens the non-responding processor (cluster node) is declared dead. In other words, token × token_retransmits_before_loss_const is the maximum time a node is al-lowed to not respond to cluster messages before being considered dead. The default for token is 1000 (1 second), with 4 allowed retransmits. These defaults are intend-ed to minimize failover times, but can cause frequent "false alarms" and unintended failovers in case of short network interruptions. The values used here are safer, albeit with slightly extended failover times.With secauth enabled, Corosync nodes mutually authenticate using a 128-byteshared secret stored in /etc/corosync/authkey, which may be generated with the corosync-keygen utility. When using secauth, cluster communications are also encrypted.In Corosync configurations using redundant networking (with more than one inter-face), you must select a Redundant Ring Protocol (RRP) mode other than none. ac-tive is the recommended RRP mode.There are several things to note about the recommended interface configuration:•The ringnumber must differ between all configured interfaces, starting with 0.•The bindnetaddr is the network address of the interfaces to bind to. The example uses two network addresses of /24 IPv4 subnets.•Multicast groups (mcastaddr) must not be reused across cluster boundaries. Inother words, no two distinct clusters should ever use the same multicast group. Besure to select multicast addresses compliant with RFC 2365, "Administratively Scoped IP Multicast".•For firewall configurations, note that Corosync communicates over UDP only, anduses mcastport (for receives) and mcastport - 1 (for sends).The service declaration for the pacemaker service may be placed in thecorosync.conf file directly, or in its own separate file, /etc/corosync/service.d/pacemaker.NoteIf you are using Corosync version 2 on Ubuntu 14.04, remove or commentout lines under the service stanza, which enables Pacemaker to start up.Once created, the corosync.conf file (and the authkey file if the secauth option isenabled) must be synchronized across all cluster nodes.Set up Corosync with unicastSome environments may not support multicast. For such cases, Corosync should be config-ured for unicast. An example fragment of the Corosync configuration file is shown below:Corosync configuration file fragment (corosync.conf).If the broadcast is set to yes, the broadcast address is used for communication. Ifthis option is set, mcastaddr should not be set.The transport directive controls the transport mechanism used. To avoid the useof multicast entirely, a unicast transport parameter udpu should be specified. Thisrequires specifying the list of members in nodelist directive; this could potentiallymake up the membership before deployment. The default is udp. The transport typecan also be set to udpu or iba.Within the nodelist directive, it is possible to specify specific information aboutnodes in cluster. Directive can contain only the node sub-directive, which specifies ev-ery node that should be a member of the membership, and where non-default op-tions are needed. Every node must have at least the ring0_addr field filled.NoteFor UDPU, every node that should be a member of the membership mustbe specified.Possible options are:The ringX_addr specifies IP address of one of the nodes. X is ring number.The nodeid configuration option is optional when using IPv4 and required when us-ing IPv6. This is a 32-bit value specifying the node identifier delivered to the clustermembership service. If this is not specified with IPv4, the node id will be determinedfrom the 32-bit IP address the system to which the system is bound with ring identifierof 0. The node identifier value of zero is reserved and should not be used.Set up Corosync with votequorum libraryVotequorum library is part of the corosync project. It provides interface to the vote-basedquorum service and it needs to be explicitly enabled in the Corosync configuration file.The main role of votequorum library is to avoid split-brain situations, but it also provides amechanism to:•Query the quorum status•Get a list of nodes known to the quorum service•Receive notifications of quorum state changes•Change the number of votes assigned to a node•Change the number of expected votes for a cluster to be quorate•Connect an additional quorum device to allow small clusters remain quorate during nodeoutagesVotequorum library has been created to replace and eliminate from advanced cluster con-figurations qdisk, disk-based quorum daemon for CMAN.Votequorum service configuration within Corosync.Provider corosync_votequorum enables votequorum library, this is the only re-quired option.The cluster is fully operational with expected_votes 7 nodes (each node has 1vote), quorum: 4. If list of nodes is specified as nodelist the expected_votes is ig-nored.wait_for_all When starting up a cluster (all nodes down) it will hold the clusterquorum until all of the nodes become online and joint the cluster first time (new inCorosync 2.0).last_man_standing enable Last Man Standing (LMS) feature (disabled by de-fault: 0). If a cluster is on the quorum edge (expected_votes: 7 online nodes: 4) fortime longer than configured in last_man_standing_window, the cluster canrecalculate quorum and continue operating even if the next node will be lost. Thislogic is repeated until the number of online nodes in the cluster reach 2. In orderto allow cluster step down from 2 members to only 1, what is not recommendedauto_tie_breaker option needs to be set.last_man_standing_window is time required to recalculate quorum after one ormost hosts have been lost from the cluster. To do the new quorum recalculation, thecluster needs to have quorum at least for last_man_standing_window, time in[ms] (default: 10000ms).Starting CorosyncCorosync is started as a regular system service. Depending on your distribution, it may shipwith an LSB init script, an upstart job, or a systemd unit file. Either way, the service is usuallynamed corosync:•/etc/init.d/corosync start (LSB)•service corosync start (LSB, alternate)•start corosync (upstart)•systemctl start corosync (systemd)You can now check the Corosync connectivity with two tools.The corosync-cfgtool utility, when invoked with the -s option, gives a summary of thehealth of the communication rings:# corosync-cfgtool -sPrinting ring status.Local node ID 435324542RING ID 0id = 192.168.42.82status = ring 0 active with no faultsRING ID 1id = 10.0.42.100status = ring 1 active with no faultsThe corosync-objctl utility can be used to dump the Corosync cluster member list:# corosync-objctl runtime.totem.pg.mrp.srp.membersruntime.totem.pg.mrp.srp.435324542.ip=r(0) ip(192.168.42.82) r(1) ip(10.0.42.100)runtime.totem.pg.mrp.srp.435324542.join_count=1runtime.totem.pg.mrp.srp.435324542.status=joinedruntime.totem.pg.mrp.srp.983895584.ip=r(0) ip(192.168.42.87) r(1) ip(10.0.42.254)runtime.totem.pg.mrp.srp.983895584.join_count=1runtime.totem.pg.mrp.srp.983895584.status=joinedYou should see a status=joined entry for each of your constituent cluster nodes.NoteIf you are using Corosync version 2, use the corosync-cmapctl utility as it is a di-rect replacement for corosync-objctl.Start PacemakerOnce the Corosync services have been started and you have established that the cluster iscommunicating properly, it is safe to start pacemakerd, the Pacemaker master controlprocess:•/etc/init.d/pacemaker start (LSB)•service pacemaker start (LSB, alternate)•start pacemaker (upstart)•systemctl start pacemaker (systemd)Once the Pacemaker services have started, Pacemaker will create a default empty clusterconfiguration with no resources. You may observe Pacemaker's status with the crm_monutility:============Last updated: Sun Oct 7 21:07:52 2012Last change: Sun Oct 7 20:46:00 2012 via cibadmin on node2Stack: openaisCurrent DC: node2 - partition with quorumVersion: 1.1.6-9971ebba4494012a93c03b40a2c58ec0eb60f50c2 Nodes configured, 2 expected votes0 Resources configured.============Online: [ node2 node1 ]Set basic cluster propertiesOnce your Pacemaker cluster is set up, it is recommended to set a few basic cluster proper-ties. To do so, start the crm shell and change into the configuration menu by entering con-figure. Alternatively, you may jump straight into the Pacemaker configuration menu bytyping crm configure directly from a shell prompt.Then, set the following properties:Setting no-quorum-policy="ignore" is required in 2-node Pacemaker clusters forthe following reason: if quorum enforcement is enabled, and one of the two nodes fails, then the remaining node can not establish a majority of quorum votes necessary to run services, and thus it is unable to take over any resources. In this case, the appro-priate workaround is to ignore loss of quorum in the cluster. This should only only be done in 2-node clusters: do not set this property in Pacemaker clusters with more than two nodes. Note that a two-node cluster with this setting exposes a risk of split-brain because either half of the cluster, or both, are able to become active in the event that both nodes remain online but lose communication with one another. The preferred configuration is 3 or more nodes per cluster.Setting pe-warn-series-max, pe-input-series-max and pe-error-se-ries-max to 1000 instructs Pacemaker to keep a longer history of the inputs pro-cessed, and errors and warnings generated, by its Policy Engine. This history is typically useful in case cluster troubleshooting becomes necessary.Pacemaker uses an event-driven approach to cluster state processing. However, cer-tain Pacemaker actions occur at a configurable interval, cluster-recheck-inter-val, which defaults to 15 minutes. It is usually prudent to reduce this to a shorter in-terval, such as 5 or 3 minutes.Once you have made these changes, you may commit the updated configuration.3. Cloud controller cluster stackTable of ContentsHighly available MySQL (14)Highly available RabbitMQ (17)The cloud controller runs on the management network and must talk to all other services. Highly available MySQLMySQL is the default database server used by many OpenStack services. Making the MySQLservice highly available involves:•Configuring a DRBD device for use by MySQL•Configuring MySQL to use a data directory residing on that DRBD device•Selecting and assigning a virtual IP address (VIP) that can freely float between clusternodes•Configuring MySQL to listen on that IP address•Managing all resources, including the MySQL daemon itself, with the Pacemaker clustermanagerNoteMySQL/Galera is an alternative method of configuring MySQL for high availabil-ity. It is likely to become the preferred method of achieving MySQL high avail-ability once it has sufficiently matured. At the time of writing, however, thePacemaker/DRBD based approach remains the recommended one for Open-Stack environments.Configure DRBDThe Pacemaker based MySQL server requires a DRBD resource from which it mounts the /var/lib/mysql directory. In this example, the DRBD resource is simply named mysql:mysql DRBD resource configuration (/etc/drbd.d/mysql.res).resource mysql {device minor 0;disk "/dev/data/mysql";meta-disk internal;on node1 {address ipv4 10.0.42.100:7700;}on node2 {address ipv4 10.0.42.254:7700;}}This resource uses an underlying local disk (in DRBD terminology, a backing device) named/dev/data/mysql on both cluster nodes, node1 and node2. Normally, this would bean LVM Logical Volume specifically set aside for this purpose. The DRBD meta-disk is in-ternal, meaning DRBD-specific metadata is being stored at the end of the disk device it-self. The device is configured to communicate between IPv4 addresses 10.0.42.100 and10.0.42.254, using TCP port 7700. Once enabled, it will map to a local DRBD block de-vice with the device minor number 0, that is, /dev/drbd0.Enabling a DRBD resource is explained in detail in the DRBD User's Guide. In brief, theproper sequence of commands is this:Initializes DRBD metadata and writes the initial set of metadata to /dev/da-ta/mysql. Must be completed on both nodes.Creates the /dev/drbd0 device node, attaches the DRBD device to its backing store,and connects the DRBD node to its peer. Must be completed on both nodes.Kicks off the initial device synchronization, and puts the device into the primary(readable and writable) role. See Resource roles (from the DRBD User's Guide) for amore detailed description of the primary and secondary roles in DRBD. Must be com-pleted on one node only, namely the one where you are about to continue with creat-ing your filesystem.Creating a file systemOnce the DRBD resource is running and in the primary role (and potentially still in the pro-cess of running the initial device synchronization), you may proceed with creating thefilesystem for MySQL data. XFS is generally the recommended filesystem due to its journal-ing, efficient allocation, and performance:# mkfs -t xfs /dev/drbd0You may also use the alternate device path for the DRBD device, which may be easier to re-member as it includes the self-explanatory resource name:# mkfs -t xfs /dev/drbd/by-res/mysqlOnce completed, you may safely return the device to the secondary role. Any ongoing de-vice synchronization will continue in the background:# drbdadm secondary mysqlPrepare MySQL for Pacemaker high availabilityIn order for Pacemaker monitoring to function properly, you must ensure that MySQL'sdatabase files reside on the DRBD device. If you already have an existing MySQL database,the simplest approach is to just move the contents of the existing /var/lib/mysql direc-tory into the newly created filesystem on the DRBD device.WarningYou must complete the next step while the MySQL database server is shutdown.# mount /dev/drbd/by-res/mysql /mnt# mv /var/lib/mysql/* /mnt# umount /mntFor a new MySQL installation with no existing data, you may also run the mysql_install_dbcommand:# mount /dev/drbd/by-res/mysql /mnt# mysql_install_db --datadir=/mnt# umount /mntRegardless of the approach, the steps outlined here must be completed on only one clusternode.Add MySQL resources to PacemakerYou can now add the Pacemaker configuration for MySQL resources. Connect to the Pace-maker cluster with crm configure, and add the following cluster resources:primitive p_ip_mysql ocf:heartbeat:IPaddr2 \params ip="192.168.42.101" cidr_netmask="24" \op monitor interval="30s"primitive p_drbd_mysql ocf:linbit:drbd \params drbd_resource="mysql" \op start timeout="90s" \op stop timeout="180s" \op promote timeout="180s" \op demote timeout="180s" \op monitor interval="30s" role="Slave" \op monitor interval="29s" role="Master"primitive p_fs_mysql ocf:heartbeat:Filesystem \params device="/dev/drbd/by-res/mysql" \directory="/var/lib/mysql" \fstype="xfs" \options="relatime" \op start timeout="60s" \op stop timeout="180s" \op monitor interval="60s" timeout="60s"primitive p_mysql ocf:heartbeat:mysql \params additional_parameters="--bind-address=192.168.42.101" \config="/etc/mysql/f" \pid="/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid" \socket="/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock" \log="/var/log/mysql/mysqld.log" \op monitor interval="20s" timeout="10s" \op start timeout="120s" \op stop timeout="120s"group g_mysql p_ip_mysql p_fs_mysql p_mysqlms ms_drbd_mysql p_drbd_mysql \meta notify="true" clone-max="2"colocation c_mysql_on_drbd inf: g_mysql ms_drbd_mysql:Masterorder o_drbd_before_mysql inf: ms_drbd_mysql:promote g_mysql:startThis configuration creates•p_ip_mysql, a virtual IP address for use by MySQL (192.168.42.101),•p_fs_mysql, a Pacemaker managed filesystem mounted to /var/lib/mysql onwhatever node currently runs the MySQL service,。

一种基于Lagrange插值多项式的密钥共享方法
王英
【期刊名称】《太原师范学院学报（自然科学版）》
【年(卷),期】2005(004)002
【摘要】在现代密码体制中,数据的加密算法是公开的,数据的安全性主要取决于对密钥的保护.文章利用拉格朗日多项式插值法来讨论密钥的保护问题,给出了基于密钥片的(t,n)门限方案对所产生密钥进行保护的原理,并给出了相应的实例.
【总页数】4页(P12-14,30)
【作者】王英
【作者单位】湖南税务高等专科学校,基础部,湖南,长沙,410116
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】O172;TP30
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