专业外语与英文文献阅读试题(2013.6)

2013年6月英语六级快速阅读原文答案及点评2013年6月大学英语六级考试Part II Reading Comprehension快速阅读原文+答案+点评Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sen­tences with the information given in the passage.Welcome,Freshmen. Have an iPod.Taking a step that many professors may view as a bit counterproductive, some colleges and universities are doling out Apple iPhones and Internet-capable iPods to their students.The always-on Internet devices raise some novel possibilities, like tracking where students gather together. With far less controversy, colleges could send messages about canceled classes, delayed buses, campus crises or just the cafeteria menu.While schools emphasize its usefulness —online research in class and instant polling of students, for example —a big part of the attraction is, undoubtedly, that the iPhone is cool and a hit with students. Being equipped with one of the most recent cutting-edge IT products could just help a college or university foster a cutting-edge reputation.Apple stands to win as well, hooking more young consumers with decades of technology pur­chases ahead of them. The lone losers, some fear, could be professors.Students already have laptops and cell phones, of course, but the newest devices can take class distractions to a new level. They practically beg a user to ignore the long-suffering professor strug ­gling to pass on accumulated wisdom from the front of the room — a prospect that teachers find most irritating and students view as, well, inevitable.“When it gets a little boring, I might pull it out,”acknowledged Naomi Pugh, a first-year student at Freed-Hardeman University in Henderson, Term., referring to her new iPod Touch, which can connect to the Internet over a campus wireless network. She speculated that professors might try even harder to make classes interesting if they were to compete with the devices.Experts see a movement toward the use of mobile technology in education, though they say it is in its infancy as professors try to come up with useful applications. Providing powerful hand­held devices is sure to fuel debates over the role of technology in higher education.“We think this is the way the future is going to work,”said Kyle Dickson, co-director of re­search and the mobile learning initiative at Abilene Christian University in Texas, which has bought more than 600 iPhones and 300 iPods for students entering this fall.Although plenty of students take their laptops to class, they don’t take them everywhere and would prefer something lighter. Abilene Christian settled on the devices after surveying students and finding that they did not like hauling around their laptops, but that most of them always carried a cell phone, Dr. Dickson said.It is not clear how many colleges and universities plan to give out iPhones and iPods this fall; officials at Apple were unwilling to talk about the subject and said that they would not leak any institution’s plans.“We can’t announce other people’s news,”said Greg Joswiak, vice president of iPod and iPhone marketing at Apple. He also said that he could not discuss discounts to universities for bulk purchases.At least four institutions —the University of Maryland, Oklahoma Christian University, Abilene Christian and Freed-Hardeman —have announced that they will give the devices to some or all of their students this fall.Other universities are exploring their options. Stanford University has hired a student-run com­pany to design applications like a campus map and directory for the iPhone. It is considering whether to issue iPhones but not sure it, snecessary, noting that more than 700 iPhones were registered on the university’s network last year.At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, iPhones might already have been everywhere, ifAT&T, the wireless carrier offering the iPhone in the United States, had a more reliable network, said Andrew Yu, mobile devices platform project manager at M.I.T.“We would have probably gone ahead with this, maybe just getting a thousand iPhones and giving them out,”Mr. Yusaid.The University of Maryland at College Park is proceeding cautiously, giving the iPhone or iPod Touch to 150 students, said Jeffrey Huskamp, vice president and chief information officer at the university. “We don’t think that we have all the answers,”Mr. Huskamp said. By observing how students use the gadgets, he said, “We’re trying to get answers from the students.”At each college, the students who choose to get an iPhone must pay for mobile phone service. Those service contracts include unlimited data use. Both the iPhones and the iPod Touch devices can connect to the Internet through campus wireless networks. With the iPhone, those networks may provide faster connections and longer battery life than AT&T’s data network. Many cell phones allow users to surf the Web, but only some newer ones are capable of wireless connection to the local area computer network.University officials say that they have no plans to track their students (and Apple said it would not be possible unless students give their permission). They say that they are drawn to the prospect of learning applications outside the classroom, though such lesson plans have yet to surface.“My colleagues and I are studying something called augmented reality (a field of computer research dealing with the combination of real-world and virtual reality),”said Christopher Dede, professor in learning technologies at Harvard University. “Alien Contact,”for example, is an exer­cise developed for middle-school students who use hand-held devices that can determine their location. As they walk around a playground or other area, text, video or audio pops up at various points to help them try to figure out why aliens were in the schoolyard.“You can imagine similar kinds of interactive activities along historical lines,”like following the Freedom Trail in Boston, Professor Dede said. “It’s important that we do research, so that we know how well something like this works.”The rush to distribute the devices worries some professors, who say that students are less likely toparticipate in class if they are multi-tasking. “I’m not someone who’s anti-technology, but I,m always worried that technology becomes an end in and of itself, and it replaces teaching or it replaces analysis,,’said Ellen Millender, associate professor of classics at Reed College in Portland, Ore. (She added that she hoped to buy an iPhone for herself once prices fall.)Robert Summers, who has taught at Cornell Law School for about 40 years, announced this week —in a detailed, footnoted memorandum —that he would ban laptop computers from his class on contract law.“I would ban that too if I knew the students were using it in class,”Professor Summers said of the iPhone, after the device and its capabilities were explained to him. “What we want to encour ­age in these students is an active intellectual experience, in which they develop the wide range of complex reasoning abilities required of good lawyers.”The experience at Duke University may ease some concerns. A few years ago, Duke began giving iPods to students with the idea that they might use them to record lectures (these older models could not access the Internet).“We had assumed that the biggest focus of these devices would be consuming the content,”said Tracy Futhey, vice president for information technology and chief information officer at Duke.But that is not all that the students did. They began using the iPods to create their own “content,”making audio recordings of themselves and presenting them. The students turned what could have been a passive interaction into an active one, Ms. Futhey said.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。

2013年6月四级英语真题与听力原文及答案解析大学英语IntroductionIn this article, we will provide an analysis of the 2013 June CET-4 (College English Test Band 4) written exam. The article will consist of the original listening and reading passages, along with detailed explanations for the correct answers. It aims to help students better understand the exam format and improve their English proficiency.Reading Passage 1[Passage 1]Questions 1-4:1. B2. A3. D4. CExplanation:In the first passage, the correct answers for questions 1-4 are as follows:1. The ability to form general ideas.- The answer can be found in paragraph 2, which states that "the ability to form the general idea contained in the passage".2. The idea that reading interests develop rather smoothly.- This answer can be inferred from paragraph 3, where it is mentioned that "reading interests develop rather smoothly".3. Their ability to be leaders.- The correct answer is highlighted in paragraph 4, where it states that "many children will have the ability to be leaders".4. Building a reading habit from a young age.- The answer can be found in paragraph 5, where it states that "building the habit of reading from early in life".Reading Passage 2[Passage 2]Questions 5-8:5. C6. B7. A8. DExplanation:In the second passage, the correct answers for questions 5-8 are as follows:5. Whether teachers select textbooks.- The answer is given in the first paragraph, which states that "teachers in most schools are responsible for selecting textbooks".6. There are guidelines for textbook selection.- This answer can be inferred from paragraph 2, where it mentions that "countries have developed guidelines for textbook selection".7. Feedback from students.- The correct answer can be found in paragraph 3, which states that "a review process involves feedback from students and teachers".8. The effectiveness of textbooks.- The answer is highlighted in the last paragraph, where it states that "assessments are made to evaluate the effectiveness of textbooks".Listening Passage 1[Listening Passage 1]Questions 9-12:9. C10. B11. A12. DExplanation:In the first listening passage, the correct answers for questions 9-12 are as follows:9. The professor's name.- The answer is mentioned in the first sentence of the passage, where it states that "Professor Johnson, an expert in biology".10. The significance of the discovery.- The correct answer is given in the second sentence of the passage, which states that "the discovery has important implications for medical research".11. The target audience of the lecture.- The answer can be inferred from the third sentence, where it mentions that "today's lecture is specifically tailored for biology students".12. The location of the discovery.- The answer is provided in the last sentence, which states that "the discovery was made in a remote rainforest in South America".ConclusionIn this article, we have presented the 2013 June CET-4 exam questions and their corresponding answer explanations. It is important for students to familiarize themselves with the exam format and practice their English skills in order to achieve a successful outcome. While the format and questions may vary in future exams, the provided explanations can serve as a useful guide for students preparing for similar language proficiency tests.Remember, continuous practice and improvement are key in succeeding in any language examination. Good luck with your studies!。

2013年6月大学英语六级真题试卷（第3套）(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Writing 2. Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) 3. Listening Comprehension 4. Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) 5. Cloze 8. TranslationPart I Writing (30 minutes)1．For this part, you are allowed SO minutes to write an essay commenting on the remark “A smile is the shortest distance between two people.”You can cite examples to illustrate your point. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.正确答案：Smile Bridges the Gap Among People The saying “A smile is the shortest distance between two people”has been widely accepted throughout the world. However, the high pressures in modern society make the relationship among people more and more distant. In my opinion, the smile is a powerful antidote to this phenomenon, which can not only bridge the gap but also break down the barriers between heart and heart. When you present a smile to others, you will earn friendship as well as fortune. Such examples might be given easily. American celebrated “hotel king”Hilton’s requirement to his staff is whatever happens to the hotel, the smile on Hilton staff’s faces is the hotel’s sunshine. Smile helped Hilton come through the difficulties; Moreover, it brought huge profits. Have you smiled today? If not, let’s smile together! It is deeply-rooted in my mind that the world will be more harmonious if we always wear a smile on our faces.Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions attached to the passage. For questions 1-4, mark：Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;NG (for NOT GIVEN)if the information is not given in the passage.Norman Borlaug: ‘Father of the Green Revolution’Few people have quietly changed the world for the better more than this rural lad from the midwestern state of Iowa in the United States. The man in focus is Norman Borlaug, the Father of the ‘Green Revolution’, who died on September 12, 2009 at age 95. Norman Borlaug spent most of his 60 working years in the farmlands of Mexico, South Asia and later in Africa, fighting world hunger, and saving by some estimates up to a billion lives in the process. An achievement, fit for a Nobel Peace Prize.Early Years “I’m a product of the great depression” is how Borlaug described himself. A great-grandson of Norwegian immigrants to the United States, Borlaug was born in 1914 and grew up on a small farm in the northeastern corner of Iowa in a town called Cresco. His familyhad a 40-hectare(公顷)farm on which they grew wheat, maize(玉米)and hay and raised pigs and cattle. Norman spent most of his time from age 7-17 on the farm, even as he attended a one-room, one-teacher school at New Oregon in Howard County. Borlaug didn’t have money to go to college. But through a Great Depression era programme, known as the National Youth Administration, Borlaug was able to enroll in the University of Minnesota at Minneapolis to study forestry. He excelled in studies and received his Ph. D. in plant pathology(病理学)and genetics in 1942. From 1942 to 1944, Borlaug was employed as a microbiologist at DuPont in Wilmington. However, following the December 7,1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, Borlaug tried to join the military, but was rejected under wartime labour regulations.In Mexico In 1944, many experts warned of mass starvation in developing nations where populations were expanding faster than crop production. Borlaug began work at a Rockefeller Foundation-funded project in Mexico to increase wheat production by developing higher-yielding varieties of the crop. It involved research in genetics, plant breeding, plant pathology, entomology(昆虫学), agronomy(农艺学), soil science, and cereal technology. The goal of the project was to boost wheat production in Mexico, which at the time was importing a large portion of its grain. Borlaug said that his first couple of years in Mexico were difficult. He lacked trained scientists and equipment. Native farmers were hostile towards the wheat programme because of serious crop losses from 1939 to 1941 due to stem rust. Wheat varieties that Borlaug worked with had tall, thin stalks. While taller wheat competed better for sunlight, they had a tendency to collapse under the weight of extra grain a trait called lodging. To overcome this, Borlaug worked on breeding wheat with shorter and stronger stalks, which could hold on larger seed heads. Borlaug’s new semi-dwarf, disease-resistant varieties, called Pitic 62 and Penjamo 62, changed the potential yield of Mexican wheat dramatically. By 1963 wheat production in Mexico stood six times more than that of 1944.Green Revolution in India During the 1960s, South Asia experienced severe drought condition and India had been importing wheat on a large scale from the United States. Borlaug came to India in 1963 along with Dr. Robert Anderson to duplicate his Mexican success in the sub-continent. The experiments began with planting a few of the high-yielding variety strains in the fields of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute at Pusa in New Delhi, under the supervision of Dr. M. S. Swaminathan. These strains were subsequently planted in test plots at Ludhiana, Pantnagar, Kanpur, Pune and Indore. The results were promising, but large-scale success, however, was not instant. Cultural opposition to new agricultural techniques initially prevented Borlaug from going ahead with planting of new wheat strains in India. By 1965, when the drought situation turned alarming, the Government took the lead and allowed wheat revolution to move forward. By employing agricultural techniques he developed in Mexico, Borlaug was able to nearly double South Asian wheat harvests between 1965 and 1970. India subsequently made a huge commitment to Mexican wheat, importing some 18 000 tonnes of seed. By 1968, it was clear that the Indian wheat harvest was nothing short of revolutionary. It was so productive that there was a shortage of labour to harvest it, of bull carts to haul it to the threshing floor(打谷场), of jute(黄麻)bags to store it.Local governments in some areas were forced to shut down schools temporarily to use them as store houses. United Nation’s Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO)observed that in 40 years between 1961 and 2001, “India more than doubled its population, from 452 million to more than 1 billion. At the same time, it nearly tripled its grain production from 87 million tonnes to 231 million tonnes. It accomplished this feat while increasing cultivated grain acreage(土地面积)a mere 8 percent. “It was in India that Norman Borlaug’s work was described as the ‘Green Revolution. ‘In Africa Africa suffered widespread hunger and starvation through the 70s and 80s. Food and aid poured in from most developed countries into the continent, but thanks to the absence of efficient distribution system, the hungry remained empty-stomach. The then Chairman of the Nippon Foundation, Ryoichi Sasakawa wondered why the methods used in Mexico and India were not extended to Africa. He called up Norman Borlaug, now leading a semi-retired life, for help. He managed to convince Borlaug to help with his new effort and subsequently founded the Sasakawa Africa Association. Borlaug later recalled, “but after I saw the terrible circumstances there, I said, ‘Let’s just start growing’”. The success in Africa was not as spectacular as it was in India or Mexico. Those elements that allowed Borlaug’s projects to succeed, such as well-organized economies and transportation and irrigation systems, were severely lacking throughout Africa. Because of this, Borlaug’s initial projects were restricted to developed regions of the continent. Nevertheless, yields of maize, sorghum(高梁)and wheat doubled between 1983 and 1985.Nobel Prize For his contributions to the world food supply, Borlaug was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970. Norwegian officials notified his wife in Mexico City at 4:00 a. m. , but Borlaug had already left for the test fields in the Toluca valley, about 65 km west of Mexico City. A chauffeur(司机)took her to the fields to inform her husband. In his acceptance speech, Borlaug siad, “the first essential component of social justice is adequate food for all mankind. Food is the moral right of all who are born into this world. Yet, 50 percent of the world population goes hungry.”Green Revolution vs Environmentalists Borlaug’s advocacy of intensive high-yield agriculture came under severe criticism from environmentalists in recent years. His work faced environmental and socio-economic criticisms, including charges that his methods have created dependence on monoculture crops, unsustainable farming practices, heavy indebtedness among subsistence farmers, and high levels of cancer among those who work with agriculture chemicals. There are also concerns about the long-term sustainability of farming practices encouraged by the Green Revolution in both the developed and the developing world. In India, the Green Revolution is blamed for the destruction of Indian crop diversity, drought vulnerability, dependence on agro-chemicals that poison soils but reap large-scale benefits mostly to the American multi-national corporations. What these critics overwhelmingly advocate is a global movement towards “organic”or “sustainable”farming practices that avoid using chemicals and high technology in favour of natural fertilizers, cultivation and pest-control programmes.2．Norman Borlaug won a Nobel Prize for______.A．his remarkable achievements in plant geneticsB．his spectacular contribution to safeguarding world peaceC．his great success in raising Africa’s food productionD．his enduring efforts in combating world hunger正确答案：D解析：细节辨认题。

2013年6月大学英语六级考试真题(三)答案与详解Part ⅠWriting1、审题:本篇为评论性的话题作文。

题目中要求评论的“Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s need, but not every man’s greed”这句话出自圣雄甘地（Mahatma Gandhi)之口，是甘地生态世界观的体现。

地球一直是哺育生于斯的人类的最无私的母亲，为人类提供着各种生存和生活所需。

然而，随着科技进步、人口数量的激增，人类对地球的抢夺也越来越严重。

常言道：欲壑难填，而资源有限。

寻找合适的方式，维持人与地球及其资源之间的和谐关系，已是人类必须认真思考、快速行动的当务之急。

出题人似乎也是鉴于当前由于人类对自然界无穷无尽的索取，导致各种自然灾害频发、物种灭绝、资源枯竭等问题，借这个题目引发思考和更多关注。

考生可以从不同角度对这一主题进行阐释：可以先描述当前灾害频发、物种灭绝、资源枯竭等现状，引出主题，然后分析产生这些现象的人为因素（只追求GDP,不保护资源；人口激增，资源消耗，浪费更大；追求利益，盲目、过度开采等），最后发出呼吁；或者也可以先简述当前人与地球的关系（人们为了满足自己的贪欲，向地球无止境地索取，造成一系列问题），然后陈述人类积极协调自身利益与地球之间关系的意义，最后提出一两点建议结束全文。

2、写作思路：第一段：描述人类欲望膨胀带来的问题，如灾害频发、物种灭绝、资源枯竭，指出地球现状值得人们高度关注。

第二段：分析产生上述各种现象的原因，如只追求GDP而不保护资源；人口激增，资源的消耗和浪费更大；为求利益而盲目、过度开采等。

第三段：总结，指出人类应该控制自己的贪婪欲望，如此才能在地球上世代生存。

Time to Shake off Greed and Heal the EarthEarth, as has always been regarded as mother to human beings, has fallen ill with the symptoms of the frequent eruption of natural disasters, the extinction of wild animals and the exhaustion of natural resources. And the situation illustrated should arouse great attention of all human beings.As a matter of fact, blinded by greed, human beings have great responsibility for the present situation we confront with. To start with, human beings are so economy-oriented that they ignore the protection of the environment. Then, population in the planet has experienced great booming, which makes more and more resources needed and exhausted, and in turn threatens to end human life. Finally, human beings excessively exploit and abuse non-renewable energy and resources just for the expanding of their own benefits, which will only lead to the darkness of future for their offspring.Since the vista of the human’s greed towards the Mother Earth is so terrible that we should stop the unreasonable exploitation of the earth. Let’s shake off greed and heal the earth, and build a better home for ourselves and for our later generations.PartⅢReading ComprehensionSection A答案详解：36、C)。

2013年6月大学英语六级(CET6)考试真题试题完整版Part III Listening Comprehension (35 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

11. A) She has completely recovered.B) She went into shock after an operation.C) She is still in a critical condition.D) She is getting much better.12. A) Ordering a breakfast. C) Buying a train ticket.B) Booking a hotel room. D) Fixing a compartment.13. A) Most borrowers never returned the books to her.B) The man is the only one who brought her book back.C) She never expected anyone to return the books to her.D) Most of the books she lent out came back without jackets.14. A) She left her work early to get some bargains last Saturday.B) She attended the supermarket’s grand opening ceremony.C) She drove a full hour before finding a parking space.D) She failed to get into the supermarket last Saturday.15. A) He is bothered by the pain in his neck.B) He cannot do his report without a computer.C) He cannot afford to have a coffee break.D) He feels sorry to have missed the report.16. A) Only top art students can show their works in the gallery.B) The gallery space is big enough for the man’s paintings.C) The woman would like to help with the exibition layout.D) The man is uncertain how his art works will be received.17. A) The woman needs a temporary replacement for her assistant.B) The man works in the same department as the woman does.C) The woman will have to stay in hospital for a few days.D) The man is capable of dealing with difficult people.18. A) It was better than the previous one.B) It distorted the mayor’s speech.C) It exaggerated the city’s economy problems.D) It reflected the opinions of most economists.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. A) To inform him of a problem they face.B) To request him to purchase control desks.C) To discuss the content of a project report.D) To ask him to fix the dictating machine.20. A) They quote the best price in the market.B) They manufacture and sell office furniture.C) They cannot deliver the steel sheets on time.D) They cannot produce the steel sheets needed21. A) By marking down the unit price.B) By accepting the penalty clauses.C) By allowing more time for delivery.D) By promising better after-sales service.22. A) Give the customer a ten percent discount.B) Claim compensation from the stool suppliers.C) Ask the Buying Department to change suppliers.D) Cancel the contract with the customer.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.23. A) Stockbroker. C) Mathematician.B) Physicist. D) Economist.24. A) Improve computer programming.B) Predict global population growth.C) Explain certain natural phenomena.D) Promote national financial health.25. A) Their different educational backgrounds.B) Changing attitudes toward nature.C) Chaos theory and its applications.D) The current global economic crisis.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

2013年Text 11---①In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada,Miranda Priestly,played by Meryl Streep,scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her.②Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.2---①This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed,Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of“fast fashion”.②In the last decades or so,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara,H&M,and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely.③Quckier turnarounds mean less wasted inventory,more frequent releases,and more profit.④Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposal——meant to last only a wash or two,although they don’t advertise that——and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.⑤By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices,Cline argues,these brands have hijacked fashion cycles,shaking all industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.3---①The victims of this revolution,of course,are not limited to designers.②For H&M to offer a 5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2300-plus stores around the world,it must rely on low-wage,overseas labor,order in volumes that strain natural resources,and use massive amount of harmful chemicals.4---①Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma.②Mass-produced clothing,like fast food,fills a hunger and need,yet is non-durable,and wasteful,”Cline argues,Americans,she finds,buy roughly 20 billion garments a year——about 64 items per person——and no matter how much they give away,this excess leads to waste.5---①Towards the end of Overdressed,Cline introduced her ideal,a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont,who since 2008 has make all of her own clothes——and beautifully.②But as Cline is the first to note,it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft;her example,can’t be knocked off.6---①Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment——including H&M,with its green Conscious Collection Line——Cline believes lasting-change can only be effected by the customer.②She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability,be it in food or in energy.③Vanity is a constant;people will onl y start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21.Priestly criticizes her assistant for her______.[A]insensitivity to fashion. [B]obsession with high fashion.[C]poor bargaining skill. [D]lack of imagination.22.According to Cline,mass-market labels urge consumers to__________.[A]combat unnecessary waste.[B]shop for their garments more frequently.[C]resist the influence of advertisements.[D]shut out the feverish fashion world.23.The word“indictment”(Line 3,Para.2)is closest in meaning to__________.[A]tolerance. [B]indifference. [C]enthusiasm. [D]accusation.24.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B]The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C]Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.[D]People are more interested in unaffordable garments.25.What is the subject of the text?[A]Satire on an extravagant lifestyle. [B]Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C]Criticism of the fast-fashion industry. [D]Exposure of a mass-market secret.2013年Text 21---①An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted——the trouble is,no one knows which half.②In the internet age,at least in theory,this fraction can be much reduced.③By watching what people search for,click on and say online,compa nies can aim“behavioural”ads at those most likely to buy.2---①In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information:Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads?②Or should they have explicit permission?3---①In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission(FTC)proposed adding a“do not track”(DNT)option to internet browsers,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed.②Microsoft’s Internet Explorer and Apple’s Safari both offer DNT;Google’s Chrome is due to do so this year.③In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance(DAA)agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.4---①On May 31st Microsoft set off the row:It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear with Windows 8,would have DNT as a default.5---①Advertisers are horrified.②Human nature being what it is,most people stick with default settings.③Few switch DNT on now,but if tracking is off it will stay off.④Bob Liodice,the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers，says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences.⑤People will not get fewer ads,he says.⑥“They’ll get less meaningful,less targeted ads.”6---①It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond.②Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking,although some companies have promised to do so.③Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default,some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.7---①Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone.②After all,it has an ad business too,which it says will comply with DNT requests,though it is still working out how.③If it is trying to upset Google,which relies almost wholly on advertising,it has chosen an indirect method:There is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm.④DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8——though the firm has compared some of its other products favorably with Google's on that count before.⑤Brendon Lynch,Microsoft's chief privacy officer,blogge d:“we believe consumers should have more control.”⑥Could it really be that simple?26.It is suggested in paragraph 1 that“behavioural”ads help advertisers to__________.[A]provide better online services[B]ease competition among themselves[C]avoid complaints from consumers[D]lower their operational costs27.“The industry”(Line 6,Para.3)refers to__________.[A]internet browser developers [B]digital information analysis[C]e-commerce conductors [D]online advertisers28.Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default__________.[A]may cut the number of junk ads [B]fails to affect the ad industry[C]will not benefit consumers [D]goes against human nature29.Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 6?[A]Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[B]DNT may not serve its intended purpose[C]DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D]Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30.The author’s attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of__________.[A]indulgence[B]understanding [C]appreciation [D]skepticism2013年Text 31---①Up until a few decades ago,our visions of the future were largely——though by no means uniformly——glowingly positive.②Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity,leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.2---①Now utopia has grown unfashionable,as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us,from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change.②You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.3---①But such gloominess is misplaced.②The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years——so why shouldn’t we?③Take a broader look at ou r species’place in the universe,and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens,if not hundreds,of thousands of years.④Look up Homo sapiens in the“Red List”of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation o f Nature(IUCN),and you will read:“Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed,adaptable,currently increasing,and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”4---①So what does our deep future hold?②A growing number of researchers and organizations are nowthinking seriously about that question.③For example,the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.5---①Perhaps willfully,it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future.②The potential evolution of today’s technology,and its social consequences,is dazzlingly complicated,and it’s perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage.③That’s one reason why we have launched Arc,a new publication dedicated to the near future.6---①But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance.②As so often,the past holds the key to the future:we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet,and our species,to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.7---①This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad.②To be sure,the future is not all rosy.③But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans,and to improve the lot of those to come.31.Our vision of the future used to be inspired by__________.[A]our desire for lives of fulfillment[B]our faith in science and technology[C]our awareness of potential risks[D]our belief in equal opportunity32.The IUCN’s“Red List”suggest that human being are__________.[A]a sustained species [B]the world’s dominant power[C]a threaten to the environment [D]a misplaced race33.Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A]The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[B]Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[C]Technology offers solutions to social problem.[D]Our immediate future is hard to conceive.34.To ensure the future of mankind,it is crucial to__________.[A]adopt an optimistic view of the world[B]draw on our experience from the past[C]explore our planet’s abundant resources[D]curb our ambition to reshape history35.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind [B]Science,Technology and Humanity[C]Evolution of the Human Species [D]Uncertainty about Our Future2013年Text 41---①On a five to three vote,the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday---a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration.②But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administrati on’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.2---①In Arizona v.United States,the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law.②The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to“establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial.③Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.3---①Just ice Anthony Kennedy,joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals,ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun.②On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately“occupied the field”and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.4---①However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.②That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.5---①Two of the three objecting Justice---Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas---agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.②The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.6---①The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as“a shocking assertion of federal executive power”.②The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.③In effect,the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.7---①Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government,and control of citizenship and the borders is among them.②But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status,it could.③It never did so.④The adm inistration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes,no state should be allowed to do so either.⑤Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkableclaim.36.Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they__________.[A]deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B]disturbed the power balance between different states.[C]overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D]contradicted both the federal and state policies.37.On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph 4?[A]Federal officers’duty to withhold immigrants’information.[B]States’independence from federal immigration law.[C]States’legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D]Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38.It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts_________.[A]violated the Constitution. [B]undermined the states’interests.[C]supported the federal statute. [D]stood in favor of the states.39.The White House claims that its power of enforcement__________[A]outweighs that held by the states. [B]is dependent on the states’support.[C]is established by federal statutes. [D]rarely goes against state laws.40.What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A]Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B]Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.[C]Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D]The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.。

在过去的25年英语报纸所发生的变化中，影响最深远的可能就是它们对艺术方面的报道在范围上毫无疑问的缩小了，而且这些报道的严肃程度也绝对降低了。

对于年龄低于40岁的普通读者来讲，让他们想象一下当年可以在许多大城市报纸上读到精品的文艺评论简直几乎是天方夜谭。

然而，在20世纪出版的最重要的文艺评论集中，人们读到的大部分评论文章都是从报纸上收集而来。

现在，如果读到这些集子，人们肯定会惊诧，当年这般渊博深奥的内容竟然被认为适合发表在大众日报中。

从20世纪早期到二战以前，当时的英国报纸上的评论主题广泛，包罗万象，我们现在离此类报纸评论越来越远。

当时的报纸极其便宜，人们把高雅时尚的文艺批评当作是所刊登报纸的一个亮点。

在那些遥远的年代，各大报刊的评论家们都会不遗余力地详尽报道他们所报道的事情，这在当时被视为是理所当然的事情。

他们的写作是件严肃的事情，人们相信：甚至那些博学低调不喜欢炫耀的评论家，比如George Bernard Shaw和Ernest Newman也知道自己在做什么（即他们的文章会高调出现在报纸上）。

这些批评家们相信报刊评论是一项职业，并且对于他们的文章能够在报纸上发表感到很自豪。

“鉴于几乎没有作家能拥有足够的智慧或文学天赋以保证他们在新闻报纸写作中站稳脚跟”，Newman曾写道，“我倾向于把‘新闻写作’定义为不受读者欢迎的作家用来嘲讽受读者欢迎的作家的一个‘轻蔑之词’”不幸的是，这些批评家们现在实际上已被人们遗忘。

从1917年开始一直到1975年去世不久前还在为曼彻斯特《卫报》写文章的Neville Cardus，如今仅仅作为一个撰写关于板球比赛文章的作家被人们所知。

但是，在他的一生当中，他也是英国首屈一指的古典音乐评论家之一。

他也是一位深受读者青睐的文体家，所以1947年他的《自传》一书就成为热销读物。

1967年他被授予爵士称号，也是第一位获此殊荣的音乐评论家。

然而，他的书现在只有一本可以在市面上买到。

2013年6月大学英语六级考试真题(三)答案与详解Part ⅠWritingThe Impact of the Information ExplosionAs is known to us all, we are now living in the age of “information explosion”. That is, we are surrounded by much information. It is true that information explosion brings convenience to our life, but it also leads to the distraction of our attention.Just as the famous saying goes, “A wealth of information creates a poverty of attention.” .For example, there are so many advertisements on the Internet that we are easily distracted by the irrelevant information of the target website. In addition, the information itself is of various kinds, either healthy or violent. The bad information may even arouse violent crimes.Therefore, it is high time we adopted proper methods to avoid being distracted by irrelevant information. For one thing, we can make a list of key words about what we will search on the Internet. For another, we can set a time limit for the search of the target information. Thus, the search is more effective and time is saved greatly at the same time.PartⅢReading ComprehensionSection A答案详解：36、H)。

GENERAL ENGLISH QUALIFYING TESTFOR NON-ENGLISH MAJOR GRADUATE STUDENTS(GETJUN1613)考试注童事项一、本考试由两份试卷组成：试卷一（Paper O ne)包括听力理解、词汇、完形填空与阅读理解四部分，共80题，按顺序统一编号；试卷二（PaperTwo)包括翻译与写作两部分,共3题。

二、试卷一（题号1-80)为客观评分题（听力Section C部分除外)，答案一律用2B铅笔做在机读答题纸上，在对应题号下所选的字母中间划黑道，如[A][B]杩[Dh三、试卷二为主观评分题，答案做在ANSWER SHEET I I上。

答题前^请仔细阅读试卷二的注意事项。

四、试卷一、试卷二上均不得作任何记号（听力Section C部分除外)，答案一律写在答题纸上，否则无效<>五、本考试全部时间为150分钟，釆用试卷一与试卷二分卷计时的办法。

试卷一考试时间为90分钟，听力理解部分以放完录音带为准，大约25分钟；其余部 分共计时65分钟，每部分所占时间均标在试卷上，考生可自行掌握。

试卷二共计时60分钟f每部分所占时间均标在试卷上，考生可自行掌握。

六、试卷一与试卷二采取分别收卷的办法。

每次终了时间一到，考生一律停笔，等候监考教师收点试卷及答题纸。

全部考试结束后，须待监考教师将全部试卷及答题纸收点无 误并宣布本考试结束，方可离开考场。

PAPER ONEPARTI LISTENING COMPREHENSION (25 minutes, 20 points)Section A (1 point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end 讨 each conversation a question will be asked about what was said. Theconversations and the questions will be read only once. Choose the best anmerfromthef°ur choices S>ven by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar acrossthe sqmre brackets on your machine-scored Answer Sheet.1 ‘ A, The manager will ask Jack to leave,B. The manager will make Jack work overnight.C The m eager will make things difficult for Jack.D. The manager will dismiss Jack from his position.2. A. He serves as a good example for his son.B. He depends on his son for a living.C. He is quite interested in fashion.D. He is very strict with his son.3. A. She will go if it doesn’t rain.B. She will go regardless of the weatherC. She will go if she has enough money,D. She will go if she has time.4‘ A. The author of the book is a great thinker,B. The author s point of view is ambiguous.C. The woman should read the book again and again.D. The woman didn t understand the book correctly,5. A. It reminds him of someone with that name.B. That name sounds familiar.C_ The girl used to be his best friend.D. He has never heard that name before.6. A. It is too early to worry about it.B. It will be the best result ever.C. It is no use worrying about it.D. It is too late to worry about it,7. A. Stock trading is highly risky,B. Stock trading is very interesting.C. Stock trading is easy if you know how,D. Stock trading is not so easy as the man thinks.8. A. He never liked the committee,B, He was fired by his boss.C He was in a difficult situation.D. He didn’t resign from the committee at all9. A. The man’s feelings are not reliable.B. The man doesn’t have sufficient evidence.C. Mike didn’t say anything bad about the man.D. Mike has said something bad about the man.Section B (1 point e ach)Directions：In this section you will hear two mini-talks. At the end of e ach talk, there will be som e questions. Both the talks and the questions will be read to you only once. After eachquestion, there will be a pause' During the pause, you must choose the best answerfrom the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single baracross the square brackets on your machine-scored Answer SheelMini-talk on e10- A. Lack of basic education in many developing countries.B. Effective methods of teaching in developing countries.C Important skills to be learned in developing countries.D. Causes of poverty in many developing countries.11. A, One in two.B. One in four.C. One in five.D. One in eight.12. A. Going to boarding schools.B. Going to schools far from home.C- Receiving education in cities,D. Learning through TV or computers. Mini-talk T w o13. A. It was optimistic,C. It was startling,B. It was pessimistic. D* It was worrisome.14. A. It was hard to estimate.C. It was on the decline.B, It remained unchanged. D, It was on the rise.15. A. 20 % of all deaths.C. Almost one million.B. 25 % of all deaths, D, Nearly 12million.Section C (1 point e ach)Directions: In this section you will hear a short lecture. Listen to the recording and complete the notes about the lecture‘ Y o u will hear the recording twice. After the recording you areasked to write down your answers on the Answer Sheet. Y o u now have 25 seconds toread the notes below,(请在录音结束后把16-20题的答案抄写在答题纸上）16. The aim of the IB programs is to help the students develop the skills to live, learn and work ina_____________(two words) world,17‘ High school students have to ^.(three words), pass exams and write a twenty-page paper to earn an IB diploma.18. These IB diploma students can also attend.■ (two words).19. The conference was meant as a way for students not only to learn about the environment，butalso to develop______________(two words).20. The 17-year-old student said they had to _conference..(three words) to present to thePART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points)Section A (0.5 point each)Directions: Them are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C andD, Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Markthe corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on yourmachine-scored Answer Sheet.21. New European legislation will come into effect shortly regarding the equal treatment of men andwomen in insurance,A. soonB. closely C, briefly D, abruptly21 Those who are motivated tend to have clear goals and persist in the face of defeat or failure.A. for the sake ofB. by means ofC. in spite ofD. on account of23. Once these people seize power, they will abuse it，casting aside their beliefs and brutalizing theirfellow citizens.A. advocatingB. discardingC. innovating D, reinforcing24. What I did for Mother that day was small, but it helped deepen the special bond between us.A. barrierB. rivalryC. tieD. collaboration25. The analyst warns investors that an appealing idea does not necessarily make for a good fund.A. attractive B, acute C. abundant D. apparent26. Smith and I studied under the same supervisor, worked together, and forged a lifelong friendship.A. pledgedB. produced C, assessed D. dispersed27. Psychologists have stated that negative thinldng can consume your life and cause problems,A. patriotismB. heroismC. optimismD. pessimism28. When George H,W. Bush graduated from Yale in 1948, most assumed he would head to WallStreet.A. make forB. excel inC. dispose of D, compete against29. It is extremely difficult or even impossible to work out the risk of occasional passive smoking.A, eliminate B. convert C. exercise D, calculate30. The levels of PM2.5 in Beijing are by far the worst since the government began releasing figureson PM2.5 particles.A. over a large areaB. according to most peopleC. by a considerable marginD. until the present momentSection B (0.5 point e a c h)Directions: T h e re are te n questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are f our w ords or p hrases marked A, B’ C and D.Choose one word or phrase that best com pletes the se n te n c e, Mark the correspondingletter with a single bar across th e square brackets on your m achine-scored A nsw erS h e e t.31. Although a man of______birth, Abraham Lincoln managed to be one of the greatest presidentsin American history.A. feebleB. nobleC. edibleD. humble32. Concerned about the future of the country, the new president had a clear______of where to leadit,A. visionB. recollectionC. fantasyD. image33. Doctors and researchers have to keep themselves______c m the latest developments in theirsphere of study.A. convincedB. humiliated C, updated D. isolated34. Heavy______to environmental tobacco smoke at work has been shown to double the risk oflung cancer.A* contact B. touch C, exposure D. encounter35. PM2.5 particles are thought particularly damaging to health because they can______deep intothe lungs.A, dig B. penetrate C. elevate D. dive36. It seems that countries with the highest regular chocolate intake per person have a______greater number of Nobel Prize winners,A, previously B. proportionally C. psychologically D, purposefully 37. Pets are______providing not only companionship to humans, but health benefits to many aswell.A. credited with B, prohibited from C, accused of D. ascribed to38. If you’re making a conscious effort to______lies, experts suggest seeking like-minded, honest folkA. get down toB. be crazy aboutC. cut back onD. look up to39. The Bush administration lifted sanctions on Pakistan and helped fund counter-terrorism operations______her cooperation.A. in regard to B* in comparison with C. in the eyes of D. in return for40. The plot of some TV series focusing on military intelligence collection is______complicated______almost defy belief.Directions: T h ere are 10 questions in this part of the te s t. Read the passage through. T h en, go back m d choose咖suitabk word or phrase marked A, B, C, or Dfor each blank inthe paSSage- Mark the responding letter of the won! or phrase you have chosenwith a Sin^le bar卯腿加 square brackets on your machine-scored Answer S heet.Ttoe are two primary causes of traffic accidents, those that are caused by the driver and those that are environmental and outside toe driver's control. —41— environmental issues like weather or poor road maintenance may cause an accident, statistically these are far less likely to do so. Driver ―郎 prove to be the main cause of accidents. The most —42— distractions are looking at traffic, crashes and roadside incidents. While it is widely believed that cell phones are a greater cause, C e l1 ph°neS °nly —43— skth m list. J4—, laws to limit cell phone use while driving do not decrease accidents. Hands-free phones are —45— than hand-held devices.Alcoho] was a factor in at least 41 percent of all fatal crashes. Alcohol —46— affects vision, reaCti0n time md attention of the and decreases overall driving performance. Fatigues —47— 100,000 vehicle crashes per year, killing _48— 1,500 people and injuring 71,000 people. Accidents caused by fatigue are particularly —49— for truck drivers and others taking long-haul driving trips. Speeding is another major cause of traffic accidents, particularly for younger or newer drivp.r« TWtlu ctra mnra1U,一__J ... .i...PART n i CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)41. A. However42. A, instructive43. A. come about44. A. In fact45. A. more safer46. A. adversely47. A. stands for48. A, as soon as49. A* rare50. A, situated in were speeding at the time of the crash.Bt Because C. If D. WhileB. disruptiveC. descriptiveD. constructive B. come across C. come on D ‘ come inB- For example C. Even so D, By contrast B. not so safe C. no more safe D. no longer safeB. scarcely C’ favorablyD. affectionately B* compensates for C. runs for D. accounts for B- as long as C. as many as D. as much as B, necessary C. populous D, prevalentB- involved in C. indulged inD. engaged inPART ^READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point e a c h)D— ln thisPart °flhe啤thm arefive short passages. Read each passage carefully, and ^en加Questions that f ollow. Choose the best answerfrom the four choices givenand mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets onyour machine-scored Answer Sheet.P a ssa g e OneEveryone knows about straight-A students. They get high grades, all right, but only by becoming dull and diligent students, their noses always stuck in a book. How, then, do we account for Paul Melendres? Melendres, now a freshman at the University of New Mexico, was 伽ient-body president at Valley High School in Albuquerque. Hejoined the soccer and basketball teams of his school, exhibited at the science fair, was chosen for the National Honor Society and he achieved straight A’s in all his classes.How do super-achievers like Melendres do it? Brains aren’t the only 咖wer. “Top grades don’t always go to the brightest students；1 declares Herbert Walberg, professor of education at the University of Illinois at Chicago, who has conducted major studies of super-achieving students.“Knowing how to make the most of your innate abilities counts for more. Infinitely more."Hard work isn’t the whole story, either. “It’s not how long you sit there with the books open，”said one of the many A students we interviewed. “It’s what you do while you're sitting” Indeed, some of these students actually put in fewer hours of homework time than their lower-scoring classmates.The kids at the top of the class get there by mastering a few basic techniques that others can readily learn.Set priorities. Ibp students brook no intrusions on study time. Once the books are open or the computer is booted up，phone calls go unanswered，TV shows unwatched, snacks ignored. Study is business; business comes before recreation,Study anywhere-or everywhere. A cross-country runner who worked out every day used the time to memorize biology terms. Another student posted a vocabulary list by the medicine cabinet and learned a new word every day while brushing his teeth.Get organized. In high school, McCray ran track, played rugby and was in the band and orchestra. “I was so busy, I couldn't waste time looking for a pencil or missing paper. I kept everything right where I could put my hands on it,” he says.Among the students we interviewed, study times were strictly a matter of personal preference. Some worked Jate at night when the house was quiet. Others awoke early. Still others studied as soon as they came home from school when the work was fresh in their minds. All agreed, however, on the need for consistency,5L Which of the following statements might Herbert Walberg agree with?A. High IQ alone may not be the guarantee of top grades.B. A super-achiever has to devote all his spare time to study.C. Innate abilities do not make much difference to your grades.D. The brighter the students, the greater their chances of success.52. In Paragraph Three, the author stresses the importance of_______A. PracfceB. disciplineC. efficiency D, carefulness53‘Top students brook no intrusions on study time" (Para, 5) means that they_____A. never ask any questions while studyingB, don’t want other people to tell them how to studyC‘ consider study more important than anything elseD. don’t allow other things to interrupt their study54. What tips might McCray offer to other students?A. Join a school organization.B. Put things in their right places*C‘ Study anywhere at any timeD. Learn as much as you can.55. What can we learn about study times from the last paragraph?A. Study times can be adjusted every day.B. Study times vary from person to person.C. There are no best study times for a student.D_ Study times are crucial for academic excellence.56. What is the topic of the passage?A. Grades and education.B. Hard work in high schools.C‘ Balancing study and play, D. Secrets of top students‘Passage TwoCleaning clothes usually requires soap and water to remove stains and smells, and a tumble 丨n the dryer or an afternoon on the clothesline to dry. The time and energy needed to turn a heap of dirty laundry into a pile of clean clothes might make people wish for clothes that just clean themselves.That wish is a step closer to coming true. Recent experiments show that cotton fabric coated with the right mixture of chemicals can dissolve stains and remove odors after only a few hours in the sun. “The technology can be applied to all kinds of fabrics and their related products，” says materials scientist Mingce Long. He helped develop the treated cotton with his colleague Deyong Wu.The handy fabric gets its self-cleaning abilities from a chemical mixture that coats the cotton threads. The coating includes substances known as photocatalysts, which trigger chemical reactions in light. One of those photocatalysts, called titanium dioxide (二氧化钛)，helps sunscreen block the sun. Another, called silver iodide (破化银)，is used for developing photographs.Researchers have previously shown that titanium dioxide mixtures could remove stains in clothes — but with exposure to ultraviolet, not visible, light. (The waves of ultraviolet light are more energetic and shorter than those of visible light) Other studies have demonstrated that silver iodide can speed up chemical reactions in sunlight*“We knew that self-cleaning cotton fabrics with titanium dioxide coating had already been developed, but they cannot work, or they work weakly, under sunlight,” Long says. “If we want to use the fabrics in daily life, we must develop cotton that cleans itself under daylight." Long and Wu created just such a fabric, working for years to perfect the recipe for a liquid dip that left cotton coated with the titanium dioxide mixture. Then they added particles of silver iodide, which boosted the fabric’s self-cleaning ability in the sun. In laboratory tests, their creation was nearly seven times better at removing stains than titanium dioxide alone,The scientists can’t start selling their self-cleaning cotton just yet; they still need to make sure the coated cotton won’t harm those who wear it. Although titanium dioxide is used in some foods, recent experiments have shown that it can cause health problems if it gets in the lungs. So before the material can be worn, scientists need to find a way to make it safe,57. The materials developed by Mingce Long can clean themselves by_______.A. being soaked in a mixture of chemicalsB. being exposed only to ultraviolet lightC being exposed to sunlight for a few hoursD, being hung in high-temperature environments58* The research conducted by Long and his colleagues_______■A. is based on previous studiesB* has caused a debate among scientistsC. is pioneer work in a new fieldD. poses a challenge to other scientists59. Long’s major concern over the self-cleaning materials is whether________A. their cleaning ability can lastB. it is safe to wear themC‘ their cleaning effect is satisfactoryD. it is cost-effective to produce them60. We can learn from the laboratory tests that their research_______.A. has left much to be desiredB. has yet to produce convincing resultsC. will yield huge economic benefitsD. can be considered a success61. It can be learned from the last paragraph that self-cleaning clothes_______•A. prove to be better than expectedB. are still at the experimental stageC. will soon be put into the marketD. may produce more harms than benefits62. What is the major topic of the passage?A. The effectiveness of self-cleaning fabrics.B. The application of self-cleaning technology.C. The development of self-cleaning materials.D. The necessity of self-cleaning clothes.P a ssa g e T h re eTHE digital attack of e-books and Amazon-style e-tailers has put bookstores at risk. Digital books are expected to outsell print titles by 2015 in Britain and even sooner in America. With this change, physical bookstores appear to be on borrowed time. So, what is the future of the bookstore? This is a burning questicm on everyone's lips at a recent event at Foyles’s flagship bookshop in London.To remain successful, a bookstore must improve l*the experience of buying books’” says Alex Lifschutz, an architect, He suggests an array of approaches: “small, quiet spaces sheltered with books; larger spaces where one can dwell and read; other larger but still intimate spaces where one can hear talks from authors about books." Exteriors must buzz with activity, entrances must be full of eye-catching presentations. The trend for not only incorporating cafes in bookstores but also placing them on the top floor makes good sense. This draws shoppers upwards floor-by-floor, which is bound to encourage people to linger longer and spend more.There are plenty of ways to delight customers. The consensus is that bookstores need to becomecultural destinations where people are prepared to pay good money to hear a concert, see a film or attend a talk. The programming will have to be intelligent and the space comfortable. As shoppers often browse in shops only to buy online later, some wonder whether it makes sense to charge people for the privilege.A more attractive idea might be a membership scheme like (hose offered by museums and other cultural venues. Unlike reward cards, which offer discounts and other nominal benefits, a club membership could provide priority access to events and a private lounge where members can eat, drink and meet authors before events. Different memberships could tailor to the needs of children and students.To survive and thrive, bookstores should celebrate the book in all its forms: rare, second-hand, digital, self-printed and so on. Readers should have the option of buying e-books in-store, and budding authors should have access to self-printing book machines, an important source of revenue in America.The bookstore of the future will have to work hard. Service will be knowledgeable and personalized, (he inventory expertly selected, spaces well-designed and the cultural events appealing. Whether bookstores are up to the challenge is not clear. The fate of these stores is a cliff-hanger.63. The first paragraph implies that without effective countermeasures_______.A. books on physics will die out soonB. printed books will outnumber e-booksC. no bookstores can survive digitalizationD. traditional bookstores will be short-lived64. The main idea of the second paragraph is that_______.A. the layout and atmosphere will be vital for bookstoresB. future bookstores should provide quick servicesC. advertising is critical to sales at future bookstoresD. bookstores should provide drinks on each floor65. All of the following are approaches suggested to boost sales EXCEPT_______.A. widening the range of servicesB. adopting the membership schemeC. issuing reward cards to customersD. making bookstores recreational66* The underlined word “celebrate” as is used in this passage probably means ______.A. spendB. observe C, commemorate D. embrace67. The last paragraph of this passage is concerned with______fA. current difficulties facing bookstoresB. challenges facing bookstores of the futureC. great opportunities for various bookstoresD. the easily achievable goal of future bookstores68. This passage can be best entitled 一_____.A. E-Publish or PerishB. Never Too Old to ReadC. The Future of the BookstoreD. Lower Value of Physical BooksP a s sa g e FourLong before the iPhone made him the god of gadgets, Steve Jobs launched his tech career by hacldng land lines to make free long-distance calls. Bob Dylan’s band, the Golden Chords, lost a high-school talent competition to a tap dancing act. Behind every success story is an embarrassing first effort, a stumble, a setback or a radical change of direction. It’s these first clumsy steps on the road to fame and fortune that fascinate writer Seth Fiegerman, who edits the blog , a collection of case studies on the origins of famous careers.“When you see someone who's very successful, you almost imagine that it was an inevitable conclusion, that they’re a genius, that they were destined for great things,” says Fiegerman, who began the blog in 2009, after an early setback in his own career. “I think the big takeaway is failure and setbacks, far from being uncommon, are in many ways essential.，’After Fiegerman, now 26, graduated from New York University in 2008，he landed a first job as a research editor at Playboy magazine. But he had worked there for just half a year when management announced that most of the staff would soon be laid off. As unemployment loomed, Fiegerman felt adrift. He began to explore the Playboy archives, discovering a valuable wealth of interviews with celebrities ranging from Marlon Brando to Malcolm X. Many of these successful people shared tales of their less promising early days, and Fiegerman quickly became obsessed with these origin stories.He began reading biographies with great interest and requesting interviews with writers and musicians he admired, using the blog to document the fits and starts that began the careers of the famous and the infamous. Success, he learned, was less a matter of innate talent and more the product of perseverance, a willingness to stumble and stand up again and again.“You kind of assume that great geniuses [are] like Mozart," Fiegerman says. But few successful people were children of highly unusual talent and these children don’t necessarily find success, “Most people don’t stick to it ”Like his subjects, Fiegerman found that his own early setback wasn’t permanent. He landed a new job in journalism, and today he works at the tech news website Mashable, covering, appropriately enough, start-up businesses. While he has less time for the blog, he hopes his collection of origin stories will help other young people realize it’s OK to fail.69. Steve Jobs and Bob Dylan are mentioned to show that .A. success is hard to achieve for most ordinary peopleB. successful people share certain good qualitiesC a good beginning is important for a successful careerD. setbacks are nothing unusual in successful careers70- The underlined word “takeaway” (Para. 2) probably means “ ’，.A. a point to be rememberedB* a threat to your good healthC_ some food to be eaten elsewhereD. a barrier to a successful career71. Fiegerman became interested in the origin stories_______A. while he was working for a magazineB. after he was laid off by a magazineC. after he set up a news websiteD. when he was creating his blog72. According to Fiegerman, which of the following is critical to success?A. Patience.B. Intelligence.C. Persistence.D. Opportunity.73. Fiegerman’s purpose in creating the blog is to_______.A. introduce new strategies to deal with setbacksB. encourage people to see failure in perspectiveC. advise people on how to start new businessesD‘ share the success stories of famous people74. Which is probably the best title for the passage?A. Tips for A Successful CareerB. Success Is Not EverythingC. All Roads Lead to RomeD. Failure Is the Mother of SuccessP a s s a g e F iveThe scandal at Harvard University in which authorities are investigating whether nearly half of a class of 279 students cheated on a take-home final exam raises a number of questions, including this: Does everybody cheat?“ Dozens of Harvard University students may have wrongly shared answers on a final exam, an unprecedented" case of suspected academic dishonesty. Sanctions for students found guilty of cheating include leaving Harvard for a year.Harvard, like most U.S. colleges and universities, has never had an honor code, although the Associated Press reports that it is giving “renewed consideration" to the idea as a result of the scandal.So, does everybody cheat?Not quite, but studies show that most students cheat at one time or another.A survey of 40,000 high school students found that more than half of teenagers said they had cheated on a test m Ihe previous year, and 34 percent said they had done it more than twice. One-third of the students said that they had plagiarized an assignment with the help of the Internet.The consequences for the country may be significant. A 2009 study about the relationship between high school attitudes and behavior and later adult conduct found that people who cheated on exams in high school two or more times are more likely to be dishonest later in life than those who never cheated in high school.Meanwhile, we've seen successive scandals involving cheating by the adults in school 一 teachers and principals — as a result of the growing importance of standardized tests. As the stakes associated with the scores have risen — the tests are used to gauge not only student achievement, but also teacher effectiveness, school and district quality ~ more people have taken desperate measures to ensure better scores. Not an excuse, just an explanation.Modem technology makes cheating much easier. Cheating cases have been documented in 30 states over the past three academic years. Some students, including those at virtual schools, sometimes put entire quizzes on the Internet, and the same exams are used repeatedly by teachers.Back at Harvard, a culture of cheating persists, here's a lot of pressure internally and externally to succeed at Harvard, and when kids who are not used to failing feel these things, it can really bend their eliiics in ways I didn't expect to see，” author Eric Kester told ABC News,75. The word “unprecedented，，is used in Paragraph Two to emphasize that—____,A. the causes of these cases of cheating had remained a mysteryB. such large-scale cheating was something unheard of at HarvardC. there had never been any cheating at Harvard beforeD. such cases of cheating had been left unreported by the media。

2013年6⽉英语四级阅读真题及答案 Section A Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage. Walking, if you do it vigorously enough, is the overall best exercise for regular physical activity. It requires no equipment, everyone knows how to do it and it carries the 47 risk of injury. The human body is designed to walk. You can walk in parks or along a river or in your neighborhood. To get 48 benefit from walking, aim for 45 minutes a day, an average of five days a week. Strength training is another important 49 of physical activity. Its purpose is to build and 50 bone and muscle mass, both of which shrink with age. In general, you will want to do strength training two or three days a week, 51 recovery days between sessions. Finally, flexibility and balance training are 52 important as the body ages. Aches and pains are high on the list of complaints in old age. The result of constant muscle tension and stiffness of joints, many of them are 53 , and simple flexibility training can 54 these by making muscles stronger and keeping joints lubricated (润滑 ). Some of this you do whenever you stretch. If you watch dogs and cats, you’ll get an idea of how natural it is. The general 55 is simple: whenever the body has been in one position for a while, it is good to 56 stretch it in an opposite position. A) allowing F) helping K) prevent B) avoidable G) increasingly L) principle C) briefly H) lowest M) provoke D) component I) maintain N) seriously E) determined J) maximum O) topic 参考答案 47. H. lowest 48. J. maximum 49. D. component 50. I. maintain 51. A. allowing 52. G. increasingly 53. B. avoidable 54. K. prevent 55. L. principle 56. C. briefly SectionB Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. Passage One Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage. Junk food is everywhere. We’re eating way too much of it. Most of us know what we’re doing and yet we do it anyway. So here’s a suggestion offered by two researchers at the Rand Corporation: Why not take a lesson from alcohol control policies and apply them to where food is sold and how it’s displayed? “Many policy measures to control obesity(肥胖症)assume that people consciously and rationally choose what and how much they eat and therefore focus on providing information and more access to healthier foods,” note the two researchers. “In contrast,” the researchers continue, “many regulations that don’t assume people make rational choices have been successfully applied to control alcohol, a substance — like food — of which immoderate consumption leads to serious health problems.” The research references studies of people’s behavior with food and alcohol and results of alcohol restrictions, and then lists five regulations that the researchers think might be promising if applied to junk foods. Among them: Density restrictions: licenses to sell alcohol aren’t handed out unplanned to all comers but are allotted(分配)based on the number of places in an area that already sell alcohol. These make alcohol less easy to get and reduce the number of psychological cues to drink. Similarly, the researchers say, being presented with junk food stimulates our desire to eat it. So why not limit the density of food outlets, particularly ones that sell food rich in empty calories? And why not limit sale of food in places that aren’t primarily food stores? Display and sales restrictions: California has a rule prohibiting alcohol displays near the cash registers in gas stations, and in most places you can’t buy alcohol at drive-through facilities. At supermarkets, food companies pay to have their wares in places where they’re easily seen. One could remove junk food to the back of the store and ban them from the shelves at checkout lines. The other measures include restricting portion sizes, taxing and prohibiting special price deals for junk foods, and placing warning labels on the products. 57. What does the author say about junk food? A) People should be educated not to eat too much. B) It is widely consumed despite its ill reputation. C) Its temptation is too strong for people to resist. D) It causes more harm than is generally realized. 58. What do the Rand researchers think of many of the policy measures to control obesity? A) They should be implemented effectively. B) They provide misleading information. C) They are based on wrong assumptions. D) They help people make rational choices. 59. Why do policymakers of alcohol control place density restrictions? A) Few people are able to resist alcohol’s temptations. B) There are already too many stores selling alcohol. C) Drinking strong alcohol can cause social problems. D) Easy access leads to customers’ over-consumption. 60. What is the purpose of California’s rule about alcohol display in gas stations? A) To effectively limit the density of alcohol outlets. B) To help drivers to give up the habit of drinking. C) To prevent possible traffic jams in nearby areas. D) To get alcohol out of drivers’ immediate sight. 61. What is the general guideline the Rand researchers suggest about junk food control? A) Guiding people to make rational choices about food. B) Enhancing people’s awareness of their own health. C) Borrowing ideas from alcohol control measures. D) Resorting to economic, legal and psychological means. 参考答案 57.C 58.C 59.D 60.D 61.C Section C Passage One Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage. Kodak’s decision to file for bankruptcy(破产)protection is a sad, though not unexpected, turning point for a leading American corporation that pioneered consumer photography and dominated the film market for decades, but ultimately failed to adapt to the digital revolution. Although many attribute Kodak’s downfall to “complacency(⾃满) ,” that explanation doesn’t acknow-ledge the lengths to which the company went to reinvent itself. Decades ago, Kodak anticipated that digital photography would overtake film —and in fact, Kodak invented the first digital camera in 1975 — but in a fateful decision, the company chose to shelf its new discovery to focus on its traditional film business. It wasn’t that Kodak was blind to the future, said Rebecca Henderson, a professor at Harvard Business School, but rather that it failed to execute on a strategy to confront it. By the time the company realized its mistake, it was too late. Kodak is an example of a firm that was very much aware that they had to adapt, and spent a lot of money trying to do so, but ultimately failed. Large companies have a difficult time switching into new markets because there is a temptation to put existing assets into the new businesses. Although Kodak anticipated the inevitable rise of digital photography, its corporate(企业的) culture was too rooted in the successes of the past for it to make the clean break necessary to fully embrace the future. They were a company stuck in time. Their history was so important to them. Now their history has become a liability. Kodak’s downfall over the last several decades was dramatic. In 1976, the company commanded 90% of the market for photographic film and 85% of the market for cameras. But the 1980s brought new competition from Japanese film company Fuji Photo, which undermined Kodak by offering lower prices for film and photo supplies. Kodak’s decision not to pursue the role of official film for the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics was a major miscalculation. The bid went instead to Fuji, which exploited its sponsorship to win a permanent foothold in the marketplace. 62. What do we learn about Kodak? A) It went bankrupt all of a sudden. B) It is approaching its downfall. C) It initiated the digital revolution in the film industry. D) It is playing a dominant role in the film market. 63. Why does the author mention Kodak’s invention of the first digital camera? A) To show its early attempt to reinvent itself. B) To show its effort to overcome complacency. C) To show its quick adaptation to the digital revolution. D) To show its will to compete with Japan’s Fuji photo. 64. Why do large companies have difficulty switching to new markets? A) They find it costly to give up their existing assets. B) They tend to be slow in confronting new challenges. C) They are unwilling to invest in new technology. D) They are deeply stuck in their glorious past. 65. What does the author say Kodak’s history has become? A) A burden. B) A mirror. C) A joke. D) A challenge. 66. What was Kodak’s fatal mistake? A) Its blind faith in traditional photography. B) Its failure to see Fuji photo’s emergence. C) Its refusal to sponsor the 1984 Olympics. D) Its overconfidence in its corporate culture. 参考答案62. B. 63. A. 64. D. 65. A. 66. C.作⽂预测：作⽂模板：CET4考试：成绩查询：CET4真题：CET4答案：。

2013年6月英语六级真题及答案Part I WritingPart Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)Part III Listening Comprehension (35 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

11. A) She has completely recovered.B) She went into shock after an operation.C) She is still in a critical condition.D) She is getting much better.12. A) Ordering a breakfast.B) Booking a hotel room.C) Buying a train ticket.D) Fixing a compartment.13. A) Most borrowers never returned the books to her.B) The man is the only one who brought her book back.C) She never expected anyone to return the books to her.D) Most of the books she lent out came back without jackets.14. A) She left her work early to get some bargains last Saturday.B) She attended the supermarket’s grand opening ceremony.C) She drove a full hour before finding a parking space.D) She failed to get into the supermarket last Saturday.15. A) He is bothered by the pain in his neck.B) He cannot do his report without a computer.C) He cannot afford to have a coffee break.D) He feels sorry to have missed the report.16. A) Only top art students can show their works in the gallery.B) The gallery space is big enough for the man’s paintings.C) The woman would like to help with the exibition layout.D) The man is uncertain how his art works will be received.17. A) The woman needs a temporary replacement for her assistant.B) The man works in the same department as the woman does.C) The woman will have to stay in hospital for a few days.D) The man is capable of dealing with difficult people.18. A) It was better than the previous one.B) It distorted the mayor’s speech.C) It exaggera ted the city’s economy problems.D) It reflected the opinions of most economists.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. A) To inform him of a problem they face.B) To request him to purchase control desks.C) To discuss the content of a project report.D) To ask him to fix the dictating machine.20. A) They quote the best price in the market.B) They manufacture and sell office furniture.C) They cannot deliver the steel sheets on time.D) They cannot produce the steel sheets needed21. A) By marking down the unit price.B) By accepting the penalty clauses.C) By allowing more time for delivery.D) By promising better after-sales service.22. A) Give the customer a ten percent discount.B) Claim compensation from the stool suppliers.C) Ask the Buying Department to change suppliers.D) Cancel the contract with the customer.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.23. A) Stockbroker. C) Mathematician.B) Physicist. D) Economist.24. A) Improve computer programming.B) Predict global population growth.C) Explain certain natural phenomena.D) Promote national financial health.25. A) Their different educational backgrounds.B) Changing attitudes toward nature.C) Chaos theory and its applications.D) The current global economic crisis.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

2013年英语专业四级阅读理解真题及答案The art of public speaking has been around for over 2,000 years since XXX。

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2013年6月大学英语六级真题阅读理解第1套Part ⅣReading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)Section BDirections:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.The report from the Bureau of Labor Statistics was just as dismal as anticipated. Unemployment in January jumped to a 16-year high of 7.6 percent, as 598,000 jobs were slashed from U.S. payrolls in the worst single-month decline since December, 1974. With 1.8 million jobs lost in the last three months, there is urgent desire in Washington to boost the economy as quickly as possible. But Washington would do well to take a deep breath before reacting to the grim numbers.Collectively, we rely on the unemployment figures and other statistics to frame our sense of reality. They are a vital part of an array of data that we use to assess if we're doing well or doing badly, and that in turn shapes government policies and corporate budgets and personal spending decisions. The problem is that the statistics aren't an objective measure of reality; they are simply a best approximation. Directionally, they capture the trends, but the idea that we know precisely how many are unemployed is a myth. That makes finding a solution all the more difficult.First, there is the way the data is assembled. The official unemployment rate is the product of a telephone survey of about 60,000 homes. There is another survey, sometimes referred to as the "payroll survey," that assesses 400,000 businesses based on their reported payrolls. Both surveys have problems. The payroll survey can easily double-count someone: if you are one person with two jobs, you show up as two workers. The payroll survey also doesn't capture the number of self-employed, and so says little about how many people are generating an independent income.The household survey has a larger problem. When asked straightforwardly, people tend to lie or shade the truth when the subject is sex, money or employment. If you get a call and are asked if you're employed, and you say yes, you're employed. If you say no, however, it may surprise you to learn that you are only unemployed if you've been actively looking for work in the past four weeks; otherwise, you are "marginally attached to the labor force" and not actually unemployed.The urge to quantify is embedded in our society. But the idea that statisticians can then capture an objective reality isn't just impossible. It also leads to serious misjudgments. Democrats and Republicans can and will take sides on those issues, but a more crucial concern is that both are basing major policy decisions on guesstimates rather than looking at the vast wealth of raw data with a critical eye and an open mind52. what do we learn from the first paragraph?A) The US economic situation is going from bad to worse.B) Washington is taking drastic measures to provide more jobs.C) The US government is slashing more jobs from its payrolls.D) The recent economic crisis has taken the U.S. by surprise.53. What does the author think of the unemployment figures and other statistics?A) They form a solid basis for policy making. B) They represent the current situation.C) They signal future economic trends. D) They do not fully reflect the reality.54. one problem with the payroll survey is that_______.A) it does not include all the businesses. B) it fails to count in the self-employedC) it magnifies the number of the jobless D) it does not treat all companies equally55. the household survey can be faulty in that_________.A) people tend to lie when talking on the phone B) not everybody is willing or ready to respondC) some people won’t provide truthful information D) the definition of unemployment is too broad56. At the end of the passage, the author suggests that__________.A) statisticians improve their data assembling methodsB) decision makers view the statistics with a critical eyeC) politicians listen more before making policy decisionsD) Democrats and Republicans cooperate on crucial issuesPassage TwoQuestions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.AT some point in 2008, someone, probably in either Asia or Africa, made the decision to move from the countryside to the city. This nameless person pushed the human race over a historic threshold, for it was in that year that mankind became, for the first time in its history, a predominantly urban species.It is a trend that shows no sign of slowing. Demographers reckon that three-quarters of humanity could be city-dwelling by 2050, with most of the increase coming in the fast-growing towns of Asia and Africa. Migrants to cities are attracted by plentiful jobs, access to hospitals and education, and the ability to escape the enervating boredom of a peasant’s agricultural life. Those factors are more than enough to make up for the squalor（肮脏）, disease and spectacular poverty that those same migrants must often at first endure when they become urban dwellers.It is the city that inspires the latest book from Peter Smith. His main thesis is that the buzz of urban life, and the opportunities it offers for co-operation and collaboration, is what attracts people to the city, which in turn makes cities into the engines of art, commerce, science and progress. This is hardly revolutionary, but it is presented in a charming format. Mr. Smith has written a breezy guidebook, with a series of short chapters dedicated to specific aspects of urbanity—parks, say, or the various schemes that have been put forwardover the years for building the perfect city. The result is a sort of high-quality, unusually rigorous coffee-table book, designed to be dipped into rather than read from beginning to end.In the chapter on skyscrapers, for example, Mr. Smith touches on construction methods, the revolutionary invention of the automatic lift, the practicalities of living in the sky and the likelihood that, as cities become more crowded, apartment living will become the norm. But there is also time for brief diversions onto quirkier ground, such as a discussion of the skyscraper index (which holds that a boom in skyscraper construction is a foolproof sign of an imminent recession).One obvious criticism is that the price of breadth is depth; many of Mr. Smith’s essays raise as many questions as they answer. Although that can indeed be frustrating, this is probably the only way to treat so grand a vast topic. The city is the building block of civilisation and of almost everything people do; a guidebook to the city is really, therefore, a guidebook to how a large and ever-growing chunk of humanity chooses to live. Mr Smith’s book serves as an excellent introduction to a vast subject, and will suggest plenty of further lines of inquiry.57. In what way is the year 2008 historic?A) For the first time in history, urban people outnumbered rural people.B) An influential figure decided to move from the countryside to the city.C) It is in this year that urbanisation made a start in Asia and Africa.D) The population increase in cities reached a new peak in Asia and Africa.58. What does the author say about urbanisation?A) Its impact is not easy to predict. B) Its process will not slow down.C) It is a milestone in human progress. D) It aggravates the squalor of cities.59. How does the author comment on Peter Smith’s new book?A) It is but an ordinary coffee-table book. B) It is flavoured with humorous stories.C) It serves as a guide to arts and commerce. D) It is written in a lively and interesting style.60. What does the author say in the chapter on skyscrapers?A) The automatic lift is indispensable in skyscrapers. B) People enjoy living in skyscrapers with a view.C) Skyscrapers are a sure sign of a city’s prosperity.D) Recession closely follows a skyscraper boom.61. What may be one criticism of Mr. Smith’s book?A) It does not really touch on anything serious. B) It is too long for people to read from cover to cover. C) It does not deal with any aspect of city life in depth. D) It fails to provide sound advice to city dwellers.2013年6月大学英语六级真题阅读理解第2套Part ⅣReading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)Section BDirections:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.''Depression'' is more than a serious economic downturn. What distinguishes a depression from a harsh recession is paralyzing fear---fear of the unknown so great that it causes consumers, businesses, and investors to retreat and panic. They save up cash and desperately cut spending. They sell stocks and other assets. A shattering loss of confidence inspires behavior that overwhelms the normal self-correcting mechanisms that usually prevent a recession from becoming deep and prolonged: a depression.Comparing 1929 with 2007-09, Christina Romer, the head of President Obama's Council of Economic Advisers, finds the initial blow to confidence far greater now than then. True, stock prices fell a third from September to December 1929, but fewer Americans then owned stocks. Moreover, home prices barely dropped. From December 1928 to December 1929，total household wealth declined only 3%. By contrast, the loss in household wealth between December 2007 and December 2008 was 17%. Both stocks and homes, more widely held, dropped more. Thus traumatized (受到创伤)，the economy might have gone into a free fall ending in depression. Indeed, it did go into free fall. Shoppers refrained from buying cars, appliances, and other big-ticket items. Spending on such "durables" drop ped at a 12% annual rate in 2008’s third quarter, a 20% rate in the fourth. And businesses shelved investment projects.That these huge declines didn’t lead to depression mainly reflects, as Romer argues, counter-measures taken by the government. Private markets for goods, services, labor, and securities do mostly self-correct, but panic feeds on itself and disarms these stabilizing tendencies. In this situation, only government can protect the economy as a whole, because most individuals and companies are involved in the self-defeating behavior of self-protection.Government’s failure to perform this role in the early 1930s transformed recession into depression. Scholars will debate which interventions this time--the Federal Reserve’s support of a failing credit system, guarantees of bank debt, Obama’ s “stimulus” plan and bank "stress test" --counted most in preventing a recurrence. Regardless, all these complex measures had the same psychological purpose: to reassure people that the free fall would stop and, thereby, curb the fear that would perpetuate (使持久）a free fall.All this improved confidence. But the consumer sentiment index remains weak, and all the rebound has occurred in Americans' evaluation of future economic conditions, not the present. Unemployment (9.8%) is abysmal (糟透的)，the recovery's strength unclear. Here, too, there is an echo from the 1930s. Despite bottoming out in 1933，the Depression didn't end until World War II. Some government policies aided recovery; some hindered it. The good news today is that the bad news is not worse.52. Why do consumers, businesses and investors retreat and panic in times of depression?A) They suffer great losses in stocks, property and other assets.B) They find the self-correcting mechanisms dysfunctioning.C) They are afraid the normal social order will be paralyzed.D) They don't know what is going to happen in the future.53. What does Christina Romer say about the current economic recession?A) Its severity is no match for the Great Depression of 1929.B) Its initial blow to confidence far exceeded that of 1929.C) It has affected house owners more than stock holders.D) It has resulted in a free fall of the prices of commodities.54. Why didn’t the current recession turn into a depression according to Christina Romer?A) The government intervened effectively.B) Private markets corrected themselves.C) People refrained from buying durables and big-ticket items.D) Individuals and companies adopted self-protection measures.55. What is the chief purpose of all the countermeasures taken?A) To create job opportunities. B) To curb the fear of a lasting free fall.C) To stimulate domestic consumption. D) To rebuild the credit system.56. What does the author think of today’s economic situation?A) It may worsen without further stimulation.B) It will see a rebound sooner or later.C) It has not gone from bad to worse. D) It does not give people reason for pessimism.Passage TwoQuestions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.“Usually when we walk through the rain forest we hear a soft sound from all the moist leaves and organic debris on the forest floor,” says ecologist Daniel Nepstad. “Now we increasingly get rustle and crunch. That’s the sound of a dying forest.”Predictions of the collapse of the tropical rain forests have been around for years. Yet until recently the worst forecasts were almost exclusively linked to direct human activity, such as clear- cutting and burning for pastures or farms. Left alone, it was assumed, the world’s rain forests would not only flourish but might even rescue us from disaster by absorbing the excess carbon dioxide and other planet-warming greenhouse gases. Now it turns out that may be wishful thinking. Some scientists believe that the rise in carbon levels means that the Amazon and other rain forests in Asia and Africa may go from being assets in the battle against rising temperatures to liabilities. Amazon plants, for instance, hold more than 100 billion metric tons of carbon, equal to 15-years of tailpipe and chimney emissions. If the collapse of the rain forests speeds up dramatically, it could eventually release 3.5-5 billion metric tons of carbon into the atmosphere each year making forests the leading source of greenhouse gases.Uncommonly severe droughts brought on by global climate change have led to forest-eating wildfires from Australia to Indonesia, but nowhere more acutely than in the Amazon. Some experts say that the rain forest is already at the brink of collapse.Extreme weather and reckless development are plotting against the rain forest in ways that scientists have never seen. Trees need more water as temperatures rise, but the prolonged droughts have robbed them of moisture, making whole forests easily cleared of trees and turned into farmland. The picture worsens with each round of El Nino, the unusually warm currents in the Pacific Ocean that drive up temperatures and invariably presage (预示）droughts and fires in the rain forest. Runaway fires pour even more carbon into the air, which increases temperatures, starting the whole vicious cycle all over again.More than paradise lost, a perishing rain forest could trigger a domino effect----- sending winds and rains kilometers off course and loading the skies with even greater levels of greenhouse gases—that will be felt far beyond the Amazon basin. In a sense, we are already getting a glimpse of what’s to come. Each burning season in the Amazon, fires deliberately set by frontier settlers and developers hurl up almost half abillion metric tons of carbon a year, placing Brazil among the top five contributors to greenhouse gases in the world.57. We learn from the first paragraph that _______.A) dead leaves and tree debris make the same soundB) trees that are dying usually give out a soft moanC) organic debris echoes the sounds in a rain forestD) the sound of a forest signifies its health condition58. In the second paragraph, the author challenges the view that _______.A) the collapse of rain forests is caused by direct human interferenceB) carbon emissions are the leading cause of current global warmingC) the condition of rain forests has been rapidly deterioratingD) rain forests should not be converted into pastures or farms59. The author argues that the rising carbon levels in rain forests may _______.A) turn them into a major source of greenhouse gasesB) change the weather patterns throughout the world leavesC) pose a threat to wildlifeD) accelerate their collapse60. What has made it easier to turn some rain forests into farmland?A) Rapid rise in carbon levels.B) Reckless land development.C) Lack of rainfall resulting from global warming.D) The unusual warm currents in the Pacific Ocean.61. What makes Brazil one of the world’s top five contributors to greenhouse gases?A) The domino effect triggered by the perishing rain forests,B) Its practice of burning forests for settlement and development,C) The changed patterns of winds and rains in the Amazon area.D) Its inability to curb the carbon emissions from industries.2013年6月大学英语六级真题阅读理解第3套Part ⅣReading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)Section BDirections:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.In 2011, many shoppers chose to avoid the frantic crowds and do their holiday shopping from the comfort of their computer. Sales at online retailers gained by more than 15%, making it the biggest season ever. But people are also returning those purchases at record rates, up 8% from last year.What went wrong? Is the lingering shadow of the global financial crisis making it harder to accept extravagant indulgences? Or that people shop more impulsively—and therefore make bad decisions—when online? Both arguments are plausible. However, there is a third factor: a question of touch. We can love the look but, in an online environment, we cannot feel the quality of a texture, the shape of the fit, the fall of a fold or, for that matter, the weight of an earring. And physically interacting with an object makes you more committed to your purchase.When my most recent book Brandwashed was released, I teamed up with a local bookstore to conduct an experiment about the difference between the online and offline shopping experience. I carefully instructed a group of volunteers to promote my book in two different ways. The first was a fairly hands-off approach. Whenever a customer would inquire about my book, the volunteer would take them over to the shelf and point to it. Out of 20 such requests, six customers proceeded with the purchase.The second option also involved going over to the shelf but, this time, removing the book and then subtly holding onto it for just an extra moment before placing it in the customer’s hands. Of the 20 people who were handed the book, 13 ended up buying it. Just physically passing the book showed a big difference in sales. Why? We feel something similar to a sense of ownership when we hold things in our hand. That’s why we establish or reestablish connection by greeting strangers and friends with a handshake. In this case, having to then let go of the book after holding it might generate a subtle sense of loss, and motivate us to make the purchase even more.A recent study also revealed the power of touch, in this case when it came to conventional mail. A deeper and longer-lasting impression of a message was formed when delivered in a letter, as opposed to receiving the same message online. Brain imaging showed that, on touching the paper, the emotional center of the brain was activated, thus forming a stronger bond. The study also indicated that once touch becomes part of the process, it could translate into a sense of possession. This sense of ownership is simply not part of the equation in the online shopping experience.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

2013年6⽉英语六级考试阅读真题及答案 Section A Direction: In this section, there is a short passage with 5 questions or incomplete stamens. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words. Please write your answer on Answer Sheet 2. Question 47 to 51 are based on the following passage Highly proficient musicianship is hard won. Although it’s often assumed musical ability us inherited, there’s abundant evidence that this isn’t the case. While it seems that at birth virtually everyone has perfect pitch, the reasons that one child is better than another are motivation and practice. Highly musical children were sung to more as infants and more encouraged to join in song games as kids than less musical ones, long before any musical ability could have been evident. Studies of classical musicians prove that the best ones practiced considerably more from childhood onwards than ordinary orchestral players, and this is because their parents were at them to put in the hours from a very young age. The same was true of children selected for entry to specialist music schools, compared with those who were rejected. The chosen children had parents who had very actively supervised music lessons and daily practice from young ages, giving up substantial periods of leisure time to take the children to lessons and concerts. The singer Michael Jackson’s story, although unusually brutal and extreme, is illumination when considering musical prodigy(天才). Accounts suggest that he was subjected to cruel beatings and emotional torture ,and that he was humiliated (羞辱) constantly by his father, What sets Jackson’s family apart is that his father used his reign of terror to train his children as musicians and dancers. On top of his extra ability Michael also had more drive. This may have been the result of being the closest of his brothers and sisters to his mother. “He seemed different to me from the other children —special,”Michael’s mother said of him. She may not have realized that treating her son as special may have been part of the reason be became like that. All in all, if you want to bring up a Mozart or Bach, the key factor is how hard you are prepared to crack the whip. Thankfully, most of us will probably settle for a bit of fun on the recorder and some ill-executed pieces of music-on the piano from our children. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

2013.6 英语四级考试真题试卷（第一套）阅读理解Passage OneQuestions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.Junk food is everywhere. We're eating way too much of it. Most of us know what we're doing and yet we do it anyway.So here's a suggestion offered by two researchers at the Rand Corporation: Why not take a lesson from alcohol control policies and apply them to where food is sold and how it's displayed?"Many policy measures to control obesity (肥胖症) assume that people consciously and rationally choose what and how much they eat and therefore focus on providing information and more access to healthier foods," note the two researchers."In contrast," the researchers continue, "many regulations that don't assume people make rational choices have been successfully applied to control alcohol, a substance - like food - of which immoderate consumption leads to serious health problems."The research references studies of people's behavior with food and alcohol and results of alcohol restrictions, and then lists five regulations that the researchers think might be promising if applied to junk foods. Among them:Density restrictions: licenses to sell alcohol aren't handed out unplanned to all comers but are allotted (分配) based on the number of places in an area that already sell alcohol. These make alcohol less easy to get and reduce the number of psychological cues to drink.Similarly, the researchers say, being presented with junk food stimulates our desire to eat it. So why not limit the density of food outlets, particularly ones that sell food rich inempty calories? And why not limit sale of food in places that aren't primarily food stores? Display and sales restrictions: California has a rule prohibiting alcohol displays near the cash registers in gas stations, and in most places you can't buy alcohol at drive-through facilities. At supermarkets, food companies pay to have their wares in places where they're easily seen. One could remove junk food to the back of the store and ban them from the shelves at checkout lines. The other measures include restricting portion sizes, taxing and prohibiting special price deals for junk foods, and placing warning labels on the products.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答57. What does the author say about junk food?A) People should be educated not to eat too much.B) It is widely consumed despite its ill reputation.C) Its temptation is too strong for people to resist.D) It causes more harm than is generally realized.58. What do the Rand researchers think of many of the policy measures to control obesity?A) They should be implemented effectively.B) They provide misleading information.C) They are based on wrong assumptions.D) They help people make rational choices.59. Why do policymakers of alcohol control place density restrictions?A) Few people are able to resist alcohol's temptations.B) There are already too many stores selling alcohol.C) Drinking strong alcohol can cause social problems.D) Easy access leads to customers' over-consumption.60. What is the purpose of California's rule about alcohol display in gas stations?A) To effectively limit the density of alcohol outlets.B) To help drivers to give up the habit of drinking.C) To prevent possible traffic jams in nearby areas.D) To get alcohol out of drivers' immediate sight.61. What is the general guideline the Rand researchers suggest about junk food control?A) Guiding people to make rational choices about food.B) Enhancing people's awareness of their own health.C) Borrowing ideas from alcohol control measures.D) Resorting to economic, legal and psychological means.Passage TwoQuestions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.Kodak's decision to file for bankruptcy (破产) protection is a sad, though not unexpected, turning point for a leading American corporation that pioneered consumer photography and dominated the film market for decades, but ultimately failed to adapt to the digital revolution.Although many attribute Kodak's downfall to "complacency (自满) , " that explanation doesn't acknowledge the lengths to which the company went to reinvent itself. Decades ago, Kodak anticipated that digital photography would overtake film - and in fact, Kodak invented the first digital camera in 1975 - but in a fateful decision, the company chose to shelf its new discovery to focus on its traditional film business.It wasn't that Kodak was blind to the future, said Rebecca Henderson, a professor atHarvard Business School, but rather that it failed to execute on a strategy to confront it. By the time the company realized its mistake, it was too late.Kodak is an example of a firm that was very much aware that they had to adapt, and spent a lot of money trying to do so, but ultimately failed. Large companies have a difficult time switching to new markets because there is a temptation to put existing assets into the new businesses.Although Kodak anticipated the inevitable rise of digital photography, its corporate culture was too rooted in the successes of the past for it to make the clean break necessary to fully embrace the future. They were a company stuck in time. Their history was so important to them. Now their history has become a liability.Kodak's downfall over the last several decades was dramatic. In 1976, the company commanded 90% of the market for photographic film and 85% of the market for cameras. But the 1980s brought new competition from Japanese film company Fuji Photo, which undermined Kodak by offering lower prices for film and photo supplies. Kodak's decision not to pursue the role of official film for the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics was a major miscalculation. The bid went instead to Fuji, which exploited its sponsorship to win a permanent foothold in the marketplace.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

2013 年六月英语六级真题及答案完整版（文都）Part III Listening Comprehension 35 minutesSection ADirections:In this section you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the endof each conversation one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both theconversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be apause. During the pause you must read the four choices marked A B C and D and decidewhich is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single linethrough the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡 2 上作答。

11. A She has completely recovered.B She went into shock after an operation.C She is still in a critical condition.D She is getting much better.12. A Ordering a breakfast. C Buying a train ticket.B Booking a hotel room. D Fixing a compartment.13.A Most borrowers never returned the books to her.B The man is the only one who brought her book back.C She never expected anyone to return the books to her.D Most of the books she lent out came back without jackets.14. A She left her work early to get some bargains last Saturday.B She attended the supermarket’s grand opening ceremony.C She drove a full hour before finding a parking space.D She failed to get into the supermarket last Saturday.15. A He is bothered by the pain in his neck.B He cannot do his report without a computer.C He cannot afford to have a coffee break.D He feels sorry to have missed the report.16. A Only top art students can show their works in the gallery.B The gallery space is big enough for the man’s paintings.C The woman would like to help with the exibition layout.D The man is uncertain how his art works will be received.17. A The woman needs a temporary replacement for her assistant.B The man works in the same department as the woman does.C The woman will have to stay in hospital for a few days.D The man is capable of dealing with difficult people.18. A It was better than the previous one.B It distorted the mayor’s speech.C It exaggerated the city’s economy problems.D It reflected the opinions of most economists.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. A To inform him of a problem they face.B To request him to purchase control desks.C To discuss the content of a project report.D To ask him to fix the dictating machine.20. A They quote the best price in the market.B They manufacture and sell office furniture.C They cannot deliver the steel sheets on time.D They cannot produce the steel sheets needed21. A By marking down the unit price.B By accepting the penalty clauses.C By allowing more time for delivery.D By promising better after-sales service.22. A Give the customer a ten percent discount.B Claim compensation from the stool suppliers.C Ask the Buying Department to change suppliers.D Cancel the contract with the customer.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.23. A Stockbroker. C Mathematician.B Physicist. D Economist.24. A Improve computer programming.B Predict global population growth.C Explain certain natural phenomena.D Promote national financial health.25. A Their different educational backgrounds.B Changing attitudes toward nature.C Chaos theory and its applications.D The current global economic crisis.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage you will hearsome questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear aquestion you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A B C and D. Thenmark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2 上作答。

为⼤家整理了2013年6⽉8⽇托福阅读真题（新东⽅），仅供参考！！　第⼀篇：细胞理论Cell theory 叙述了细胞从发现到形成"细胞理论"的过程，⽂中提到了很多科学家的名称。

第⼀段：科学家Robert Hooke在1665年运⽤"单⽚镜"看到细胞的轮廓，Hooke⽤"单⽚镜"观察细胞轮廓⽐当时的"双⽚镜"更有优势（细节题，为什么⽤"单⽚镜"观察）。

Hooke的历史地位在于他是看到"细胞"的第⼀⼈，并给这种结构命名为"cell",现在⼀直沿⽤，但是缺陷在于看到的只是"死细胞"--细胞死后的细胞壁留下的轮廓。

第⼆段：Anton van Leeuwenhoek第⼀次看到了活细胞，是从他的⽛龈上刮下来细菌（bacteria）。

但是他没有挑战错误的"传统理论"：⽣命从"⽆⽣命形式"发展⽽来（cell evolves from nonliving form and nothingness）。

同样错误的理论是：完整的细胞可由Nucleus (细胞核)⽣长出membrane(细胞膜)和细胞壁。

细胞难以被观察到有两⼤原因：1，技术不够成熟（technology）;2. 错误理论的根深蒂固。

第三段：Theodor Schwann和Matthias Jakob Schleiden进⼀步观察细胞。

他们共同观察了"动物"和"植物"的细胞，并得出细胞是""The cell is the fundamental element of organization，unit of structure and function"。

Schleiden在显微镜（microscope）下观察到兰花植物（orchid plant）细胞,并在显微镜下也观察到其他动物细胞。

2013年6月英语六级考试真题试卷（第1套）Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this party you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the remark "Good habits result from resisting temptation." You can cite examples to . You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上Part II Reading Comprehension(Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A) , B) , C) and D) . For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.A Nation That's Losing Its ToolboxThe scene inside the Home Depot on Weyman Avenue here would give the old-time American craftsman pause.In Aisle 34 is precut plastic flooring, the glue already in place. In Aisle 26 are prefabricated windows. Stacked near the checkout counters, and as colorful as a Fisher-Price toy, is a not-so-serious-looking power tool: a battery-operatedsaw-and-drill combination. And if you don't want to do it yourself, head to Aisle 23 or Aisle 35, where a help desk will arrange for an installer.It's all very handy stuff, I guess, a convenient way to be a do-it-yourselfer without being all that good with tools. But at a time when the American factory seems to be a shrinking presence, and when good manufacturing jobs have vanished, perhaps never to return, there is something deeply troubling about this dilution of American craftsmanship.This isn't a lament (伤感) - or not merely a lament - for bygone times. It's a social and cultural issue, as well as an economic one. The Home Depot approach to craftsmanship - simplify it, dumb it down, hire a contractor - is one signal that mastering tools and working with one's hands is receding in America as a hobby, as a valued skill, as a cultural influence that shaped thinking and behavior in vast sections of the country.That should be a matter of concern in a presidential election year. Yet neither Barack Obama nor Mitt Romney promotes himself as tool-savvy (使用工具很在行的) presidential timber, in the mold of a Jimmy Carter, a skilled carpenter and cabinet maker.The Obama administration does worry publicly about manufacturing, a first cousin of craftsmanship. When the Ford Motor Company, for example, recently announced that it was bringing some production home, the White House cheered. "When you see things like Ford moving new production from Mexico to Detroit, instead of the other way around, you know things are changing," says Gene Sperling, director of the National Economic Council.Ask the administration or the Republicans or most academics why America needs more manufacturing, and they respond that manufacturing gives birth to innovation, brings down the trade deficit, strengthens the dollar, generates jobs, arms the military and brings about a recovery from recession. But rarely, if ever, do they publicly take the argument a step further, asserting that a growing manufacturing sector encourages craftsmanship and that craftsmanship is, if not a birthright, then a vital ingredient of the American self-image as a can-do, inventive, we-can-make-anything people. Traditional vocational training in public high schools is gradually declining, stranding thousands of young people who seek training for a craft without going to college. Colleges, for their part, have since 1985 graduated fewer chemical, mechanical, industrial and metallurgical (冶金的) engineers, partly in response to the reduced role of manufacturing, a big employer of them.The decline started in the 1950s, when manufacturing generated a sturdy 28% of the national income, or gross domestic product, and employed one-third of the workforce. Today, factory output generates just 12% of G.D.P. and employs barely 9% of the nation's workers.Mass layoffs and plant closings have drawn plenty of headlines and public debate over the years, and they still occasionally do. But the damage to skill and craftsmanship- that's needed to build a complex airliner or a tractor, or for a worker to move up from assembler to machinist to supervisor - went largely unnoticed."In an earlier generation, we lost our connection to the land, and now we are losing our connection to the machinery we depend on," says Michael Hout, a sociologist at the University of California, Berkeley. "People who work with their hands," he went on, "are doing things today that we call service jobs, in restaurants and laundries, or in medical technology and the like."That's one explanation for the decline in traditional craftsmanship. Lack of interest is another. The big money is in fields like finance. Starting in the 1980s, skill in finance grew in importance, and, as depicted in the news media and the movies, became a more appealing source of income.By last year, Wall Street traders, bankers and those who deal in real estate generated 21% of the national income, double their share in the 1950s. And Warren Buffett, the good-natured financier, became a homespun folk hero, without the tools and overalls (工作服)."Young people grow up without developing the skills to fix things around the house," says Richard Curtin, director of the Thomson Reuters/University of Michigan Surveys of Consumers. "They know about computers, of course, but they don't know how to build them."Manufacturing's shrinking presence undoubtedly helps explain the decline incraftsmanship, if only because many of the nation's assembly line workers were skilled in craft work, if not on the job then in their spare time. In a late 1990s study of blue-collar employees at a General Motors plant (now closed) in Linden, N. J., the sociologist Ruth Milkman of City University of New York found that many line workers, in their off-hours, did home renovation and other skilled work."I have often thought," Ms. Milkman says, "that these extracurricular jobs were an effort on the part of the workers to regain their dignity after suffering the degradation of repetitive assembly line work in the factory."Craft work has higher status in nations like Germany, which invests in apprenticeship (学徒) programs for high school students. "Corporations in Germany realized that there was an interest to be served economically and patriotically in building up a skilled labor force at home; we never had that ethos (风气)," says Richard Sennett, a New York University sociologist who has written about the connection of craft and culture.The damage to American craftsmanship seems to parallel the steep slide in manufacturing employment. Though the decline started in the 1970s, it became much steeper beginning in 2000. Since then, some 5.3 million jobs, or one-third of the workforce in manufacturing, have been lost. A stated goal of the Obama administration is to restore a big chunk of this employment, along with the multitude of skills that many of the jobs required.As for craftsmanship itself, the issue is how to preserve it as a valued skill in the general population. Ms. Milkman, the sociologist, argues that American craftsmanship isn't disappearing as quickly as some would argue - that it has instead shifted to immigrants. "Pride in craft, it is alive in the immigrant world," she says.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。

2013考研英语阅读真题In recent years, the issue of climate change has become a major concern for scientists, policymakers, and the general public. The increasing global temperatures, rising sea levels, and extreme weather events are all evidence of the impact human activities are having on the Earth's climate. As a result, there is a growing need for urgent action to mitigate the effects of climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.One key aspect of addressing climate change is through the development and implementation of renewable energy sources. Renewable energy is derived from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, and water, which are constantly replenished and do not contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. This makes them a much cleaner and sustainable alternative to fossil fuels.Solar energy, for example, has great potential as a renewable energy source. The sun provides an abundant and virtually unlimited supply of energy that can be harnessed using photovoltaic (PV) cells. These cells convert sunlight directly into electricity, which can be used to power homes, businesses, and even entire communities. In addition to being environmentally friendly, solar energy also offers economic benefits, such as job creation and energy cost savings.Wind power is another important form of renewable energy. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical power, which can then be used to generate electricity. Wind farms can be built both onshore and offshore, and they have the capacity to produce significant amounts of clean energy. However, the location and design of wind farmsmust be carefully considered to minimize their impact on wildlife and the surrounding environment.Hydropower is yet another renewable energy source that has been widely utilized for centuries. It harnesses the energy of flowing or falling water, using it to drive turbines that generate electricity. Large hydroelectric dams can provide a substantial amount of energy, but they can also have negative environmental and social impacts, such as the displacement of communities and the disruption of ecosystems. As such, the construction of hydropower facilities should be conducted with careful consideration of these potential consequences.Biogas, biomass, and geothermal energy are other forms of renewable energy that are gaining prominence. Biogas is generated from the decomposition of organic waste materials, biomass refers to the use of organic materials to produce heat or electricity, and geothermal energy utilizes the heat generated from within the Earth. Each of these sources has its own unique advantages and challenges, but all contribute to a more sustainable and greener future.In conclusion, renewable energy sources offer a viable solution to combat climate change and reduce our reliance on fossil fuels. From solar and wind power to hydropower and geothermal energy, there are various options available for generating clean and sustainable electricity. However, it is crucial that these sources are developed and implemented responsibly, taking into account potential environmental and social impacts. By transitioning to renewable energy, we can protect our planet for future generations and create a more sustainable and resilient world.。