Warm nuclei The transition from independent particle motion to collisional dominance

Climate change is one of the most pressing global issues of our time,with farreaching implications for the environment,economy,and society.The effects of climate change are multifaceted and can be observed in various aspects of life on Earth.1.Environmental Impact:The most evident impact of climate change is on the environment.Rising temperatures have led to the melting of polar ice caps and glaciers, causing sea levels to rise.This not only threatens coastal cities and lowlying islands but also disrupts the habitats of many species,leading to a loss of biodiversity.Additionally, climate change has been linked to more frequent and severe weather events,such as hurricanes,floods,and droughts,which can devastate ecosystems and human settlements.2.Agricultural Effects:Agriculture is heavily dependent on stable climate conditions. Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns can lead to reduced crop yields, affecting food security globally.Droughts can decimate harvests,while floods can destroy crops and soil fertility.Moreover,warmer temperatures can shift the ranges of pests and diseases,complicating agricultural practices.3.Health Implications:Climate change can have direct and indirect effects on human health.Direct effects include heatrelated illnesses and deaths during heatwaves.Indirect effects are more complex and can include the spread of vectorborne diseases as warmer climates expand the habitats of diseasecarrying insects.Additionally,air quality can be affected by higher temperatures,exacerbating respiratory issues.4.Economic Consequences:The economic impacts of climate change are significant and varied.Industries such as agriculture,fisheries,and tourism are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change.Insurance costs may rise due to an increase in natural disasters,and infrastructure may require costly adaptations to withstand extreme weather events.On the other hand,some regions may experience economic benefits from a longer growing season or access to new shipping routes.5.Social and Political Ramifications:Climate change can exacerbate social inequalities and lead to political instability.Displacement of populations due to environmental disasters can create refugee crises,straining international relations and local resources. Additionally,competition for dwindling resources like water and arable land can lead to conflicts.6.Mitigation and Adaptation Efforts:In response to the impacts of climate change,there is a growing emphasis on mitigation and adaptation strategies.Mitigation involves reducing greenhouse gas emissions to slow the rate of climate change,while adaptation involves adjusting to the effects that are already occurring.This can include developingmore resilient infrastructure,investing in renewable energy,and implementing policies that promote sustainable development.cation and Awareness:Raising awareness about the impacts of climate change is crucial for driving societal and political cation plays a key role in informing the public about the science behind climate change,its consequences,and the steps that can be taken to mitigate its effects.8.International Cooperation:Addressing climate change requires a coordinated global response.International agreements,such as the Paris Agreement,aim to unite countries in efforts to reduce emissions and support those most vulnerable to climate change impacts.In conclusion,the impacts of climate change are widespread and interconnected, affecting every aspect of life on Earth.It is essential that individuals,communities,and nations work together to mitigate these effects and adapt to the changes that are already underway.。

2023年高考英语外刊时文精读精练 (14)Climate change and coral reefs气候变化与珊瑚礁主题语境：人与自然主题语境内容：自然生态【外刊原文】（斜体单词为超纲词汇，认识即可；下划线单词为课标词汇，需熟记。

）Human beings have been altering habitats—sometimes deliberately andsometimes accidentall y—at least since the end of the last Ice Age. Now, though, that change is happening on a grand scale. Global warming is a growing factor. Fortunately, the human wisdom that is destroying nature can also be brought to bear on trying to save it.Some interventions to save ecosystems are hard to imagine andsucceed. Consider a project to reintroducesomething similar to a mammoth(猛犸象)to Siberiaby gene-editing Asian elephants. Their feeding habits could restore the grassland habitat that was around before mammoths died out, increasing the sunlight reflected into space and helping keep carbon compounds(碳化合物)trapped in the soil. But other projects have a bigger chance of making an impact quickly. As we report, one example involves coral reefs.These are the rainforests of the ocean. They exist on vast scales: half a trillion corals line the Pacific from Indonesia to French Polynesia, roughly the same as the number of trees that fill the Amazon. They are equally important harbor of biodiversity. Rainforests cover18% of the land’s s urface and offer a home to more than half its vertebrate(脊椎动物的)species. Reefs occupy0.1% of the oceans and host a quarter of marine(海洋的)species.And corals are useful to people, too. Without the protection which reefs afford from crashing waves, low-lying islands such as the Maldives would have flooded long ago, and a billion people would lose food or income. One team of economists has estimated that coral’s global ecosystem services are worth up to $10trn a year. reefs are, however, under threat from rising sea temperatures. Heat causes the algae（海藻） with which corals co-exist, and on which they depend for food and colour, to generate toxins（毒素）that lead to those algae’s expulsion（排出）. This is known as “bleaching（白化）”, and can cause a coral’s death.As temperatures continue to rise, research groups around the world are coming up with plansof action. Their ideas include identifying naturally heat-resistant（耐热的）corals and moving themaround the world; crossbreeding（杂交）such corals to create strains that are yet-more heat-resistant; employing genetic editing to add heat resistance artificially; transplantingheat-resistant symbiotic（共生的）algae; and even repairing with the bacteria and other micro-organismswith which corals co-exist—to see if that will help.The assisted evolution of corals does not meet with universal enthusiasm. Without carbon reduction and decline in coral-killing pollution, even resistant corals will not survive the century. Some doubt whetherhumans will get its act together in time to make much difference. Few of these techniques are ready for action in the wild. Some, such as gene editing, are so controversial that it is doubtful they will be approved any time soon. scale is also an issue.But there are grounds for optimism. Carbon targets are being set and ocean pollution is being dealt with. Countries that share responsibilities for reefs are starting to act together. Scientific methods can also be found. Natural currents can be used to facilitate mass breeding. Sites of the greatest ecological and economical importance can be identified to maximise benefits.This mix of natural activity and human intervention could serve as a blueprint （蓝图）for other ecosystems. Those who think that all habitats should be kept original may not approve. But when entire ecosystems are facing destruction, the cost of doing nothing is too great to bear. For coral reefs, at least, if any are to survive at all, it will be those that humans have re-engineered to handle the future.【课标词汇精讲】1.alter （通常指轻微地）改动，修改；改变，（使）变化We've had to alter some of our plans.我们不得不对一些计划作出改动。

Winter is a season of stark contrast and unique beauty.It is a time when the world is blanketed in a layer of frost,transforming landscapes into a serene tableau of white.The air turns crisp and the days grow shorter,yet the season offers a sense of tranquility and a break from the hustle and bustle of the warmer months.The Arrival of WinterWinter often arrives with the first frost,signaling the end of autumns colorful foliage. Trees shed their leaves,revealing their bare branches against the cold,clear sky.The transition can be abrupt,with temperatures dropping sharply and the first snowfall covering the ground in a pristine layer of white.The Chill of WinterThe cold is one of winters defining characteristics.It seeps into every corner,making it necessary to bundle up in warm clothing.The chill is not only felt in the air but also in the icy touch of the wind that bites at exposed skin.Despite the cold,winter can be a time of warmth,as families gather indoors,sharing meals and stories around the fireplace.Winter ActivitiesDespite the cold,winter offers a variety of activities.Skiing,snowboarding,and ice skating become popular pastimes,as people take advantage of the snowy conditions. Children build snowmen and engage in snowball fights,while adults might enjoy a quiet walk in the snow,admiring the winter scenery.The Beauty of WinterWinters beauty is often understated.The snowcovered landscapes can be breathtaking, with the sun casting a soft glow on the white expanse.The nights are long and dark,but they are also filled with the magic of the northern lights in some regions,a natural light display that dances across the sky in vibrant colors.Winter WildlifeAnimals too have their own ways of adapting to the winter season.Some hibernate,while others migrate to warmer climates.Those that remain must find ways to survive the harsh conditions,often seen foraging for food in the snow or huddling together for warmth.Winter Festivals and TraditionsCulturally,winter is a time for celebration.Holidays such as Christmas,Hanukkah,and New Years Eve bring people together in a spirit of joy and festivity.Decorations adorn homes and streets,and the scent of traditional winter foods fills the air.The End of WinterAs winter progresses,the days slowly begin to lengthen,and the promise of spring is on the horizon.The snow starts to melt,revealing the first signs of new life and growth. Winters end is a time of renewal and anticipation for the warmer months ahead.In conclusion,winter is a season of change,offering a different pace of life and a unique set of experiences.It is a time to appreciate the quiet beauty of nature,to enjoy the warmth of loved ones,and to look forward to the rebirth of spring.。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-华南师范大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this（）produces artificial cold surrounding it.问题1选项A.absorptionB.transitionC.consumptionD.interaction【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。

A: absorption “吸收”；B: transition “过渡，转变”；C: consumption “消费”；D: interaction “相互作用”。

句意：水从固体转变为液体，吸收了周围所有物质的热量，这种吸收产生了周围的人工寒冷。

根据语境和句意，这里所指的是吸热，因此A最合适。

2.单选题It is no wonder that they always hold（）hope for the future because they are raised in the greenhouse.问题1选项A.exaggeratedB.amplifiedC.extravagantD.luxurious【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。

A: exaggerated “夸大的，言过其实的” ；B: amplified “扩大；放大”；C: extravagant “过度的，过分的；浪费的”；D: luxurious “奢侈的”。

句意：难怪他们总是对未来抱有夸大的希望，因为他们是在温室里长大的。

结合语境，故A为正确答案。

3.单选题The man to whom we handed the forms pointed out that they had not been（）filled in.问题1选项A.consequentlyB.regularprehensivelyD.properly【答案】D【解析】考查副词词义辨析。

风的形成原理英文名词解释The Formation Mechanism of Wind: An ExpositionIntroduction:Wind, a phenomenon found across the globe, is a constant presence in our lives. It shapes landscapes, influences climates, and affects our daily activities in numerous ways. But have you ever wondered how wind is formed? In this article, we delve into the intricate mechanisms that give rise to wind, shedding light on the fascinating processes and principles behind this natural phenomenon.Thermal Gradients and Differential Heating:At the core of wind formation lies the concept of thermal gradients and differential heating. Solar radiation, the primary source of energy that drives Earth's weather patterns, is unevenly distributed across the planet due to varying angles of incidence. As a result, different regions receive dissimilar amounts of heat, setting the stage for the formation of wind.Convection and the Atmospheric Circulation Cells:To understand convection, imagine placing a pot of water on a stove. As the heat rises from the stove, it warms the water at the bottom of the pot. The warm water expands, becomes less dense, and rises to the surface. Meanwhile, the cooler water at the surface sinks and replaces the rising warm water. This process creates a continuous circular flow, known as convection.Similarly, in the Earth's atmosphere, solar radiation warms the air near the surface. The warm air rises due to its lower density, creating a low-pressure area. As the warm air ascends, it moves toward higher altitudes, where it cools and eventually descends. This descending air creates a high-pressure area. These rising and sinking motions, combined with the rotation of the Earth, give birth to large-scale circulation patterns known as atmospheric circulation cells.Hadley Cell:One such atmospheric circulation cell is the Hadley cell, named after George Hadley, the British meteorologist who first described it. The Hadley cell is located near the equator and plays a crucial role in shaping the global wind patterns. It consists of three main components: the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), the trade winds, and the subtropical high-pressure belts.The ITCZ, characterized by low atmospheric pressure, forms due to the convergence of trade winds from the northern and southern hemispheres. As warm, moist air ascends in the ITCZ, it cools, condenses, and forms clouds, resulting in heavy rainfall and thunderstorms.The trade winds, on the other hand, blow from the subtropical high-pressure belts towards the equator. These winds are responsible for carrying heat from the subtropics to the equatorial regions. They have been historically important for maritime trade routes, facilitating global exploration and commerce.Ferrel and Polar Cells:In addition to the Hadley cell, there are two other atmospheric circulation cells named after William Ferrel and the polar regions. The Ferrel cell exists between the Hadley and polar cells and plays a vital role in redistributing heat from the lower to higher latitudes. This cell features prevailing westerlies, which blow from west to east in mid-latitudes.Lastly, the polar cell encompasses the polar regions and involves the descent of cold air at the poles, leading to the formation of polar high-pressure belts. The circulating air from the polar region meets the westerlies from the Ferrel cell, resulting in polar easterlies blowing from east to west.Coriolis Effect and Wind Direction:The Coriolis Effect, a phenomenon arising from the Earth's rotation, influences the direction of wind. Due to the conservation of angular momentum, objects moving acrossthe Earth's surface are deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.The Coriolis Effect influences the wind direction by deflecting air masses as they move from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. This deflection, coupled with the pressure gradient force caused by pressure differences, contributes to the establishment of prevailing wind patterns, such as the trade winds, westerlies, and polar easterlies.Conclusion:Wind, a captivating natural phenomenon, is a product of complex interactions between solar radiation, convection, atmospheric circulation cells, and the Coriolis Effect. By understanding the mechanisms behind wind formation, we gain insight into the intricate workings of our planet's climate system. This knowledge not only deepens our appreciation for the forces of nature but also aids in studying and predicting weather patterns, benefiting diverse sectors ranging from agriculture to renewable energy.。

Global warmingThe vanishing（消失） northThere are benefits in the melting of the Arctic, but the risks are much greaterNOW that summer is here, the Arctic（北极地区）is crowded with life. Phytoplankton（浮游植物）are blooming in its chilly seas. Fish, birds and whales are gorging on（饱吃）them. Millions of migratory（流浪的）geese are in their northern breeding grounds（滋生地，繁殖地）. AndBetween now and early September, when the polar（极地的）pack ice （浮冰块）shrivels（皱缩）to its summer minimum, they will pore over （注视，集中精力阅读）the daily sea ice reports of America’s National Snow and Ice Data Centre. Its satellite data will show that the ice has shrunk far below（远低于）the long-term average. This is no anomaly （异常，反常事物）: since the 1970s the sea ice has retreated（撤退）by around 12% each decade. Last year the summer minimum was 4.33m square km (1.67m square miles)—almost half the average for the 1960s.The Arctic’s glaciers（冰川）, including those of Greenland’s vast(广阔的) ice cap（冰盖）, are retreating. The land is thawing（融化）: the area covered by snow in June is roughly（概略的）a fifth less than in the 1960s. The permafrost（永久冻土）is shrinking. Alien plants, birds, fish and animals are creeping （爬行，慢慢移动）north: Atlantic mackerel （鱼类，鲭）, haddock（黑线鳕）and cod（鳕鱼）are coming up in Arctic nets. Some Arctic species will probably die out（灭绝）.is a stunning（极好的）illustration（例证）of global warming, the causeworld would be mad to ignore them.Less feedback, pleaseAs our special report（专题报道）shows in detail, the Arctic is warming roughly twice as fast as the rest of the planet. Since the 1950s the lower atmosphere has warmed by a global average of 0.7 degrees Celsius（摄氏度）; Greenland’s air has warmed by 1.5 degrees. The main reason appears to be a catalytic warming effect, triggered by global warming. When snow or ice melt, they are replaced by darker melt-water pools, land or sea. As a result, the Arctic surface absorbs more solar heat. This causes local warming, therefore more melting, which causes morewarming, and so on. This positive feedback shows how even a small change to the Earth’s systems can trigger much greater ones.Some scientists also see a tipping-point—another feared term in the climatology lexicon—in the accelerating diminution of the sea ice. The term describes the moment at which the planet shifts from one environmental state to another: in this case, from an Arctic with summer sea ice to one without it. By the end of this century—perhaps much sooner—there will probably be frequent summers with no sea ice at all. Arctic peoples have also noticed what is going on. Inuit hunters are finding the sea ice too thin to bear their sleds. Arctic governments are starting to see a bonanza in the melt. The Arctic is stocked with minerals that were hitherto largely inaccessible, including an estimated 30% of undiscovered reserves of natural gas and 13% of undiscovered oil reserves. A combination of high commodity prices, proactive governments, technological progress and melting ice will help bring these to market. Encouraged by Arctic governments and dwindling reserves elsewhere, oil companies are flocking north like migrating geese to explore the continental shelves of Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Norway and Russia. Canada and Russia also hope to develop their Arctic shipping-lanes, which the melt is making accessible. Russia’s Northern Sea Route, hugging the Siberian coast, cuts the normal distance betweenEurope and Asia by more than a third. It will help ferry Russia’s Arct ic resources to Asian markets, and could one day be a wider boost to world trade.These exciting developments carry risks, however. Many fear for Arctic cultures—a Canadian Inuit argues despairingly for her “right to be cold”. Others foresee conflict between Arctic countries scrambling for the region’s resources. Greens warn of environmental risks in developing them: a big oil spill would be disastrous for fragile Arctic ecosystems. The igloos have goneSuch fears are reasonable, but often exaggerated. Traditional Arctic peoples have been changed far more by Westernisation than they will be by melting ice. None lives in an igloo these days. And everywhere except Russia their rights have been recognised. Nor is conflict much of a worry. The Arctic is no terra nullius. Most of it is demarcated, and Arctic countries have a commercial incentive to keep the peace. Last year Russia and Norway settled an old dispute over their maritime border; soon they will open the border region to oil firms.The risks of pollution from bilge water, mining effluent and spilt oil are real. Yet the Arctic is not unprotected: it is, by and large, among the most regulated oil provinces. Its development will also be slower and morecautious than greens fear. Even with little sea ice, the Arctic will remain forbiddingly cold, remote, stormy and therefore expensive to operate in. The worry that needs to be taken most seriously is climate change itself. The impact of the melting Arctic may have a calamitous effect on the planet. It is likely to disrupt oceanic circulation—the mixing of warm tropical and cold polar waters, of which the Gulf Stream is a part—and thawing permafrost will lead to the emission of masses of carbon dioxide and methane, and thus further warming. It is also raising sea levels. The Greenland ice sheet has recently shed around 200 gigatonnes of ice a year, a fourfold increase on a decade ago. If the warming continues, it could eventually disintegrate, raising the sea level by seven metres. Many of the world’s biggest cit ies would be inundated long before that happened. Some scientists argue that the perils are so immediate that mankind should consider geoengineering the atmosphere to avert them (see article). They may turn out to be right, but there could be enormous risks involved.A slower but safer approach would be to price greenhouse-gas emissions, preferably through a carbon tax, which would encourage the adoption of cleaner technologies (see article). That shift would be costly, but the costs of inaction are likely to be larger.In the end, the world is likely to get a grip on global warming. The survival instinct demands it. But it is likely to lose a lot of the unique Arctic first. That would be a terrible pity.。

Respecting the Warm Current is a profound concept that can be applied to various aspects of life,from personal relationships to global environmental issues.Heres an essay that explores the idea in depth:In the vast ocean of life,there exists a phenomenon known as the warm current,which is a metaphor for the positive and nurturing forces that flow through our existence.This warm current can be the kindness of a stranger,the support of a friend,or the love of a family member.It is essential to respect and cherish these warm currents,as they are the lifeblood of our emotional and social wellbeing.Understanding the Warm CurrentThe warm current is not a onetime event but a continuous flow of positive energy.It is the small acts of kindness that accumulate over time,creating a reservoir of goodwill and compassion.Recognizing the presence of this warm current in our lives is the first step towards respecting it.It requires us to be mindful and appreciative of the good that surrounds us,even in the midst of challenges and hardships.Cultivating Respect for the Warm CurrentRespecting the warm current involves more than just acknowledging its presence.It means actively nurturing and protecting it.This can be done by reciprocating kindness, showing gratitude,and fostering an environment where positive energy can thrive.It also involves standing up against negativity and promoting a culture of respect and understanding.The Impact of the Warm CurrentThe impact of the warm current is farreaching.It can transform individuals,communities, and even nations.When people come together in a spirit of cooperation and mutual respect,they can overcome adversity and create a more harmonious society.The warm current has the power to heal emotional wounds,bridge cultural divides,and inspire collective action towards common goals.Challenges to the Warm CurrentDespite its transformative potential,the warm current faces numerous challenges.These include apathy,selfishness,and the erosion of social bonds due to modern lifestyles.Tocounter these challenges,it is crucial to actively seek out and engage with the warm current.This can be done by participating in community activities,volunteering,and simply being there for others in times of need.The Role of Education and MediaEducation and media play a pivotal role in promoting respect for the warm current.They can help by raising awareness about the importance of kindness and compassion,and by showcasing positive role cational curricula should include lessons on empathy and social responsibility,while media outlets should highlight stories of unity and goodwill.ConclusionIn conclusion,respecting the warm current is not just about acknowledging the good in our lives but actively participating in its preservation and enhancement.It is a collective responsibility that requires us to be vigilant and proactive.By doing so,we can ensure that the warm current continues to flow,enriching the lives of all it touches.This essay serves as a reminder of the importance of recognizing and respecting the warm currents in our lives,which can lead to a more compassionate and connected world.。

Part I Vocabulary and Structure (40 points)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.1. I didn't know you were here. I _______ you for a while.A. had been looking forB. was looking forC. have been looking forD. had looked for2. If I _______ my car, I would drive to the airport to pick you up.A. had a carB. have a carC. will have a carD. had had a car3. By the time you get to the station, the train _______.A. will have leftB. would have leftC. has leftD. leaves4. She _______ in the library for two hours when I went there.A. has been readingB. had been readingC. have been readingD. was reading5. He _______ his key at home, so he couldn't open the door.A. forgot to takeB. forgot takingC. had forgot to takeD. had forgot taking6. I wish I _______ more English when I was young.A. learnedB. have learnedC. had learnedD. will learn7. The weather forecast says it will _______ tomorrow.A. rainB. is going to rainC. rainsD. will rain8. She _______ for three hours before we arrived.A. had waitedB. was waitingC. waitedD. has been waiting9. If only I _______ the test tomorrow!A. had passedB. would passC. passD. passed10. The book _______ in the library for three weeks now.A. has beenB. had beenC. isD. wasPart II Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage 1Modern technology has greatly changed our lives. The internet has become an integral part of our daily routines, providing access to information, entertainment, and communication at our fingertips. However, with these advancements come challenges, such as privacy concerns and information overload.11. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The internet is changing our lives.B. Privacy concerns are increasing.C. Technology is causing information overload.D. The internet is a double-edged sword.12. According to the passage, what are some challenges of modern technology?A. Improved communication and entertainment.B. Privacy issues and information overload.C. The decline of traditional communication methods.D. The need for more advanced technology.Passage 2Global warming is a significant issue that affects our planet. It is primarily caused by the excessive emission of greenhouse gases, which trap heat in the atmosphere. This leads to rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and other environmental problems.13. What is the primary cause of global warming mentioned in the passage?A. The burning of fossil fuels.B. Deforestation.C. The use of solar energy.D. Population growth.14. What are some consequences of global warming mentioned in the passage?A. Increased economic growth.B. Health benefits.C. More severe weather events.D. Improved air quality.Passage 3Exercising regularly is crucial for maintaining good health. It helps to improve cardiovascular fitness, strengthen muscles and bones, and reducethe risk of chronic diseases. Despite the numerous benefits, many people struggle to maintain a consistent exercise routine.15. What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To encourage people to start exercising.B. To explain the benefits of regular exercise.C. To discuss the challenges of maintaining an exercise routine.D. To compare different types of exercise.16. According to the passage, what are some benefits of regular exercise?A. Improved mental health.B. Weight loss.C. Increased risk of injury.D. Decreased productivity.Passage 4Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly evolving and has the potential to revolutionize various industries. From healthcare to transportation, AI can improve efficiency, accuracy, and convenience. However, there are ethical considerations and potential risks associated with the widespread use of AI.17. What is the main topic of the passage?A. The benefits of AI in healthcare.B. The ethical implications of AI.C. The challenges of implementing AI in different industries.D. The future of AI technology.18. According to the passage, what are some concerns regarding the use of AI?A. Increased joblessness.B. Enhanced safety and security.C. Improved customer service.D. Potential misuse and ethical dilemmas.Part III Translation (20 points)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.The rapid development of technology has brought about significant changes in our society. It has revolutionized the way we communicate, work, and live. The internet has made information more accessible, allowing people to stay connected and informed. However, it has also brought challenges, such as privacy concerns and information overload. It is crucial for us to adapt to these changes and use technology responsibly to enhance our lives.Part IV Writing (20 points)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the following topic: The Impact of Social Media on Youth. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.Remember to write neatly and legibly. Do not write anything outside the lined space provided on the answer sheet.[Your Answer Here]。

上海市浦东新区2023届高三英语二模Listening Comprehension Section ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and a question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. His suit is too old to wear. B. He doesn’t want to wear a suit.C. He’ll go shopping with the woman.D. He doesn’t want to buy new clothes.2. A. He will look at the timetable first.B.10:30 is a perfect time for the reservation.C.The barber shop is fully booked on Saturday.D.No other customers plan to make appointments at 10:30.3. A. She didn’t buy the ticket. B. The ticket was expensive.C. There are still a few tickets left.D. She doesn’t know how much the ticket cost.4. A. He is quitting the orchestra for academic reasons.B.He is blamed for being a member of the orchestra.C.He doesn’t enjoy being a member of the orchestra.D.He prefers to study rather than travel and perform.5. A. Have a bigger breakfast. B. Make time for lunch in her schedule.C. Take only morning classes next semester.D. Change her schedule after she eats lunch.6. A. She doesn’t know where the calculator is.B.She expects the man to have the calculator repaired.C.She’d like the man to return the calculator by tonight.D.She’s angry for the man forgetting to bring the calculator.7. A. She has lost the credit card. B. They can’t buy meals at a low price.C. None of the restaurants is worth a try.D. The meals are less expensive than expected.8. A. The location of the session has been changed.B.She will definitely go to the session this evening.C.She’ll probably be too tired to walk to the session.D.The session might be canceled because of a heavy snow.9. A. He is usually not bad-tempered. B. He doesn’t like the man.C. He started the semester in a bad mood.D. He has few responsibilities.10. A. The girl may realize her dream with social media.B.The girl can present and record fashion on social media.C.The girl should first learn to make proper use of social media.D.The girl isn’t qualified as an influencer for her lack of taste in fashion.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of the passages and the conversation. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. A different angle. B. A sharp mind.C. Various ways of workout.D. Exposure to different cultures.12. A. He will accept the new environment easily.B.He is likely to struggle with the travel budget.C.He will have to organize different daily routine.D.He may find road trips more appealing than beach views.13. A. To show travelling may bring health risks.B.To show travelling allows you to meet new people.C.To show travelling can change a person’s outlook on life.D.To show travelling gives you a chance to challenge new things.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. To detect potential danger in cold places.B.To generate more heat within their bodies.C.To keep their babies warm in breeding seasons.D.To get rid of extra heat with bigger skin surface.15. A. Wood mice. B. Bats in warm climates.C. Bird species.D. Kangaroos in Australia.16. A. Animals cope with body changes. B. Joel Allen’s rule is out of date.C. Climate change poses threat to species.D. Animals adapt to a warmer world.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.17. A. By using cash. B. By entering a password.C. By scanning the code.D. By using a tap-and-go card.18. A. Because it touches the card reader.B.Because it uses the password.C.Because it has a built-in signal receiver.D.Because it receives the flying data.19. A. The bank will cover its clients against the loss.B.Every transaction is completed within half a second.C.People must enter their ID card number for continual use.D.Each payment is restricted to a certain amount of money.20. A. Look for his wallet. B. Apply for a tap-and-go card.C. Borrow cash from the woman.D. Stick to buying things in cash.I.Grammar and Vocabulary Section ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Emily Dobek is a seventh-grader at East Prairie Elementary School. Recently she (21) (win) a national prize by designing a space station for travelling to Mars.Dobek traces her interest in space and the universe back (22) Grade Three when she and her father watched a blood moon — a total lunar eclipse ( 月食 ) — on the roof of their house. She says that night watching the lunar eclipse awakened her passion (23) has yet to run out of fuel.So (24) her teacher, Andrew Smeeton, received information about the national challenge, she immediately had one student in mind.“I knew she would love the challenge and that she would go way beyond in her research,” Smeeton said. “When she started, bone density (骨密度) of astronauts (25) (research) immediately to figure out how to survive on Mars.”According to Dobek’s design, the Mars Storage Station (MSS) will be built (26) (accommodate) the need for sufficient supplies. She explains how her spacecraft —the Adventure —will be joined to a space station before flying to the MSS to load supplies. Her design includesthe Self Growing Farm, and she details (27) it would work with elements on Mars.Then there is physical and leisure activity for the astronauts under Dobek’s design. A simulator( 模拟器) allows astronauts to choose their exercise machine and virtual reality environment. Rooms with circular ceilings allow astronauts to watch (28) (download) shows and even see places on Earth, such as their homes.Chief among her immediate goals, she said, is to inspire (29) with this project. “I want to tell other kids to follow their passions,” Dobek said, “(30)they want to do, they should kind ofjust push for it. They should always try their best.”Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Japan saw 799,728 births in 2022, the lowest number on record. That number has nearly halved in the past 40 years; by contrast, Japan recorded more than 1.5 million births in 1982. Japan also reported a(n) 31 high for post-war deaths last year, at more than 1.58 million. Deaths have 32 births in Japan for more than a decade, posing a growing problem for leaders of the world’s third-largest economy. They now face a ballooning elderly population, along with a shrinking workforce to 33 pensions and health care as demand from the aging population increases. Japan’s population has been in 34 decline since its economic boom of the 1980s and stood at 125.5 million in 2021. Its death rate of 1.3 is far below the rate of 2.1 required to maintain a stable population, in the 35 of immigration.The country also has one of the highest life expectancies in the world; in 2020, nearly one in 1,500 people in Japan were aged 100 or older. These concerning trends resulted in a warning from Prime Minister that Japan is “on the edge of not being able to maintain social 36 ” and Japan “simply cannot wait any longer” in solving the problem of its low birth rate. A new government agency will be set up to focus on the issue, with Prime Minister saying that he wants the government to 37 its spending on child-related programs.But money alone might not be able to solve the complex problem, with various social factors contributing to the low birth rate. Japan’s high cost of living, limited space and lack of child care support in cities make it difficult to raise children, meaning fewer couples are having kids. Urban couples are also often far from 38 family in other regions, who could help provide support. In 2022, Japan was ranked one of the world’s most expensive places to raise a child. And yet, thecountry’s economy has slowed down since the early 1990s, meaning frustratingly low wages and little 39 mobility.The average real annual household income declined from $50,600 in 1995 to $43,300 in 2020. Attitudes toward marriage and starting families have also 40 in recent years, with more couples putting off both during the pandemic.II.Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.A recent series of studies examined the role of talent in the sports world. They focused on three different sports: World Cup soccer, professional basketball, and professional baseball. The results were mixed. For soccer and basketball, the studies revealed that adding talented players to a team is indeed a(n) 41 strategy, but only up to a point. Performance 42 when about 70% of the players were considered top talent. Above that level, the team’s performance began to decline. Interestingly, this trend was not evident in baseball, where additional 43 talent continued to enhance the team’s performance. (Figure 1 and 2)In looking for an explanation for the different results for different sports, the researchers 44 one important factor — the extent to which a good performance by a team requires its members to coordinate (协调) their actions. This task 45 distinguishes baseball from basketball and soccer.In baseball, the performance of individual players is 46 teammates than in soccer and basketball. The researchers concluded that when, during the course of play, task interdependence is high, team performance will47 when there is too much talent in the group. When task interdependence is lower, 48 , individual talent will have a positive effect on team performance.One explanation for this phenomenon is not so far from the pecking order (等级排序) situation among chickens. If a basketball star is pursuing his own personal goals, 49 , trying to gather a high personal point total, he may be less 50 as a team player. He may take a shot himself when it would be better to pass the ball to a teammate, thus making the team’s overall performance suffer. “There is no51 in TEAM,” young children learning to play team sports are often told. Apparently stars 52 follow this basic principle of sportsmanship.Another possibility is that when there is a lot of talent on a team, some players may begin to 53 . This is referred to as the Ringelmann effect. Ringelmann conducted an experiment in which he asked two, three, four, and up to 28 people to participate in a game of tug-of-war. He measured how much force each person used to pull the rope. He found that whenever he added a person to the team, everyone else pulled with less force.54 the ideal team — for sports, business, science, or entertainment — is more complicated than simply hiring the best talent. An A-team may require a 55 — not just A players, but a few generous B players as well.41. A. sensible B. partial C. alarming D. attainable42. A. faded B. peaked C. evolved D. proceeded43. A. team B. creative C. academic D. individual44. A. identified B. overlooked C. considered D. concealed45. A. explanation B. conclusion C. discussion D. interdependence46. A. more suitable for B. more critical to C. less dependent on D. less involved in47. A. swing B. suffer C. endure D. function48. A. in principle B. in a sense C. in other words D. on the other hand49. A. as a rule B. by contrast C. for example D. as a matter of fact50. A. stressed B. genuine C. sensitive D. generous51. A. I B. HE C. THEY D. WE52. A. closely B. rarely C. humbly D. jointly53. A. make less effort B. cause more trouble C. take less advantage D. attach more importance54. A. Inspiring B. Intensifying C. Gathering D. Training55. A. exploration B. balance C. stability D. flexibilitySection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)It was a winter afternoon when, rushing to attend the final show of my art school degree, I caught the heel of my boot on the edge of a pavement. Suddenly, I was flying through the air. Ifthe past two years studying photography had taught me anything, it was an appreciation of how things can change in a thousandth of a second. Light, shadow, colours, all are in a constant state of flux (不断的变动) — as is life. And since crash-landing onto my left shoulder, I have been living through the truth of this wisdom.That day, doctors diagnosed a cracked bone. It was only the next morning when, instinctively, I tried to capture some spectacular sunlight streaming into my kitchen, that I had to face the harsh reality: I could no longer lift my camera, let alone use it. Later that week, a hospital appointment confirmed my worst fear — the arm needed total rest.Soon, I became cantankerous and impatient. I couldn’t travel, I couldn’t go anywhere much. Surfing online, I came across the concept of gratitude interventions and their role in boosting mood and wellbeing. A Californian psychologist, Sonja Lyubomirsky, has pioneered research into using a daily photography practice as a tool for enhanced gratitude. Her instructions are simple, but not necessarily easy. Take photographs throughout the day of things that are central to who you are. Take at least five photos a day. Initially, it felt like a demanding task. But reading how participants assigned to the gratitude interventions had experienced enhanced positive emotions, I decided to persevere.Pain forced me to slow down, because capturing a single iPhone photo was painful. And, yet, the struggle to find anything to feel grateful about, and then to record it, started to dramatically improve both my mood and my images. I began to photograph the most boring details of my days, from my breakfast cup to a red pepper reflected in the window. Despite everything, I found I could find magic in the ordinary. “Life seems repetitive and boring when you don’t notice the uniqueness of each moment and the constant subtle changes that are going on all around you,” writes Andy Karr in a wonderful book o n photography. I agree, but don’t just take my word for it — experience it for yourself.56.What happened to the writer on the winter afternoon?A.She went to her classmate’s degree show in a hurry.B.She tripped over and broke her shoulder bone.C.She was taught an unforgettable lesson on photography.D.She took a photo of a tragic crash-landing to be on show.57.The underlined word “cantankerous” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to .A.suspicious of the hospital diagnosisB. desperate to have my injury treatedC. enthusiastic about boosting wellbeingD. bad-tempered and always complaining58.The writer photographed the boring life routine because .A.underlying magic consisted in daily affairsB.gratitude fuelled a struggle against boredomC.it was central to the essence of photographyD.she felt like being assigned demanding tasks59.Which of the following might be the best title for the passage?A.Express Gratitude to WinterB. Become a Master of PhotographyC. Witness Rebirth out of InjuryD. Picture this Beauty in the OrdinaryReviewsFilter byMost commentsRating Newest ENTERTAINMENT | RESTAURANTS | THEATRE | FILM | MUSIC | EXHIBITIONSA notable highlight of the show was the real confidence of the singing. Sam Hall was ajoy to watch, with perfect comic timing, as was Emma Williams, thoroughlybelievable and convincing in her role. These two young talents stole the show , inmy opinion. The only disappointments were the dancing, which showed a lack of originality, and the opening scene, which fell a little flat. Despite the occasional technical flaws, this was a highly enjoyable and greatly impressive production, which the company should be proud of.I was really looking forward to Jonathan Baker’s latest, which is set in an imagined,but realistic, London of the near future. But I found this new effort was let down by theslightly one-dimensional characterization, and the writing is below standard forthe most part: some of the early scenes between Martha and her husband are slightly boring. The superb characterization and ambition that Baker demonstrated in his previous novels seem to be missing here. Baker’s commitment to describing the lives of ordinary people is admirable, but the whole thing is lacking in energy.This is episode number three in the nearly twenty-year-old series, delivering a very attractive andinteresting story and loads of comedy. There is some strong writing and voice acting, but the newepisode chooses to go for a linear (线性的) narrative, with some puzzles included along the way,which is less involving than the theme of exploration and conversation which previous episodes havedepended on. Besides, the puzzles are not particularly engaging, and many of them have been seenbefore in other adventure games. The visuals are extremely impressive, of course, as we have come to expect, this time featuring venues in Catalonia. But overall, a slight disappointment.60. The underlined phrase “stole the show ” most probably means .A. disappointed the producerB. ruined the whole performanceC. attracted the most attentionD. exhibited excessive confidence61. Which of the following statements about Jonathan Baker is TRUE ?A. He excels in one-dimensional characterization.B. His novels center around ordinary people’s lives.C. His novels show consistent super characterization and ambition.D. He is passionate about presenting realistic images of future London.62. The puzzles in episode number three .A. are integrated in the narrativeB. are appealing to the audienceC. deal with the theme of explorationD. are absent in other adventure gamesPlugs across AmericaThe United States has around 150,000 fuel stations to refill fossil-fuel-burning vehicles. Despite the rapid growth of all-electric vehicles in America — 400,000 of them were sold in 2021, up from barely 10,000 in 2012 — the country has only 6,000 fast electric charging stations, the kind that can rapidly charge a battery-powered car.A glance at America’s charging map reveals a lot of charging deserts. This makes sense, as EVs (electric vehicles) still represent less than 3% of new car sales. Large cities have a growing number of fast chargers, but not nearly enough to accommodate so many EVs. Away from cities, these chargers are along interstate highways closely enough to allow electric cars safe passage. Otherwise, they are nearly nonexistent in rural America. And EV stations have a problem that gas stations don’t: “Even the fastest T esla supercharger is still going to take 15 minutes to put a couple hundred miles on the vehicle,” says Jeremy Michalek, a professor at Carnegie Mellon University.Michalek says American charging facilities fall far behind what’s needed for the whole count ry to transition to electric driving. On the bright side, there is time to catch up, because not all Americans will embrace EVs at once. Most early adopters were those with access to a charger at home in their garage or parking space. Those owners can wake up with a full battery and only need to rely on public chargers when they leave town on an extended trip. But as the country gets to higher levels of EV adoption, the current facilities won’t be enough. That is why Michalek says the US needs to prioritize increasing the number of chargers at rest stops along well-traveled highways, especially as more people use electric cars for summer-time road trips.“As we get to higher levels of EV adoption, if we don’t have enough chargers for peak demand, the wait ti mes are going to be unlike what we see with gas stations,” he says.Charging dead zones will be larger as more Americans consider an EV. Renters who do not have the option to install a home charger will be hesitant to go fully electric until they can feel confident a public plug will be there when they need it. And as more households drive only electric vehicles, it will be crucial that people can get to all the places they want to go.In the best case, Michalek envisions public-private cooperation to build a national charging network. The US government has promised to install plugs throughout rural areas, while companies constructing charging stations across America will have a strong motivation to fill in the country’s biggest cities. After all, companies like Electrify America, EVgo, and ChargePoint charge customers of energy they use.63.It can be learned from the 2nd paragraph that .A.there is a shortage of charging stations in the rural areas ofAmericaB.it takes about 15 minutes for an average charger to charge a battery-powered carC.more electric vehicles are sold than fossil-fuel burning cars in large cities in AmericaD.there are enough chargers in America considering the limited sales ofnew electric vehicles64.Which of the following statements would Michalek most probably agree with?panies setting up charging stations are hesitant to go electric.B.Those who already have a home charger don’t have to find a public plug.C.Top priority needs to be given to adding more charging stations across the country.D.There is enough time to establish a charging network, because not many EVs are used.65.What can be inferred about the renters?A.Some renters don’t have the intention to go electric.B.Some renters might not be authorized to install a home charger.C.As more renters are unwilling to use public plugs, the charging dead zones are growing.D.Some renters might not have enough confidence in the public plugs for the safety reasons.66.Who does Michalek expect to work together to establish the charging network nationwide?A.The government and some companies.B. The local government and every household.C. The charging facility providers and every family.D. The federal government and the local rural government.Section CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.A.In reality gardens are anything but natural.B.What are the things they have been attracted to?C.They are idealized landscapes with all the mud, pests and dead plants edited out.D.How much better a place the planet would be if gardening was our outlet for this need!E.Much like agriculture, gardening is a universal human desire coded into our cultural DNA.F.The calmness created by owning a tiny green space under my control has a powerful effect on my mind.As a botanist who studies our cultural relationship with plants, I am forever fascinated with what draws people to gardening.Admittedly, connecting with the natural world might seem like an obvious motivation,and undoubtedly it is a key part of the attraction. 67 If they were, we’d abandon anyattempts at design, planting or care and watch how walls of weeds slowly gave way to themass of bushes. But that wouldn’t be gardening, of course, because for all their diversity, theone thing that all gardens have in common is how unnatural they are. 68 Dazzlingplants, water features and glorious blooms is all interconnected well beyond what would naturally occur. Whether it is green lawns created in the driest deserts or a tropical paradise on a stormy North Atlantic island, they are all about shaping the natural world to fit our idea of what it “should” be.As I work on my tiny terrariums ( 玻璃花园) on dark February nights, something magical happens to my brain.69 In a world that has become increasingly uncertain, people are often fuelled by the same psychological desire: the instinctive need to have a bit of control amid chaos.As our world becomes more and more unpredictable and often frightening, gardening seems to be able to appeal to and reach out to a whole new generation, often against all odds.Of course, gardening isn’t the only thing people turn to. The rise of culture conflict s and fixation on body image have also been widely documented as being driven by a psychological need to feel a degree of certainty, control and safety. However, I can’t help but think of these alternatives: 70III.Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.71.A plan to restore green spacesThe UK government has revealed a plan to protect and restore England’s wildlife. It focuses on at-risk species by making canals, rivers and streams cleaner and expanding green spaces.The new Environmental Improvement Plan sets goals to create or restore more than 5,000 square kilometres of wildlife habitats across England and restore 400 miles of rivers. It will create or expand 25 national nature reserves. New woodland will also be planted alongside rivers. At the moment, access to green spaces is not equal across the UK. Around 4% of people live more than 10 minutes away from their nearest park. The Environmental Improvement Plan aims to make sure households in England are within a 15-minute walk to a green space.As well as helping more people to get close to nature, the plan should increase England’s biodiversity. A Species Survival Fund will be set up to help some of England’s most endangered animals, such as red squirrels (松鼠) and water rats. The Government has set targets to boost these species by 2030. There are also targets to reduce food waste, glass, metal, paper and plastic by 2028, and to improve the quality of water in rivers.New rules mean that the Government will have to consider the environmental effects of any policy it puts forward. These goals are part of a 25-year plan that was launched in 2018. The aim of the plan is to improve the environment “within a generation”, which is roughly 25 years.Although lots of people have welcomed the plan, not everyone is impressed. Paul de Zylva, from the charity Friends of the Earth, said it wasn’t clear enough how the goals would be met and that many of them were like promises the Government had already made but not yet delivered.IV.TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72.有了无人机，救援人员就可以安全地评估灾区的受灾状况。

TPO 15 阅读分析A Warm-Blooded T urtle单词篇cellular metabolism 细胞新陈代谢长难句篇In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before，it reaches the flipper itself.在逆流交换循环系统中，血管将冷却的血液从鳍部带来与血管从身体它处带来的温热的血液进行交换。

因此在到达鳍部前，热量通过流进的血液和流出的血液完成了热量转移。

句子分析：句子出现一对平行结构，由run close enough 连接。

后半句内容和前面构成因果关系。

学习句型篇1.When it comes to physiology, the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle.当谈及到生理学时，棱皮龟在某些方面上更像一个爬行类的鲸鱼。

题目分析篇1.What can be inferred about whales from paragraph 1?○They are considered by so me to be reptiles.○Their bodies are built in a way that helps them manage extremely cold temp eratures○They are distantly related to leatherback turtles.○They can swim farther than leatherback turtles.【推断题】定位句：It swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans than any other sea turtle（不是leatherback turtles 所以4错误）, and it deals with the chilly waters in a way unique among reptiles.（与2吻合）2.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○In a turtle's countercurrent exchange system, outgoing vessels lie near enough to ingoing ones that heat can b e exchanged from the former to the latter before reaching the turtle' s flippers.○Within the turtle' s flippers, there is a countercurrent exchange system that allows colder blood vessels to absorb heat from nearby warmer blood vessels and then return warmed blood to the turtle's body. 没有提到吸收不吸收的问题○In a countercurrent exchange system, a turtle can pi ck up body heat f rom being close enough to other turtles, thus raising its blood temperature as it passes them.红字部分错误是自己完成了转移而不是靠其他的turtles○When a turtle places its flippers close to its body,it is able to use its countercurrent exchange system to transfer heat from the warmer blood vessels in its body to the cooler blood vessels in its flippers逻辑关系错误，是从cold to warm 而不是warm to cold【句子分析题】3.Paragraph 3: Leatherbacks keep their body heat in three different ways. The first, and simplest, is size. The bigger the animal is, the lower as surfaceto-volum e ratio; for every ounce of body mass, there is proportionately less surface through whi ch heat can escape. An adult leatherback is twice the size of the biggest cheloniid sea turtles and will therefore take longer to cool off. Maintaining a high body temperature through sheer bulk is called gigantotherrny. █ It works for elephants, for whales, and, perhaps, it worked for many of the larger dinosaurs. █ It apparently works, in a smaller way, for some other sea turtles. █ Large loggerhead and green turtles can maintain their body temperature at a degree or two abovethat of the surrounding water, and gigantothermy is probably the way they do a. █ Muscular activity helps, too, and an actively swimming green turtle may be T C (12.6° F) warmer thanthe waters it swims through.3.Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.However, these animals have additional means of staying warm. 3 4Where would the sentence best fit?【插入题】插入的句子含有these animal s 的指代词，所以插入的上句必须要有these animals 本段结构：讲明保持身体体温的三个不同方法，然后分别讲述，加入的句子含义为：然而，这些动物还有别的方法来保持体温。

Global warming is an issue that has garnered significant attention worldwide.It refers to the longterm increase in Earths average surface temperature primarily due to human activities,such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation,which increase the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.Here are some key points to consider when writing an essay on global warming:1.Introduction to Global Warming:Begin by defining global warming and explaining its causes.Mention how human activities have led to an increase in greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide,methane,and nitrous oxide.2.Historical Perspective:Provide a brief history of how the awareness of global warming has evolved over time,including significant events and scientific discoveries that have contributed to our understanding of the issue.3.Effects of Global Warming:Discuss the various consequences of global warming.This could include rising sea levels,melting polar ice caps,more frequent and severe weather events,changes in wildlife populations and habitats,and impacts on agriculture and food production.4.Impact on Human Health:Explain how global warming can affect human health, including the spread of infectious diseases,heatrelated illnesses,and mental health issues due to environmental stress.5.Economic Implications:Address the economic impacts of global warming,such as the costs associated with climate change adaptation and mitigation,insurance costs,and potential losses in industries like tourism and agriculture.6.Political and Social Responses:Describe the various international agreements and policies aimed at combating global warming,such as the Paris Agreement,and discuss the role of different countries in addressing the issue.7.Technological Solutions:Explore the technological advancements and innovations that can help mitigate the effects of global warming.This could include renewable energy sources,carbon capture and storage,and energyefficient technologies.8.Individual Actions:Emphasize the role of individuals in combating global warming. Suggest ways in which people can reduce their carbon footprint,such as using public transportation,reducing energy consumption,and supporting sustainable practices.9.Future Outlook:Conclude with a discussion on the potential future scenarios if globalwarming continues unchecked,as well as the positive outcomes that could result from concerted global efforts to reduce emissions and adapt to climate change.10.Call to Action:End your essay with a strong call to action,urging readers to consider the importance of immediate and collective action to address global warming.Remember to use credible sources to support your arguments and to maintain a logical flow of ideas throughout your e a variety of sentence structures and vocabulary to keep your writing engaging and clear.。

Our Changing Atmosphere我们所改变的大气According to the National Academy of Sciences，the Earth's surface temperature has risen by about 1 degree Fahrenheit in the past century，with accelerated warming during the past two decades．There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities．Human activities have altered the chemical composition of the atmosphere through the buildup of greenhouse gases ——primarily carbon dioxide，methane，and nitrous oxide．根据美国国家科学院的说法，在过去的一个世纪里，地球表面温度上升了大约1华氏度，在过去的20年里加速变暖。

有新的更有力的证据表明，过去50年的大部分变暖都可归因于人类活动。

人类活动通过温室气体的积累改变了大气的化学成分——主要是二氧化碳、甲烷和一氧化二氮。

Energy from the sun drives the earth's weather and climate，and heats the earth's surface； in turn，the earth radiates energy back into space．Atmospheric greenhouse gases，( water vapor，carbon dioxide，and other gases) trap some of the outgoing energy，retaining heat somewhat like the glass panels of a greenhouse．Without this natural "greenhouse effect，" temperatures would be much lower than they are now，and life as known today would not be possible．Thanks to greenhouse gases，the earth's average temperature is a more hospitable 60°F．However，problems may arise when the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases increases。

tpo40三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (5)题目 (8)答案 (17)背景知识 (17)阅读-2 (20)原文 (20)译文 (23)题目 (25)答案 (35)背景知识 (35)阅读-3 (38)原文 (38)译文 (41)题目 (44)答案 (53)背景知识 (54)阅读-1原文Ancient Athens①One of the most important changes in Greece during the period from 800 B.C. to 500 B.C. was the rise of the polis, or city-state, and each polis developed a system of government that was appropriate to its circumstances. The problems that were faced and solved in Athens were the sharing of political power between the established aristocracy and the emerging other classes, and the adjustment of aristocratic ways of life to the ways of life of the new polis. It was the harmonious blending of all of these elements that was to produce the classical culture of Athens.②Entering the polis age, Athens had the traditional institutions of other Greek protodemocratic states: an assembly of adult males, an aristocratic council, and annually elected officials. Within this traditional framework the Athenians, between 600 B.C. and 450 B.C., evolved what Greeks regarded as a fully fledged democratic constitution, though the right to vote was given to fewer groups of people than is seen in modern times.③The first steps toward change were taken by Solon in 594 B.C., when he broke the aristocracy's stranglehold on elected offices by establishing wealth rather than birth as the basis of office holding, abolishing the economic obligations of ordinary Athenians to the aristocracy, and allowing the assembly (of which all citizens were equal members) to overrule the decisions of local courts in certain cases. The strength of the Athenian aristocracy was further weakened during the rest of the century by the rise of a type of government known as a tyranny, which is a form of interim rule by a popular strongman (not rule by a ruthless dictator as the modern use of the term suggests to us). The Peisistratids, as the succession of tyrants were called (after the founder of the dynasty, Peisistratos), strengthened Athenian central administration at the expense of the aristocracy by appointing judges throughout the region, producing Athens’ first national coinage, and adding and embellishing festivals that tended to focus attention on Athens rather than on local villages of the surrounding region. By the end of the century, the time was ripe for more change: the tyrants were driven out, and in 508 B.C. a new reformer, Cleisthenes, gave final form to the developments reducing aristocratic control already under way.④Cleisthenes' principal contribution to the creation of democracy at Athens was to complete the long process of weakening family and clanstructures, especially among the aristocrats, and to set in their place locality-based corporations called demes, which became the point of entry for all civic and most religious life in Athens. Out of the demes were created 10 artificial tribes of roughly equal population. From the demes, by either election or selection, came 500 members of a new council, 6,000 jurors for the courts, 10 generals, and hundreds of commissioners. The assembly was sovereign in all matters but in practice delegated its power to subordinate bodies such as the council, which prepared the agenda for the meetings of the assembly, and courts, which took care of most judicial matters. Various committees acted as an executive branch, implementing policies of the assembly and supervising, for instance, the food and water supplies and public buildings. This wide-scale participation by the citizenry in the government distinguished the democratic form of the Athenian polis from other less liberal forms.⑤The effect of Cleisthenes’ reforms was to establish the superiority of the Athenian community as a whole over local institutions without destroying them. National politics rather than local or deme politics became the focal point. At the same time, entry into national politics began at the deme level and gave local loyalty a new focus: Athens itself. Over the next two centuries the implications of Cleisthenes’ reforms were fully exploited.⑥During the fifth century B.C. the council of 500 was extremely influential in shaping policy. In the next century, however, it was the mature assembly that took on decision-making responsibility. By any measure other than that of the aristocrats, who had been upstaged by the supposedly inferior "people", the Athenian democracy was a stunning success. Never before, or since, have so many people been involved in the serious business of self-governance. It was precisely this opportunity to participate in public life that provided a stimulus for the brilliant unfolding of classical Greek culture.译文古雅典①在公元前800年到公元前500年期间，希腊最重要的变化之一是城邦的崛起，并且每个城邦都发展了适合其情况的政府体系。

The intricate relationship between Earth and humanity is a topic of profound significance,one that has been the subject of countless discussions,studies,and debates.The Earth,a vibrant and diverse planet, has provided a home for human civilization for millennia.It has been the source of all life,offering sustenance,shelter,and the very air we breathe. Yet,the relationship between humans and the Earth is not one of passive coexistence it is a dynamic interplay of dependence,influence,and impact.From the moment the first human societies emerged,the Earth has been both a nurturing force and a challenge to be overcome.Early humans learned to harness the Earths resources,using the land for agriculture,the rivers for water,and the forests for materials.This symbiotic relationship allowed human societies to flourish and grow,but it also set the stage for a more complex and sometimes contentious relationship.As civilizations developed,the human impact on the Earth became more pronounced.The Industrial Revolution marked a turning point,as human ingenuity led to technological advancements that dramatically altered the landscape.Factories sprouted up,spewing smoke and pollutants into the air,while the demand for resources led to deforestation and the depletion of natural habitats.The Earth,once a bountiful provider,began to show signs of strain.The environmental movement of the20th century brought the humanEarth relationship to the forefront of public consciousness.People began to recognize the consequences of their actions on the planet,from the thinning ozone layer to the alarming rate of species extinction.Therealization that the Earths resources are finite and that human activities have the potential to disrupt the delicate balance of ecosystems sparked a global conversation about sustainability and conservation.One of the most compelling aspects of the humanEarth relationship is the way in which it shapes our culture and values.Indigenous cultures,for example,often have a deep spiritual connection to the land,viewing themselves as part of a larger ecosystem rather than separate from it.This perspective fosters a sense of stewardship and respect for the Earth,which contrasts sharply with the exploitative attitudes that have driven much of industrial development.On the other hand,the humanEarth relationship is also a source of inspiration and innovation.The desire to live in harmony with the planet has led to the development of renewable energy sources,sustainable agriculture practices,and ecofriendly technologies.These advancements not only help to mitigate the negative impacts of human activity but also offer a glimpse into a future where the Earth and humanity can coexist in a more balanced and sustainable way.However,the challenges facing the Earth and humanity are immense. Climate change,a direct result of humaninduced global warming,poses a significant threat to the planets ecosystems and the wellbeing of future generations.The melting polar ice caps,rising sea levels,and increasingly frequent natural disasters are just a few of the consequences of our actions. It is clear that the relationship between humans and the Earth has reached a critical juncture.Addressing these challenges requires a global effort and a fundamental shift in our approach to the Earth.This means not only reducing our environmental footprint but also rethinking our relationship with the planet.We must move away from a mindset of consumption and exploitation and embrace one of respect and stewardship.This involves making conscious choices in our daily lives,from the food we eat to the products we buy,and advocating for policies that prioritize the health of the planet.In conclusion,the relationship between Earth and humanity is multifaceted and complex,marked by both dependence and impact.It is a relationship that has shaped our history and will continue to influence our future.As we stand at the crossroads of environmental crisis and opportunity,it is imperative that we take responsibility for our actions and work towards a more sustainable and harmonious coexistence with the Earth.Only by understanding and respecting the delicate balance of our planet can we hope to ensure a thriving and prosperous future for both humanity and the Earth.。

Warmth is a powerful force that can change lives,mend broken hearts,and bring hope to the hopeless.It is a universal language that transcends cultural and linguistic barriers,connecting people from all walks of life.In this essay,I will explore the various ways in which warmth is transmitted and the profound impact it has on individuals and communities.Firstly,warmth is often conveyed through acts of kindness and compassion.A simple gesture,such as helping an elderly person cross the street or offering a listening ear to someone in need,can make a significant difference in someones day.These acts,though seemingly small,can create a ripple effect,inspiring others to pay it forward and spread warmth in their own unique ways.Secondly,warmth is communicated through words of encouragement and support.A heartfelt compliment or a word of affirmation can lift someones spirits and instill a sense of selfworth.For instance,a teachers praise can motivate a student to work harder and achieve their goals,while a friends encouragement can help someone overcome a personal challenge.Thirdly,warmth is shared through the power of touch.A comforting hug or a reassuring pat on the back can provide solace and comfort in times of distress.Physical touch is a powerful means of communication that can convey empathy,love,and understanding without the need for words.Moreover,warmth is also transmitted through the sharing of resources and opportunities. By donating to charity,volunteering,or offering assistance to those in need,we can create a more equitable and compassionate society.This act of generosity not only benefits the recipients but also enriches the lives of the givers,fostering a sense of purpose and fulfillment.Furthermore,warmth is expressed through the creation of safe and welcoming environments.A warm home,a supportive community,or an inclusive workplace can provide a sense of belonging and security.These spaces allow individuals to thrive and contribute to the greater good,fostering a sense of unity and collaboration.In conclusion,the transmission of warmth is a multifaceted process that involves various forms of communication and interaction.By practicing kindness,offering support, sharing resources,and creating nurturing spaces,we can make the world a warmer and more compassionate place.Let us embrace the power of warmth and strive to spread it in every aspect of our lives.。

Autumn is a season of transformation and splendor,marked by the gradual shift from the vibrant greens of summer to the warm hues of red,orange,and yellow.As the days grow shorter and the nights cooler,the atmosphere is filled with a sense of tranquility and reflection.The Arrival of AutumnThe transition into autumn is often heralded by the first crisp morning,where the air is cool and refreshing,a stark contrast to the humid warmth of summer.Leaves begin to change color,starting with the maples and oaks,their leaves turning into a palette of fiery reds and golden yellows.The transition is not abrupt its a slow dance of nature,with each leaf taking its turn to don its autumnal attire.The Sights and Sounds of AutumnAutumns beauty is not just visual its auditory as well.The rustling of leaves underfoot, the distant call of migratory birds,and the gentle patter of rain on fallen foliage create a symphony of sounds that resonate with the seasons mood.The sight of trees adorned with their autumnal finery is a spectacle that never fails to inspire awe and admiration.Autumn ActivitiesThis season is perfect for outdoor activities such as hiking through forests ablaze with color,apple picking at local orchards,or simply taking a leisurely walk to enjoy the crisp air and the play of sunlight filtering through the trees.Autumn also brings with it a variety of festivals and harvest celebrations,where communities come together to enjoy the fruits of the season.The Taste of AutumnThe flavors of autumn are rich and comforting.From the tartness of fresh apples to the sweetness of pumpkin pie,the season offers a bounty of culinary delights.Soups,stews, and warm beverages like hot chocolate and mulled cider become staples as the weather cools,providing warmth and sustenance.Autumns Impact on Mood and CreativityFor many,autumn is a time of introspection and creativity.The change in scenery and the slower pace of life can inspire a wealth of artistic expression,from painting and writing to composing music.The seasons melancholic beauty can also evoke a sense of nostalgia and contemplation about the passage of time.ConclusionIn conclusion,autumn is a season that offers a wealth of experiences,from the visual spectacle of changing leaves to the sensory delights of crisp air and seasonal flavors.It isa time to embrace the change,to enjoy the fruits of the harvest,and to find beauty in the subtle shifts of natures rhythm.Whether one is drawn to the vibrant colors,the cozy atmosphere,or the reflective mood,autumn has something for everyone to cherish and enjoy.。