2018年可锐考研英语阅读模拟试题及名师解析

2018年可锐考研英语经典阅读试题（五）[物理学]The use of heat pumps has been held back largely by skepticism about advertisers’claims that heat pumps can provide as many as two units of thermal energy for each unit of electrical energy used, thus apparently contradicting the principle of energy conservation.Heat pumps circulate a fluid refrigerant that cycles alternatively from its liquid phase to its vapor phase in a closed loop. The refrigerant, starting as a low-temperature, low-pressure vapor, enters a compressor driven by an electric motor. The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a hot, dense vapor and flows through a heat exchanger called the condenser, which transfers heat from the refrigerant to a body of air. Now the refrigerant, as a high-pressure, cooled liquid, confronts a flow restriction which causes the pressure to drop. As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partially vaporizes, becoming chilled. It then passes through a second heat exchanger, the evaporator, which transfers heat from the air to the refrigerant, reducing the temperature of this second body of air. Of the two heat exchangers, one is located inside, and the other one outside the house, so each is in contact with a different body of air: room air and outside air, respectively.The flow direction of refrigerant through a heat pump is controlled by valves. When the refrigerant flow is reversed, the heat exchangers switch function. This flow-reversal capability allows heat pumps either to heat or cool room air.Now, if under certain conditions a heat pump puts out more thermal energy than it consumes in electrical energy, has the law of energy conservation been challenged? No, not even remotely: the additional input of thermal energy into the circulating refrigerant via the evaporator accounts for the difference in the energy equation.Unfortunately there is one real problem. The heating capacity of a heat pump decreases as the outdoor temperature falls. The drop in capacity is caused by the lessening amount of refrigerant mass moved through the compressor at one time. The heating capacity is proportional to this mass flow rate: the less the mass of refrigerant being compressed, the less the thermal load it can transfer through the heat-pump cycle. The volume flow rate of refrigerant vapor through the single-speed rotary compressor used in heat pumps is approximately constant. But cold refrigerant vapor entering a compressor is at lower pressure than warmer vapor. Therefore, the mass of cold refrigerant —and thus the thermal energy it carries —is less than if the refrigerant vapor were warmer before compression.Here, then, lies a genuine drawback of heat pumps: in extremely cold climates —where the most heat is needed —heat pumps are least able to supply enough heat.1. The primary purpose of the text is to[A] explain the differences in the working of a heat pump when the outdoor temperature changes.[B] contrast the heating and the cooling modes of heat pumps.[C] describe heat pumps, their use, and factors affecting their use.[D] advocate the more widespread use of heat pumps.2. The author resolves the question of whether heat pumps run counter to the principle of energy conservation by[A] carefully qualifying the meaning of that principle.[B] pointing out a factual effort in the statement that gives rise to this question.[C] supplying additional relevant facts.[D] denying the relevance of that principle to heat pumps.3. It can be inferred from the text that, in the course of a heating season, the heating capacity of a heat pump is greatest when[A] heating is least essential.[B] electricity rates are lowest.[C] its compressor runs the fastest.[D] outdoor temperatures hold steady.4. If the author’s assessment of the use of heat pumps is correct, which of the following best expresses the lesson that advertisers should learn from this case?[A] Do not make exaggerated claims about the products you are trying to promote.[B] Focus your advertising campaign on vague analogies and veiled implications instead of on facts.[C] Do not use facts in your advertising that will strain the prospective client’s ability to believe.[D] Do not assume in your advertising that the prospective clients know even the mostelementary scientific principles.5. The text suggests that heat pumps would be used more widely if[A] they could also be used as air conditioners.[B] they could be moved around to supply heat where it is most needed.[C] their heat output could be thermostatically controlled.[D] people appreciated the role of the evaporator in the energy equation.[历史学]Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points —periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders. It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documents one’s findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies. The currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, work, leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods. Where history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytic. The old questions “What happened?”and “How did it happen?”have given way to the question “Why did it happen?”Prominent among the methods used to answer the question “Why”is psychoanalysis, and its use has given rise to psychohistory.Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them. But this pragmatic use of psychology is not what psychohistorians intend. They are committed, not just to psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it. Psychohistory derives its “facts”not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. And it violates the basic tenet of historical method: that historians be alert to the negative instances that would refute their theses. Psychohistorians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the “deepest”explanation of any event, that other explanations fall short of the truth.Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history ; it also violates the past itself. It denies to the past an integrity and will of its own, in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes and effects. It imposes upon the past the same determinism that it imposes upon the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity. Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates all events, past and present, into a single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances.1. Which of the following best states the main point of the text?[A] The approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently in vogue even though it lacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical method.[B] Traditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings of psychohistorians.[C] Areas of sociological study such as childhood and work are of little interest to traditional historians.[D] The psychological assessment of an individual’s behavior and attitudes is more informative than the details of his or her daily life.2. The author mentions which of the following as a characteristic of the practice of psychohistorians?[A] The lives of historical figures are presented in episodic rather than narrative form.[B] Archives used by psychohistorians to gather material are not accessible to other scholars.[C] Past and current events are all placed within the same deterministic diagram.[D] Events in the adult life of a historical figure are seen to be more consequential than are those in the childhood of the figure.3. The author of the text suggests that psychohistorians view history primarily as[A] a report of events, causes, and effects that is generally accepted by historians but which is, for the most part, unverifiable.[B] an episodic account that lacks cohesion because records of the role of childhood, work, and leisure in the lives of historical figures are rare.[C] an uncharted sea of seemingly unexplainable events that have meaning only when examined as discrete units.[D] a record the way in which a closed set of immutable psychological laws seems to have shaped events.4. The author of the text puts the word “deepest”in quotation marks most probably in order to[A] signal her reservations about the accuracy of psychohistorians’claims for their work.[B] draw attention to a contradiction in the psychohistorians’method.[C] emphasize the major difference between the traditional historians’method and that of psychohistorians.[D] disassociate her opinion of the psychohistorians’claims from her opinion of their method.5. In presenting her analysis, the author does all of the following EXCEPT.[A] Make general statements without reference to specific examples.[B] Describe some of the criteria employed by traditional historians.[C] Question the adequacy of the psychohistorians’interpretation of events.[D] Point out inconsistencies in the psychohistorians’application of their methods.。

2018年可锐考研英语经典阅读试题（一）[经济学类]Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities —as well as new and significant risks. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980’s is estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade.Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small company’s efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil rights groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as “fronts”with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often run the danger of becoming- and remaining-dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.1. The primary purpose of the text is to[A] present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies.[B] describe a situation and its potential drawbacks.[C] propose a temporary solution to a problem.[D] analyze a frequent source of disagreement.2. The text suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might causes it to[A] experience frustration but not serious financial harm.[B] face potentially crippling fixed expenses.[C] have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government.[D] increase its spending with minority subcontractors.3. It can be inferred from the text that, compared with the requirements of law, the percentage goals set by “some federal and local agencies”are[A] more popular with large corporations.[B] more concrete.[C] less controversial.[D] less expensive to enforce.4. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author’s assertion that, in the 1970’s, corporate response to federal requirements was substantial?[A] Corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses totaled $2 billion in 1979.[B] Between 1970 and 1972, corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses declined by 25 percent.[C] The figures collected in 1977 underrepresented the extent of corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses.[D] The $1.1 billion represented the same percentage of total corporate spending in 1977 asdid $77 million in 1972.5. The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about corporate response to working with minority subcontractors?[A] Annoyed by the proliferation of “front”organizations, corporations are likely to reduce their efforts to work with minority-owned subcontractors in the near future.[B] Although corporations showed considerable interest in working with minority businesses in the 1970’s, their aversion to government paperwork made them reluctant to pursue many government contracts.[C] The significant response of corporations in the 1970’s is likely to be sustained and conceivably be increased throughout the 1980’s.[D] Although corporations are eager to cooperate with minority-owned businesses, a shortage of capital in the 1970’s made substantial response impossible.二．The fossil remains of the first flying vertebrates, the pterosaurs, have intrigued paleontologists for more than two centuries. How such large creatures, which weighed in some cases as much as a piloted hang-glider and had wingspans from 8 to 12 meters, solved the problems of powered flight, and exactly what these creatures were —reptiles or birds —are among the questions scientists have puzzled over.Perhaps the least controversial assertion about the pterosaurs is that they were reptiles. Their skulls, pelvises, and hind feet are reptilian. The anatomy of their wings suggests that they did not evolve into the class of birds. In pterosaurs a greatly elongated fourth finger of each forelimb supported a winglike membrane. The other fingers were short and reptilian, with sharpclaws. In birds the second finger is the principal strut of the wing, which consists primarily of feathers. If the pterosaurs walked on all fours, the three short fingers may have been employed for grasping. When a pterosaur walked or remained stationary, the fourth finger, and with it the wing, could only turn upward in an extended inverted V shape along each side of the animal’s body.The pterosaurs resembled both birds and bats in their overall structure and proportions. This is not surprising because the design of any flying vertebrate is subject to aerodynamic constraints. Both the pterosaurs and the birds have hollow bones, a feature that represents a savings in weight. In the birds, however, these bones are reinforced more massively by internal struts.Although scales typically cover reptiles, the pterosaurs probably had hairy coats. T. H. Huxley reasoned that flying vertebrates must have been warm-blooded because flying implies a high rate of metabolism, which in turn implies a high internal temperature. Huxley speculated that a coatof hair would insulate against loss of body heat and might streamline the body to reduce drag in flight. The recent discovery of a pterosaur specimen covered in long, dense, and relatively thick hairlike fossil material was the first clear evidence that his reasoning was correct.Efforts to explain how the pterosaurs became airborne have led to suggestions that they launched themselves by jumping from cliffs, by dropping from trees, or even by rising into light winds from the crests of waves. Each hypothesis has its difficulties. The first wrongly assumes that the pterosaurs’hind feet resembled a bat’s and could serve as hooks by which the animal could hang in preparation for flight. The second hypothesis seems unlikely because large pterosaurs could not have landed in trees without damaging their wings. The third calls for high waves to channel updrafts. The wind that made such waves however, might have been too strong for the pterosaurs to control their flight once airborne.1. It can be inferred from the text that scientist now generally agree that the[A] enormous wingspan of the pterosaurs enabled them to fly great distances.[B] structure of the skeleton of the pterosaurs suggests a close evolutionary relationship to bats.[C] fossil remains of the pterosaurs reveal how they solved the problem of powered flight.[D] pterosaurs were reptiles.2. The author views the idea that the pterosaurs became airborne by rising into light winds created by waves as[A] revolutionary.[B] unlikely.[C] unassailable.[D] probable.3. According to the text, the skeleton of a pterosaur can be distinguished from that of a bird by the[A] size of its wingspan.[B] presence of hollow spaces in its bones.[C] anatomic origin of its wing strut.[D] presence of hooklike projections on its hind feet.4. The ideas attributed to T. H. Huxley in the text suggest that he would most likely agree with which of the following statements?[A] An animal’s brain size has little bearing on its ability to master complex behaviors.[B] An animal’s appearance is often influenced by environmental requirements and physical capabilities.[C] Animals within a given family group are unlikely to change their appearance dramatically over a period of time.[D] The origin of flight in vertebrates was an accidental development rather than the outcome of specialization or adaptation.5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph of the text?[A] New evidence is introduced to support a traditional point of view.[B] Three explanations for a phenomenon are presented and each is disputed by means of specific information.[C] Three hypotheses are outlined and evidence supporting each is given.[D] Recent discoveries are described and their implications for future study are projected.。

2018年可锐考研第一轮复习之英语阅读（一）Until about five years ago, the very idea that peptide hormonesmight be made anywhere in the brain besides the hypothalamus was astounding.Peptide hormones, scientists thought, were made by endocrine glands and thehypothalamus was thought to be the brains’only endocrinegland. What is more, because peptide hormones cannot cross the blood-brainbarrier, researchers believed that they never got to any part of the brainother than the hypothalamus, where they were simply produced and then releasedinto the bloodstream. But these beliefs about peptide hormones were questioned aslaboratory after laboratory found that antiserums to peptide hormones, wheninjected into the brain, bind in places other than the hypothalamus, indicatingthat either the hormones or substances that cross-react with the antiserums arepresent. The immunological method of detecting peptide hormones by means ofantiserums, however, is imprecise. Cross-reactions are possible and this methodcannot determine whether the substances detected by the antiserums really arethe hormones, or merely close relatives. Furthermore, this method cannot beused to determine the location in the body where the detected substances areactually produced. New techniques of molecular biology, however, provide a way toanswer these questions. It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s that canserve as molecular probes seek out the messenger RNA’s of thepeptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones, the cells will containthese mRNA’s. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones butare not identical to them, then the c DNA’s should still bindto these mRNA’s, but should not bind as tightly as they would to m RNA’s for thetrue hormones. The cells containing these mRNA’s can then beisolated and their mRNA’s decoded to determine just what their protein products are and howclosely the products resemble the true peptide hormones. The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNAprobes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it cantake years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and thendevelop antiserums to them. Roberts, expressing the sentiment of manyresearchers, states: “I was trained as an endocrinologist. But it became clear to me thatthe field of endocrinology needed molecular biology input. The process ofgrinding out protein purifications is just too slow.”If, as the initial tests with cDNA probes suggest, peptide hormonesreally are made in brain in areas other than the hypothalamus, a theory must bedeveloped that explains their function in the brain. Some have suggested thatthe hormones are all growth regulators, but Rosen’s work on rat brainsindicates that this cannot be true. A number of other researchers propose thatthey might be used for intercellular communication in the brain.1.Which of the following titles best summarizes the text?[A] Is Molecular Biology the Key to Understanding Intercellular Communicationin the Brain?[B] Molecular Biology: Can Researchers Exploit Its Techniques to SynthesizePeptide Hormones?[C] The Advantages and Disadvantages of the Immunological Approach to DetectingPeptide Hormones. [D] Peptide Hormones: How Scientists Are Attempting to Solve Problems of TheirDetection and to Understand Their Function?2.The text suggests that a substance detected in the brain by use of antiserumsto peptide hormones may [A] have been stored in the brain for a long period of time. [B]play no role in the functioning of the brain. [C] have been produced in some part of the body other than the brain. [D] have escaped detection by molecular methods.3.According to the text, confirmation of the belief that peptide hormones arecreated in the brain in areas other than the hypothalamus would forcescientists to [A] reject the theory that peptide hormones are made by endocrine glands. [B] revise their beliefs about the ability of antiserums to detect peptidehormones. [C] invent techniques that would allow them to locate accurately brain cellsthat produce peptide hormones. [D] develop a theory that account for the role played by peptide hormones inthe brain.4.Which of the following is mentioned in the text as a drawback of theimmunological method of detecting peptide hormones? [A] It cannot be used to detect the presence of growth regulators in the brain. [B] It cannot distinguish between the peptide hormones and substances that arevery similar to them. [C] It uses antiserums that are unable to cross the blood-brain barrier. [D] It involves a purification process that requires extensive training inendocrinology.5.The idea that the field of endocrinology can gain from developments inmolecular biology is regarded by Roberts with [A] incredulity. [B] derision. [C] indifference.[D] enthusiasm.[答案与考点解析]1.【答案】D 【考点解析】这是一道中心主旨题。

2018年可锐考研英语模拟试题及答案解析（二）Section I Use of LanguageDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(S) for each numbered blank and mark A, B ,C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 Points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can't remember 1 we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance's name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain 2 , we refer to these occurrences as "senior moments." 3 seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(an) 4 impact on our professional, social, and personal 5 .Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there's actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basic cognitive 8 . Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11 , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate 12 mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step 13 and developed the first "brain training program" designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental 14 .The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing--much like a(n) 20 exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1.[A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why2.[A]improves [B]fades [C]recovers [D]collapses3.[A]If [B]Unless [C]Once [D]While4.[A]uneven [B]limited [C]damaging [D]obscure5.[A]wellbeing [B]environment [C]relationship [D]outlook6.[A]turns [B]finds [C]points [D]figures7.[A]roundabouts [B]responses [C]workouts [D]associations8.[A]genre [B]functions [C]circumstances [D]criterion9.[A]channel [B]condition [C]sequence [D]process10.[A]persist [B]believe [C]excel [D]feature11.[A]Therefore [B]Moreover [C]Otherwise [D]However12.[A]according to [B]regardless of [C]apart from [D]instead of13.[A]back [B]further [C]aside [D]around14.[A]sharpness [B]stability [C]framework [D]flexibility15.[A]forces [B]reminds [C]hurries [D]allows16.[A]hold [B]track [C]order [D]pace17.[A] to [B]with [C]for [D]on18.[A]irregularly [B]habitually [C]constantly [D]unusually19.[A]carry [B]put [C]build [D]take20.[A]risky [B]effective [C]idle [D]familiar答案：1-5 ABDCA6-10 ACBDC11-15 DABAD16-20 BDCCB1. [标准答案] [A][考点分析] 上下文语义和连词辨析[选项分析] 本题考查连词。

2018年可锐考研英语阅读精选及讲解（五）In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. The attitude that intolerance is an evil is especially strong in Britain, where tolerance has been elevated into the Great National Virtue. 1) Listen to any public debate or radio phone-in about immigration and you will hear people reiterating this view. Only the British, they say, would have allowed so many black and brown people into their country, would have treated them so well, given them jobs, put them on the National Health Service, and so on. 2) Their conclusion, of course, gives the game away, for the tolerance they are talking about does not in fact exist but is invented as a justification for present intolerance. 3) Tolerance, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, is the disposition to be patient with or indulgent to the opinions and practices of others and freedom from bigotry or undue severity in judging the conduct of others . Can we honestly claim to be more lavishly bestowed with these attributes than people of other nations? I do not think so. 4) But this does not mean they are particularly indulgent to other people s behaviour. Do anything out of the ordinary —give a party, for example —and your neighbours will soon begin to bare their teeth. Try starting a business or opening a restaurant in a predominantly residential area, and all hell breaks loose. The British tend to be very critical of continental drivers, whom they accuse of uncontrolled aggressiveness. But while British drivers may be rather more reliable about sticking to the rules of the road, they are dangerously intolerant of other drivers who, in their view, are doing things they shouldn t be doing. 5) In fact, I am much more frightened of British drivers than I am of French or Italian ones, for you can at least be reasonably confident with the latter that, unlike the British, they are not prepared to die —and take you with them —in order to prove a point. [A]I myself may sometimes be incompetent or a bit too pushy as a driver but I have often been a victim of verbal abuse and terrifying revenge manoeurres quite out of proportion to any offence that I may have committed. [B]We believe ourselves to be unique among nations in our generosity of spirit and our readiness to put up with all kinds of people. [C]What is called tolerance may often be just unassertiveness or timidity, for it is true that most English people do not relish public rows or confrontations and will go to some lengths to avoid them. [D]I will exclude from my reproof the animal sentimentalists and those who consistently reject cruelty in any form. [E]It is a thoroughly hypocritical posture which makes one wonder whether British claims to being especially tolerant have any validity at all. [F]British attitudes to bad habits like smoking and drinking also tend to be intolerant and are getting more so. [G]And this, they conclude, is why no more of them should be allowed in.答案及详解1.B。

2018年可锐考研英语阅读精选及讲解（二）A white kid sells a bag of cocaine at his suburban high school. A Latino kid does the same in his inner-city neighborhood. Both get caught. Both are first-time offenders. The white kid walks into juvenile court with his parents，his priest，a good lawyer-and medical coverage. The Latino kid walks into court with his mom，no legal resources and no insurance. The judge lets the white kid go with his family; he s placed in a private treatment program. The minority kid has no such option. He s detained. There，in a nutshell，is what happens more and more often in the juvenile-court system. Minority youths arrested on violent felony charges in California are more than twice as likely as their white counterparts to be transferred out of the juvenile-justice system and tried as adults，according to a study released last week by the Justice Policy Institute，a research center in San Francisco. Once they are in adult courts，young black offenders are 18 times more likely to be jailed-and Hispanics seven times more likely-than are young white offenders. “Discrimination against kids of color accumulates at every stage of the justice system and skyrockets when juveniles are，tried as adults，”says Dan Macallair，a co-author of the new study. “California has a double standard：throw kids of color behind bars，but .rehabilitate white kids who commit comparable crimes.”Even as juvenile crime has declined from its peak in the early 1990s，headline grabbing violence by minors has intensified a get-tough attitude. Over the past six years，43 states have passed laws that make it easier to try juveniles as adults. In Texas and Connecticut in 1996，the latest year for which figures are available，all the juveniles in jails were minorities. Vincent Schiraldi，the Justice Policy Institute s director，concedes that “some kids need to be tried as adults. But most can be rehabilitated.”Instead，adult prisons tend to brutalize juveniles. They are eight times more likely to commit suicide and five times more likely to be sexually abused than offenders held in juvenile detention. “Once they get out，they tend to commit more crimes and more violent crimes，”says Jenni Gainsborough，a spokeswoman for the Sentencing Project，a reform group in Washington. The system，in essence，is training career criminals. And it s doing its worst work among minorities. 注本文选自By Anamaria Wilson Time; 02/14/2000，Vol. 155 Issue 6，p68，1/3p注本文习题命题模仿对象1997年真题text 51.From the first paragraph we learn that _________. [A]the white kid is more lucky than the minority kid [B]the white kid has got a lot of help than the minority kid [C]the white kid and minority kid has been treated differently [D]the minority kid should be set free at once.2.According to the passage，which of the following is TRUE? [A]Kids shouldn‘t be tried as adults. [B] Discrimination exists in the justice system. [C]Minority kids are likely to commit crimes. [D] States shouldn‘t pass the laws.3.The word “skyrocket”means ________. [A]rising sharply [B]widening suddenly [C]spreading widely [D]expanding quickly4.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________. [A] something seems to be wrong with the justice system [B]adult prisons have bad influence on the juveniles [C] juveniles in adult prison are ill-treated [D]the career criminals are trained by the system5.The passage shows that the author is _________ the present situation. [A] amazed at[B]puzzled by [C]disappointed at [D] critical of答案：CBAAD篇章剖析本文的结构形式为提出问题——分析问题。

2018年可锐考研英语阅读模拟试题及名师解析第一篇：2018年可锐考研英语阅读模拟试题及名师解析2018年可锐考研英语阅读模拟试题及名师解析（七）Do you rememberall those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but thedoubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the scienceuncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life andthe government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought thatnonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves。

There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one waveafter another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming.Thelatest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the WhiteHouse, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largelyman-made.The clear message is that we should get moving to protest ourselves.The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point inthe preface to the panel’s report: “Science never has all the answers。

2018年可锐考研英语优秀阅读文章赏析（九）Recruitment人才招聘Work and play工作兼娱乐The gamification of hiring.招聘游戏化。

THE rules of Happy Hour are deceptively simple. You are a bartender. Your challenge is totell what sort of drink each of a swelling mob of customers wants by the expressions on theirfaces. Then you must make and serve each drink and wash each used glass, all within a shortperiod of time. Play this video game well and you might win a tantalising prize: a job in thereal world.游戏Happy Hour的规则看起来十分简单。

你是一位酒保，你的挑战是察言观色，一群趾高气扬的黑帮客户进入酒吧，你需要根据他们的面部表情判断每个人要喝何种酒，然后斟酒擦酒杯。

所有这一切都需要在短时间内完成，如果玩这个游戏表现出色的话，你诱人的奖励是在真实世界获得工作。

Happy Hour, which will be unveiled to the public on May 28th, is one of several video gamesdeveloped by Knack, a start-up founded by Guy Halfteck, an Israeli entrepreneur. Thegames include a version of Happy Hour in which sushi replaces booze, Words of Wisdom and Balloon Brigade .They are designed to test cognitive skills that employers might want, drawing on some ofthe latest scientific research. These range from pattern recognition to emotionalintelligence, risk appetite and adaptability to changing situations.由一位以色列企业家Guy halfteck新创始的公司Knack开发的众多视频游戏中的一款Happy Hour预计在5月28日发布。

2018年可锐考研第一轮复习之英语阅读（六）The intensive work of materials scientists and solid-statephysicists has given rise to a class of solids known as amorphous metallicalloys or glassy metals. There is a growing interest among theoretical andapplied researchers alike in the structural properties of these materials. When a molten metal or metallic alloy is cooled to a solid, acrystalline structure is formed that depends on the particular alloycomposition. In contrast, molten nonmetallic glass-forming materials whencooled do not assume a crystalline structure, but instead retain a structuresomewhat like that of the liquid —an amorphous structure. At room temperature the natural long-termtendency for both types of materials is to assume the crystalline structure.The difference between the two is in the kinetics or rate of formation of thecrystalline structure which is controlled by factors such as the nature of thechemical bonding and the ease with which atoms move relative to each other.Thus, in metals, the kinetics favors rapid formation of a crystallinesstructure whereas in nonmetallic glasses the rate of formation is so slow thatalmost any cooling rate is sufficient to result in an amorphous structure. Forglassy metals to be formed, the molten metal must be cooled extremely rapidlyso that crystallization is suppressed. The structure of glassy metals is thought to be similar to that ofliquid metals. One of the first attempts to model the structure of a liquid wasthat by the late J. D. Bernal of the University of London, who packed hardspheres into a rubber vessel in such a way as to obtain the maximum possibledensity. The resulting dense, random-packed structure was the basis for manyattempts to model the structure of glassy metals. Calculations of the density of alloys based on Bernal-type models ofthe alloys metal component agree fairly well with the experimentally determinedvalues from measurements on alloys consisting of a noble metal together with ametalloid such as alloys of palladium and silicon or alloys consisting of ironphosphors, and carbon, although small discrepancies remained. One differencebetween real alloys and the hard spheres area in Bernal models is that thecomponents of an alloy have different size, so that models based on two sizesof spheres are more appropriate for a binary alloy for example. The smallermetalloid atoms of the alloys might fit into holes in the dense random-packedstructure of the larger metal atoms. One of the most promising properties of glassy metals is their highstrength combined with high malleability. In usual materials, one finds aninverse relation between the two properties, whereas for many practicalapplications simultaneous presence of both properties is desirable. Oneresidual obstacle to practical applications that is likely to be overcome isthe fact that glassy metals will crystallize at relatively low temperatureswhen heated slightly.1.The author is primarily concerned with discussing [A] crystalline solids and their behavior at different temperatures. [B] molten materials and the kinetics of the formation of theircrystalline structure. [C] glassy metals and their structural characteristics. [D] metallic alloys and problems in determining their density.2.The author’s attitude toward the prospects for the economic utilization ofglassy metals is one of [A] disinterest. [B] impatience. [C] optimism. [D] apprehension.3.According to the text, which of the following determines thecrystalline structure of a metallic alloy? [A] At what rate the molten alloy is cooled. [B] How rapid the rate of formation of the crystalline phase is. [C] How the different-sized atoms fit into a dense random-packedstructure. [D] What the alloy consists of and in what ratios.4.Which of the following best describes the relationship between thestructure of liquid metals and the structure of glassy metals, as it ispresented in the text? [A] The latter is an illustrative example of the former. [B] The latter is a large-scale version of the former.[C] The former is a structural elaboration of the latter. [D] The former is a fair approximation of the latter.5.It can be inferred from the text that, theoretically, moltennonmetallic glasses assume a crystalline structure rather than an amorphousstructure only if they are cooled [A] very evenly, regardless of the rate. [B] rapidly, followed by gentle heating. [C] very slowly. [D] to room temperature.[答案与考点解析]1.【答案】C 【考点解析】本题是一道中心主旨题。

2018年可锐考研英语阅读真题解析（一）一、从鸡蛋中培养流感疫菌Modern technology has put men on the moon and deciphered the human genome. But when it comes to brewing up flu to make vaccines, science still turns to the incredible edible egg. Ever since the 1940s, vaccine makers have grown large batches of virus inside chicken eggs. But given that some 36,000 Americans die of flu each year, it’s remarkable that our first line of defense is still what Secretary of Health and Human Services Tommy Thompson calls “the cumbersome and archaic egg-based production.”New cell-based technologies are in the pipeline, however, and may finally get the support they need now that the United States is faced with a critical shortage of flu vaccine. Although experts disagree on whether new ways of producing vaccine could have prevented a shortage like the one happening today, there is no doubt that the existing system has serious flaws.Each year, vaccine manufacturers place advance orders for millions of specially grown chicken eggs. Meanwhile, public-health officials monitor circulating strains of flu, and each March they recommend three strains—two influenza A strains and one B strain—for manufacturers to include in vaccines. In the late spring and summer, automated machines inject virus into eggs and later suck out the influenza-rich goop. Virus from the eggs’innards gets killed and processed to remove egg proteins and other contaminants before being packaged into vials for fall shipment.Why has this egg method persisted for six decades? The main reason is that it’s reliable. But even though the eggs are reliable, they have serious drawbacks. One is the long lead time needed to order the eggs. That means it’s hard to make more vaccine in a hurry, in case of a shortage or unexpected outbreak. And eggs may simply be too cumbersome to keep up with the hundreds of millions of doses required to handle the demand for flu vaccine.What’s more, some flu strains don’t grow well in eggs. Last year, scientists were unable to include the Fujian strain in the vaccine formulation. It was a relatively new strain, and manufacturers simply couldn’t find a quick way to adapt it so that it grew well in eggs. “We knew the strain was out there,”recalls Theodore Eickhoff of the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, “but public-health officials were left without a vaccine—and, consequently, a more severe flu season.”Worse, the viruses that pose the greatest threat might be hardest to grow in eggs. That’s because global pandemics like the one that killed over 50 million people between 1918 and 1920 are thought to occur when a bird influenza changes in a way that lets it cross the species barrier and infect humans. Since humans haven’t encountered the new virus before, they have little protective immunity. The deadly bird flu circulating in Asia in 1997 and 1998, for example,worried public-health officials because it spread to some people who handled birds and killed them—although the bug never circulated among humans. But when scientists tried to make vaccine the old-fashioned way, the bird flu quickly killed the eggs.1.The moon-landing is mentioned in the first paragraph to illustrate_____.[A] technology cannot solve all of our human problems[B] progress in vaccine research for influenza has lagged behind[C] great achievements have been made by men in exploring the unknown[D] the development of vaccine production methods can not be stopped2.What step is essential to the traditional production of flu vaccine?[A] Manufacturers implant the vaccine into ordered chicken eggs.[B] Scientists identify the exact strain soon after a flu pandemic starts.[C] Public health measures are taken as an important pandemic-fighting tool.[D] Viruses are deadened and made clean before being put into vaccine use.3.The foremost reason why the egg-based method is defective lies in_____.[A] the complex process of vaccine production [B] its potential threat to human being[C] the low survival rate for new flu vaccines [D] its contribution to the flu vaccine shortage4.Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Flu vaccines now mainly use egg-based technology.[B] A bird influenza has once circulated among humans.[C] Safety can be greatly improved with cell-culture vaccines.[D] Modern vaccine production methods are to replace egg-based methods.5.In the author’s view, the new vaccine production method seems to be_____.[A] remarkable [B] criticized [C] efficient [D] accepted答案：1.B 2.D 3.C 4.A 5.D核心词汇与超纲词汇decipher破译，辨认genome基因组，染色体组brew酿制，沏，煮;~ up酝酿;即将来临cumbersome大而笨重的;繁琐的，复杂的archaic过时的，陈旧的;古代的，早期的in the pipeline在准备中; 在完成中; 在进行中; 运输中; 即将送递circulate循环;传播，流传;传递，传阅strain系，品系，品种innards内脏，内部结构pandemic广泛流传的，普遍的，流行的;传染病的;全国[全世界]性的流行病lead time 前置时间，指完成一个程序或作业所需要的一段时间。

2018年可锐考研英语阅读专练模拟题(八I don t think there is anything wrong with your blood. The key to your problem is that long napafter dinner. If you didn t sleep for hours during the early part of the evening, you would be more ready to sleep at bedtime. If you didn t nap after dinner, you would not want to stay up so late, and you would not feel the need to take a sleeping pill. Thepill is still working in your system when you get up in the morning. This helps account for the fact that you feel tired all day. You should get out of the habit of sleeping during the evening. Right after your evening meal, engage in some sort of physical activity - a sport such as bowling, perhaps. Or get together with friends for an evening of cards and conversation. Then go to bed at your usual time or a little earlier, and you should be able to get a good nights rest without taking a pill.If you can get into the habit of spending your evenings this way, I am sure you will feel less tired during the day. At first it may be hard for you to go to sleep without taking a pill. If so, get up and watch television or do some jobs around your house until you feel sleepy. If you fall asleep and then wake up a few hours later, get up but do not take a sleeping pill. Read a while or listen to the radio, and make yourself a few hours sleep that night, you will feel better in the morning than you usually feel after taking a pill. The next night you will be ready to sleep at an earlier hour.The most important thing is to avoid taking that nap right after dinner and avoid taking pills.91. According to the writer, it is difficult for you to go to sleep because .Ayou get the habit of staying up lateByou haven t taken sleeping pillsCyou sleep for hours after dinnerDyou fail to do some exercises92. Which of the following is NOT true if you want to get out of the habit of sleeping during the evening?AGo to bed earlier than usual.B Talk with friends after dinner.CStay with friends after dinner.DDo some physical labor.93. You feel tired all day probably because .Ayou stay up too lateByou get up too early in the morningCyou take sleeping pillsDyou wake up too frequently at night94. Which of the following is true according to the passage?AYou mustn t take sleeping pills in order to get a good night s sleep.BYou should stay up if you want to sleep effectively.CFood is necessary at night if you fail to go to sleep.DIt is very important to get out of the habit of taking a nap after dinner.95. We may infer that the author is most probably a .A doctorB scientistC reporterD professor答案:1.C 2.D 3.C 4.D 5.AThirty-two people watched kitty Genovese being killed right beneath their windows. She was their neighbor. Yet none of the 32 helped her. Not one even called the police. Was this in gunman cruelty? Was it lack of feeling about one s fellow man?Not so, say scientists John Barley and Bib Fatane. These men went beyond the headlines to probe the reasons why people didn t act. They found that a person has to go through two steps before he can help. First he has to notice that is an emergency.Suppose you see a middle-aged man fall to the side-walk. Is he having a heart attack? Is he in a coma from diabetes? Or is he about to sleep off a drunk?Is the smoke coming into the room from a leak in the air conditioning? Is itsteam pipes? Or is it really smoke from a fire? It s not always easy to tell if you are faced with a real emergency.Second, and more important, the person faced with an emergency must feel personally responsible. He must feel that he must help, or the person won t get the help he needs.The researchers found that a lot depends on how many people are around. They had college students in to betested. Some came alone. Some came with one or two others. And some came in large groups. The receptionist started them off on thetests. Then she went into the next room.A curtain divided thetesting roomand the room into which she went. Soon the students heard a scream, the noise of file cabinets falling and a cry for help. All of this had been pre-recorded on a tape-recorder.Eight out of ten of the students taking the test alone acted to help. Of the students in pairs, only two out of ten helped. Of the students in groups, none helped.In other words, in a group, Americans often fail to act. They feel that others will act. They, themselves, needn t. They do not feel any direct responsibility.Are people bothered by situations where people are in trouble? Yes. Scientists found that the people were emotional, they sweated, they had trembling hands. They felt the other person s trouble. But they did not act. They were in a group. Their actions were shaped by the actions of those they were with.36. The purpose of this passage is .A to explain why people fail to act in emergenciesB to explain when people wil act in emergenciesC to explain what people will do in emergenciesD to explain how people feel in emergencies37. Which of the following is NOT true?A When a person tries to help others, he must be clear that there is a real emergency.B When a person tries to help others, he should know whether hey are worth his help.C A person must take the full responsibility for the safety of those in emergencies if he wants to help.D A person with a heart attack needs the most.38. The researchers have conducted an experiment to prove that people will act in emergencies when .A they are in pairsB they are in groupsC they are aloneD they are with their friends39. The main reason why people fail to act when they stay together is that .A they are afraid of emergenciesB they are reluctant to get themselves involvedC others will act if they themselves hesitateD they do not have any direct responsibility for those who need help40. The author suggests that .A we shouldn t blame a person if he fails to act in emergenciesB a person must feel guilty if he fails to helpC people should be responsible for themselves in emergenciesD when you are in trouble, people will help you anyway答案:1.B 2.C 3.C 4.D 5.A。

2018年可锐考研英语阅读精选及讲解（三）In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. From the seventeenth-century empire of Sweden, the story of a galleon that sank at the start of her maiden voyage in 1628 must be one of the strangest tales of the sea. For nearly three and a half centuries she lay at the bottom of Stockholm harbour until her discovery in 1956. 1) 2) Triple gun-decks mounted sixty-four bronze cannon. She was intended to play a leading role in the growing might of Sweden. As she was prepared for her maiden voyage on August 10,1628, Stockholm was in a ferment. From the Skeppsbron and surrounding islands the people watched this thing of beauty begin to spread her sails and catch the wind. They had laboured for three years to produce this floating work of art; she was more richly carved and ornamented than any previous ship. The high stern castle was a riot of carved gods, demons, knights, kings, warriors, mermaids, cherubs; and zoomorphic animal shapes ablaze with red and gold and blue, symbols of courage, power, and cruelty, were portrayed to stir the imaginations of the superstitious sailors of the day. 3)4) As the wind freshened there came a sudden squall and the ship made a strange movement, listing to port. The Ordnance Officer ordered all the port cannon to be heaved to starboard to counteract the list, but the steepening angle of the decks increased. Then the sound of rumbling thunder reached the watchers on the shore, as cargo,ballast, ammunition and 400 people went sliding and crashing down to the port side of the steeply listing ship. 5)In that first glorious hour, the mighty Vasa, which was intended to rule the Baltic, sank with all flags flying - in the harbour of her birth. [A]All gun-ports were open and the muzzles peeped wickedly from them.[B]Vasa sailed majesticly out of the bay. [C]This was the Vasa, royal flagship of the great imperial fleet. [D]King Gustavus Adolphus, The Northern Hurricane , then at the height of his military success in the Thirty Years War, had dictated her measurements and armament.[E]The lower gun ports were now below water and the inrush sealed the ship s fate. [F] As soon as her discovery, the world became shocken. [G]Then the cannons of the anchored warships thundered a salute to which the Vasa fired in reply. As she emerged from her drifting cloud of gun smoke with the water churned to foam beneath her bow, her flags flying, pennants waving, sails filling in the breeze, and the red and gold of her superstructure ablaze with colour, she presented a more majestic spectacle than Stockholmers had ever seen before. 答案及详解1.C.文章开篇介绍一艘瑞典皇家大船1628年在处女航中沉船，直到1956年才被人们发现。

2018年可锐考研英语阅读分析详解（八）Historians have only recently begun to note the increase in demand for luxury goods and services that took place in eighteenth-century England. McKendrick has explored the Wedgwood firm’s remarkable success in marketing luxury pottery; Plumb has written about the proliferation of provincial theater, musical festivals, and children’s toys and books. While the fact of this consumer revolution is hardly in doubt, three key questions remain: Who were the consumers? What were their motives? And what were the effects of the new demand for luxuries?An answer to the first of these has been difficult to obtain. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufacturers and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. We still need to know how large this consumer market was and how far down the social scale the consumer demand for luxury goods penetrated. With regard to this last question, we might note in passing that Thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteenth-century English history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general; for example, laboring people in eighteenth-century England readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries.To answer the question of why consumers became so eager to buy, some historians have pointed to the ability of manufacturers to advertise in a relatively uncensored press. This, however, hardly seems a sufficient answer. Mckendrick favors a Veblem model of conspicuous consumption stimulated by competition for status. The “middling sort”bought goods and services because they wanted to follow fashions set by the rich. Again, we may wonder whether this explanation is sufficient. Do not people enjoy buying things as a form of self-gratification? If so, consumerism could be seen as a product of the rise of new concepts of individualism and materialism, but not necessarily of the frenzy for conspicuous competition.Finally, what were the consequences of this consumer demand for luxuries? McKendrickclaims that it goes a long way toward explaining the coming of the Industrial Revolution. But does it? What, for example, does the production of high-quality pottery and toys have to do with the development of iron manufacture or textile mills? It is perfectly possible to have the psychology and reality of a consumer society without a heavy industrial sector.That future exploration of these key questions is undoubtedly necessary should not, however, diminish the force of the conclusion of recent studies: the insatiable demand in eighteenth-century England for frivolous as well as useful goods and services foreshadows our own world.1. In the first paragraph, the author mentions McKendrick and Plumb most probably in order to[A] contrast their views on the subject of luxury consumerism in eighteenth-century England.[B] indicate the inadequacy of historiographical approaches to eighteenth-century English history.[C] give examples of historians who have helped to establish the fact of growing consumerism in eighteenth-century England.[D] support the contention that key questions about eighteenth-century consumerism remain to be answered.2. Which of the following items, if preserved from eighteenth-century England, would provide an example of the kind of documents mentioned in lines 3-4, paragraph 2?[A] A written agreement between a supplier of raw materials and a supplier of luxury goods.[B] A diary that mentions luxury goods and services purchased by its author.[C] A theater ticket stamped with the date and name of a particular play.[D] A payroll record from a company that produced luxury goods such as pottery.3. According to the text, Thompson attributes to laboring people in eighteenth-century England which of the following attitudes toward capitalist consumerism?[A] Enthusiasm.[B] Curiosity.[C] Ambivalence.[D] Hostility.4. In the third paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with[A] contrasting two theses and offering a compromise.[B] questioning two explanations and proposing a possible alternative to them.[C] paraphrasing the work of two historians and questioning their assumptions.[D] examining two theories and endorsing one over the other.5. According to the text, eighteenth-century England and the contemporary world of the text readers are[A] dissimilar in the extent to which luxury consumerism could be said to be widespread among the social classes.[B] dissimilar in their definitions of luxury goods and services.[C] dissimilar in the extent to which luxury goods could be said to be stimulant of industrial development.[D] similar in their strong demand for a variety of goods and services.[答案与考点解析]1. 【答案】C【考点解析】本题是一道例(举)证题型。

2018年可锐考研英语阅读精选及讲解（一）“This is not the type of place where this happens，”city council president George Carlton told a reporter，after the horror became public in his hometown，Sylacauga，Ala. He echoed what was said in Jasper，Texas，a year ago. Few people then had ever heard of Jasper. A week ago，even fewer could have pointed out Sylacauga on a map. A tiny city of 13，000，halfway between Birmingham and Montgomery，Sylacauga was known for its white marble quarries，textile mills and ice-cream factory. But last week Sylacauga，like Jasper，became a chapter in the recent history of hatred. According to police，Steven Eric Mullins，25，and Charles Monroe Butler Jr.，21，plotted for two weeks to murder Billy Jack Gaither，39. On Feb. 19，they arranged to meet him at a Sylacauga bar and lured him to a secluded area. There they beat him and dumped him into the trunk of his car. They then drove about 15 miles to Peckerwood Creek in Coosa County. There，says Coosa County Sheriff s Deputy Al Bradley，“they took him out of the trunk，took an ax handle and beat him to death.”They set two old tires aflame，says Bradley，“then they put the body on the fire.”They did it all，the deputy says，because Gaither was gay. Gaither s death has become a rallying point for gay-rights organizations and state legislators pushing a bill that would extend Alabama s three-year-old hate-crimes law beyond race，color，religion and national origin to cover crimes related to sexual orientation as well. “It s unfortunate that somebody had to lose his life in order for this legislation to pick up momentum here in the state of Alabama，”says state Representative Alvin Holmes，who failed to get the original law amended when it was passed in 1996. Holmes filed for extending the law after Matthew Shepard，a gay student，was beaten and left to die on a fence in Wyoming last October，an incident that sparked national outrage. Even Wyoming failed to pass hate-crime legislation in the wake of the Shepard lynching. Like Shepard，Gaither did not hesitate to admit being gay，though he adhered quietly to Sylacauga s Southern dispositions. And friends dispute Mullins and Butler s allegations that a sexual proposition incited the murder. Gaither s brother Randy told CNN：“Regardless of his personal life or anything，he doesn t deserve to be killed for this.”“The message people are getting is that gay people are second-class citizens，”says Tracey Conaty，spokesperson for the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. Before Gaither s murder，activists were planning a major national pro-gay offensive. From March 21 to March 27，the task force will launch its “Equality Begins at Home”campaign，with 250 grass-roots events in all 50 states aimed at passing anti-gay-bashing legislation. Says Conaty：“These laws reflect the conscience of a community and send an important message.”The March events，says Urvashi Vaid，director of the task force s policy institute，will involve straight people concerned about neighbors denied basic human rights. Adds Vaid：“It s more than just a gay thing.”注：本文选自By Sylvester Monroe Time; 03/15/99，Vol. 153 Issue 10，p47，2/3p，3c，1bw 注：本文习题命题模仿对象2003年真题Text 41.What is implied in the first two paragraphs?[A] there are many murders in the recent history of hatred [B]the murder also happened in Jasper one year ago [C] it is another case of the gay being tortured to death[D]the city council president comes from Sylacauga2.The author uses the example of Matthew Shepard to show that ________.[A] it is difficult to extend the hate-crime legislation [B]people want to extend thehate-crime law [C]the gays are really in a terrible fix [D] people are indifferent to the gay student3.Alvin Holmes‘attitude toward the gay victims is _________.[A]indifferent [B]sympathetic [C]outrageous [D]considerate4.Similar to Matthew Shepard，Gaither‘s death ________. [A]aroused people‘s sympathy for the gay [B] sharpened people‘s awareness [C]gave legislation some momentum [D]failed to have any change in the legislation5.The text intends to express the idea that __________.[A] people should be concerned about their gay neighbors [B]the gay people shouldn‘t be regarded as second-class citizens [C] the legislation for the gay still has a long way to go [D]more pro-gay campaigns should be launched答案：CABDC篇章剖析本文采用提出问题——分析问题的模式。

2018年可锐考研英语阅读精选及讲解（四）If you smoke and you still don‘t believe that there’s a definite link between smoking and bronchial troubles，heart disease and lung cancer，then you are certainly deceiving yourself. No one will accuse you of hypocrisy. Let us just say that you are suffering from a bad case of wishful thinking. This needn‘t make you too uncomfortable because you are in good company. Whenever the subject of smoking and health is raised，the governments of most countries hear no evil，see no evil and smell no evil. Admittedly，a few governments have taken timid measures. In Britain for instance，cigarette advertising has been banned on television. The conscience of the nation is appeased，while the population continues to puff its way to smoky，cancerous death. You don‘t have to look very far to find out why the official reactions to medical findings have been so lukewarm. The answer is simply money. Tobacco is a wonderful commodity to tax. It’s almost like a tax on our daily bread. In tax revenue alone，the government of Britain collects enough from smokers to pay for its entire educational facilities. So while the authorities point out ever so discreetly that smoking may，conceivable，be harmful，it doesn‘t do to shout too loudly about it. This is surely the most short-sighted policy you could imagine. While money is eagerly collected in vast sums with one hand，it is paid out in increasingly vaster sums with the other. Enormous amounts are spent on cancer research and on efforts to cure people suffering from the disease. Countless valuable lives are lost. In the long run，there is no doubt that everybody would be much better-off if smoking were banned altogether. Of course，we are not ready for such a drastic action. But if the governments of the world were honestly concerned about the welfare of their peoples，you‘d think they’d conduct aggressive anti-smoking campaigns. Far from it! The tobacco industry is allowed to spend staggering sums on advertising. Its advertising is as insidious as it is dishonest. We are never shown pictures of real smokers coughing up their lungs early in the morning. That would never do. The advertisement always depict virile，clean-shaven young men. They suggest it is manly to smoke，even positively healthy! Smoking is associated with the great open-air life，with beautiful girls，true love and togetherness. What utter nonsense! For a start，governments could begin by banning all cigarette and tobacco advertising and should then conduct anti-smoking advertising campaigns of their own. Smoking should be banned in all public places like theatres，cinemas and restaurants. Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially of the dire consequences of taking up the habit. A horrific warning –say，a picture of a death‘s head –should be included in every packet of cigarettes that is sold. As individuals，we are certainly weak，but if governments acted honestly and courageously，they could protect us from ourselves.1.Why do a few governments take timid measures toward smoking? [A] because they are afraid of people. [B] Because diseases cost a lot. [C] Because they are afraid of the cutting down of their revenue. [D] Because they are afraid of manufacturers.2.The tone of this passage is [A] critical. [B] ironical. [C] distaste.[D] amusing.3.What does the sentence “because you are in good company”mean? [A] you are backed by the government. [B] You are not alone. [C] You have good colleagues.[D] Governments are blind to evils of smoking too.4.What is the best title of this passage? [A] World Governments should conduct seriouscampaigns against smoking. [B] World governments take timid measures against smoking.[C] smoking is the most important source of income to many countries. [D] tobacco industry spends a large sum of money on medical research. Vocabulary 1.a wishful thinking 根据愿望的想法，不顾事实的想法 2.puff 喷 3.puff its way to 一路吞云吐雾走向 4.lukewarm 冷淡/漠然 5.insidious 阴险的，狡猾的6.virile 年富力强的写作方法与文章大意这是一篇“要求政府禁烟”的论说文，采用因果对比手法。

2018年可锐考研英语阅读真题解析（三）五、胚胎研究BBC ‘s Casualty programme on Saturday evening gave viewers a vote as to which of two patients should benefit from a donation. But it failed to tell us that we would not need to make so many life-and-death decisions if we got to grip with the chronic organ shortage. Being pussyfooting around in its approach to dead bodies, the Government is giving a kicking to some of the most vulnerable in our society. One depressing consequence of this is that a significant number of those on the waiting list take off to foreign countries to purchase an organ from a living third-world donor, something that is forbidden in the United Kingdom. The poor have no option but to wait in vain.The Human Tissue Authority’s position on the retention of body parts for medical research after a post-mortem examination is equally flawed. The new consent forms could have been drafted by some evil person seeking to stop the precious flow of human tissue into the pathological laboratory. The forms are so lengthy that doctors rarely have time to complete them and, even if they try, the wording is so graphic that relatives tend to leg it before signing. In consequence, the number of post mortems has fallen quickly.The wider worry is that the moral shortsightedness evident in the Human Tissue Act seems to infect every facet of the contemporary debate on medical ethics. Take the timid approach to embryonic stem cell research. The United States, for example, refuses government funding to scientists who wish to carry out potentially ground-breaking research on the surplus embryos created by IVF treatment.Senators profess to be worried that embryonic research fails to respect the dignity of “potential persons”. Rarely can such a vacuous concept have found its way into a debate claming to provide enlightenment. When is this “potential”supposed to kick in? In case you were wondering, these supposedly precious embryos are at the same stage of development as those that are routinely terminated by the Pill without anyone crying. Thankfully, the British Government has refused the position of the United States and operates one of the most liberal regimes in Europe, in which licences have been awarded to researchers to create embryos for medical research. It is possible that, in years to come, scientists will be able to grow organs in the lab and find cures for a range of debilitating diseases.The fundamental problem with our approach to ethics is our inability to separate emotion from policy. The only factor that should enter our moral and legal deliberations is that of welfare, a concept that is meaningless when applied to entities that lack self-consciousness. Never forget that the research that we are so reluctant to conduct upon embryos and dead bodies is routinely carried out on living, pain-sensitive animals.1. What has caused the chronic organ shortage?[A] a decrease in donation rates. [B] inefficient governmental policy.[C] illegal trade in human organs. [D] news media’s indifference.2. The expression “pussyfooting around”might mean______.[A] unfair [B] hesitant [C] secret [D] strict3. The moral shortsightedness is revealed in the fact that _____.[A] the government has stopped the experiment on human tissue[B] the donation consent forms are difficult to understand[C] the Human Tissues Act is an obstacle to important medical research[D] embryonic research shows disregard for human life4. To which of the following is the author most likely to agree?[A] the rich and the poor are equal in the face of death. [B] more scientists are needed for the medical advancement.[C] there is a double standard in medical ethics. [D] the dead deserve the same attention as the living.5. The author is most critical of_____.[A] the media [B] doctors [C] U. S. Legislators [D] the British government答案:1.B 2.B 3.C 4.C 5.C核心词汇和超纲词汇get to grips with认真处理chronic慢性的，长期的，延续很长的pussyfoot谨慎的，顾虑重重的approach 方式、方法、态度，如The school has decided to adopt a different ~ to discipline vulnerable易受攻击的，脆弱的，敏感的retention保留，保持;retainleg it逃跑purport自称，标榜;主要意思，大意，主旨kick in开始生效regime统治方式，统治制度，政权，政体;组织方法，管理体制deliberation熟思，考虑，商议全文翻译英国广播公司的“急诊服务处”节目于周六晚上让电视观众投票，决定两个病人之中哪一个应该受益于器官捐赠。

2018年可锐考研英语阅读真题解析（二）三、英学业间断期Talk to any parent of a student who took an adventurous gap year and a misty look will come into their eyes. There are some disasters and even the most motivated, organised gap student does require family back-up, financial, emotional and physical. The parental mistiness is not just about the brilliant experience that has matured their offspring; it is vicarious living. We all wish pre-university gap years had been the fashion in our day. We can see how much tougher our kids become; how much more prepared to benefit from university or to decide positively that they are going to do something other than a degree.Gap years are fashionable, as is reflected in the huge growth in the number of charities and private companies offering them. Pictures of Prince William toiling in Chile have helped, but the trend has been gathering steam for a decade. The range of gap packages starts with backpacking, includes working with charities, building hospitals and schools and, very commonly, working as a language assistant, teaching English. With this trend, however, comes a danger. Once parents feel that a well-structured year is essential to their would-be undergraduate’s progress to a better university, a good degree, an impressive CV and well paid employment, as the gap companies’blurbs suggest it might be, then parents will start organising—and paying for—the gaps.Where there are disasters, according to Richard Oliver, director of the gap companies’umbrella organisation, the Year Out Group, it is usually because of poor planning. That can be the fault of the company or of the student, he says, but the best insurance is thoughtful preparation. “When people get it wrong, it is usually medical or, especially among girls, it is that they have not been away from home before or because expectation does not match reality.”The point of a gap year is that it should be the time when the school leaver gets to do the thing that he or she fancies. Kids don’t mature if mum and dad decide how they are going to mature. If the 18-year-old’s way of maturing is to slob out on Hampstead Heath soaking up sunshine or spending a year working with fishermen in Cornwall, then that’s what will be productive for that person. The consensus, however, is that some structure is an advantage and that the prime mover needs to be the student.The 18-year-old who was dispatched by his parents at two weeks’notice to Canada to learn to be a snowboarding instructor at a cost of ￡5,800, probably came back with little more than a hangover. The 18-year-old on the same package who worked for his fare and spent the rest of his year instructing in resorts from New Zealand to Switzerland, and came back to apply for university, is the positive counterbalance.1. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that parents of gap students may_____.[A] help children to be prepared for disasters [B] receive all kinds of support from theirchildren[C] have rich experience in bringing up their offspring [D] experience watching children grow up2. According to the text, which of the following is true?[A] the popularity of gap years results from an increasing number of charities.[B] Prince William was working hard during his gap year.[C] gap years are not as fashionable as they were ten years ago.[D] a well-structured gap year is a guarantee of university success.3. The word “packages”means_____.[A] parcels carried in travelling [B] a comprehensive set of activities[C] something presented in a particular way [D] charity actions4. What can cause the disasters of gap years?[A] Intervention of parents. [B] Careful planning. [C] Good health. [D] Realistic expectation.5. An 18-year-old is believed to take a meaningful gap year when he/she_____.[A] lives up to his/her parents’expectations [B] spends time being lazy and doing nothing[C] learns skills by spending parents’money [D] earns his or her living and gains working experience答案：1.D 2.B 3.B 4.A 5.D核心词汇和超纲词汇a gap year学业间断的一年，间断年vicarious间接感受到的，如He got a ~ thrill out of watching his son score the winning goalpackage包，盒，袋;一套东西，一套建议，一揽子交易，如a benefits ~一套福利措施an aid ~综合援助计划backpack背包旅行go ~ingumbrella综合体，总体，整体，如an ~ group/fund综合团体/基金fork out大量花钱，大把掏钱slob懒惰而邋遢的人slob out/around游手好闲，无所事事structure结构，构造;精心组织，周密安排，体系dispatch派遣，调遣，派出;发出，发送at short notice随时，没有提前很长时间通知，at two week’s notice提前两周通知hangover遗留的感觉，如the insecure feeling that was a ~ from her childhoodcounterbalance抗衡，抵消;对……起平衡作用;平衡抵消物，抗衡全文翻译与度过了新奇的学业间断年的孩子的父母交谈，他们的眼神中会有一种含糊不清的东西。

2018年可锐考研英语阅读模拟试题精选（一）People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day. To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 . He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardized exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her. Dr. Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate could need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 . 1. [A]grants [B]submits [C]transmits [D]delivers 2. [A]minor [B]objective [C]crucial [D] external 3. [A]issue [B]vision[C]picture [D]external 4. [A] For example [B] On average [C]In principle [D]Above all5. [A]fond [B]fearful [C]capable [D] thoughtless6. [A] in [B] on [C]to [D] for7. [A] if [B] until [C] though [D] unless8. [A] promote [B] emphasize [C]share [D]test9.[A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success 10. [A] chosen [B] studied [C] found [D] identified 11. [A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise 12. [A] inspired [B] expressed [C] conducted [D] secured 13. [A] assigned [B] rated [C] matched [D] arranged 14. [A] put [B] got [C] gave [D] took 15. [A] instead [B] then [C] ever [D] rather 16. [A] selected [B] passed [C] marked [D] introduced 17. [A] before [B] after [C] above [D] below 18. [A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate 19. [A] achieve [B] undo [C] maintain [D] disregard 20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpfulSection I Use of English 1. A. grants 2. D. external 3. C. picture 4.A. For example 5.B. fearful 6. B. on 7. A. if 8. D. test 9. D. success 10. A. chosen 11. D. otherwise 12.C. conducted 13. B. rated 14.D. took 15. B. then 16. C. marked 17. A. before 18. C. drop 19. B. undo 20. C. necessaryThose who welcomed the railway saw it as more than a rapid and comfortable means of passing. They actually saw it as afactor in world peace. They did not foresee that the railway would be just one more means for the rapid movement of aggressive armies. None of them foresaw that themore weare together-the more chances there are of war. Any boy or girl who is one of a large family knows that. Whenever any new invention is put forward, those for it and those against it can always find medical men to approve or condemn. The anti-railway group produced doctors who said that tunnels would be most dangerous to public health: they would produce colds, catarrhs and consumptions. The deafening noise and the glare of the engine fire, would have a bad effect on the nerves. Further, being moved through the air at a high speed would do grave injury to delicate lungs. In those with high blood-pressure, the movement of the train might produce apoplexy . The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to eyesight. But the pro-railway group was of course able to produce equally famous medical men to say just the opposite. They said that the speed and swing of the train would equalize the circulation, promote digestion, tranquilize the nerves, and ensure good sleep. The actual rolling-stock was anything but comfortable. If it was a test of endurance to sit for four hours outside a coach in rain, or inside in dirty air, the railway offered little more in the way of comfort. Certainly the first-class carriages had cushioned seats; but the second-class had only narrow bare boards, while the third-class had nothing at all; no seats and no roof; they were just open trucks. So that third-class passengers gained nothing from the few mode except speed. In the matter of comfort, indeed they lost; they did, on the coaches, have a seat, but now they had to stand all the way, which gave opportunities to the comic press. This kind of thing: A man was seen yesterday buying a third-class ticket for the new London and Birmingham Railway. The state of his mind is being enquired into. A writer in the early days of railways wrote feelingly of both second-and third-class carriages. He made the suggestion that the directors of the railways must have sent all over the world to find the hardest possible wood. Of the open third-class trucks he said that they had the peculiar property of meeting the rain from whatever quarter it came. He described them as horizontal shower-baths, from whose searching power there was no escape. 1. All boys and girls in large families know that . A) a boy and a girl usually fight when they are together B) people tend to be together more than they used to be C) a lot of people being together makes fights likely D) Railway leads the world to peace 2. According to those who welcomed the railway, the railway itself should include all the following except .A) the railway enables people travel fast B) the railway brings comfort to peopleC) the railway makes the world peaceful D) the railway leads the world to war as well.3. According to the anti-railway group, all the followings are true but . A) tunnels are dangerous to public health B) the noise and the glare of the engine fire may affect people s nerves C) the rapid speed through the air does damage to people s lungs D) to those with high blood-pressure, the rapid speed of the train causes them to die4. We may safely conclude that . A) the author belongs to the anti-railway group B) the author belongs to the for-railway group C) the author speaks highly of the railway D) the author may never take train because of its potential dangers5. What is the tone of this passage? A)Practical B)Satirical C)Humorous D)Exaggerated Passage 4 1.C 2.D 3.D 4.A 5.CIn 1960-1961, Chad harvested 9800 tons of cotton seed for the first time in its history, and put out the flag a little too soon. The efforts of the authorities to get the peasants back to work, asthey had slacked off a great deal the previous year during independence celebrations, largely contributed to it. Also, rains were well spaced, and continued through the whole month of October. If the 1961-1962 total is back to the region of 45000 tons, it is mostly because efforts slackened again and sowing was started too late. The average date of sowing is about July 1st. If this date is simply moved up fifteen or twenty days, 30000 to 60000 tons of cotton are gained, depending on the year. The peasant in Chad sows his millet first, and it is hard to criticize this instinctive priority given to his daily bread. An essential reason for his lateness with sowing cotton is that at the time when he should leave to prepare the fields he has just barely sold the cotton of the previous season. The work required to sow, in great heat, is psychologically far more difficult if one s pockets are full of money. The date of cotton sales should therefore be moved forward as much as possible, and purchases of equipment and draught animals encouraged. Peasants should also be encouraged to save money, to help them through the difficult period between harvests. If necessary they should be forced to do so, by having the payments for cotton given to them in installments . The last payment would be made after proof that the peasant has planted before the deadline, the date being advanced to the end of June. Those who have done so would receive extra money whereas the last planters would not receive their last payment until later. Only the first steps are hard, because once work has started the peasants continue willingly on their way. Educational campaigns among the peasants will play an essential role in this basic advance, early sowing, on which all the others depend. It is not a matter of controlling the peasants. Each peasant will remain master of his fields. One could, however, suggest the need for the time being of kind but firm rule, which, as long as it cannot be realized by the people, should at least be for the people. 1. In 1960-1961, Chad had a good harvest of cotton because . A) the government greatly encouraged peasants B) rains favored the growth of cotton C) Chad gained independence in the previous year D) Both A)and B) 2. We learn from the passage that the date of sowing cotton is usually .A) on June 15th B) on July 15th C) on July 1st D) on July 20th 3. As used in the third sentence of the second paragraph,daily breadrefers to . A) breakfast B)bread and butter C)rice D)millet 4. In order to help them through the difficult time between harvests the peasants have to . A) sell cotton in advance B) be encouraged to save money C) sow cotton in time D) plant millet first 5. Which of the following is NOT true? A) Educational campaigns are very important to early sowing. B) Of all the advances that the writer hopes for, early sowing is the most important. C) Peasants should remain the masters of their fields. D) Government might as well make good and firm rule for peasants. Passage 5 1.D 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.B。

2018年可锐考研英语优秀阅读文章赏析（二）Mr Clean清白先生Ian King wants to transform the way the world sthird-biggest defence company does business伊安·金想转变世界第三大军工公司的经营之道ON JUNE 27th last year, just six weeks after MikeTurner, the chief executive of BAE Systems, hadbeen detained on arrival in America in connectionwith corruption allegations, Ian King wasannounced as his successor. Mr Turner andanother of the firm s directors were not held for long, and many felt that the Department ofJustice, which seized their laptops and BlackBerrys, had acted heavy-handedly. But theincident, which stemmed from a long-running investigation into claims that BAE hadlubricated the ?43 billion “al-Yamamah”arms deal with Saudi Arabiawith bribes to government officials and members of the royal family, was yet anotherembarrassment for the world s third-biggest defence company.去年6月27日，就在英国BAE系统公司的首席执行官Mike Turner抵达美国即因牵涉腐败案件而被拘留之后六周，伊安·金被宣布接替他的职务。