Realtime display of landslide monitoring data

SVI Pro1.1地震象素成像软件操作手册PST石油技术公司PetroSolution Tech,Inc.目录第一节SVI PRO1.1地震象素成像系列软件简介 (1)一、SVI PRO1.1特点 (1)二、SVI PRO1.1主要模块 (1)第二节SVI PRO1.1安装、启动操作 (2)一、SVI PRO1.1的安装 (2)二、SVI PRO1.1的启动 (2)第三节SVI PRO1.1工区建立及数据加载 (3)一、工区建立及地震数据加载 (3)二、井数据加载 (10)三、层位数据加载与输出 (12)第四节SVI PRO1.1数据处理流程 (13)一、像素过滤去噪处理 (13)二、提取倾角、方位角、以及倾角/方位角复合属性 (15)三、断层体系辨别与描述 (17)四、河道体系辨别与描述 (27)五、地质体（砂体）辨别与描述 (36)六、地震属性提取 (42)七、象素运算 (47)第一节SVI PRO1.1地震象素成像系列软件简介SVI PRO1.1是国际上第一款基于图像处理技术，结合地震属性处理技术，来解决复杂的地质问题的软件。

利用三维地震象素处理技术尤其适合复杂地质条件下的构造解释与描述、油气储集体探测和描述、复杂断层体系的自动探测和描述等。

SVI PRO1.1是以工作流程为核心的新一代地震像素成像软件，实现了高水平的半智能化识别，具有界面友好，易学易用，快速识别, 地质现象表现直观，准确, 客观的特点。

一、SVI PRO1.1特点1、软件是流程式操作，用户只要回答工作流程中的问题和提供相应的参数，就可顺利完成相应的识别工作，大大提高了工作的效率。

2、能够进行复杂地质条件下的构造解释与描述。

3、能够进行复杂地质条件下的油气储集体探测和描述。

4、能够进行复杂地质条件下的复杂断层体系的自动探测和描述。

5、独特的数据运算方式。

6、强大的3D显示功能。

二、SVI PRO1.1主要模块Visualization Framework－可视化平台Noise Filter－象素过滤去噪处理DipAzi－提取倾角、方位角、以及倾角/方位角复合属性FaultApplication－断层体系辨别与刻划StratApplication－河道体系辨别与刻划GeoBodies－地质体（砂体等）辨别与刻划Attributes & V oxelMath－地震属性提取，象素运算本操作手册主要介绍SVI PRO1.1地震象素成像系列软件使用流程。

第14卷第6期2007年11月地学前缘(中国地质大学(北京);北京大学)Eart h Science Frontiers (China University of Geosciences ,Beijing ;Peking University )Vol.14No.6Nov.2007收稿日期:2007-09-26;修回日期:2007-10-29基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(40072084)作者简介:殷坤龙(1963—),男,博士,教授,长期从事地质灾害预测预报研究。

E 2mail :yinkl @cug 1edu 1cn 区域滑坡灾害预测预警与风险评价殷坤龙1,　陈丽霞1,　张桂荣211中国地质大学(武汉)工程学院,湖北武汉43007421南京市水利水电科学研究院,江苏南京210029Yin Kunlong 1,　Chen Lixia 1,　Zhang Guirong 211Engineering Facult y ,China Universit y of Geosciences ,W uhan 430074,China 21N anj ing H y d raulic Research I nstit ute ,N anj ing 210029,ChinaYin K unlong ,Chen Lixia ,Zhang G uirong.R egional landslide hazard w arning and risk assessment.Ea rt h Science Frontiers ,2007,14(6):0852097Abstract :Regional landslide hazard prediction and warning is still a difficult problem and hot topic in the re 2search of landslide hazards.In the past decade ,research was mainly focused on the analysis of the combination of rainfall and geological environment.In this paper ,we summarize the current studies of landslide hazard pre 2diction and risk assessment ,and propose that the combination of hazard prediction with risk management is not only the need for hazard prediction and prevention ,but also the trend in the future.Basic theories are dis 2cussed f rom two aspects :the spatial prediction and time warning.Based on these theories ,we set up a land 2slide hazard information management system and a real 2time warning information releasing system ,which is developeded on Map GIS platform.Taking landslides as examples in Y ongjia City ,Zhejiang Province ,during the period of typhoon Rananim of 2004,we have studied the spatial landslide hazard prediction ,life vulnerabil 2ity assessment and economic risk assessment.K ey w ords :landslide hazard ;Web GIS ;prediction and warning ;risk assessment摘　要:区域滑坡灾害预测预警是滑坡灾害研究领域的难点和热点。

landsat8用法
Landsat 8用法：
Landsat 8是一颗美国国家航空航天局（NASA）与美国地质调查局（USGS）联合操作的卫星，致力于收集和提供地球表面的高分辨率遥感图像。

这些图像具有多种用途，包括监测地球上的土地利用变化、辅助农业和林业管理、以及研究地质和环境变化等。

在土地利用方面，Landsat 8的用法广泛。

它可以帮助农业部门监测农作物的生长和健康状况，包括土壤湿度、植被覆盖和植物健康指数等。

这些信息对于农民来说非常有价值，可以帮助他们做出更明智的农业管理决策，提高农作物产量和减少资源浪费。

此外，Landsat 8还可以用于监测森林覆盖度的变化，帮助林业部门进行可持续林业管理，保护和维护森林资源。

除了土地利用，Landsat 8还被广泛应用于地质和环境研究中。

例如，通过收集卫星图像，科学家可以研究火山活动、地震震源和其他地质现象。

它们还可以监测冰川和海洋的变化，以了解全球气候变化和海洋生态系统的情况。

这些研究为我们理解地球的动态变化提供了重要数据。

Landsat 8图像的高分辨率和多波段能力使其成为地球科学研究和应用的重要工具。

它为各个领域提供了有价值的数据，包括农业、林业、地质、环境科学等。

借助这些数据，我们能够更好地了解地球，支持可持续发展和环境保护。

总之，Landsat 8的用法多样而广泛。

它为我们提供了有关地球表面的高质量图像和数据，支持各种研究和应用。

这颗卫星为我们提供了更好地认识和保护我们的地球的机会。

The new generation in signal analysisReal-Time Spectrum AnalyzerMonitoring ReceiverRF Direction Finding andLocalization SystemMore and more devices have to share the available frequency spectrum as aresult of new technologies such as the Internet of things (IoT), machine tomachine (M2M) or car to car (C2C) communications, and the rapidly growing4G/5G mobile networks.It doesn’t matter whether you are making a wideband measurement of entirefrequency ranges, or searching for hidden signals, or needing to reliablydetect very short impulses, or localizing interference signals –SignalSharkgives you all the measurement solutions you need to cope with the increasinglycomplex radio frequency spectrum. Its design and excellent performance makeit ideal for on-site measurements as well as for fully-fledged laboratory use. SignalShark. Seven senses for signalsSignalShark –there’s a reason for the name. Just like its namesake, theSignalShark is an extremely efficient hunter, perfectly designed for its task.Its prey: interference signals. Its success rate: Exceptional. The real-timeanalyzer is a successful hunter, thanks to the interplay of its highly developedseven sensory functions. Seven senses that don’t miss a thing, and that makeit easy for you to identify and track down interferers in real-time./watch?v=pSZdR27j5LQ&t=14s• Frequency range: 8 kHz to 8 GHz• Weight: Approx. 4.1 kg / 9 lbs (with one battery)• Dimensions: 230 × 335 × 85 mm (9.06ʺ× 13.19ʺ× 3.35ʺ)Make it your deviceSignalShark is ready for the future, thanks toits many expansion facilities, and it can beoptimally adapted as needed to the widestvariety of applications.SignalShark – the 40 MHz real-timespectrum analyzerWhether you are in the lab or out in thefield, you will have the right analysis toolin hand with the SignalShark. You will beconvinced by its truly outstanding RF perfor-mance, as well as by its easily understood,application-oriented operating concept.The high real-time bandwidth with very highFFT overlapping ensures that you can reliablycapture even extremely brief and infrequentevents. The unusually fast scan rate results invery short measurement times even if youneed to cover wider frequency bands thanthe real-time bandwidth. Comprehensiveevaluation tools make sure that you canperform current and future measurementand analysis tasks up to laboratory instru-ment standards reliably, simply, and faster.SignalShark – the monitoring receiverThe extremely High Dynamic Range (HDR) ofthe SignalShark ensures that you can reliablydetect even the weakest signals in the pre-sence of very strong signals, and not confusethem with the artifacts of a normal receiver.This is a basic requirement for most tasksin the field of radio monitoring. Alongsidethe real-time spectrum analyzer, there is areceiver for audio demodulation, level mea-surement, and modulation analysis, whichcan be tuned to any frequency and channelbandwidth within the 40 MHz real-timebandwidth. And, if you need even more thanthe analysis tools of the SignalShark, you canprocess the I/Q data from the receiver exter-nally as a real-time stream and store themon internal or external data storage media.SignalShark – the direction findingand localization systemIt is often necessary to locate the positionof a signal transmitter once the signals havebeen detected and analyzed. SignalSharksupports the new Automatic Direction-Finding Antennas (ADFA) from Narda,allowing you to localize the source veryquickly and reliably. In fact, localization ischild’s play, thanks to the integrated mapsand localization firmware. Conveniently,homing-in using an ADFA mounted on amoving vehicle is also supported. Powerful,state of the art algorithms minimize theeffects of false bearings caused by reflectionsoff urban surroundings in real-time. Extre-mely light weight and easy to use manualdirection finding antennas are availablefor ”last mile“ localization.V I D E OVideo display port for external monitor or projector USB 2.0 for keyboard, mouse, printer, etc.fast, convenient measurementBuilt-in loudspeaker gives clear,loud sound reproduction, even in noisy environments/watch?v=0jqrwU_jPcsV I D E OSignalShark is a handy, portable, battery powered measuring device, yet it boasts performance that is otherwise only found in large, heavy laboratory grade equipment. It can be readily used instead of such expensive equipment because of its wide range of connection facilities and measurement functions.SignalShark –the real-time spectrum analyzer• HDR: extremely low noise and distortion, simultaneously • real-time bandwidth: 40 MHz – FFT overlap: 75 % (Fspan > 20 MHz)– FFT overlap: 87.5 % (Fspan ≤20 MHz, RBW ≤400 kHz))– FFT size: up to 16,384• Minimum signal duration for 100 % POI: 3.125 µs at full amplitude accuracy • Minimum detectable signal duration: < 5 ns • Persistence: up to 1.6 million spectrums per second • Spectrogram time resolution: down to 31.25 µs • Spectrogram detectors: up to three at the same time • RBW: 1 Hz - 800 kHz in real-time spectrum mode, 1 Hz - 6.25 MHz in scan spectrum mode• Filters conforming to CISPR and MIL for EMC measurements • Scan speed: Scan rate up to 50 GHz/s • Detectors: +Pk, RMS, Avg, -Pk, Sample• Markers: 8, additional noise power density and channel power function •Peak table: shows up to 50 highest spectral peaksReliable detection of extremely short and rare events in a 40 MHz real-time bandwidthA real-time analyzer calculates the spectrum by applying the FFT on overlapping time segments of the underlying I/Q data within its real-time bandwidth. The real-time band-width is only one of the key parameters for a real-time analyzer. The probability of inter-cept, POI, is easily just as important. This parameter describes the minimum time that the signal must be present for it to be always detected without any reduction in level. This time is affected by the maximum resolution bandwidth RBW and the FFT overlap. The SignalShark is a match for established laboratory analyzers with its minimum duration of 3.125 µsec for 100 %POI and full amplitude accuracy. The mini-mum detectable signal duration is < 5 nsec.SignalShark accomplishes this by a large signal immunity in combination with a very low intrinsic noise as well as a high FFT overlap and its large resolution bandwidth.That is outstanding for a hand-held analyzer. To accomplish this, SignalShark generally operates with an 87.5 % overlap, which is again outstanding for a hand-held analyzer.This means that even the shortest impulses are detected and the full signal to noise ratio is maintained for longer signals.Spectrogram shows more details than everWith SignalShark, you can use up to three detectors at the same time for the Spectrogram view. This makes it possible for you to easily visualize impulse inter-ference on broadcast signals and get much more information from the spectrogram. The extraordinarily fine time resolution of 31.25 µs means that you can completely reveal the time signatures of many signals.With the I/Q Analyzer option, you can resolve the spectrogram even more, to less than 200 ns.Persistence ViewA color display of the spectrum shows how often the displayed levels have occurred. This enables you to detect signals that would be masked by stronger signals in a normal spectrum view.=SignalShark is not just a very powerful real-time spectrum analyzer. It is also the ideal monitoring receiver, thanks to its near ITU-ideal spectrum monitoring dynamic capabilities, second receiver path and demodulators.SignalShark –the monitoring receiver• HDR: extremely low noise and distortion, simultaneously • CBW: 25 Hz - 40 MHz (Parks-McClellan, α= 0.16)• Filters for EMC measurements: CISPR, MIL • Detectors: +Pk, RMS, Avg, -Pk, Sample• EMC detectors: CPk, CRMS, CAvg (compliant with CISPR)• Level units: dBm, dB µV, dB(µV/m) …• Level uncertainty: < ±2dB • AFC• Audio demodulators: CW, AM, Pulse, FM, PM, LSB, USB, ISB, I/Q • AGC & squelch for audio demodulators • Modulation measurements: AM, FM, PM • I/Q streaming: Vita 49 (sample rate ≤25,6 MHz)• Remote control protocol: SCPIThe benefit of HDRThe extremely high dynamic range (HDR) of the SignalShark ensures that you can reliably detect even the weakest signals in the presence of very strong signals. The SignalShark’s pre-selector allows it to suppress frequencies that would other-wise interfere with the measurement. The excellent dynamic range of the SignalShark is the result of the ideal combination of the displayed averaged noise level (DANL)with the so-called large-signal immunity parameters, i.e. the second and third order intermodulation intercept points (IP 2and IP 3).It is important that these three factors are always specified for the same device setting (e.g. no attenuation, no pre-amplifier), as they vary considerably according to the setting.DDC 2, the additional receiver pathThe tuning frequency and the channel band-width of an additional receiver path, DDC 2,can be set independently from the real-time spectrum analyzer path, DDC 1, within the real-time bandwidth of the SignalShark. The I/Q data can be streamed to external devices in real-time, or they can be processed by the SignalShark itself for level measurements,audio demodulation, and modulation measurements. The very steep cutoffchannel filters capture 100 % of the signal in the selected channel without any degra-dation while completely suppressing the adjacent channels.CISPR compliant EMC detectors now also available for on-site applications The facility for selecting all the filters and detectors necessary for CISPR or MIL com-pliant EMC measurements is also available for the receiver as well as for the spectrum. If an interferer is detected, you can now decide on the spot whether or not the device needs to be taken out of service because of violating EMC regulations.EQDDC 1Overlap BufferFFT DetectorsPersist.Persistence StreamSpectrum StreamADC DataDDC 2DetectorsDetectorsI/Q BufferTrigger UnitDemodulatorsAGCLevel StreamDem. Det.StreamDem. Audio StreamAM & FM StreamI/Q StreamI 2+Q2I 2+Q2PATH 1PATH 2The block circuit diagram shows the two, independent digital down converters (DDC). These make it possible e.g. to observe the spectrum of the signal spectrum and demodulate it at the same time independently within the real-time bandwidth.Automatic Direction Finding Antenna ADFA 1 + 2Narda offers a large number of automatic and directional antennas for the SignalShark. Their unique characteristics combined with the SignalShark makes them unbeatable.Automatic Direction Finding Antenna ADFA 1The frequency range of ADFA 1 makes it particularly suitable for localizing interferers,e.g. in mobile communications networks:Frequency range: 200 MHz - 2.7 GHz Nine dipoles arranged on a 380 mm diameter circle for DFA central monopole is used as a reference element for DF or as an omnidirectional monitoring antennaBuilt-in phase shifter and switch matrix Direction finding method: correlative interferometerBearing uncertainty: 1° RMS (typ.)Built-in electronic compassBuilt-in GNSS receiver with antenna and PPS outputDiameter: 480 mmAutomatic Direction Finding Antenna ADFA 2 (available 2019)This ADFA is suitable for a wide range of localization tasks due to its wide frequency range:Frequency range: (500 kHz) 10 MHz -8 GHz Two crossed coils for DF at low frequencies Nine dipoles arranged on a 380 mm dia-meter circle for DF at medium frequencies Nine monopoles arranged on a 125 mm diameter circle for DF at high frequencies A central monopole is used as a reference element for DF or as an omnidirectional monitoring antennaBuilt-in phase shifter and switch matrix Direction finding method: Watson-Watt or correlative interferometerBearing uncertainty (10 MHz - 200 MHz): 2° RMS (typ.)Bearing uncertainty (200 MHz - 8 GHz): 1° RMS (typ.)Built-in electronic compassBuilt-in GNSS receiver with antenna and PPS output Diameter: 480 mm Automatic Direction Finding Antenna ADFA accessoriesConnecting cable, length 5 m or 15 m,low lossTripod including mounting accessories Mounting kit for magnetic attachment to a vehicle roofMounting kit for mast attachmentAfter you have localized the signal by SignalShark and ADFA using the car, you will need for last mile or to enter a building Narda’s handy, feather-light directional antennas and active antenna handle. They are the ideal choice in this situation. The antenna handle does more than just hold the antenna. Among other features, it has a built-in operating button that allows you to perform the main steps during manual direction finding, making the combination unbeatable.and take bearings on very weak or distant signals. The preamplifier gain is taken into account automatically when you make field strength or level measurements.The integrated operating button lets you make the main steps in the manual direction finding process.The following antennas to fit the antenna handle are available:• Loop Antenna: 9 kHz - 30 MHz• Directional Antenna 1: 20 MHz - 250 MHz • Directional Antenna 2: 200 MHz - 500 MHz • Directional Antenna 3: 400 MHz - 8 GHz A plug-in adapter with male N connector allows you to take advantage of the features of the handle even when you are using third-party antennas or external filters.Directional antenna 3400 MHz - 8 GHz350 g / 0.77 lbsDirectional antenna 1 20 MHz - 250 MHz 400 g / 0.88 lbs Loop antenna 9 kHz - 30 MHz 380 g / 0.84 lbs Directional antenna 2 200 MHz - 500 MHz 300 g / 0.66 lbs Active antenna handle with integrated compass and preamplifier 9 kHz - 8 GHz 470 g / 1.04 lbsAdapter,male N connectorN Antenna Elements0°90°180°270°Element SwitchReference Elementn1Quadrature Phase Shifter(Smart Antenna)+The Narda antenna handle and directional antennas are extremely light, making for fatigue-free signal searches.The convenient plug-in system allows you to change antennas very quickly.SignalShark recognizes the antenna and applies the appropriate antenna factors for field strength measurements automatically.SignalShark receives the azimuth,elevation and polarization of the antenna from the 3D electronic compass built into the handle, so manual direction finding could hardly be simpler.The preamplifier built into the handle is activated and deactivated bySignalShark, so you can further reduce SignalShark’s low noise figure to detectYou will often need to locate the position of a signal transmitter once thesignals have been detected or analyzed. SignalShark combined with Narda’snew automatic direction finding antennas (ADFA) and the very powerfulmap and localization firmware provides reliable bearings in the twinklingof an eye. The bearing results are processed by the SignalShark withoutneeding an external PC. Reliable localization of transmitters has not beenpossible before with so few hardware components.Transmitter localizationSignalShark simplifies transmitter localizationby autonomously evaluating all the availablebearing results and plotting them on a map,using a statistical distribution of bearinglines. The result is a so-called “heat map”,on which the possible location of the trans-mitter is plotted and color-coded accordingto probability. SignalShark also draws anellipse on the map centered on the estima-ted position of the transmitter and indicatingthe area where the transmitter has a 95 %probability of being located. The algorithmused by SignalShark to calculate the positionof an emitter is extremely powerful. It candetermine the position of the emitter bycontinuous direction finding when movingaround in a vehicle, even in a complexenvironment such as an inner-city area.The calculation is continuous inreal-time, so you can viewthe changing heat mapon the screen of theSignalShark andFast automatic direction findingSignalShark supports the new automaticdirection finding antennas (ADFA) fromNarda, which let you take a completebearing cycle in as little as 1.2 ms.The omnidirectional channel power and thespectrum are also measured during a bearingcycle, so you can monitor changes in thesignal level or spectrum concurrently withthe bearings. The AFDAs use differentantenna arrays, depending on the frequencyrange. At low frequencies, a pair of crossedcoils are used for the Watson-Watt methodof direction finding. At medium and highfrequencies, a circular array of nine dipolesor monopoles is used for the correlativeinterferometer direction finding method.SignalShark –The RF direction finding and localization system• Frequency range ADFA 1: 200 MHz - 2.7 GHz• Frequency range ADFA 2: 10 MHz - 8 GHz• Azimuth and elevation bearings• DF quality index• Complete bearing cycle: down to 1.2 ms• Omnidirectional level and spectrum during DF process• Uses OpenStreetMaps, other map formats can be imported• Easy to use, powerful map and localization software• The map and localization software runs on the handheldunit itselfThe SignalShark is a very powerful platform that Narda is continuously expanding. Options that will be available for delivery in 2019 are described below. Only the firmware of the SignalShark will be used to realize these options, which will be capable of on-site activation.High time resolution spectrogram HTRSalso available in the spectrum pathIn real-time spectrum mode, the ring buffer ofthe SignalShark records the I/Q data from thereal-time spectrum path rather than from thereceiver I/Q data. If you or a trigger eventhalts the real-time analyzer, the last up to200 million I/Q samples of the monitoredfrequency range are available. This correspondsto a timespan of at least 4 s, so you can zoomin on the spectrogram with a resolution ofbetter than 200 ns when the analyzer is halted.The FFT overlap can be up to 93.75 %, and nodetectors are needed that could reduce thetime resolution. You can even subsequentlyalter the RBW. The persistence view also adjustsso that it exactly summarizes the spectrumsin the time period covered by the zoomedsegment. This ensures that all the time orspectral details in the I/Q data can be madevisible. You can of course also save the I/Qdata of the zoomed segment.DF SpectrumThe SignalShark can find the directions ofseveral transmitters simultaneously in DFspectrum evaluation mode. This mode offersa persistence spectrum and a spectrogramof the azimuth in addition to the usual levelspectrum and spectrogram view. You canalso monitor frequency ranges that arewider than the real-time bandwidth of theSignalShark. You can distinguish betweendifferent transmitters much more easilythan before by means of DF spectrum mode,because the SignalShark shows you thedirection of incidence as well as the levelof each frequency bin.SignalShark I/Q analyzerSignalShark has a ring buffer for up to 200 million I/Q samples. The receiver I/Q data are normally written continuouslyto the ring buffer. The recording can be stopped by a trigger event. The recorded I/Q data are then transferred to the CPU of the SignalShark, where they are further processed.The following trigger sources are available: Frequency mask triggerReceiver levelExternal trigger sourceTimestampUser inputFree runThe following I/Q data views are available: I and Q versus timeMagnitude versus time (Zero-span) Vector diagramHigh time resolution spectrogram Persistence You can of course also save the I/Q data as adata set, and you can even stream the datadirectly to permanent storage media in orderto make very long recordings of the I/Q data.You can then replay such long-term recor-dings using the integrated I/Q analyzer, orprocess them externally.2 x 10 MHz LTE signal recorded in a HTRS. Time resolution1 µs. The extremely high time resolution renders the signaltransparent at low traffic levels (right), so you can spotpossible interference within the frame structure.More Information about technical details andaccessories like transport case and car chargerunit can be found in the SignalShark data sheet./en/signalsharkNarda is a leading supplier …N S T S 06/18 E 0333A T e c h n i c a l a d v an c e s , e r r o r s a n d o m i s s i o n s e x c l u d e d .© N a r d a S a f e t y T e s t S o l u t i o n s 2014. ® T h e n a m e a n d l o g o a r e t h e r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k s o f N a r d a S a f e t y T e s t S o l u t i o n s G m b H a n d L 3 C o m m u n i c a t i o n s H o l d i n g s , I n c .—T r a d e n a m e s a r e t h e t r a d e m a r k s o f t h e i r o w n e r s .r o e n e r -d e s i g n .d eNarda Safety Test Solutions 435 Moreland RoadHauppauge, NY11788, USA Phone +1 631 231-1700Fax +1 631 231-1711**************************… of measuring equipment in the RF test and measurement, EMF safety and EMC sectors. The RF test and measurement sector covers analyzers and instruments for measuring andidentifying radio sources. The EMF safety product spectrum includes wideband and frequency-selective measuring devices, and monitors for wide area coverage or which can be worn on the body for personal safety. The EMC sector offers instruments for determining the electro-magnetic compatibility of devices under the PMM brand. The range of services includes servicing, calibration, accredited calibration, and continuous training programs.Narda Safety Test Solutions GmbH Sandwiesenstraße 772793 Pfullingen, Germany Tel. +49 7121 97 32 0Fax +49 7121 97 32 790********************* /en/signalshark。

1998-04-29收稿。

张玉贵研究员,刘华(中国林业科学研究院资源信息研究所　北京　100091);F .R .Beern aert (联合国粮农组织土地分类顾问)。

*本文是国家“八五”攻关专题“‘三北’防护林体系和植被动态监测及信息系统研究”和GC P /C PR /009/BEL 国际合作项目的部分内容。

T M 影像的计算机屏幕解译和荒漠化监测*张玉贵　F.R.Beernaert 刘　华 摘要　以覆盖科尔沁沙地13个旗县的6景T M 影像为例,简介了以计算机屏幕解译这种技术路线制作卫星影像分类图的过程,论述了卫星遥感技术监测荒漠化土地变化和作出环境发展趋势评估的潜力。

指出对待盐渍化和沙化这两个问题,对不同区域应各有侧重,最后介绍了联合国粮农组织(FA O )的土地分类原则,用土地单元、土地利用类型及附加特性注记地类的方法。

关键词　荒漠监测　遥感　环境评价 荒漠化威胁着全人类的生存环境。

在中国,由于人为因素,除个别地区表现出生态环境好转以外,荒漠化日趋严重是总的趋势。

监测、控制和治理荒漠化是一个社会问题,需要各级政府和受益区群众共同协作,才能解决。

遥感技术是一种有效监测荒漠化的手段。

卫星遥感影像是对地物本身特性的客观反映,但缺少抽象地理要素,需要加入地理信息以确定地理位置和方向,这就形成了影像地图。

经过现地调查、分析、解译并勾绘出不同地物的界线,并保留原影像特征,便生成卫星影像分类地图。

本文主要介绍T M 影像监测荒漠化的潜力以及卫星影像地图及分类地图的技术要点。

1　T M 影像处理方法 荒漠化土地的计算机屏幕解译以及卫星影像地图及卫星影像分类图的制作,主要是在微机上用Photoshop 软件完成,但原始影像需做预处理。

1.1　数据资料及预处理购置内蒙古科尔沁沙地1996年的T M 影像数据6景,其轨道号为122/29、122/30、121/29、121/30、120/29、120/30。

海岸地形测量技术科普：机载LiDAR测量技术的应用海岸地形测量是海洋测绘的重要组成部分，主要包括三部分内容：海岸线；海岸线以上一定范围内的航行方位物、道路、河流、沟渠，居民地，植被、土质等；海岸线以下干出滩、明礁、岛屿以及码头，海堤、灯塔、渔堰等重要地物。

由于海道测量规范对海岸线，干出滩性质与高程，航行方位物等要素信息的测量精度要求较高，所以，传统海岸地形测量主要采用数字全站仪和 GPS RTK 等人工实地精确测量方法。

随着机载LiDAR技术及其应用的快速发展，使海岸地形测量的技术创新成为可能。

检测具有国家认可的测绘资质，拥有多名专业级海洋测绘高级工程师、注册测绘师。

我们将利用自身专业的技术、丰富的经验和完善的设备，为客户专业化的海岸地形测量服务。

海岸线机载LiDAR 测量按照《海道测量规范》要求，海岸线应实测，即根据海岸的植物边线、土壤和植被的颜色、湿度、硬度以及流木，水草、贝壳等冲积物人工实地测定，并按性质分为岩石岸、磊石岸、砾质岸、沙质岸、陡岸、岩石陡岸，加固岸，垄岸，详细测注高程，高程测量中误差不大于0.2m ，陡岸、堤岸均须注记比高等。

《海道测量规范》要求海岸线实测。

20世纪90年代受测量技术水平的限制，但是目前基于航空摄影测量和激光雷达扫描测量的地形图测绘技术发展很快，测图比例尺普遍达到1：2000，影像分辨率高于0.2m ，最高可达0. 05m，通过影像解译提取海岸线已成为现实，加之高精度、高密度的激光点云数据，准确勾画出海岸线等高特征，确保海岸线识别定位信息准确可靠，同时机载LiDAR了海岸线高程注记和地物比高信息，再结合外业调绘，实现海岸线精细分类。

单一摄影测量无法满足海岸线高程测量精度和精细分类要求，而机载LiDAR测量包含摄影测量和激光点云测量两部分功能，再结合外业调绘技术，使机载 LiDAR成为海岸线测量的有效手段。

滩涂机载LiDAR测量滩涂测量包括海岸线以下干出滩、明礁、岛屿等，以及码头，海堤，灯塔、渔堰等重要地物，要求高程测量中误差不大于0. 2m。

DatasheetNarda FieldManNarda FieldMan ®All-in-one electromagnetic field meter ranging from 0 Hz to 90 GHzThe Narda FieldMan performs highly accurate measure-ments of non-ionizing high-frequency radiation and low-frequency fields. Equipped with digital probes for measuring electric or magnetic field strengths, it covers the range from static and low-frequency fields in medical and industrial applications to mobile radio frequencies and millimeter waves. Flat frequency response probes (“flat probes”), as well as so-called shaped probes that evaluate the field strength on the basis of a human safety standard are available. Probes with built-in FFT analysis enable spectral measurements along with time domain analyses up to frequencies of 400 kHz. All probes have a digital interface that transmits the measurement data to the basic device in a fail-safe manner. This eliminates the need to calibrate the basic unit.›Non-directional measurement using isotropic probes for applications in the frequency range 0 Hz (DC) to 90 GHz›Large sunlight readable color display 5” diagonal with 1280x720 HD resolution›Digital probe interface for broadband and selective probes – no more meter calibration›Powerful time and frequency domain analysis for low frequency fields up to 400 kHz including Weighted Peak measurements›WiFi/Bluetooth interface for remote operation via smartphone app (Option)›Built-in GPS receiver and rangefinder for easy location determination (Option)›Fast data transmission ›optical interface ›Ethernet ›USB-CApplicationsThe Narda FieldMan is used to make precision measurements to establish human safety, particularly in workplace environments where high electric or magnetic field strengths are likely to occur. An essential task is to demonstrate compliance with generalsafety regulations, such as FCC, IEEE, ICNIRP or EMF Directive 2013/35/EU. Examples of measurement environments are:›Radiocommunication base stations (e.g. IEC / EN 62232)›Broadcasting systems (e.g. IEC 62577)›Radar and satellite communications systems ›Induction heating and melting (e.g. EN 50519)›Household appliances (e.g. IEC / EN 62233)›Electric welding equipment (e.g. IEC / EN 62822)›Railroad operations (e.g. EN 50500)›Automotive operations (e.g. IEC 62764)›Energy supply systems (e.g. IEC / EN 62110)›Electrical medical devices (e.g. IEC / EN 60601)›TEM cells and absorber chambers to demonstrate electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)Digital ProbesA large number of isotropic field probes are available for theFieldMan. All of them transmit their information and measurement data as a digital signal to the FieldMan, either via an electrical USB interface or via an optical COM interface. In this way,interference is significantly reduced compared to high-resistance analog interfaces. The specially developed screw connectors and electrical contacts are extremely robust and resilient.The probes are automatically recognized after connection to the FieldMan. Sensors inside the probe record the temperature of the measuring location and transmit it to the FieldMan display. In addition to the automatic offset correction, the temperature measurement is also used to compensate for the typicaltemperature dependency of the sensor diodes. The advantages are uninterrupted measurements without zero adjustment and higher measurement accuracy over wide temperature ranges. An automatic self-test function can even detect possible errors in the sensor system, which means that additional checking with a test generator is superfluous. Only the digital probes arecalibrated. You can continue to use your FieldMan during this time.There are probes for many different applications with theappropriate frequency and level ranges. The following table gives an overview of common areas of application.Frequency rangeDC up to1 kHzUp to400 kHzUp to400 kHz Up to 30 MHz Up to 1 GHz Up to 6 GHz Up to 40 GHz Up to 90 GHz Up to 50 GHz Field type, magnetic (H) or electric (E)H E+HHHHEEEE ShapedProbe modelsHP-01EHP-50F/G BFD-400-1 (100 cm 2) BFD-400-3 (3 cm 2) HFD-3061 HFD-0191 EFD-0391 EFD-0392 EFD-0691 EFD-0692 EFD-1891 EFD-4091 EFD-5091 EFD-6091EFD-9091EAD-5091EBD-5091ECD-5091EDD-50915G mobile radio / telecommunications Broadcast radio / TVSatellite communications RadarIndustry: Heating and temperingIndustry: Plastics weldingIndustry: Semiconductor productionMedicine: Diathermy, hyperthermyLeak locationHousehold appliances Electric welding equipmentRailroad operationsAutomotive operationsEnergy supply systems Electric medical devicesAccredited calibration includedProbe interfaceOptical connectionDigital probe interfaceFig. 1. Areas of application and suitable probe modelsUse and benefitDuring the development of the FieldMan, special attention was paid to achieving simple, well-structured and fluid operation. The arrangement of many display elements known from smartphones, the self-explanatory symbols and the FieldMan processes, which are perfectly tailored to the measurement tasks, offer maximum ease of use. The large, anti-glare HD color display shows the measured values numerically and graphically with all important additional information in a clear form and is easy to read even in bright sunlight. From simple broadband measurements to sophisticated time signal recording in real time or spectral frequency analysis of low-frequency fields, you have the right operating modes at your disposal.Measurement results can be commented on by text or voice and can be saved as a screen copy at the push of a button. Built-in sensors record the current environmental conditions as well as the position data and automatically add them to the measurement result. The built-in distance meter (option) shows you the measuring height above the ground, which makes the exact positioning of the measuring device much easier. For a better overview, the measurement results can be assigned to freely definable projects, which is particularly helpful when the measurement locations change frequently. If you want todocument your measurement results with photos and videos, the FieldMan smartphone app will help you. For example, the app wirelessly transfers media files created with the smartphone to the project directory on the FieldMan SD memory card. A newly developed, extremely powerful PC software "Narda-TSX" is available for documenting the measurement results, media and other information. It is Narda's new software platform for device configuration, measurement data evaluation and documentation, which in addition to the FieldMan will also support other Narda products in the future.Fig. 2. FieldMan display and controlsFig. 3. The FieldMan is supplied with a robust transport caseProbe connectionBrightness sensor LoudspeakerMicrophone, humidity sensor Status bar Probe information Measurement informationMeasurement isotropic Measurement single axes Statistical values Interface panelMeasurement graphic: Time curve, spectrum or bar graph Softkey symbolsSoftkeys Save key Back key Navigation keyStatus LEDDefinitions and ConditionsConditionsUnless otherwise noted, specifications apply after 30 minutes warm-up time within the specified environmental conditions. The product is within the recommended calibration cycle.Specifications with limitsThese describe product performance for the given parameter covered by warranty. Specifications with limits (shown as <, ≤, >, ≥, ±, max., min.) apply under the given conditions for the product and are tested during production, considering measurement uncertainty.Specifications without limitsThese describe product performance for the given parameter covered by warranty. Specifications without limits represent values with negligible deviations, which are ensured by design (e.g. dimensions or resolution of a setting parameter). Typical values (typ.)These characterize product performance for the given parameter that is not covered by warranty. When stated as a range or as a limit (shown as <, ≤, >, ≥, ±, max., min.), they represent the performance met by approximately 80% of the instruments. Otherwise, they represent the mean value. The measurement uncertainty is not taken into account. Nominal values (nom.)These characterize expected product performance for the given parameter that is not covered by warranty. Nominal values are verified during product development but are not tested during production. UncertaintiesThese characterize the dispersion of the values attributed to the measurands with an estimated confidence level of approximately 95%. Uncertainty is stated as the standard uncertainty multiplied by the coverage factor k=2 based on the normal distribution. The evaluation has been carried out in accordance with the rules of the “Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement” (GUM).Specifications MetricsElectric and magnetic fieldsMeasurement control and result display for the following probes and analyzers.Frequency range and level range depending on the probe/ analyzer. Broadband probes 100 kHz to 90 GHz (see list of digital broadband probes)Selective probes 1 Hz to 400 kHz, B-field (see list of digital selective probes)Probe model EHP-50F/G 1 Hz to 400 kHz, E-field and B-field (FFT-Analyzer, see separate datasheet)Probe model HP-01 0 Hz to 1 kHz, B-field (Magnetometer/ FFT-Analyzer, see separate datasheet)Electric field units V/m, mW/cm2, W/m2, % of standard (depending on the connected probe)Magnetic field units A/m, Tesla, Gauss, mW/cm2, W/m2, % of standard (depending on the connected probe)Temperature 1Logging of the ambient temperature at the time of measurement (-40 °C to +85 °C) in °C or °F Humidity 1Logging of the ambient relative humidity at the time of measurement (0% to 100% RH)Air pressure Logging of the ambient air pressure at the time of measurement (300 to 1100 hPa)Distance (Option) An ultrasonic rangefinder on the bottom side measures the distance to ground or to an object (0.25 m to 4 m) in m, ft, in or yd. Coverage ratio ≈ Distance / 4.Geolocation (Option) Built-in GNSS receiver for determining latitude, longitude and altitude (MSL).72 channels with the support of GNSS systems (GPS / QZSS, Galileo, GLONASS, BeiDou) and the SBAS extension system (WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS, GAGAN).Position accuracy: Autonomous 2.5 m CEP.DisplayDisplay type Sunlight readable 5” color TFT-LCD anti-glare display (HD 1280 x 720 pixels) Brightness Manual control or automatic control via brightness sensorOperating languages Largely language-independent measurement control via symbols.Menu languages: English, German, more are planned.1 The permissible operating range of the device and probe must not be exceeded. The temperature sensor is located in the probe.Operating ModesMode description Field Strength Broadband field measurements. Numerical results with time curve or bar graph display.Spatial Average Procedure for spatial averaging of broadband measurements over several measurement positions. Timer Logging Time-controlled broadband measurement of the field strength in a definable period.Spectrum FFT analysis with spectrum display, marker evaluation and display of the broadband level. Shaped Time Domain Time domain assessment (WPM, WRM) with digital filtering related to a selected safety limit. Scope Triggered measurement of the field curve over time with pretrigger feature.Available modes Broadband ProbesDigital Interface100 kHz to 90 GHzSelective ProbesDigital Interface1 Hz to 400 kHzModel EHP-50F/GOptical Interface1 Hz to 400 kHzModel HP-01Optical InterfaceDC to 1 kHzField Strength ☑☑☑☑Spatial Average ☑☑☑☑Timer Logging ☑☑☑☑Spectrum ☑☑☑Shaped Time Domain ☑☑Scope ☑FeaturesProbe features Recognition Probes are automatically recognized after being plugged in.Operating principle Measurement signals are sampled and processed inside the probe and provided as digital values. Offset compensation Automatic offset compensation enables gapless RF measurements without zero adjustment.Self-test Functional test including the sensor function of each measuring axis for digital interface probes.Signal detection RMS detection, Peak detection for WPM measurementsand selectable detection RMS/Peak with BDF-400 probes.Numerical display Total field (isotropic) and field components X, Y, Z (for probes up to 18 GHz).Result types Field Strength Actual, Max, Min, Avg (average) and Max Avg Spectrum Actual or Max or AvgShaped Time Domain Actual, Max and MinScope Actual, Max and marker for dB/dtAverage mode Moving average over time of the square values of the field strength.Averaging time Field Strength,Timer Logging 1 s, 3 s, 10 s, 30 s, 1 min, 3 min, 6 min, 10 min, 30 min, 1 h, 6 h, or 24 h Spectrum 4, 8, 16, 32 or 64 number of averagesGraphical display with marker function Field Strength Actual and Avg trace vs. time, time span selectable from 48 s to 24 hours.Spatial Average Bar graph of results for each measurement position (≤100) and the spatial average line. Timer Logging Timeline during measurement, results as a graph vs. time after measurement.Spectrum Frequency spectrum and selectable limit line. All axes are measured, one can be displayed. Shaped Time Domain Exposure index (WPM or WRM) in % vs. time, time span selectable from 4 min to 24 h. Scope Sign-based recorded signal with 25 % pretrigger. Recording time selectable from 1 ms to 30 s.Screenshots Manually initiated screenshot or automatically when saving a measurement result.Comments Voice and/or text comments can be assigned to a measurement result.Alarm Alarm sound and alarm message when an adjustable field strength is exceeded.Audible field indicator Acoustic hotspot search with field strength-dependent audio frequency (available for RF-probes).Scheduled measurements Mode Timer Logging with automatic wake-up and shutdown after measurement. Start time pre-selection: up to 24 h or immediate startTimer duration: up to 100 hStorage interval: 1s to 6 min (in 11 steps, up to 32000 intervals)Correction factors Post-processing for broadband probes to increase the accuracy at a known field frequency(direct frequency entry, interpolation between calibration points)Probe interface Digital probe interface for direct connection or via the optional extension cable.Optical port Serial, full duplex, ≥ 1 Mbit/s, to connect the Field Analyzer EHP-50F/G, the Magnetometer HP-01or the Digital Probe Repeater. Recommended interface for PC controlled measurements.USB 2.0 USB-C connection for battery charging, remote control and data transfer.Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet LAN connectivity for remote control and data transfer.Bluetooth (Option) BT 4.0 for remote control via smartphone app (Android).WiFi (Option) WLAN connectivity for remote control and data transfer.AUX MMCX connector, reserved for future use.Result StorageStorage triggers Manual (by keypress) or scheduled (Timer Logging Mode).Storage medium Removable micro SD card for storing measurement data, setups and comments.Storage capacity Up to 128 GB.16 GB micro SD card included.Screenshots Screenshots can be saved for documentation as PNG files.Voice recorder Voice comments can be added to measurement results (recording and playback).Text editor Text comments can be added to measurement results (integrated virtual keyboard).Photos / videos (WiFi/BT Option) Photos and videos from a smartphone can be transferred to the device using the FieldMan app.Printouts (WiFi/BT Option) Saved measurement results can be printed locally by using the FieldMan Android app for on-sitedocumentation (requires a compatible wireless printer).General SpecificationsRecommended calibration interval Calibration of the basic unit is not required. Only the probes are calibrated.Power supply internal Li-Ion rechargeable battery pack, included and replaceable external USB-C PD (maximum 12 V / 3A, compatible with BC1.2 and QC 3.0)Operating time (nom.) 16 hours (with broadband probes and analyzers)Charging time (nom.) 4 hours (80% charged in 2½ h)RF Immunity 200 V/m (100 kHz to 60 GHz); can be below the permissible measuring range of a probe. Operation in static magnetic fields ≤ 30 mT (to avoid high force on the device)Dimensions (H x W x D) 51 mm x 93 mm x 312 mm without probeWeight 695 g (without probe)Country of origin GermanyEnvironmental ConditionsRange of application Suitable for outdoor use and an operating altitude of up to 5000 mOperating temperature -20 °C to +50 °C during normal operation with battery0 °C to 40 °C during the charging process with an external chargerHumidity < 29 g/m³ (< 93 % RH at +30 °C), non-condensingIngress protection IP54 (probe screwed on, protective flap closed, stand folded in)Climatic conditions Storage 1K4 (IEC 60721-3) extended to -30 °C to +70 °C (battery removed)1K3 (IEC 60721-3) extended to -20 °C to +50 °C (battery inserted) Transport 2K3 (IEC 60721-3) extended to -30 °C to +70° COperating 7K2 (IEC 60721-3) extended to -20 °C to +50 °CMechanical conditions Storage 1M3 (IEC 60721-3) Transport 2M3 (IEC 60721-3) Operating 7M3 (IEC 60721-3)EMC European Union Complies with Directive 2014/53/EU, EN 301489-1, EN 301489-17 and EN 61326 -1 Immunity IEC/EN: 61000-4-2, 61000-4-3, 61000-4-4, 61000-4-5, 61000-4-6, 61000-4-8, 61000-4-11 Emissions IEC/EN: 61000-3-2, 61000-3-3, IEC/EN 55011 (CISPR 11) Class BSafety Complies with European Low Voltage Directive 2014/35/EU and IEC/EN 61010-1 Material Complies with European RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU and (EU)2015/863ORDERING INFORMATIONInstrument SetsDescription Part number FieldMan Basic Set-Probes are not included –Includes:›FieldMan Basic Unit›Hard Case for FieldMan and up to 5 Probes ›Power Supply USB-C PD, AU/EU/UK/US Plugs ›Cable, 2x USB-C(M), 3 A, 2 m›Shoulder Strap, 1 m ›Marking Rings for FieldMan Probes›Quick Start Guide›Safety Instructions›USB Stick: Manuals and Documents›Software Narda-TSX (free download)2460/101Digital Broadband ProbesDescription Part number Probe HFD-3061, H-Field, 300 kHz–30 MHz 2462/05 Probe HFD-0191, H-Field, 27 MHz–1 GHz 2462/06 Probe EFD-0391, E-Field, 100 kHz–3 GHz 2462/01 Probe EFD-0392, E-Field, High Power, 100 kHz–3 GHz 2462/12 Probe EFD-0691, E-Field, 100 kHz–6 GHz 2462/14 Probe EFD-0692, E-Field, 600 MHz–6 GHz 2462/20 Probe EFD-1891, E-Field, up to 18 GHz2462/02 Probe EFD-4091, E-Field, up to 40 GHz 2462/19 Probe EFD-5091, E-Field, 300 MHz–50 GHz, Thermocouple2462/03 Probe EFD-6091, E-Field, 100 MHz–60 GHz2462/17 Probe EFD-9091, E-Field, 100 MHz–90 GHz2462/18 Probe EAD-5091, FCC 1997 Controlled, Shaped, 300 kHz–50 GHz, E-Field 2462/07 Probe EBD-5091, IEEE 2019 Restricted, Shaped, 3 MHz–50 GHz, E-Field 2462/21 Probe ECD-5091, SC 6 2015 Controlled, Shaped, 300 kHz–50 GHz, E-Field 2462/16 Probe EDD-5091, ICNIRP 2020 Occ, Shaped, 300 kHz–50 GHz, E-Field 2462/22 Note: Separate data sheets are available for the probesDigital Selective ProbesDescription Part number Probe BFD-400-1, B-Field, 100 cm2, 1 Hz–400 kHz, selective 2463/01 Probe BFD-400-3, B-Field, 3 cm2, 1 Hz–400 kHz, selective2463/02 Note: Separate data sheets are available for the probesField AnalyzersDescription Part number EHP-50F E&H Field Analyzer Set, 1 Hz–400 kHz (no Transport Case included) 2404/105 EHP-50F E&H Field Analyzer Set, 1 Hz–400 kHz, Stand-alone/PC use 2404/104 HP-01 Magnetometer Set DC–1 kHz 2405/101OptionsDescription Part number Option, Narda-TSX Live Measurements, for FieldMan Digital Probes (expected from Q3 2023) 2460/95.01 Option, GPS/ Range Finder for FieldMan 2460/95.11 Option, WiFi/ Bluetooth for FieldMan (expected from Q4 2023) 2460/95.12AccessoriesDescription Part number Digital Broadband Probe Repeater 2464/01 Test-Generator 27 MHz 2244/90.38 Tripod, Non-Conductive, 1.65 m, with Carrying Bag 2244/90.31 Tripod, Benchtop, 0.16 m, Non-Conductive 2244/90.32 Tripod Extension, 0.50 m, Non-Conductive (for 2244/90.31) 2244/90.45 Handle, Non-Conductive, 0.42 m 2250/92.02 Car Charger Adapter, USB-C PD 2259/92.28 Cable, Digital Probe Extension, 2 m 2460/90.02 Cable, Digital Probe to USB 2.0 (Type A), 3 m 2460/90.03 Cable, FO Duplex (1000 µm) RP-02, 2 m 2260/91.02 Cable, FO Duplex (1000 µm) RP-02, 5 m 2260/91.09 Cable, FO Duplex (1000 µm) RP-02, 10 m 2260/91.07 Cable, FO Duplex (1000 µm) RP-02, 20 m 2260/91.03 Cable, FO Duplex (1000 µm) RP-02, 50 m 2260/91.04 Cable, FO Duplex, F-SMA to RP-02, 0.3 m 2260/91.01 O/E Converter RS232, RP-02/DB9 2260/90.06 O/E Converter USB, RP-02/USB 2260/90.07 Cable, Adapter USB 2.0 - RS232, 0.8 m 2260/90.53Narda Safety Test Solutions GmbH Sandwiesenstrasse 772793 Pfullingen, GermanyPhone +49 7121 97 32 0****************** Narda Safety Test SolutionsNorth America Representative Office435 Moreland RoadHauppauge, NY11788, USAPhone +1 631 231 1700******************Narda Safety Test Solutions S.r.l.Via Benessea 29/B17035 Cisano sul Neva, ItalyPhone +39 0182 58641****************************Narda Safety Test Solutions GmbHBeijing Representative OfficeXiyuan Hotel, No. 1 Sanlihe Road, Haidian100044 Beijing, ChinaPhone +86 10 6830 5870********************® Names and Logo are registered trademarks of Narda Safety Test Solutions GmbH - Trade names are trademarks of the owners.。

软件用户手册美国地球物理测量系统公司美国劳雷工业公司翻译2004年9月第二章显示、编辑、打印雷达数据 (3)概述General Overview (3)推荐数据处理顺序Recommended Data Processing Sequence (3)编辑文件头Editing the File Header (5)数据显示选项Data Display Options (7)显示参数设置Display Parameters Setup (14)线扫描显示参数Linescan Display Parameters (15)波形显示参数Wiggle Display Parameters (18)示波器显示参数O-Scope Display Parameters (21)其它显示选项Other Display Options (24)交互显示Interactive Display (25)编辑数据Editing the Data (29)显示数据Viewing the Data (29)去除不必要的信息Removing Unnecessary Information (30)保存为单独文件Saving the Selection in a Separate File (35)编辑标记Editing the Markers (36)标记类型 (36)标记数据库选项 (37)打开标记编辑对话框 (38)标记信息浏览 (39)标记编辑 (40)去标记To Delete A Marker (41)加标记To Add A Marker (41)手动修改标记类型To Manually Change Marker Type (42)做图片出报告Generating Displays For Reports (44)打印文件Printing a File (46)第二章显示、编辑、打印雷达数据概述General Overview鉴于处理和解释海量数据需要大量的时间，用户就必须考虑处理程序的必要性。

Package‘LST’October12,2022Title Land Surface Temperature Retrieval for Landsat8Version1.1.0Description Calculates Land Surface Temperature from Landsat band10and11.Revision of the Single-Channel Algorithm for Land Surface Temperature Retrieval From Landsat Thermal-Infrared Data.Jimenez-Munoz JC,Cristobal J,Sobrino JA,et al(2009).<doi:10.1109/TGRS.2008.2007125>.Land surface temperature retrieval from LANDSAT TM5.Sobrino JA,Jiménez-Muñoz JC,Paolini L(2004).<doi:10.1016/j.rse.2004.02.003>.Surface temperature estimation in Singhbhum Shear Zone of India using Landsat-7ETM+ther-mal infrared data.Srivastava PK,Majumdar TJ,Bhat-tacharya AK(2009).<doi:10.1016/j.asr.2009.01.023>.Mapping land surface emissivity from NDVI:Application to European,African,and South Amer-ican areas.Valor E(1996).<doi:10.1016/0034-4257(96)00039-9>.On the relationship between thermal emissivity and the normalized difference vegetation in-dex for natural surfaces.Van de Griend AA,Owe M(1993).<doi:10.1080/01431169308904400>.Land Surface Temperature Retrieval from Landsat8TIRS—Comparison between Radia-tive Transfer Equation-Based Method,Split Window Algorithm and Single Chan-nel Method.Yu X,Guo X,Wu Z(2014).<doi:10.3390/rs6109829>.Calibration and Validation of land surface temperature for Landsat8-TIRS nd product validation and evolution.Skokovi´c D,Sobrino JA,Jimenez-Munoz JC,Soria G,Julien Y,Mattar C,Cristóbal J.(2014).Depends R(>=3.5.0)Imports rasterLicense AGPL-3Encoding UTF-8RoxygenNote7.1.1NeedsCompilation noAuthor Bappa Das[aut,cre](<https:///0000-0003-1286-1492>),Debasish Roy[aut,ctb],Debashis Chakraborty[aut,ctb],Bimal Bhattacharya[aut,ctb],Pooja Rathore[aut,ctb]12BTMaintainer Bappa Das<*************************>Repository CRANDate/Publication2021-05-1707:30:23UTCR topics documented:BT (2)E_Skokovic (3)E_Sobrino (4)E_Valor (4)E_VandeGriend (5)E_Yu (6)MWA (6)NDVI (7)Pv (8)RTE (9)SCA (10)SW A (11)Ta (12)tau (12)Index14 BT At-Sensor Temperature or brightness temperatureDescriptionThis function calculates at-Sensor Temperature or brightness temperatureUsageBT(Landsat_10=Landsat_10,Landsat_11=Landsat_10)ArgumentsLandsat_10Raster*object,Landsat band10Landsat_11Raster*object,Landsat band11ValueA list containing brightness temperature corresponding to Landsat band10and Landsat band11E_Skokovic3 Examplesa<-raster::raster(ncol=100,nrow=100)set.seed(2)raster::values(a)=runif(10000,min=27791,max=30878)b<-raster::raster(ncol=100,nrow=100)set.seed(2)raster::values(b)=runif(10000,min=25686,max=28069)BT(Landsat_10=a,Landsat_11=b)E_Skokovic Land Surface Emissivity according to Skokovic et al.2014DescriptionThis function calculates Land Surface Emissivity according to Skokovic et al.2014UsageE_Skokovic(red=red,NDVI=NDVI,band=band)Argumentsred Raster*object,red band of remote sensing imageryNDVI Raster*object,NDVI calculated from remote sensing imageryband A string specifying which Landsat8thermal band to use.It can be"band10"or "band11"ValueRasterLayerExamplesred<-raster::raster(ncol=100,nrow=100)set.seed(2)raster::values(red)=runif(10000,min=0.1,max=0.4)NDVI<-raster::raster(ncol=100,nrow=100)set.seed(2)raster::values(NDVI)=runif(10000,min=0.02,max=0.8)E_Skokovic(red=red,NDVI=NDVI,band="band11")4E_Valor E_Sobrino Land Surface Emissivity according to Sobrino et al.2008DescriptionThis function calculates Land Surface Emissivity according to Sobrino et al.2008UsageE_Sobrino(red=red,NDVI=NDVI)Argumentsred Raster*object,red band of remote sensing imageryNDVI Raster*object,NDVI calculated from remote sensing imageryValueRasterLayerExamplesred<-raster::raster(ncol=100,nrow=100)set.seed(2)raster::values(red)=runif(10000,min=0.1,max=0.4)NDVI<-raster::raster(ncol=100,nrow=100)set.seed(2)raster::values(NDVI)=runif(10000,min=0.02,max=0.8)E_Sobrino(red=red,NDVI=NDVI)E_Valor Land Surface Emissivity according to Valor and Caselles1996DescriptionThis function calculates Land Surface Emissivity according to Valor and Caselles1996UsageE_Valor(NDVI)ArgumentsNDVI Raster*object,NDVI calculated from remote sensing imageryE_VandeGriend5 ValueRasterLayerExamplesNDVI<-raster::raster(ncol=100,nrow=100)set.seed(2)raster::values(NDVI)=runif(10000,min=0.02,max=0.8)E_Valor(NDVI)E_VandeGriend Land Surface Emissivity according to Van de Griend and Owe1993DescriptionThis function calculates Land Surface Emissivity according to Van de Griend and Owe1993UsageE_VandeGriend(NDVI)ArgumentsNDVI Raster*object,NDVI calculated from remote sensing imageryValueRasterLayerExamplesNDVI<-raster::raster(ncol=100,nrow=100)set.seed(2)raster::values(NDVI)=runif(10000,min=0.02,max=0.8)E_VandeGriend(NDVI)6MW A E_Yu Land Surface Emissivity according to Yu et al.2014DescriptionThis function calculates Land Surface Emissivity according to Yu et al.2014UsageE_Yu(red=red,NDVI=NDVI,band=band)Argumentsred Raster*object,red band of remote sensing imageryNDVI Raster*object,NDVI calculated from remote sensing imageryband A string specifying which Landsat8thermal band to use.It can be"band10"or "band11"ValueRasterLayerExamplesred<-raster::raster(ncol=100,nrow=100)set.seed(2)raster::values(red)=runif(10000,min=0.1,max=0.4)NDVI<-raster::raster(ncol=100,nrow=100)set.seed(2)raster::values(NDVI)=runif(10000,min=0.02,max=0.8)E_Yu(red=red,NDVI=NDVI,band="band11")MWA Mono window algorithmDescriptionThis function calculates Land Surface Temperature using mono window algorithmUsageMWA(BT=BT,tau=tau,E=E,Ta=Ta)NDVI7 ArgumentsBT Raster*object,brightness temperaturetau Atmospheric transmittanceE Raster*object,Land Surface Emissivity calculated according to Van de Griendand Owe1993or Valor and Caselles1996or Sobrino et al.2008 Ta Mean atmospheric temperature(K)of the date when Landsat passed over the study areaValueRasterLayerExamplesBTemp<-raster::raster(ncol=100,nrow=100)set.seed(2)raster::values(BTemp)=runif(10000,min=298,max=305)E<-raster::raster(ncol=100,nrow=100)set.seed(2)raster::values(E)=runif(10000,min=0.96,max=0.99)MWA(BT=BTemp,tau=0.86,E=E,Ta=26)NDVI NDVIDescriptionFunction for NDVI calculationUsageNDVI(Red,NIR)ArgumentsRed Raster*object,red band of remote sensing imageryNIR Raster*object,NIR band of remote sensing imageryValueRasterLayer8Pv Examplesred<-raster::raster(ncol=100,nrow=100)set.seed(2)raster::values(red)=runif(10000,min=0.1,max=0.4)NIR<-raster::raster(ncol=100,nrow=100)set.seed(2)raster::values(NIR)=runif(10000,min=0.1,max=0.6)NDVI(Red=red,NIR=NIR)Pv Proportion of vegetation or fractional vegetation coverDescriptionCalculation of the proportion of vegetation or fractional vegetation cover from NDVIUsagePv(NDVI,minNDVI,maxNDVI)ArgumentsNDVI Raster*object,NDVI calculated from remote sensing imageryminNDVI=0.2(Ref.Sobrino et al.2004)maxNDVI=0.5(Ref.Sobrino et al.2004)ValueRasterLayerExamplesNDVI<-raster::raster(ncol=100,nrow=100)set.seed(2)raster::values(NDVI)=runif(10000,min=0.02,max=0.8)Pv(NDVI=NDVI,minNDVI=0.2,maxNDVI=0.5)RTE9 RTE Radiative transfer equation methodDescriptionThis function calculates Land Surface Temperature using radiative transfer equation methodUsageRTE(TIR=TIR,tau=tau,E=E,dlrad=dlrad,ulrad=ulrad,band=band)ArgumentsTIR Raster*object,Landsat band10or11tau Atmospheric transmittanceE Raster*object,Land Surface Emissivity calculated according to Van de Griendand Owe1993or Valor and Caselles1996or Sobrino et al.2008 dlrad Downwelling radiance calculated from https:///ulrad upwelling radiance calculated from https:///band A string specifying which Landsat8thermal band to use.It can be"band10"or "band11"ValueRasterLayerExamplesTIR<-raster::raster(ncol=100,nrow=100)set.seed(2)raster::values(TIR)=runif(10000,min=27791,max=30878)BT<-raster::raster(ncol=100,nrow=100)set.seed(2)raster::values(BT)=runif(10000,min=298,max=305)E<-raster::raster(ncol=100,nrow=100)set.seed(2)raster::values(E)=runif(10000,min=0.96,max=0.99)Ts_RTE<-RTE(TIR=TIR,tau=0.86,E=E,dlrad=2.17,ulrad=1.30,band="band11")10SCA SCA Single channel algorithmDescriptionThis function calculates Land Surface Temperature using single channel algorithmUsageSCA(TIR=TIR,BT=BT,tau=tau,E=E,dlrad=dlrad,ulrad=ulrad,band=band)ArgumentsTIR Raster*object,Landsat band10or11BT Raster*object,brightness temperaturetau Atmospheric transmittanceE Raster*object,Land Surface Emissivity calculated according to Van de Griendand Owe1993or Valor and Caselles1996or Sobrino et al.2008 dlrad Downwelling radiance calculated from https:///ulrad upwelling radiance calculated from https:///band A string specifying which Landsat8thermal band to use.It can be"band10"or "band11"ValueRasterLayerExamplesTIR<-raster::raster(ncol=100,nrow=100)set.seed(2)raster::values(TIR)=runif(10000,min=27791,max=30878)BT<-raster::raster(ncol=100,nrow=100)set.seed(2)raster::values(BT)=runif(10000,min=298,max=305)E<-raster::raster(ncol=100,nrow=100)set.seed(2)raster::values(E)=runif(10000,min=0.96,max=0.99)Ts_SCA<-SCA(TIR=TIR,BT=BT,tau=0.86,E=E,dlrad=2.17,ulrad=1.30,band="band11")SWA11 SWA Split-window algorithmDescriptionThis function calculates Land Surface Temperature using split-window algorithmUsageSWA(TIR_10=TIR_10,TIR_11=TIR_11,tau_10=tau_10,tau_11=tau_11,E_10=E_10,E_11=E_11)ArgumentsTIR_10Raster*object,Landsat band10TIR_11Raster*object,Landsat band11tau_10Atmospheric transmittance for Landsat band10tau_11Atmospheric transmittance for Landsat band11E_10Raster*object,Land Surface Emissivity for Landsat band10calculated accord-ing to Skokovic et al.2014or Yu et al.2014E_11Raster*object,Land Surface Emissivity for Landsat band11calculated accord-ing to Skokovic et al.2014or Yu et al.2014ValueRasterLayerExamplesTIR_10<-raster::raster(ncol=100,nrow=100)set.seed(2)raster::values(TIR_10)=runif(10000,min=27791,max=30878)TIR_11<-raster::raster(ncol=100,nrow=100)set.seed(2)raster::values(TIR_11)=runif(10000,min=25686,max=28069)E_10<-raster::raster(ncol=100,nrow=100)set.seed(1)raster::values(E_10)=runif(10000,min=0.96,max=0.99)E_11<-raster::raster(ncol=100,nrow=100)set.seed(2)raster::values(E_11)=runif(10000,min=0.96,max=0.99)12tau Ts_SWA<-SWA(TIR_10=TIR_10,TIR_11=TIR_11,tau_10=0.86,tau_11=0.87,E_10=E_10,E_11=E_11)Ta Mean atmospheric temperatureDescriptionThis function calculates mean atmospheric temperature(Ta)using near-surface air temperature(To)UsageTa(To=To,mod=mod)ArgumentsTo Near-surface air temperature(°C)of the date when Landsat passed over the study areamod A string specifying which model to use.It can be anyone of"USA1976Stan-dard"or"Tropical Region"or"Mid-latitude Summer Region"or"Mid-latitudeWinter Region"ValueMean atmospheric temperature(K)ExamplesTa(To=26,mod="Mid-latitude Winter Region")tau Atmospheric transmittance calculationDescriptionThis function calculates Atmospheric transmittance from near-surface air temperature(To,°C)and relative humidity(RH,%)of the date when Landsat passed over the study areaUsagetau(To=To,RH=To,band=band)tau13ArgumentsTo Near-surface air temperature(°C)of the date when Landsat passed over the study areaRH relative humidity(%)of the date when Landsat passed over the study area band A string specifying which Landsat8thermal band to use.It can be"band10"or "band11"ValueAtmospheric transmittanceExamplestau(To=26,RH=42,band="band11")IndexBT,2E_Skokovic,3E_Sobrino,4E_Valor,4E_VandeGriend,5E_Yu,6MWA,6NDVI,7Pv,8RTE,9SCA,10SWA,11Ta,12tau,1214。

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landsat8的evi计算公式中的参数全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：Landsat 8是美国地球观测卫星计划（USGS）的一部分，于2013年发射，是一颗用于提供高质量遥感图像的卫星。

在遥感领域，Landsat 8的数据在全球范围内得到了广泛应用，其中包括植被指数计算。

植被指数是一种用于评估植被覆盖和状况的指标，其中的正片时间增加植被指数（EVI）是一种广泛使用的指标。

EVI包含了植被指数（NDVI）中的遗漏的信息，并通过减除大气影响来进行修正，因此更适用于植被覆盖度较高的区域。

在Landsat 8数据的处理中，EVI的计算是非常重要的一步。

以下是关于Landsat 8的EVI计算公式中的参数的详细介绍：EVI = G x (ρnir - ρred) / (ρnir + C1 x ρred - C2 x ρblue + L)EVI为最终计算出的植被指数值；ρnir、ρred、ρblue分别代表红外、红光和蓝光波段反射率；G为增益因子，通常为2.5；C1和C2是修正参数，分别为6和7.5；L为光学蓝图的偏移量，通常为1。

这些参数在EVI计算过程中起到了重要的作用。

增益因子G用于调整结果值的范围，通常设定为2.5，确保最终计算结果能够处于合理的范围内。

修正参数C1和C2用于进行修正，将EVI的数值调整到正确的范围内，避免了潜在的数值偏差。

光学蓝图的偏移量L则用于修正由于大气影响而造成的数据误差。

在实际的EVI计算过程中，这些参数的选择和调整是非常关键的。

合适的参数选择能够确保计算结果的准确性和稳定性。

而且，在不同的地区和时间段内，由于气候和植被状况的变化，这些参数的选择也可能需要进行调整。

在使用Landsat 8数据进行EVI计算时，首先需要获取到经过预处理的反射率数据。

然后根据上述公式和相应的参数进行计算，得到最终的EVI值。

这个过程虽然看似简单，但是其中的每一个参数都承载着重要的信息和调整项，影响着最终计算结果的准确性和可靠性。

landsat温度转换为开氏温度摘要：1.引言ndsat 卫星与温度测量3.摄氏度与开氏度的转换4.温度转换对Landsat 数据的影响5.结论正文：1.引言Landsat 卫星是美国宇航局（NASA）发起的一个地球观测项目，自1972 年以来，已经成功发射了多个卫星，为全球提供了大量高质量的地表观测数据。

在这些数据中，温度是一个重要的参数，可以反映地球表面的气候变化和生态环境状况。

然而，Landsat 卫星测量的温度通常是以摄氏度为单位的，而在一些应用场景中，开氏度可能更为常用。

因此，将Landsat 温度转换为开氏温度是一个有实际意义的任务。

ndsat 卫星与温度测量Landsat 卫星搭载的传感器可以观测到地表的多种参数，如温度、植被指数、水文等。

其中，温度测量是Landsat 卫星的一个核心功能。

通过对地表的红外辐射进行观测，Landsat 卫星可以计算出地表温度。

通常，Landsat 卫星测量的温度是以摄氏度为单位的，这对于大多数应用场景来说已经足够。

然而，在某些特定的应用场景中，开氏度可能更为合适。

3.摄氏度与开氏度的转换摄氏度和开氏度都是温度的计量单位，它们之间的转换关系非常简单。

具体来说，开氏度等于摄氏度加上273.15。

因此，将Landsat 卫星测量的温度从摄氏度转换为开氏度，只需要在原有的温度值上加上273.15 即可。

4.温度转换对Landsat 数据的影响将Landsat 温度从摄氏度转换为开氏度，不会改变地表的实际温度值，但可能会影响数据的可用性和应用范围。

例如，一些科学研究可能要求使用开氏度温度数据，以便与其他国际标准相接轨。

此外，开氏度温度数据在一些计算和模拟中也可能更为方便。

5.结论总之，将Landsat 温度从摄氏度转换为开氏度是一个简单且有意义的任务。

这一转换过程不会改变地表的实际温度值，但可能会影响数据的可用性和应用范围。

Key FeatureLive View and Playback● Up to 256 channels live view simultaneously ● Custom window division configurable● Viewing maps and real-time events during live view and playback ● Adding tags during playback and playing tagged video● Transcoded playback, frame- extracting playback, and stream type self-adaptive ●Fisheye DewarpingVisual Tracking Recording and Storage● Recording schedule for continuous recording, event recording and command recording● Storing videos on encoding devices, Hybrid SANs, cloud storage servers, pStors, or in pStor cluster service ● Providing main storage and auxiliary storage ● Providing video copy-back●Storing alarm pictures on NVRs, Hybrid SANs, cloud storage servers, pStors, or HikCentral serverEvent Management● Camera linkage, alarm pop-up window and multiple linkage actions● Multiple events for video surveillance, access control, resource group, resource maintenance, etc.Person and Visitor Management● Getting person information from added devices● Provides multiple types of credentials, including card number, face, and fingerprint, for composite authentications ● Visitor registration and check-outAccess Control, Elevator Control, and Video Intercom● Setting schedules for free access status and access forbidden status of doors or floors● Supports multiple access modes for both card reader authentication and person authentication● Setting access groups to relate persons, templates, and access points, which defines the access levels of different persons ● Supports advanced functions such as multi-factor authentication, anti-passback, and multi-door interlocking ● Controlling door or floor status in real-time ● Calling indoor station by the Control Client● Calling the platform by door station and indoor station, and answering the call by the Control ClientHikCentral Professional is a flexible, scalable, reliable and powerful central surveillance system. It can be delivered after pre-installed on a server.HikCentral Professional provides central management, information sharing, convenient connection and multi-service cooperation. It is capable of adding devices for management, live view, storage and playback of video files, alarm linkage, access control, time and attendance, facial identification, and so on.Time and Attendance●Setting different attendance rules for various scenarios, such as one-shift and man-hour shift●Customizing overtime levels and setting corresponding work hour rate●Supports flexible and quick settings of timetables and shift schedule●Supports multiple types of reports according to different needs and sending reports to specified emails regularly●Sending the original attendance data to a third-party database, thus the client can access third-party T&A and paymentsystemSupported Database Type VersionMicrosoft® SQL Server 2008 R2 and abovePostgreSQL 9.6.2 and aboveMySQL 8.0.11 and aboveOracle 12.2.0.1 and aboveSecurity Control●Real-time alarm management for added security control panels●Adding zone as hot spot on E-map and viewing the video of the linked camera●Event and alarm linkage with added cameras, including pop-up live view, captured picture●Subscribing the events that the Control Client can display in real-time●Acknowledging the received alarm on the Control ClientEntrance and Exit Control●Managing parking lot, entrances and exits, and lanes. Supports linking a LED screen with lane for information display●Setting entry & exit rules for vehicles in the vehicle lists as well as vehicles not in any vehicle lists●Entrance and exit control based on license plate recognition, card, or video intercom●Viewing real-time and history vehicle information and controlling barrier gate manually on the Control Client Temperature Screening●Displaying the skin-temperature and whether wearing a mask or not about the recognized persons in real time●Triggering events and alarms when detects abnormal temperature and no mask worn●Viewing reports about skin-surface temperature and mask-wearingFace and Body Recognition●Displaying the information of the recognized persons in real-time●Searching history records of recognized persons, including searching in captured pictures, searching matched persons,searching by features of persons, and searching frequently appeared personsIntelligent Analysis●Supports setting resource groups and analyzing data by different groups●Supports intelligent analysis reports including people counting, people density analysis, queue analysis, heat analysis,pathway analysis, person feature analysis, temperature analysis, and vehicle analysis●Display the number of people in specified regions in real-timeNetwork Management●Managing network transmission devices such as switches, displaying the network connection and hierarchical relationshipof the managed resources by a topology●Viewing the network details between the device nodes in the topology, such as downstream and upstream rate, portinformation, etc. and checking the connection path●Exporting the topology and abnormal data to check the device connection status and health statusSoftware SpecificationThe following table shows the maximum performance of the HikCentral Professional server. For other detailed data and performance, refer to Software Requirements & Hardware Performance.Features Maximum PerformanceDevices and Resources CamerasCentralized Deployment: 3,000①Distributed Deployment: 10,000②Central System (RSM): 100,000③Managed Device IP Addresses*Including Encoding Devices, Access Control Devices, ElevatorControl Devices, Security Control Devices, and Remote SitesCentralized Deployment: 1,024①Distributed Deployment: 2,048②Video Intercom Devices1,024Alarm Inputs (Including Zones of Security Control Devices) 3,000Alarm Outputs 3,000Dock Stations 1,500Security Radars and Radar PTZ Cameras 30Alarm Inputs of Security Control Devices 2,048DS-5600 Series Face Recognition Terminals When Appliedwith Hikvision Turnstiles32Recording Servers 64Streaming Servers 64Security Audit Server 8DeepinMind Server 64ANPR Cameras 3,000People Counting Cameras Recommended: 300Heat Map Cameras Recommended: 70Thermal Cameras Recommended: 20④Queue Management Cameras Recommended: 300Areas 3,000Cameras per Area 256Alarm Inputs per Area 256Alarm Outputs per Area 256Resource Groups 1,000Resources in One Resource Group 64Recording Recording Schedule 10,000 Recording Schedule Template 200Event & Alarm Event and Alarm RulesCentralized Deployment: 3,000Distributed Deployment: 10,000Central System (RSM): 10,000 Storage of Events or Alarms without PicturesCentralized Deployment: 100/sDistributed Deployment: 1000/s Events or Alarms Sent to Clients*The clients include Control Clients and Mobile Clients.120/s100 Clients/sNotification Schedule Templates 200Picture Picture Storage*Including event/alarm pictures, face pictures, and vehiclepictures.20/s (Stored in SYS Server)120/s (Stored in Recording Server)Reports Regular Report Rules 100Event or Alarm Rules in One Event/Alarm Report Rule 32Records in One Sent Report 10,000 or 10 MB Resources Selected in One Report20People Counting 5 million Heat Map 0.25 million ANPR 60 million Events 60 million Alarms 60 million Access Records 1.4 billion Attendance Records 55 million Visitor Records 10 million Operation Logs 5 million Service Information Logs 5 million Service Error Logs 5 million Recording Tags 60 millionUsers and Roles Concurrent Accesses via Web Clients, Control Clients, andOpenAPI Clients100 Concurrent Accesses via Mobile Clients and OpenAPI Clients 100 Users 3,000 Roles 3,000Vehicle (ANPR) Vehicle Lists 100 Vehicles per Vehicle List 5,000 Under Vehicle Surveillance Systems 4 Vehicle Undercarriage Pictures 3,000Entrance & Exit Lanes 8Cards Linked with Vehicles 250,000 Vehicle Passing Frequency in Each Lane 1 Vehicle/sFace Comparison Persons with Profiles for Face Comparison 1,000,000 Face Comparison Groups 64 Persons in One Face Comparison Group 1,000,000Access Control Persons with Credentials for Access Control 50,000 Visitors 10,000 Total Credentials (Card + Fingerprint) 250,000 Cards 250,000 Fingerprints 200,000 Profiles 50,000 Access Points (Doors + Floors) 1,024 Access Groups 512 Persons in One Access Group 50,000 Access Levels 512 Access Schedules 32Time and Attendance Persons for Time and Attendance 10,000 Attendance Groups 256 Persons in One Attendance Group 10,000 Shift Schedules 128 Major Leave Types 64 Minor Leave Types of One Major Type 128Smart Wall Decoding Devices 32 Smart Walls 32 Views 1,000 View Groups 100 Views in One View Group 10 Cameras in One View 150 Views Auto-Switched Simultaneously 32Streaming Server’s Maximum Performance①: For one site, the maximum number of the added encoding devices, access control devices, security control devices, and video intercom devices in total is 1,024. If the number of the manageable cameras (including the cameras directly added to the site and the cameras connected to these added devices) exceeds 3,000, the exceeded cameras cannot be imported to the areas.②: For one site with Application Data Server deployed independently, the maximum number of the added encoding devices, access control devices, and security control devices in total is 2,048. If the number of the manageable cameras (including the cameras directly added to the system and the cameras connected to these added devices) exceeds 10,000, the exceeded cameras cannot be imported to the areas.③: For on e site, if the number of the manageable cameras (including the cameras managed on the current site and the cameras from the Remote Sites) in the Central System exceeds 100,000, the exceeded cameras cannot be managed in the Central System.④: This recommend ed value refers to the number of thermal cameras connected to the system directly. It depends on the maximum performance (data processing and storage) in the situation when the managed thermal cameras uploading temperature data to the system. For thermal cameras connected to the system via NVR, there is no such limitation.Hardware SpecificationProcessor Intel® Xeon® E-2124Memory16G DDR4 DIMM slots, Supports UDIMM, up to 2666MT/s, 64GB Max. Supports registered ECCStorage ControllersInternal Controllers: SAS_H330 Software RAID: PERC S140External HBAs: 12Gbps SAS HBA (non-RAID)Boot Optimized Storage Subsystem: 2x M.2 240GB (RAID 1 or No RAID), 1x M.2 240GB (No RAID Only) Drive Bays 1T 7.2K SATA×2Power SuppliesSingle 250W (Bronze) power supplyDimensionsForm Factor: Rack (1U)Chassis Width: 434.00mm (17.08 in)Chassis Depth: 595.63mm (23.45 in) (3.5”HHD)Note: These dimensions do not include: bezel, redundant PSUDimensions with Package (W × D × H) 750 mm × 614 mm × 259 mm (29.53" × 24.17" × 10.2") Net Weight 12.2kg Weight with Package 18.5kgEmbedded NIC2 x 1GbE LOM Network Interface Controller (NIC) portsDevice AccessFront Ports:1x USB 2.0, 1 x IDRAC micro USB 2.0 management port Rear Ports:2 x USB 3.0, VGA, serial connector Embedded ManagementiDRAC9 with Lifecycle Controller iDRAC DirectDRAC RESTful API with Redfish Integrations and ConnectionsIntegrations:Microsoft® System CenterVMware® vCenter™BMC Truesight (available from BMC)Red Hat AnsibleConnections:Nagios Core & Nagios XIMicro Focus Operations Manager i (OMi)IBM Tivoli Netcool/OMNIbusOperating Systems Microsoft Windows Server® with Hyper-VSystem Requirement* For high stability and good performance, the following system requirements must be met. Feature DescriptionOS for HikCentral Professional Server Microsoft® Windows 7 SP1 (64-bit)Microsoft® Windows 8.1 (64-bit)Microsoft® Windows 10 (64-bit)Microsoft® Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 (64-bit)Microsoft® Windows Server 2012 (64-bit)Microsoft® Windows Server 2012 R2 (64-bit)Microsoft® Windows Server 2016 (64-bit)Microsoft® Windows Server 2019 (64-bit)*For Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2, make sure it is installed with the rollup (KB2919355) updated in April, 2014.OS for Control Client Microsoft® Windows 7 SP1 (32/64-bit)Microsoft® Windows 8.1 (32/64-bit)Microsoft® Windows 10 (64-bit)Microsoft® Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 (64-bit)Microsoft® Windows Server 2012 (64-bit)Microsoft® Windows Server 2012 R2 (64-bit)Microsoft® Windows Server 2016 (64-bit)Microsoft® Windows Server 2019 (64-bit)*For Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2, make sure it is installed with the rollup (KB2919355) updated in April, 2014.OS for Visitor Terminal Android 7.1 and laterBrowser Version Internet Explorer 10/11 and aboveChrome 61 and aboveFirefox 57 and aboveSafari 11 and above (running on Mac OS X 10.3/10.4)Database PostgreSQL V9.6.13OS for Smartphone iOS 10.0 and laterAndroid phone OS version 5.0 or later, and dual-core CPU with 1.5 GHz or above, and at least 2G RAMOS for Tablet iOS 10.0 and laterAndroid tablet with Android OS version 5.0 and laterVirtual Machine VMware® ESXi™ 6.xMicrosoft® Hyper-V with Windows Server 2012/2012 R2/2016 (64-bit)*The Streaming Server and Control Client cannot run on the virtual machine. *Virtual server migration is not supported.Typical Application。

Landsat4-5TM和EO1-ALI简介⼀.TMLandsat 4-5 TM 卫星数字产品资源描述Landsat 主题成像仪 (TM)是Landsat4和Landsat5 携带的传感器，从1982年发射⾄今，其⼯作状态良好，⼏乎实现了连续的获得地球影像。

Landsat-4和Landsat5同样每16 天扫瞄同⼀地区，即其16天覆盖全球⼀次。

LandsatTM 影像包含7个波段（超链接），波段1-5和波段7的空间分辨率为30⽶，波段6（热红外波段）的空间分辨率为120⽶。

南北的扫描范围⼤约为170km，东西的扫描范围⼤约为183km 。

产品说明参数⼆.ALIEO-1系列数据背景NMP（NASA新千年计划）：⽬的是通过发射试验卫星来验证⼀系列21世纪卫星新技术，称为飞⾏验证，是⼀项滚动计划，⽬前列⼊计划的包括：EO（地球探测）、DS（深空探测）和ST（空间技术）。

EO-1为对地计划的第⼀颗卫星，另计划发射EO-2（航天飞机上的红外激光雷达）和EO-3（对静⽌⽓象卫星新技术进⾏验证，以求明显改进⽬前⽓象预报的时效性和准确性）。

地球观测卫星-1（EO-1）是NASA新千年计划（NMP）的第⼀颗对地观测卫星，也是⾯向21 世纪为接替Landsat 7 ⽽研制的新型地球观测卫星，⽬的是对卫星本体和新型遥感器技术进⾏验证。

该卫星于2000年11⽉21⽇成功发射。

EO-1 上搭载了3 种传感器，即：⾼光谱成像光谱仪Hyperion⾼级陆地成像仪ALI (Advanced Land Imager)⼤⽓校正仪AC (Atmosp heric Corrector)⾼光谱成像光谱仪HyperionHyperion传感器是第⼀台星载⾼光谱图谱测量仪，也是⽬前唯⼀在轨的星载⾼光谱成像光谱仪和唯⼀可公开获得的⾼光谱测量仪，意义重⼤。

波段：共有242 个波段, 光谱范围为400～2 500 nm , 光谱分辨率达到10 nm。

nadir viewing的学术中文Nadir viewing（最低观测）是一种空间遥感技术，用于获取地球表面被动或自发辐射的信息。

它可以从地球的最低位置获取观测数据，并被广泛应用于气候研究、地球物理学和环境监测等领域。

Nadir viewing指的是传感器从垂直于地球表面的最低点观测目标。

在这种观测模式下，传感器接收到的辐射信号来自直接向下的路径，因此被称为“nadir”，意为“最低点”。

传感器在最低点的这种特殊角度观测可以提供一些优势和应用。

nadir viewing提供了对地球表面的全面监测。

由于传感器从垂直方向观测地球，可以收集到整个地球表面的数据。

这有助于我们获得全球范围内的环境和天气信息，并提供用于气候研究的重要数据。

nadir viewing可以提供高分辨率和准确的地表特征信息。

由于传感器从最低点观测，这种观测模式可以获得高分辨率的地表数据。

这对于土地利用、植被覆盖、城市建设等研究具有重要意义。

此外，nadir viewing还可以提供具有高度准确性的地表温度、气溶胶浓度等参数的数据。

nadir viewing还可以用于监测气候变化。

通过监测大气中的辐射传输，我们可以获得全球范围内的气候信息，包括大气温度、湿度、云覆盖等。

这对于研究气候变化、预测极端天气现象等具有重要意义。

nadir viewing也存在一些限制。

由于传感器从垂直方向观测，它的视野范围通常较窄，无法获得地表周围广泛区域的信息。

此外，由于传感器距离地表较远，存在空间分辨率的限制。

这些限制可能影响到特定研究领域的应用。

总之，nadir viewing是一种重要的空间遥感技术，可以从最低点观测地球表面的辐射信息。

它的广泛应用在气候研究、地球物理学和环境监测等领域具有重要意义。

尽管存在一些限制，但随着技术的进一步发展，nadir viewing将继续为研究人员提供更多有价值的数据，促进对地球的深入理解和保护。