应用化学专业英语Unit5-万有志

1 Unit5元素周期表As our picture of the atom becomes more detailed 随着我们对原子的描述越来越详尽，我们发现我们陷入了进退两难之境。

有超过100多中元素要处理，我们怎么能记的住所有的信息？有一种方法就是使用元素周期表。

这个周期表包含元素的所有信息。

它记录了元素中所含的质子数和电子数，它能让我们算出大多数元素的同位素的中子数。

它甚至有各个元素原子的电子怎么排列。

最神奇的是，周期表是在人们不知道原子中存在质子、中子和电子的情况下发明的。

Not long after Dalton presented his model for atom( )在道尔顿提出他的原子模型（原子是是一个不可分割的粒子，其质量决定了它的身份）不久，化学家门开始根据原子的质量将原子列表。

在制定像这些元素表时候，他们观察到在元素中的格局分布。

例如，人们可以清楚的看到在具体间隔的元素有着相似的性质。

在当时知道的大约60种元素中，第二个和第九个表现出相似的性质，第三个和第十个，第四个和第十一个等都具有相似的性质。

In 1869,Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev,a Russian chemist, 在1869年，Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev ,一个俄罗斯的化学家，发表了他的元素周期表。

Mendeleev通过考虑原子重量和元素的某些特性的周期性准备了他的周期表。

这些元素的排列顺序先是按原子质量的增加,,一些情况中, Mendeleev把稍微重写的元素放在轻的那个前面.他这样做只是为了同一列中的元素能具有相似的性质.例如,他把碲(原子质量为128)防在碘(原子质量为127)前面因为碲性质上和硫磺和硒相似, 而碘和氯和溴相似.Mendeleev left a number of gaps in his table.Instead of Mendeleev在他的周期表中留下了一些空白。

应化专业英语作文{z}Title: English Essay for Chemical Engineering MajorEnglish Essay for Chemical Engineering MajorAs a student majoring in chemical engineering, it is essential to have a strong command of English, as it is the international language of science and technology.In this essay, I will discuss some of the key aspects of the chemical engineering field and how English plays a vital role in this discipline.Firstly, chemical engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with the design, construction, and operation of chemical plants and processes.It involves the manipulation of chemicals and reactions to produce useful products such as fuels, plastics, and pharmaceuticals.To excel in this field, it is crucial to have a solid understanding of chemical terminology and principles, which are predominantly written in English.Secondly, the field of chemical engineering is highly research-oriented.English is the primary language used in scientific research and publications.To stay updated with the latest advancements in the field, chemical engineers need to read and understand English-language research papers, journal articles, and technical books.Moreover, English is the language of choice for presenting research findings at international conferences and seminars, enabling chemical engineers to share their knowledge and expertise on a global platform.Thirdly, the chemical engineering industry is highly globalized.Many chemical plants and companies are located in different parts of the world, and communication in English is essential for successful collaboration and business transactions.English serves as a common language that enables chemical engineers to communicate with colleagues, clients, and suppliers from diverse cultural backgrounds.Furthermore, English is the language of choice for chemical engineering education and training.Many universities and institutions offer English-language programs for chemical engineering students.By studying in these programs, students can develop their language skills and gain a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.Additionally, English-language technical courses, workshops, and seminars are available online, allowing chemical engineers to continue their professional development and stay abreast of the latest industry trends.In conclusion, English plays a vital role in the field of chemical engineering.It is the language of scientific research, global communication, and educational opportunities.A strong command of English is essential for chemical engineers to excel in their careers, collaborate with international colleagues, and contribute to the advancement of the field.Therefore, as a chemical engineering student, it is imperative to develop excellent English language skills to maximizeopportunities and achieve success in this dynamic and evolving discipline.。

应用化学专业英语第五单元The PeriodicTable周期表是化学中一个重要的工具，它以一种有序的方式组织了所有已知的化学元素。

它是由俄罗斯化学家德米特里·门捷列夫于1869年发表的。

周期表通过将元素按照原子序数从小到大的顺序排列，并将具有相似化学性质的元素放在同一列中，使得科学家能够更好地理解和研究元素之间的关系和属性。

周期表的组织方式使得人们可以很容易地获取元素的基本信息。

每个元素都有一个原子序数，用来表示元素在周期表中的位置。

原子序数越大，元素的原子量也越大。

原子序数还代表着元素在元素周期表中的电子结构。

元素周期表还给出了每个元素的原子量、原子半径、电负性等重要数据。

这些数据对于理解元素的性质和反应非常重要。

周期表将元素划分为若干个不同的区域。

最常见的是主族元素和过渡元素。

主族元素包括位于周期表的左侧和右侧的元素，它们通常具有相似的化学性质。

过渡元素则是位于周期表中间部分的元素，它们具有不同的化学性质。

周期表还包含了稀土元素和放射性元素等特殊分类。

周期表的排列方式基于元素的原子结构和周期性规律。

元素周期表中水平的行被称为周期，垂直的列称为族。

元素周期表中的元素是按照原子序数递增的顺序排列的，每个周期都包含了一种新的元素。

这种排列方式揭示了许多周期性规律，例如，元素性质的周期性重复以及原子半径和电负性等特性的变化规律。

周期表的发展对于化学研究和工业应用都有着极其重要的意义。

科学家能够通过研究周期表中的元素，预测和设计新的化合物和材料。

周期表的使用还有助于解释许多化学现象和反应的原理。

周期表中的元素被广泛应用于制药、材料科学、环境保护等领域。

总之，周期表是化学中不可或缺的工具。

它通过以系统和有序的方式组织化学元素，帮助科学家更好地理解元素之间的关系和性质。

周期表提供了元素的基本信息和重要数据，为化学研究和应用提供了重要的参考。

周期表的发展对于推动化学领域的进步起到了重要的推动作用。

Unit 5The Periodic TableAs our picture of the atom becomes more detailed, we find ourselves in a dilemma.当我们对原子了解的越来越详细时，我们发现我们其中处在两难之中己。

With more than 100 elements to deal with, how can we keep all this information straight?由于超过100种元素要处理，我们怎样能理顺所有的信息？One way is by using the periodic table of the elements.一个方法是使用元素周期表。

The periodic table neatly tabulates information about atoms. 周期表整齐地列出了原子信息的表格。

It records how many protons and electrons the atoms of a particular element contain. 它记录了一个具体的元素的原子包含多少质子和电子。

It permits us to calculate the number of neutrons in the most common isotope for most elements. 它允许我们为大多数元素计算最常见的同位素中的中子的数量。

It even stores information about how electrons are arranged in the atoms of each element. 它甚至储存了每个元素的原子周围是如何安排电子的信息。

The most extraordinary thing about the periodic table is that it was largely developed before anyone knew there were protons or neutrons or electrons in atoms. 关于周期表的最杰出的事情是在任何人知道在原子周围有质子、中子或者电子之前被提出来。

Unit 1 The Roots of ChemistryI. Comprehension.1.C2. B3. D4. C5. BII. Make a sentence out of each item by rearranging the words in brackets.1. The purification of an organic compound is usually a matter of considerable difficulty, and it is necessary to employ various methods for this purpose.2. Science is an ever-increasing body of accumulated and systematized knowledge and is also an activity by which knowledge is generated.3. Life, after all, is only chemistry, in fact, a small example of chemistry observed on a single mundane planet.4. People are made of molecules; some of the molecules in people are rather simple whereas others are highly complex.5. Chemistry is ever present in our lives from birth to death because without chemistry there is neither life nor death.6. Mathematics appears to be almost as humankind and also permeates all aspects of human life, although many of us are not fully aware of this.III. Translation.1. (a) chemical process (b) natural science (c) the technique of distillation2. It is the atoms that make up iron, water, oxygen and the like/and so on/andso forth/and otherwise.3. Chemistry has a very long history, in fact, human activity in chemistry goesback to prerecorded times/predating recorded times.4. According to/From the evaporation of water, people know/realized thatliquids can turn/be/change into gases under certain conditions/circumstance/environment.5. You must know the properties of the material before you use it.IV . Translation化学是三种基础自然科学之一，另外两种是物理和生物。

应化专业英语作文Chemistry has always been a subject that fascinates me, and the study of applied chemistry has opened up a new worldof possibilities.In the realm of applied chemistry, the practical applications of theoretical concepts are what truly captivate my interest. From the development of pharmaceuticals to environmental protection, the impact of our field is profound.One of the most exciting aspects of applied chemistry isits interdisciplinary nature. It combines elements of biology, physics, and engineering to create innovative solutions to global challenges.The coursework in my applied chemistry program has been both challenging and rewarding. Learning about chemical reactions, molecular structures, and the properties ofvarious compounds has deepened my understanding of the world around me.In the lab, I've had the opportunity to conduct experiments that have not only reinforced my classroomlearning but also sparked my curiosity about the unknown. There's something exhilarating about making a discovery that could potentially change the way we live.As I progress through my studies, I am eager to explorethe various career paths that applied chemistry offers. Whether it's in research, industry, or academia, thepotential to make a difference is immense.I believe that the knowledge and skills I am gaining in applied chemistry will not only benefit my future career but also empower me to contribute to the betterment of society.In conclusion, the field of applied chemistry is a dynamic and ever-evolving discipline that offers endless opportunities for growth and innovation. It is a field that I am proud to be a part of and one that I look forward to contributing to in the years to come.。

Unit 1 The Roots of ChemistryI. Comprehension.1.C2. B3. D4. C5. BII. Make a sentence out of each item by rearranging the words in brackets.1.The purification of an organic compound is usually a matter of considerabledifficulty, and it is necessary to employ various methods for this purpose.2.Science is an ever-increasing body of accumulated and systematizedknowledge and is also an activity by which knowledge is generated.3.Life, after all, is only chemistry, in fact, a small example of chemistryobserved on a single mundane planet.4.People are made of molecules; some of the molecules in people are rathersimple whereas others are highly complex.5.Chemistry is ever present in our lives from birth to death because withoutchemistry there is neither life nor death.6.Mathematics appears to be almost as humankind and also permeates allaspects of human life, although many of us are not fully aware of this.III. Translation.1.(a) chemical process (b) natural science (c) the technique of distillation2.It is the atoms that make up iron, water, oxygen and the like/and so on/andso forth/and otherwise.3.Chemistry has a very long history, in fact, human activity in chemistry goesback to prerecorded times/predating recorded times.4.According to/From the evaporation of water, people know/realized thatliquids can turn/be/change into gases under certain conditions/circumstance/environment.5.You must know the properties of the material before you use it.IV. Translation化学是三种基础自然科学之一，另外两种是物理和生物。

应用化学英文教材Applied Chemistry: An Introduction to the Fundamentals.Chemistry, a branch of science dealing with the composition, structure, properties, and transformations of matter, finds its applications in almost every aspect of our lives. Applied Chemistry, as a subset, focuses on the practical applications of these principles, bridging the gap between pure science and real-world applications.Fundamentals of Applied Chemistry.The foundation of Applied Chemistry rests on the laws and principles established by classical chemistry. The laws of conservation of mass and conservation of energy, for instance, provide a framework for understanding how chemical reactions occur and the energy changes involved. The periodic table, which organizes elements based on their atomic number, reveals patterns in element properties and预测s possible chemical reactions.Applications in Industry.Applied Chemistry plays a crucial role in various industries. In the petroleum industry, it helps in the extraction, processing, and refining of crude oil into usable fuels like gasoline and diesel. In the pharmaceutical industry, it is involved in the development of drugs and medicines, ensuring their safety and efficacy. In the food industry, it ensures the safety and quality of food products through preservation techniques and the development of new food items.Environmental Applications.The environmental impact of human activities has become a global concern. Applied Chemistry plays a vital role in addressing these issues. It helps in the development of sustainable energy sources like solar cells and fuel cells, reducing our dependency on fossil fuels. It also assists in waste management, developing techniques to recycle and dispose of waste safely.Nanotechnology and Applied Chemistry.The emergence of nanotechnology has further expanded the horizons of Applied Chemistry. At the nanoscale, matter exhibits unique properties that can be harnessed for various applications. Applied Chemists are at the forefront of developing nanomaterials for use in areas like medicine, electronics, and energy storage.The Future of Applied Chemistry.With the rapid advancements in technology, the future of Applied Chemistry looks bright. The integration of chemistry with other disciplines like biology, physics, and engineering is expected to lead to new discoveries and applications. The development of smart materials, green chemistry, and sustainable technologies are some of the exciting areas that Applied Chemistry is expected to explore in the coming years.In conclusion, Applied Chemistry is a dynamic fieldthat constantly evolves to meet the challenges of our time. It not only finds applications in various industries but also contributes to addressing global issues like environmental degradation and energy sustainability. As we move forward, the role of Applied Chemistry is expected to become even more crucial in shaping our future.。

1化学的起源化学可以被广泛的定义为分子的科学和它们之间的转换。

和数学不同，化学在人类之前。

我们的星球（地球）上的生命和人类的外观很可能是化学进程的具体结果。

化学过程从历史的开端一直到现在都出现在人们的生活中。

最初，这些过程不在我们的掌控之中，例如，果汁的发酵，肉和鱼的腐烂，木头的燃烧。

后来我们学着去控制化学进程使用它来生产不同的产品，比如食物，金属，陶瓷和皮革。

在化学的发展上，主要区分为四个阶段：史前化学，希腊化学，炼金术，科学化学。

早期的化学很明显是被人们实际需要所激发的。

火的发现提供了史前人类开始控制化学反应的一次机会。

他们合成一些黄铜，青铜和其他易得材料的物品。

因为人类早期对化学过程的应用早于记载，所以没有关于它们化学技能的记录。

唯一可以判断它们化学能力的是考古的发现和不同的人造品。

正如早期数学发展一样，实际需要影响着化学的发展。

但是化学和数学在这个阶段很可能没有关系。

即使有，也没有记录来确定这些。

希腊化学主要建立在推测的基础上而不是在实验的基础上。

这是古希腊所有科学的普遍特征。

古希腊科学家实际上是哲学家，所以希腊对思考如此感兴趣盛于实验也就不足为奇了。

事实上他们很少做思考之外的实验。

这对数学是一个好的方法但是却不是对于物理，化学和生物科学。

然而，希腊人思考了许多关于自然和物质结构，他们可以被看作早期化学理论的创造者。

希腊引进了元素的概念总共提出了四种元素。

Thalesren认为所有的东西来自一种基本的物质，就是水。

Anaximenes,接受了元素的概念，但他认为来单独的元素自于空气中的物质。

Heraclitus，认为宇宙的基本的特点是不断变化的，把火作为永久变化的元素。

Empedocles摒弃了了单独元素的概念并引进了四种元素：水，空气，火和土，他也因为他的实验证明了空气是一种物质结构而出名。

火这种元素最早被柏拉图引用他猜测每种元素的粒子有特定的形体，尽管这种粒子太小以至于看不见。

因此，火的最小的粒子有规则的四面体结构，空气是八面体，水是二十面体，土是立方体（主要是六面体）。

应用化学专业英语Cu—copper Fe—iron Hg—mercury Na—sodium K—potassium Ag—silverNaOH—sodium hydroxide KOH—potassium hydroxide Fe(OH)2—iron(Ⅱ)hydroxide Fe(OH)3—iron(Ⅲ)hydroxide NH4OH—ammonium hydroxideK3[Fe(CN)6]—potassium hexacyanoferrate(Ⅲ)K4[Fe(CN)6]—potassium hexacyanoferrate(Ⅱ)Ⅰ.Name the following1.(NH4)2CO3Ammonium carbonate2.N2O Nitrous Oxide3.H2SO4Sulfuric acid4.P4O6Phosphorus(Ⅲ)trioxide5.Al2O3Aluminium oxide6.SnCl4Tin(IV)chloride7.KHSO4Potassium hydrogen sulfate8.Cu2S Copper(Ⅰ)sulfide9.HClO4Perchloric acid10.BaCl2Barium chloride11.P4O10Phosphorus(Ⅴ)pentoxide12.NaH Sodium hydride13.Ca(MnO4)2Calcium permanganate14.PF5Phosphorus pentafluoride15.(NH4)2HPO4Diammonium hydrogen phosphateⅡ.Give formulas for the following1.ammonium sulfate(NH4)2SO42.barium iodide BaI23.iron(Ⅱ)sulfate Fe2SO44.potassium permanganate KMnO45.copper(Ⅱ)oxide CuO6.carbonic acid H2CO3Melting point 熔点boiling point 沸点1.Which particles play the most active role in chemical bonding?(a)electrons (b)neutrons (c)protons (d)valence electrons2.An ionic bond is formed when electrons are:(a)completely destroyed (b)compeltely transferred (c)divied (d)equally shared3.Due to the that Ionic compounds have strong intermolecular forces they are at room temperature.(a)bonded covalently (b)gases (c)liquids(d)solids 1-butene trans -2-butenecis -2-butene iso -butene (E )-2-butene (Z )-butene 2-methylpropene1.Draw structure that correspond to the following names.(a)2,2-dimethylpentane (b)4-isobutyl-2,5-dimethylheptane (c)(Z)-3-menthyl-2-octene (d)(2R,3S)-2,3-pentanediol2.Give the IUPAC name for each of the following structures.(e)(f)(E)-1-methyl-4-ethylcyclohexane(g)(h)(S)-2-chloro-butyraldehyde (2R,3R)-2,3-dichlorobutyric acid补充：(E)-2-chloro-3-methyl-2-octene Nucleophile亲核试剂carbocation碳阳离子Compressible可压缩的incompressible不可压缩的1.A chemical system can be studied from either a or a(n)viewpiont.(A)physical...chenical(B)molecual...atomic (C)Microscopic...macroscopic(D)Mechanic...kinetic2.Is a macroscopic science that studies the interrelationships between the various equilibrium properties of a stystem.(A)Kinetics(B)Thermodynamics (C)Statistical mechanics(D)Quantum chenistry3.In,the molecular and macroscopic levels are related to each other.(A)quantum(B)statistical(C)thermodynamics(D)kinetics4.thermodynamics studies.(A)heat,work,energy,and the changes they produce in the states of systems(B)The relationships between the molecules of a system(C)heat,work,temperature,and the energy they produce in the states of systems(D)heat,energy,and work5.For a(n)system,neither matter nor energy can be transferred between system and surroundings.(A)closed(B)open(C)isolated(D)none of the aboveⅠ.Translate the following from English into Chinese.(1)pollution of the atmosphere(2)nondegradable pollutant大气污染不可降解污染物(3)harmless pollutant(4)interacting chemicals无害污染物相互作用的化学物质(5)threshold level(6)sound pressure level限定值，阈值声压水平(7)speech interference(8)transmission path 语音干扰传输途径Translate the following from Chinese into English.(1)定性分析qualitative analysis (2)分析物analyte (3)准确度accuracy (5)反应速率reaction-rate (5)解吸附作用deserption (6)吸附absorption conduction 热传导convection 对流radiation 辐射Balance and classify each of the following chemical equations as a (1)combination reactions ,(2)decomposition reaction ,(3)displacement reaction ,or (4)partner-exchange reaction.(a))()(2243l O H s Fe H O Fe +→+)(4)(342243l O H s Fe H O Fe +→+displacement reaction 置换反应(b))()()(23g O s KCl s KClO +→)(3)(2)(223g O s KCl s KClO +→decomposition reaction 分解反应(c)steam and hot carbon react to form gasecous hyfrogen and gaseous carbon monoxide.)()()()(22g CO g H s C l O H +→+displacement reaction 置换反应(d))()()(4272aq HClO g O H g O Cl →+)(2)()(4272aq HClO g O H g O Cl →+combination reactions 化合反应(e))()()(22aq HBrO aq HBr O H l Br +→+)()()(22aq HBrO aq HBr O H l Br +→+decomposition reaction 分解反应(f))()()()()(43442243aq PO H s CaSO aq SO H s PO Ca +→+)(2)(3)(3)()(43442243aq PO H s CaSO aq SO H s PO Ca +→+partner-exchange reaction 复分解反应(g)Potassium reacts with water to give aqueous potassium hydroxide and gaseous hydroxide.)()(2)(2)(222g H aq KOH l O H s K +→+displacement reaction 置换反应(h)Solid magnesium carbonate decomposes to form solid magnesium oxide and gaseous carbon monoxide.)()()(23g CO s MgO s MgCO +→decomposition reaction 分解反应Abstract 摘要Results and discussion 结果与讨论Experimental实验References参考文献E-factor影响因素Journal of the American Chemical Society美国化学会志Journal of the Chemical Society化学会志Journal of Organic Chemistry有机化学杂志Tetrahedron四面体'\.._/ ( Wb川ache mical reaction?Acherr山al react i on occurs when subs'孟忘"(tlie reactants) collide （碰撞） with enough energy to rearrange to form different compounds （由e produc时． η1e change in energy由at occurs when a reaction take place is described by thermodynamics （热力学） and the rate or speed at which a reaction occ u rs is described by kfaetics （动力学） . Reactions in which the reactants and produc臼coexist are considered to be in equ山brium （处于平衡）. A chemical equation consists of the chemical formula （化学式） of the reactants，且目the chemical formula of the products. The two are separated by an 一一－ usually read as ”yielas·’and each chemical formula is separated from others by a plus sign （加号） . Sometimes a triangle is drawn over the arrow symbol to denote energy must be added to the substances for the reaction to begin. Each chemical formula may be preceded by a scalar （数量的） coefficient ind i cating the proportion （比例） of that substance necessary to produce the reaction in formula. For instance, the formula for the burning of methane (C比＋ 202 →C02 + 2H20) indicates that twice as much 02 as C比is needed, and when they react, twice as much H20 as C02 will be produced.η1is is because during the reaction, each atom of carbon needs exactly two atoms of oxygen to combine with, to produce the C02, and every two atoms of hydrogen need an atom of oxygen to combine with to produce the H20. If the proportions of t he reactants are not respected, when they are forced to react, either not all of the substanc e used will participate in the react i on, or the react i on that will take p l ace will be different from the one noted in the equation.。

Unit 1 The Roots‎of Chemi‎s tryI. Compr‎e hens‎i on.1.It can be infer‎red from this artic‎l e which‎one of the follo‎wi ng items‎i s not mainl‎y based‎on pract‎i c al use C. Greek‎chemi‎s try2. It was B. Emped‎o cles‎s who first‎i ntro‎d uced‎the idea that all thing‎s are not forme‎d from just one eleme‎n t.3. In the devel‎o pmen‎t of Greek‎chemi‎s t ry, D. Democ‎ri tus‎ was the first‎ one defin‎i ting‎the ultim‎ately‎const‎i tuen‎t s of matte‎r?4. Accor‎d i ng to Plato‎, there‎are B. 4 ―eleme‎n ts‖ whose‎faces‎are const‎i tute‎d by regul‎a r polyg‎ons.5. In the last parag‎raph,autho‎rs think‎that exper‎i ment‎ DD.can deal with the react‎i ons by which‎one subst‎a n ce is conve‎rted into anoth‎e rII. Make a sente‎n ce out of each item by rearr‎a ngin‎g the words‎in brack‎e ts.1.The purif‎i cati‎o n of an organ‎i c compo‎u nd is usual‎l y a matte‎r of consi‎d erab‎l e diffi‎c ulty‎, and itis neces‎s ary to emplo‎y vario‎u s metho‎d s for this purpo‎s e.2.Scien‎c e is an ever-incre‎a sing‎body of accum‎u late‎d and syste‎m atiz‎e d knowl‎e dge and is also anactiv‎i ty by which‎knowl‎e dge is gener‎a ted.3.Life, after‎all, is only chemi‎s try, in fact, a small‎examp‎l e of chemi‎s try obser‎v ed on a si ngl‎emunda‎n e plane‎t.4.Peopl‎e are made of molec‎ul es; some of the molec‎ul es in peopl‎e are rathe‎r simpl‎e where‎a sother‎s are highl‎y compl‎e x.5.Chemi‎st ry is ever prese‎n t in our lives‎from birth‎to death‎becau‎se witho‎u t chemi‎s t ry there‎i sneith‎e r life nor death‎.6.Mathe‎m atic‎s appea‎rs to be almos‎t as human‎ki nd and also perme‎a tes all aspec‎t s of human‎life,altho‎u gh many of us are not fully‎aware‎of this.III. Trans‎l atio‎n.1.(a)化学过程；(b)自然科学；（c）蒸馏技术(a) chemi‎c al proce‎s s (b) natur‎a l scien‎ce (c) the techn‎i que of disti‎l lati‎o n2.正是原子构‎成铁、水、氧等。

应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版(课后答案和课文翻译)If the mass of a 12C atom is exactly 12 amu,then the mass of a 1H atom to five significant figures must be 1.0078 amu. 12 amu x 0.083986 = 1.0078 amu（2）First we calculate k and then use the first-order rate equation.[][]()()404340.6931.2110/5730log2.3031.000 1.2110/log0.477 2.3032.303log 2.09 6.11061001.2110/k yryrA ktA yrt t yr yr---==⨯=⨯===⨯=⨯The bone was tossed away (more precisely, the animal whose bone was died) about 6100 years ago, or about 4100 B.C. We can thus be sure that a village was in existence at that place at that time.Unit 7 The Nomenclature of Inorganic SubstancesI. Comprehension1.A2.B3.C4.C5.BII. Give the systematic name for the followingammonium ion ; copper(II) ion ; strontium ion; Ccopper(I) ion; iron(II) ion; zinc ion; hydrogen ion; lead((II) ion; aluminum;silver ion; magnesium ion; chromium(III) ion; Barium ; Manganese(II) ion; iron(III) ion; calcium ion; mercury(II) ion; chromium(II) ion; tin(II) ion.carbon monoxide; ditrogen trioxide; carbon dioxide; diphosphorus pentoxide; sulfur trioxide; dichlorine heptoxidearsenate ion; sulfite ion; hydride ion; arsenite ion; bromide ion; hydroxide ion; phosphate ion; chlorate ion; hypochlorite ion; phosphate ion; chloride ion; iodate ion; carbonate ion; chlorite ion; nitrate ion;chromate ion; cyanide ion; iodide ion;dichromate ion; fluoride ion; nitrate ion;oxide ion; hydrogen carbonate ion; nitrite ion;sulfide ion; hydrogen sulfate ion; perchlorate ion;sulfate ion; hydrogen sulfite ion; permanganate ion.III. Complete the table.Formula Old name SystematicnameFeO iron (II) oxide Fe2O3iron (III) oxide Sn(OH)2tin(II)hydroxideSn(OH)4tin(IV)hydroxideHg2SO4mercury (I)sulfateHgSO4mercury (II)sulfate NaCLO sodiumhypochloriteK2Cr2O7potassiumdichromateCu3(AsO4)2copper(II)arsenateCr(C 2H 3O 2)3 chromium(IV) acetateIV . Acid names may be obtained directly from its acid ion by changing the name of the acid ion (negative ion). Use the rule to give the name of the following acid. Formula of acid Old name Name of acid H 2CO 3 carbonic acid HClO 2 chlorous acid HClO 4 perchloric acid HCN hydrocyanic acid HBr hydrobromic acid H 4SiO 4 silicic acid H 3AsO 4 arsenic acid V . Complete the sentences with the proper form of the word given at the end of the sentence.1.is altered;2.To illustrate3.indicates4.should expect5.would cancel6. are pulled7.depend on8.are; referred9.formed 10.have discussed VI. Translation1. Matter can neither be created nor be destroyed/eliminated.2. It is necessary that a scientist must know how to use fingures to get an accutate answer to question.3. Any substance is made of atoms whether it is solid, liquid or gas.4. The experiment was successful. It ’s results was the same as what we had expected.5. It will not be long before we finish the experiment.VII. Write equations for the following acid-base reactions. Use the information in inorganic textbook to predict whether the equilibrium will favor the reactants or the products. (Partially Solved)Solutin to (a): Cyanide is the conjugate base of HCN. It can accept a proton from formic acid:COHHO +CN C OH OC NH +formic acid stronger acid cyanidestronger base formate weaker baseweaker acidReading from inorganic textbook, formic acid (p K a =3.76) is a stronger acid than HCN (p K a =9.22), and cyanide is a stronger base than formate. The products (weaker acid and base) are favored. …………..VIII. Write equations for the net reactions which occur when the following materials are added to a sodium-ammonia solution.Answer: (1) 2CH3GeH3 + 2e am-→ H2 + 2CH3GeH2-(2) I2 + 2e am-→ 2I-(3) (C2H5)2S + 2e am- + NH3 → C2H5S- + C2H6 + NH2-Unit 10 Nomenclature of HydrocarbonsI. Comprehension1.C2.D3.B4.A5.B6.BII. Name the following compounds by the IUPAC system1 CH3(CH2)nCH3 (n=2, 3, 4, 6, respectively) butane, pentane, hexane,octane2 (CH3)2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH32-methylpentane3 (CH3)3C-CH2-CH(C2H5)-CH2-CH34-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane5-isopropyl-2-methyloctane4 (CH3)2CH-CH2CH2-CH(CH2CH2CH3)-CH(CH3)24-isopropyl-4-propylheptane 5 CH3-CH2-CH2-C(CH2CH2CH3)2-CH(CH3)26 ◇-CH2-CH(CH3)2isobutylcyclobutane7 CH2=C(C2H5)(CH(CH3)2) 2-ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene8 CH3-CH2-CH=CH-CHCl-CH32-chloro-3-hexene9 CH3-CH(CH3)-CH(C2H5)-C≡C-CH34-ethyl-5-methyl-2-hexyneCH2=CH-C≡CH 1-buten-3-yne11(CH3)2CH-CH2CH(OH)CH34-methyl-2-pentanol12CH3CH2CH=CHCH(OH)CH33-hexen-2-ol13(CH3)3C-OH 2-methyl-2-propanol14(CH3)3C-OCH2H52-ethoxy-2-methylpropane15(CH3)2CH-CH2-O-C2H51-ethoxy-2-methylpropane16(CH2OH)21,2-ethanediol17CH3-CH(OH)-CH2(OH) 1,2-proanediol18CH2(OH)-CH(OH)-CH2(OH) 1,2,3-propanetriol19CH3CH2NH2aminoethane2 0 CH3CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH-NH-CH3N-methyl-1-amino-2-methylpentaneIII. Draw structures for the following compounds.1 3-octene C-C-C=C-C-C-C-C2 3-methy-2-heptene3 cyclohexene4 2-pentyne C-C≡C-C-C5 3,3-dimethylhexyne6 3-bromotolueneCH3Br7 vinyl chloride C=C-Cl8 acetylene C≡C9 para-dichlorobenzeneCl Cl10 m-chlorobromobenzeneBrCl11 toluene CH312 chlorobenzene Cl13 1,2-dibromobenzeneBrBr14 naphthalene15 anthracene16 phenanthrene17 2-methyl-1-propanol C CC OHC18 Cyclohexanol OH19 Methoxyethene C C O C20 trans-2-ethoxycyclohexanol OHOC2H5IV. Decide which item best completes each unfinished sentence.1.A2.A3.B4.CV. Each of the following names is incorrect. Draw the structure represented by the incorrect name (or a consistent structure if the name is ambiguous), and give your drawing the correct name.(…………)Unit 11 Carboxylic Acids and Their DerivativesI. Comprehension1.B2.B3.C4.D5.A6.CII. Fill in the blanks with the phrases given below.1.brought out2.dozen or so; put together3.are made of ;divided by4.are different from5.on the contrary; consist of6.summed up7.stand for8.such as9.are; dependent on 10.break down intoIII. Put in proper prepositions or adverbs into the blanks.1.with; as2.to3.about4.from5.intoIV. Translation1. Similarly, solvent also may not be liquid matter but the others2. A graph plotting solubility against temperature is called a solubility curve. ( The curve plot drawn (made / produced) by solubility as one coordinate and temperature as another coordinate is called solubility curve.)3. Air is mixture of gases , the most abundant of which is nitrogen in the form of N2 (molecules).4. The direction of the reaction and the position of the equilibrium may also be affected by the temperature, pressure, and other conditions.5. Hydrogen has a great affinity for oxygen and easily combines with it to form water.V. Translation玻意尔（Bohr）模型提出不久后，人们就发现原子中的电子比Bohr提出的模型要复杂得多。

The Periodic TableAs our picture of the atom becomes more detailed, we find ourselves in a dilemma.当我们对原子了解的越来越详细时，我们发现我们其中处在两难之中己。

With more than 100 elements to deal with, how can we keep all this information straight?由于超过100种元素要处理，我们怎样能理顺所有的信息？One way is by using the periodic table of the elements.一个方法是使用元素周期表。

The periodic table neatly tabulates information about atoms. 周期表整齐地列出了原子信息的表格。

It records how many protons and electrons the atoms of a particular element contain. 它记录了一个具体的元素的原子包含多少质子和电子。

It permits us to calculate the number of neutrons in the most common isotope for most elements. 它允许我们为大多数元素计算最常见的同位素中的中子的数量。

It even stores information about how electrons are arranged in the atoms of each element. 它甚至储存了每个元素的原子周围是如何安排电子的信息。

The most extraordinary thing about the periodic table is that it was largely developed before anyone knew there were protons or neutrons or electrons in atoms. 关于周期表的最杰出的事情是在任何人知道在原子周围有质子、中子或者电子之前被提出来。