A Virtual Community Library SICS Digital Library Infrastructure Project

2021年12月四级考试预测押题卷（一）Part I Writing(30minutes)Directions:For this part,you are allowed30minutes to write a letter to offer your suggestions to your cousin who sought your advice on how to make his resume distinctive.You should write at least120words but no more than 180words.Part II Listening Comprehension(25minutes)Section ADirections:In this section,you will hear three news reports.At the end of each conversation,you will hear four questions.Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C)and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet1with a single line through the centre.Questions1and2are based on the news report you have just heard.1.A)Two.B)Three.C)Four.D)Five.2.A)He called the police after the accident.B)He broke his arm in the accident.C)He was caught taking drugs.D)He was arrested by the police.Questions3and4are based on the news report you have just heard.3.A)A cure to brain cancer.B)A new surgical instrument.C)A pen that can identify cancerous tissue.D)A new drug that can eliminate cancerous tissue.4.A)Finding the border between the cancerous and normal tissue.B)Identifying the accuracy rate of the new device.C)Improving their speed of removing a tumour.D)Using the new device in brain surgery.Questions5to7are based on the news report you have just heard.5.A)To collect scientific data on it.C)To take photos of the storm on it.B)To monitor the storm on it.D)To investigate its environment.6.A)It has lasted for nearly350years.B)It has lasted for more that350months.C)It seems to be getting smaller.D)It seems to be getting larger.7.A)What initially caused the storm.C)What is the impact of the storm.B)What is underneath the storm.D)What makes the storm last for so long.Section BDirections：In this section,you will hear two long conversations.At the end of each conversation,you will hear four questions.Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C),and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet1with a single line through the centre.Questions8to11are based on the conversation you have just heard.8.A)It’s for disabled adults.B)It’s in a sports centre.C)It’s rewarding and challenging.D)It’s compulsive in her community.9.A)The skills they need.B)The products they have.C)The market they target.D)The language they require.10.A)Diversify markets and sales strategies.B)Reduce costs and jobs.C)Learn from other companies.D)Listen to the opinions of experts.11.A)The salary and the workload.B)The office hour and the penalty system.C)The welfare and the holiday system.D)The ethical policy and the carbon footprint.Questions12to15are based on the conversation you have just heard.12.A)Double-decker buses.B)The traffic in London.C)Bus routes.D)Travels in Britain.13.A)It has no windows.B)People get onto it at the front.C)It has two carriages.D)It is open at the back.14.A)Uncomfortable.B)Noisy.C)Dangerous.D)Shabby.15.A)Bendy buses can help reduce the traffic jam.B)Bendy buses are more environmentally friendly.C)Bendy buses are convenient for people in wheelchairs.D)Bendy buses are more popular among tourists.Section CDirections:In this section,you will hear three passages.At the end of each passage,you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C)and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet1 with a single line through the centre.Questions16to18are based on the passage you have just heard.16.A)They had four toes.B)They were not as big as dogs.C)They lived in South America.D)They lived in thick forests.17.A)They had long legs and a long tail.B)They were smaller and had front eyes.C)They began to eat grass as well as fruit.D)They were bigger and had long legs.18.A)They evolved into donkeys in Asia and Africa.B)They used their long legs to run south to South Africa.C)They began to eat apples on the North American plains.D)They preferred grass to fruit and vegetables.Questions19to21are based on the passage you have just heard.19.A)Being rejected by friends and teachers.B)Staying away from his native land.C)Adapting to new study expectations.D)Keeping a balance between study and job.20.A)Talking with older brothers or sisters.C)Starting a conversation with close friends.B)Having a casual talk with a college student.D)Playing with friends on the same sports team.21.A)Follow traditions of with a college student.C)Respect the customs of different colleges.B)Take part in as many activities as possible.D)Take others’advice as reference only.Questions22to25are based on the passage you have just heard.22.A)They tend to harm wildlife.C)They are thrown away everywhere.B)They are hardly recyclable.D)They are made from useless materials.23.A)It is fatal.B)It is weird.C)It is very serious.D)It is complicated.24.A)The sea creatures that have taken in then are consumed by humans.B)The ocean’s ecology has been polluted and affected humans.C)Humans eat the seabirds that have swallowed plastic particles.D)Humans consume the fish that have eaten sea creatures with them.25.A)Its use has been drastically reduced.C)Most products use natural materials.B)It is still an indispensable material.D)The use of plastic items will be charged.PartⅢReading Comprehension(40minutes)Section ADirections:In this section,there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet2with a single line through the centre.You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions26to35are based on the following passage.A third of the planet’s land is severely degraded and fertile soil is being lost at the rate of24bn tonnes a year, according to a new United Nations-backed study that calls for a shift away from destructively intensive agriculture, The alarming____26____,which is forecast to continue as demand for food and productive land increases,will ass to the risks of conflicts unless____27____actions are implemented,warns the institution behind the report.“As the ready supply of healthy and productive land dries up and the population grows,competition is ___28___for land within countries and globally,”said executive secretary of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification(UNCCD)at the launch of the Global Land Outlook.“To___29____the losses,the outlook suggests it is in all our interests to step back and rethink how we are managing the pressures and the competition.”The Global Land Outlook is____30____as the most comprehensive study of its type,mapping the interlinked impacts of urbanization,climate change,erosion and forest loss.But the biggest factor is the___31___of industrial farming.Heavy tilling,multiple harvests ans___32____use of agrochemicals have increased yields at the____33____of long-term sustainability.If the past20years,agricultural production has increased threefold and the amount of irrigated land has doubled,notes a paper in the outlook by the Joint Research Centre(JRC)of the European commission.Over time,however,this___34___fertility and can lead to abandonment of land and ___35___desertification.A)absorb I)limitedB)abundant J)minimizeC)billed K)occasionallyD)decline L)optimizesE)diminishes M)rateF)expansion N)remedialG)expense O)ultimatelyH)intensifyingSection BDirections:In this section,you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2.Take Naps at Work.Apologize to No One[A]In the past two weeks I’ve taken three naps at work,a total of an hour or so of shut-eye while on the clock.And I have no shame or uncertainty about doing it.I couldn’t feel better about it,and my productivity reflects it,too.[B]Sleeping on the job is one of those workplace taboos-like leaving your desk for lunch or taking an afternoon walk-that we’re taught to look down on.If someone naps at2p.m.while the rest of us furiously write memos and respond to emails,surely it must mean they’re slacking off(偷懒).Or so the assumption goes.[C]Restfulness and recharging can take a back seat to the perception and appearance of productivity.It’s easier to stay on a virtual hamster(仓鼠)wheel of activity by immediately responding to every email than it is to measure aggregate productivity over a greater period of time.But a growing field of occupational and psychological research is building the case for restfulness in pursuit of greater productivity.[D]Companies are suffering from tremendous productivity problems because people are stressed out and not recovering from the workday,said Josh Bersin,Principal and Founder of Bersin by Deloitte.“They’re beginning to realize that this is their problem,and they can’t just say to people,‘Here’s a work-life balance course,go teach yourself how to manage your inbox,’”Mr.Bersin said.“It’s way more complicated than that.”[E]To be sure,the ability to nap at work is far from widespread,experts said.Few among us have the luxury of being able to step away for a half-hour snoozefest.But lunch hours and coffee breaks can be great times to duck out,and your increased productivity and alertness will be all the evidence you need to make your case to inquiring bosses.[F]In an ideal world,we’d all solve this problem by unplugging early and getting a good night’s sleep. Here’s our guide on how to do just that.But the next best thing is stealing away for a quick power nap when you’re dragging after lunch.[G]In a study published in Nature Neuroscience,researchers tested subjects on their perceptual performance four times throughout the day.Performance deteriorated with each test,but subjects who took a30-minute nap between tests stopped the deterioration in performance,and those who took a60-minute nap even reversed it.[H]“Naps had the same magnitude of benefits as full nights of sleep if they had a quality of nap.”said Sara Mednick,a co-author of the study and associate professor of psychology at the University of California,Riverside.[I]Dr.Mednick,a sleep researcher and the author of Take a Nap!Change Your Life,said daytime napping can have many of the benefits of overnight sleep,and different types of naps offer specific benefits.[J]For example,Dr.Mednick said a20-to60-minute nap might help with memorization and learning specific bits of information.It’s just long enough to enter stage-two sleep,or non-rapid eye movement(R.E.M.)sleep.[K]After60minutes,you start getting into R.E.M.sleep,most often associated with that deep,dreaming state we all enjoy at night R.E.M.sleep can improve creativity,perceptual processing and highly associativethinking,which allows you to make connections between disparate ideas,Dr.Mednick said.Beyond that,your best bet is a90-minute nap,which will give you a full sleep cycle.[L]Any nap,however,can help with alertness and perception and cut through the general fog that creeps in during the day,experts said.[M]So how did we even arrive at this point where aptitude is inextricably tied(紧密相连)to working long, concentrated hours?Blame technology,but think broader than smartphones and laptops;the real issue is that tech has enabled us to be available at all times.[N]“We went through a period where people were in denial and business leaders were ignoring it,”Mr. Bersin said.“They were assuming that if we give people more tools,more emails,more Slack,more chatter,and we’ll just assume they can figure out how to deal with it all.And I think they’ve woken up to the fact that this is a big problem,and it is affecting productivity,engagement,health,safety,wellness and all sorts of things.”[O]It isn’t just office workers who can benefit from an afternoon siesta(午睡).A2015study published in Current Biology looked at the at the sleeping habits of three hunter-gatherer preindustrial societies in Tanzania, Namibia and Bolivia.[P]“They’re active in the morning,then they get in the shade under the trees and have a sort of quiet time, but they’re not generally napping,”said Jerome Siegel,professor of psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences,and director of the U.C.L.A.Center for Sleep Research,a co-author of the study.“Then they do some work and go to sleep,and they sleep through the night.”[Q]Still,Mr.Siegel said,“the only genuine way to solve daytime sleepiness and fatigue starts the night before with a solid night’s sleep.”The real Holy Grail of restfulness is a regular sleep schedule with ideally seven or eight hours of sleep each night,which experts say is optimal.[R]“Daytime napping certainly does increase alertness,”Mr.Siegel said.“But it’s not as simple as going to the gas station and filling the tank.”[S]He also advises avoiding caffeine late in the day and waking around the same time every morning,even if you can’t get to sleep at the same time every night,This helps acclimate(使适应)your body to your regular wake-up time,regardless of how much sleep you got the night before.[T]So if you’ve made it this far and you’re interested in giving workday naps a try(or just starting to nod off),here’s a quick guide to the perfect nap;Find a quiet,unoccupied space where you won’t be disturbed.Try to make your area as dim as possible(or invest in a sleep mask you can keep in the office).Earplugs might help.too.Aim for around20minutes.Any longer than that and you’re likely to wake up with sleep inertia(睡眠惰性)，which will leave you even groggier(头脑昏沉的)than before.36.Participants’perceptual performance became better after sleeping one hour between tests in an article inNature Neuroscience.37.Jerome Siegel found that only by sleeping soundly through the previous night could people tackle theirweariness during the day.38.Our talent is closely bound to working with concentration for long periods of time because technologymakes us accessible24/7.39.Taking a nap at work is normally regarded as laziness that should be held in contempt and avoided inworkplace.40.Between20to60minutes,people can get into non-REM sleep which may improve memory and learningability according to Dr.Mednick.41.People can doze off at lunch and coffee breaks and defended themselves by saying their improvedproductivity and alertness when bosses investigated their whereabouts.42.The author’s tips on taking a perfect nap involve sleeping place,environment and duration.43.The author believes business leaders are aware that availability at any time due to technology has negativeeffects on every aspect of people’s life.44.The optimal length of a nap was an hour and a half so that people could go through a complete sleep cycle.45.Josh Bersin mentioned the cause of companies’big productivity problems and the solution which needsmore that just employees’efforts.Section CDirections:There are2passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions46to50are based on the following passage.Every office worker hates meetings.But it’s a strange sort of hate,similar to the hatred of Londoners for the Northern Line,or New Yorkers for tourists who walk too slowly:the dislike is real,yet if the despised thing were to vanish,it’d be like surrendering a piece of your soul.When researchers probed into why people put up with the strain that meetings place on their time and sanity, they found something-those who resent and dread meetings the moat also defend them as a“necessary evil”, sometimes with great passion.True,research suggests that meetings take up vastly more of the average manager’s time than they used to.True,done badly,they’re associated with lower levels of innovation and employee wellbeing(幸福).But that’s just office life,right?It’s not supposed to be fun.That’s why they call it work.Underlying(引起)this attitude is an assumption that’s drummed into us not just as workers but as children, parents and romantic partners;that more communication is always a good thing.So suggestions abound for(大量存在)communicating better in meetings-for example,hold them standing up,so speakers will come to the point more quickly.But even when some companies consider abolishing meetings entirely,the principle that more communication is better isn’t questioned.If anything,it’s reinforced when such firms introduce“flat”management structures,with bosses always available to everyone,plus plenty of electronic distraction.In fact,constant connectivity is disastrous for both job satisfaction and the bottom line.And anyway,once you give it three seconds’thought,isn’t it cleat that more communication frequently isn’t a good thing?Often,the difference between a successful marriage and a second-rate one consists of leaving about three or four things a day unsaid.At work,it’s surely many more than four,though for a different reason;office communication comes at the cost of precisely the kind of focus that’s essential to good work.Yet we’re so accustomed to seeing talking as a source of solutions-for resolving conflicts or finding new ideas-that it’s hard to see when it is the problem.46.What does the author say about meetings?A)Londoners hate them as well as the Northern Line.B)They can help to keep workers’physical and spiritual health.C)Workers might be reluctant to give up them completely.D)New Yorkers dislike meetings more than Londoners.47.What did researchers find about people’s attitude towards meeting?A.Their attitude and behavior are paradoxical.B)People who hate meetings the most are senior insane.C)Those who like meetings might be considered insane.D)More meetings are regarded as a sign of less innovation.48.Why do people think that more communication is always a good thing?A)Because the concept is firmly believed by workers.B)Because everyone loves to communicate with others.C)Because the idea has been instilled into people’s mind.D)Because communication is vital for building relationships.49.What does the author think of the“flat”management structure?A)It forces bosses to frequently contact their employees.B)It helps to soften employees’bottom line of work.C)It is definitely a disaster to employees’job satisfaction.D)It strengthens people’s deeply-rooted notion of communication.50.What is the author’s argument about office communication?A)It is an effective way to solve office conflicts.B)It affects work efficiency in a negative way.C)It should come to a halt at intervals.D)It is useful for workers to find new ideas.Passage TwoQuestions51to55are based on the following passage.The Internet has enabled the spread of information at lightning speed.This information revolution has created tremendous business opportunities for online publishers,but not all of them maintain proper quality-control mechanisms to ensure that only good information is being shared.Instead,many publishers aim simply to make money by whatever means possible,with no regard for the implications for society at large.When selfish publishers set up shops online,the primary goal is to publish as much as possible,often at the cost of quality.In this respect,many publishers start numerous online journals focused on overlapping(重叠的)disciplines—to increase their total number of published papers—and hire young business managers who do not have any experience in either science or publishing.In some cases,online publishers even give up peer review, while still presenting themselves as scientific journals—deception designed to take advantage of scientists who simply want to share their research.If publishers structure their business to make more revenue,it often does harm to their products.When publishers start journals with overlapping domains,in combination with the pressure to publish more studies,this could promote the publication of marginal or even questionable articles.Moreover,publishers with multiple overlapping journals and journals with very narrow specialties(专业)increase the demands on the time and efforts of willing reviewers.With the fact that reviewers are generally not compensated for their time and effort,journal editors are often unable to find enough reviewers to keep up with the increased publication rate.To improve the situation and increase the trust in scientific community,the pressure to publish must be reduced.Funding and promotion decisions should not be based on the number of publications,but on the quality of those publications and a researcher’s long-term productivity and instructions.And that’s just the start.We need additional mechanisms,such as Beall’s list of predatory(掠夺的)publishers, to alert scientists to fake journals and fake articles.In addition,the price for online publication must be controlled and a mechanism must be put in place to honor and reward hard-working reviewers.51.What does the author think of online publishers?A)A small proportion of them can guarantee their publishing quality.B)They have lots of opportunities to renovate their business models.C)Many of them tend to try every means to make a buck.D)Social impact is their first priority when publishing books.52.It can be inferred from the second paragraph that______.A)peer review generally is a criterion to identify academic journalsB)researchers focus their research on the combination of disciplinesC)scientists care about their publications rather than researchD)young business managers are willing to face new challenges53.Why can’t publishers find enough reviewers to review papers?A)Reviewers are pressed for time when reviewing articles.B)Reviewers’gains can’t make up for what they have done.C)Publishers may compel reviewers to accept marginal articles.D)Publishers urge reviewers to increase publication rate rapidly.54.What is the author’s suggestion for online publication?A)More weight should be put on the quantity of publications.B)It is worthwhile to reward diligent reviewers for their effort.C)Fake journals should be reported to a regulatory organization.D)The price of online publication should be lowered greatly.55.What is the main idea of this passage?A)Online publishers should take measures to fight against fake scientific journals.B)Online publishers are pursuing their work efficiency at the cost of quality.C)Online publishers business models are quite likely to harm their publications.D)Online publishers are sacrificing the quality of research articles to make money.PartⅣTranslation(30minutes)Directions:For this part,you are allowed30minutes to translate a passage from Chinese intoEnglish.You should write your answer on Answer Sheet2.春节是中国的传统节日，相当于美国的圣诞节。

Unit 6 I’m going to study computer science.Period 1 Section A 1a-2cTeaching aims1. Students learn to talk about future intentions.2. .The students will be able to learn the words and phrases:grow up, computer programmer, cook, doctor, engineer, violinist, driver, pilot,pianist, scientist, be sure about, make sure3. The students will be able to use the expressions:①─What do you want to be when you grow up?─I want to be a basketball player.②─How are you going to do that?─I’m going to practice basketball every day.③Where are you going to work?Ability aims:1.The students can use the questions to get information to improve their listening andspeaking abilities.2.To train the students’cooperation with their partners.Key and important difficult points:A. VocabularyB. Target language1. What do you want to be when you grow up?I want to be a computer programmer.2. How are you going to do that?I’m going to study computer science.C.StructuresFuture with going to, Want to be, What, How questionsD.GrammarThe simple future tense.Emotional aims:To help the students to make their future plan and get them to know they should do lots of thing to make their dreams come true.Teaching procedures:Step 1 Warming up.1.GreetingsT: Good afternoon, boys and girls. How are you ? Are you happy today? I’m reallyhappy that we can have a class here today. First, can you show me your hands,clap it loudly.2. Enjoy a video and chant together.T: Now, let’s enjoy a video together. Clap your hands to the music and chanttogether. So what jobs can you see from the video? Can you tell me? Do you wantto know any other jobs? Let’s see together.Step 2 Presentation1. Do you know any other jobs?2. Can you guess these jobs?T: If you know the answer, please stand up quickly. Say it loudly.3. Read the words.Step 3 Work on 1a.1. Read the words.2. Do you think these jobs are interesting? Which job do you think is the mostinteresting?Which job do you think is the least interesting?3. Students answer.To be a computer programmer is the most interesting.To be a bus driver is the least interesting.Step 4 New language presentation.1. T: What do you want to be when you grow up? When I was a child, I wantedto be a trader. So what about you ? What do you want to be when you grow up?2. Explain “grow up”3.Help Ss to answer it.Then show some more pictures to help Ss learn professions 2. T: Now take out a piece ofpaper. Think about your dreams and write your dream down on the paper. So what do you wantto be when you grow up?4. T: Do you want to make your dream come true? It’s time for us to have agame. “Try your luck.”Take out the paper, fold it. Then try to throw into the box.If you throw into it, your dream maybe come true. Say out your dream loudly.I will call some of you to come to the stage to try your luck, any volunteers?Ask other Ss, let them answer”What does he/she want to be when he/she grows up?”.5. T: But How are you going to do that if you want to be a teacher when you grow up? Let’sanswer together. Boys ask girls answer.6. How is she/he going to do that ?Step 5 Pair work.T: Now I want to know something about you ? What do you want to be when you grow up?How are you going to do that ?An example:-What do you want to be when you grow up? --I want to be a/an…--How are you going to do that? --I’m going to…--What does he/she want to be when he/she grows up? --He/She wants to be a/an…--How is he/she going to do that? --He/She is going to…T: Now it’s time for you to talk with your deskmates. One asks and one answers.Step 6 Work on 1b.1. T: We know our plans, do you want to know other Ss’plans ? Now open your books, let’ssee the picture, listen to four conversations and answer questions. You should match and fill inthe blanks. Now let’s check the answers.2. Check the answers:So in conversation 1, what does the girl want to de ? How is she going to do that?3.T: Let’s have a relax, I want to tell your a story.4. T: I want some of you to tell the story again. Can you ? Who wants to try? Do you want tohave a try?Step 7 Work on 2a.2b. .T: You all know Xiao Wanzi’s story. There is another boy, his name is Cheng Han. he has another story, too.T:Chen Han has a future plan .Listen ,What is Cheng Han going to do? Check the correct boxes in the picture.2. What are Cheng Han’s plans for the future? Fill in the chart.3. Let’s listen together. Let’s check the answers.Step 8 Make a survey.Do you want to know your classmates’plans. Now let’s make a survey ask your classmates. Three Ss a group. Then choose one Student to make a report here.Step 9 Summarize and homework.1. Today, you have done a very good job.Your dream maybe come true. But rememberyoushould work very hard and take actions, you will be successful.2. Summarize3. homework.Bb designUnit 6 I’m going to study computer science.Period 1 (1a -2c)What are you going to be/What do you want to be when you grow up?Why are you going to be a basketball player? a pianistWhere are you going to move/work? a violinistHow are you going to do that/ become …? an engineer When are you going to start? a computer programmer take acting lessons a race car driverfinish college first. a pilotPeriod 2 Section A 2d-3cTeaching aims:Knowledge aims:●The students will learn the new words: be sure about , make sure , college ,education,medicine , university , London, article , send●The students will go on using the expressions:What are you going to be /What do you want to be when you grow up ?How are you going to become …?Where are you going to move/ work?When are you going to start?Ability aims:1.The students can use the questions to get information to improve their listening ,speaking, reading and writing abilities.2.To train the students’cooperation with their partners.Emotional aims:The students will share their future plans and talk about how to achieve their dreams. Teaching important points:The students will use the expressions in this period to get the information.Teaching difficult points:The students will make a survey about their future plans and do some writing. Teaching procedures:Step1 Warming up1 .Sing the song . Que , Sara, Sara with the students.3.Tell Ss : Not everyone knowswhat they want to be!Step 2 Review1 Say the jobs.2. Ss work in pairs and revise the expressions that they learned in Period 1.What do you/they…want to be when you/they…grow up ?Why do you/they…want to be a/an…?How are you/they…going to do that ?Where are you/they…going to move?When are you/they…going to start?Step 3 Presentation.T present the new words and phrases.What is your sister going to become when she grows up ?Step 4 Reading .1. Ss read 2a and answer the questions.What does Ken want to be when he grows up?How is he going to become a writer?What is Andy going to be when she grows up?Step 5 Role play.First let Ss read after the tape and the work in pairs . At last ,role play the conversation. Step 6 Learning and exercises.Ss learn Grammar focus and do 3a and 3bThen check the answers.Step 7 Emotional teaching .Ss will know :Make sure you try your best. You can be anything you want.Bb designUnit 6 I’m going to study computer science.Period 2 ( 2d-3c)What is your sister going to become when she grows up ?1.write articles and send them to newspapers and magazines2.be not sure about that3.study education4.a writer5.be interested in writing stories6.keep /go on writing storiesPeriod 3 Section B 1a-1eKnowledge aims:1. Ss are able to read and use these words:New Year’s resolution, make the soccer team, foreign language2. Ss are able to use these sentences:(1)What are you going to do next year?--I’m going to...(2)How are you going to do that?--I’m going to...(3)Sounds interesting/ like a good plan.Ability aims:1. Ss learn to talk about their New Year’s resolutions.2. Ss practice listening in class.Emotional aims:Ss learn the importance to make a plan at the beginning of the year. Work hard to make their dreams come true.Teaching important points:1. Ss ask and answer about their New Year’s resolutions.2. Ss finish the listening in 1c and 1d.Teaching difficult points:Ss make a survey and report about the resolutions in their group.Teaching procedures:Step 1 Review.1. Say the words about the jobs.2. Ask and answer.What do you want to be when you grow up?How are you going to do that?Where are you going to ...?When are you going to start?Step 2. Presentation1. T: The New Year is coming. What are you going to do next year? How are you going todo that?2. Ss talk about their plan in the new year with the key sentences and key phrases.Step 3 Work on 1a.1. Go through the pictures in 1a on the screen with the Ss.2. Then ask them to match the pictures with the correct resolution in 1a.Step 4 Work on 1b.1. Have Ss get into pairs and discuss what they are going to do next year with their partners.2. Then, have some pairs come to the front and present their discussion to the class.What are you going to do next year?---Well, I’m going to take guitar lessons. I really love music.Sounds interesting. I’m going to learn another foreign language.---Are you? Great! But foreign languages are not for me.Step4. Listening1. Listen to 1cT: Lucy, Kim and Mike are talking about their resolution next year. What they are going to donext year?2. Ss listen to 1c and choose.3. Check the answers.4. Listen to 1dT: How are they going to make the resolutions come true?5. Ss listen to 1d and fill in the blank.6. Check the answers.7. Ss read after the tape.Ss talk about the resolutions of these 3 persons.Step 5 Group work1. Work in groups. Make a list of resolutions and how you are going to make them work.Then discuss with your group.2. Ask some pairs to act out the conversations.Step 6 Work on 4.1. Have Ss look at Activity 4 on page 48 and ask them to imagine that they work for the city.Have them think of ways that they can make the city cleaner and greener.2. Next, have some Ss come to the front and present their plan to the class. Get the class tovote for the ideas they like the most.A: I want to be a teacher.B: How are you going to do that?A: Well, I’m going to study hard and get good grades.B: Sounds like a good plan. I want to get a lot of exercise.Step 7 Do some exercises.Step 8 Summary and homework.T: Work hard and make your dream come true!Bb designUnit 6 I’m going to study computer science.“New Year’s Resolution”A: What are you going to do next year? learn to play the pianoB: I am going to... make the soccer teamA: How are you going to do that? get good gradesB: I am going to... eat healthier foodA: Sounds like a good plan! get lots of exerciselearn another foreign languagePeriod 4 Section B 2a-2eKnowledge aims:1. Ss are able to read and use these words:Be able to, question, the meaning of, discuss, promise, at the beginning of, improve, write down, physical health, themselves, have to do with, self-improvement, take up, hobby, weekly plan, schoolwork, have...in common, for this reason2. Ss are able to use these sentences:(1)Most of the time, we make promises to others. However...(2)Some people write down... Others tell their family and ...(3)There are different kinds of resolutions. Some are about... Many have to do with...Somehave to do with...Although there are differences, most resolutions have one things in common.Ability aims:1. Ss learn and discuss about the resolutions.2. Ss practice reading in class.Emotional aims:Ss learn the meaning of resolutions and decide to make their own resolutions. Teaching important points:Ss finish the reading by doing the steps in the text book.Teaching difficult points:Ss discuss the necessity of the resolution.Step 1. Free talk & Lean in1.T: What are you going to do next year?How are you going to do that?2.Q: What is a “resolution”? Q: Is this a “resolution”?Ss talk about their New Year’resolutions:“Next year, I’m going to...”3. Ss judge if the sentences given are “resolutions”or not.Step 2. Presentation1.Read the passage and underline these words and phrases.2.Get the meaning of these phrases in the sentences given on ppt.Ss share their ideas about this phrases.Step 3 Work on 2a.Ask Ss the two questions:Did you make any resolutions last year?Were you able to keep them? Why or why not?Step 4 Work on 2b.1. T: This passage is about resolutions. Now read the passage quickly and match eachparagraph with its main purpose.2. Let Ss read the sentences in the box first. Let some Ss say the meanings.3. Ss read the passage quickly and match each paragraph with its main purpose.4. Let Ss underline the words and phrases that helped them decide.Step 5 Work on 2c.1. T: Now let’s work on 2c. First, let’s read the sentences and make sure we know themeanings of all the sentences. Then read the passage again and chose whichparagraph in the passage each sentence goes in.2. Ss read carefully and try to find the answers to the questions.3. Check the answers with the class.Step 6 Work on 2d.1. T: Read the passage again. Then answer the questions with short sentences.2. Ss try to answer the questions. Then discuss the answers with your partners. Explanation1. Some resolutions have to do with better planning, …1) 此句中的planning为名词，表示“计划；规划”等意思，如：city planning（城市规划）等。

七年级(下)第7单元第3课时Unit7 It’s raining!Section B (1a-1e)七年级(下)第7单元第4课时Unit 7 It’s raining!Section B(2a-3c)七年级(下)第7单元第5课时Unit 7 It’s raining!Self checkUnit 7 It’s raining! Self check四、【教后反思】九年级英语上册期末试卷学校____________________ 姓名__________________ 准考证号__________________听力理解(共30分)一、听对话，从下面各题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选择与对话内容相符的图片。

每段对话你将听两遍。

（共5分，每小题1分）1．A．B． C.2．A．B．C．3．A．B． C.4．A．B．C．5．A．B．C．二、听对话或独白，根据对话或独白的内容，从下面各题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选择最佳选项。

每段对话或独白你将听两遍。

（共15分，每小题1.5分）请听一段对话，完成第6至第7小题。

6. What day is better for the boy to do sports?A. Monday.B. Tuesday.C. Wednesday.7. What sport does the boy like?A. Volleyball.B. Basketball.C. Tennis.请听一段对话，完成第8至第9小题。

8. What are the speakers mainly talking about?A. School life.B. Family members.C. People at the party.9. What is Jenny like?A. She is friendly.B. She is boring.C. She is quiet.请听一段对话，完成第10至第11小题。

下学期期末统考七年级英语试卷Ⅰ. 听力测试：(每小题1分，计20分)A.句子理解：听句子，选出与你所听到的句子情景相同(相近)的图画。

(每小题读两遍)1. 2. 3. 4. 5.B．情景反应：听句子，选择最佳的应答语。

(每段对话读两遍)( ) 6. A. June 10th . B. Not at once a week. C. One month.( ) 7. A. Yes, he is. B. Yes, he does. C. Yes, he can.( ) 8. A. An apartment. B. A park. C. A supermarket.( ) 9. A. All right. B. It’s fine C. Very well.( ) l0. A. Yes, it is. B. No, it isn’t. C. Black.C．对话理解：听对话，选择最佳答案回答问题。

(短文读两遍)( ) 11. How many floors are there in your building?A. Four.B. Fourteen.C. Forty.( ) 12. Which subject does the girl like best?A. Chinese.B. Biology.C. History.( ) l3. What’s the temperature?A. 12℃.B. 18℃.C. Between 12 ℃and 18℃. ( ) l4. How was the weather yesterday?A. It was warm.B. It was cold.C. It was rainy.( ) 15. Where do they talk?A. In the library.B. On the street.C. In the restaurant.D. 表格填空：听对话，填写表格，每空填一词。

第1课时Section A 1a-2d教学目标一、知识与技能1. Improve the listening and speaking skills.2. 掌握“How …?”by doing sth…3. Master some important words and phrases.二、过程与方法让学生多听，多说，多动手，多动脑，养成良好的习惯。

三、情感、态度与价值观通过本节课的学习，掌握更多的学习英语的方法。

教学重点能熟练运用句型：How …? by doing sth…教学难点能熟练运用句型：How …? by doing sth…教法导航直观教学法、情景教学、任务型教学法和听、说、读、写相结合等。

学法导航小游戏，表演和练习。

教学准备图片，视频，卡片，课件。

教学过程Step 1 GreetingsGreet the class as usual.Step 2 Leading in and 1aThe teacher asks: what do you usually do when you study Englis?A: I often read English books.T: Good . A studies by reading English books . That’s a good way.教师再问另一个同学。

Then let the students open their books and finish the task in 1a.在此过程中教师可鼓励学生相互间开展交流，了解他人和反思自己的学习方式。

Step 3 1b-1cT: OK, class, let’s go through the task in 1b to get the instructions.Then play the tape for the first time.The students fill in the blanks.Then play the tape for the second time.Check the answers.Follow the examples in 1c and make conversations.Let some students present their dialogue.Step 4 2a-2cThe teacher let the students read the questions aloud in 2a and make sure they read the words Correctly.然后让学生根据2b活动内容预估1a活动答语，找出自己觉得生僻的词汇请教同伴或查词典。

正确使用手机英语作文Title: Unleashing the Joy of Mobile English: A Freewheeling Journey。

1. Embracing the Digital World:In the heart of our fast-paced lives, smartphones have become more than just gadgets; they're our constant companions, whispering in our ears with a language that's global. Every day, we navigate through their screens, learning English in the most unexpected ways.2. The Multifaceted Language Lab:Imagine a device that's a personal tutor, a social platform, and a cultural translator rolled into one. With every tap, we're exposed to a diverse array of English, from news headlines to casual chats with friends from across the ocean. It's a living, breathing dictionary, enriching our vocabulary.3. The Art of Everyday Communication:From ordering food to booking a ride, smartphones have simplified our lives. The app menus, those cryptic symbols, are actually a treasure trove of English phrases. We learn to express our needs, even if our grammar's not perfect, because the app understands.4. The Language of Connection:In the crowded subway, a smile or a "How's it going?" can bridge cultural gaps. The instant translation feature, though not always accurate, fosters understanding. It's a reminder that even in the digital realm, human connection prevails.5. The Digital Classroom:The app store is our virtual library, offering countless English learning apps. From Duolingo's gamified lessons to podcasts that keep us engaged, we're constantlylearning, even when we least expect it.6. The Future of Mobile English:As technology advances, so does our ability to use English. The next generation of smartphones might be even more intuitive, teaching us through gestures and predictive text. The future of mobile English is not just about proficiency, but about embracing the language in our daily lives.In conclusion, our smartphones have become our personal English tutors, shaping our understanding and usage of the language in a way that's both practical and playful. So,let's keep tapping, learning, and embracing the digital world's language, one app at a time.。

英语作文-图书馆的数字化信息组织与检索The digitization of information has revolutionized the way libraries organize and retrieve data, ushering in an era of unprecedented access and efficiency. In this digital age, libraries have transformed from traditional repositories of physical books to dynamic hubs of virtual knowledge, with digital databases and online catalogs at the forefront of this transformation.One of the most significant advantages of digitization in libraries is the enhanced organization of information. Gone are the days of manually sorting through card catalogs or endless rows of shelves. Instead, digitized systems allow for the systematic categorization and indexing of resources, making it easier for users to locate specific materials. Through sophisticated metadata tagging and keyword indexing, libraries can create comprehensive databases that streamline the search process and deliver precise results.Moreover, digitization facilitates the preservation of rare and fragile materials that may deteriorate over time. By digitizing these resources, libraries can ensure their longevity and accessibility for future generations. This preservation effort not only safeguards cultural heritage but also expands the scope of research possibilities, as scholars can access materials that were previously restricted due to their fragile nature.Additionally, digitization enables libraries to offer remote access to their collections, breaking down geographical barriers and expanding their reach beyond physical boundaries. Users no longer need to visit a library in person to access its resources; instead, they can search, browse, and retrieve materials from the comfort of their own homes. This accessibility fosters inclusivity and democratizes knowledge, empowering individuals from diverse backgrounds to engage with educational resources.Furthermore, digitization enhances the efficiency of information retrieval through advanced search functionalities and filtering options. Users can narrow down their search results based on criteria such as author, publication date, or subject matter, enabling themto quickly pinpoint relevant resources. This saves time and effort, allowing users to focus on the content rather than the search process itself.In addition to facilitating access to existing resources, digitization also opens new avenues for collaboration and knowledge creation. Libraries can engage in digitization projects with other institutions, pooling their resources to digitize large collections or archives. Furthermore, digitized materials can be easily shared and disseminated across multiple platforms, fostering interdisciplinary research and collaboration.However, despite the numerous benefits of digitization, libraries must also address challenges such as digital preservation, copyright issues, and technological obsolescence. Maintaining digital collections requires ongoing investment in storage infrastructure, software updates, and staff training. Furthermore, libraries must navigate complex copyright laws to ensure compliance when digitizing copyrighted materials.In conclusion, the digitization of information has revolutionized the way libraries organize and retrieve data, offering numerous benefits such as enhanced organization, preservation, accessibility, and efficiency. By embracing digitization, libraries can adapt to the evolving needs of users in the digital age, ensuring that knowledge remains accessible and relevant in an increasingly interconnected world.。

2006年英语专业八级考试真题及答案PART II READING COMPREHENSION(30MIN)In this section there are four reading passages followed by a totalof20multiple-choice questions.Read the passages and then mark your answerson yourcoloured answer sheet.Text AThe University in Transformation,edited by Australian futuristsSohailInayatullah and Jennifer Gidley,presents some20highly variedoutlooks ontomorrow’s universities by writers representing both Western andnon-Westernperspectives.Their essays raise a broad range of issues,questioningnearly everykey assumption we have about higher education today.The most widely discussed alternative to the traditional campusis theInternet University―a voluntary community to scholars/teachersphysicallyscattered throughout a country or around the world but all linked incyberspace.A computerized university could have many advantages,suchas easyscheduling,efficient delivery oflectures to thousands or evenmillions ofYet the Internet University poses dangers,too.For example,a lineoffranchised courseware,produced by a few superstar teachers,marketedunder thebrand name of a famous institution,and heavily advertised,might340eventually cometo dominate the global education market,warns sociology professorPeter Manicasof the University of Hawaii atManoa.Besides enforcing a rigidly standardizedcurriculum,such a“college education in a box”could undersell theofferings ofmany traditional brick and mortar institutions,effectively drivingthem out ofbusiness and throwing thousands of career academics out of work,noteAustraliancommunications professors David Rooney and Greg Hearn.On the other hand,while global connectivity seems highly likely to play somesignificant role in future higher education,that does not mean greater uniformity in course content―or other dangers―will necessarilyfollow.Counter-movements are also at work.Many in academia,including scholars contributing to thisvolume,arequestioning the fundamental mission ofbuilding theirindividual careers,university students and professors could focustheir learningand research efforts on existing problems in their local communitiesand theworld?Feminist scholar Ivana Milojevic dares to dream what auniversity mightbecome“if we believed that childcare workers and teachers in earlychildhoodeducation should be one of the highest (rather than lowest)paid professionals?”Co-editor Jennifer Gidley shows how tomorrows universityfaculty,instead ofgiving lectures and conducting independent research,may take on three newroles.Some would act asbrokers,assembling customizeddegree-creditprogrammes341for individual students by mixing and matching the best courseofferingsavailable from institutions all around the world.A secondgroup,mentors,wouldfunction much like today’s faculty advisers,but are likely to beworking withmany more students outside their own academic specialty.This wouldrequire themto constantly be learning from theirchallenging andrewarding of all,would be asmeaning-makers:charismatic sages and practitionersleading groups of students/colleagues in collaborative efforts to findspiritualas well as rational and technological solutions to specific real-world problems.Moreover,there seems little reason to suppose that any one formofuniversity must necessarily drive out all other options.Students maybe“enrolled”in courses offered at virtual campuses on theInternet,between―oreven during―sessions at a real world problem focused institution.As co-editor Sohail Inayatullah points out in his introduction,nofuture isinevitable,and the very act of imagining and thinking throughalternativepossibilities can directly affect how thoughtfully,creatively andurgently evena dominant technology is adapted and applied.Even in academia,thefuture belongsto those who care enough to work their visions intopractical,sustainablerealities.11.When the book reviewer discusses the Internet University,[A]he is in favour of it.[B]his view is balanced.a potential danger of theInternetUniversity?[A]Internetbased courses may be less costly than traditional ones.[B]Teachers in traditional institutions may lose their jobs.[C]Internetbased courseware may lack variety in course content.[D]The Internet University may produce teachers with a lot ofpublicity.13.According to the review,what is the fundamental mission oftraditionaluniversity education?[A]Knowledge learning and career building.[B]Learning how to solve existing social problems.[C]Researching into solutions to current world problems.[D]Combining research efforts of teachers and students in learning.14.Judging from the three new roles envisioned for tomorrowsuniversityfaculty,university teachers[A]are required to conduct more independent research.[B]are required to offer more courses to their students.[C]are supposed to assume more demanding duties.[D]are supposed to supervise more students in their specialty.15.Which category of writing does the review belong to?[A]Narration.[B]Description.a memory.Those blessedwithwonderful childhoods can drive the streets of their hometowns andhappily roll343back the years.The rest are pulled home by duty and leave as soon aspossible.After Ray Atlee had been in Clanton(his hometown)for fifteen minuteshe wasanxious to get out.The town had changed,but then it hadn’t.On the highways leadingin,the cheapmetal buildings and mobile homes were gathering as tightly as possiblenext tothe roads for maximum visibility.This town had no zoning whatsoever.A landownercould build anything with no permit,no inspection,no notice toadjoininglandowners,nothing.Only hog farms and nuclear reactors requiredapprovals andpaperwork.The result was aslash-and-build clutter that got uglier bythe year.But in the older sections,nearer the square,the town had not changedat all.Thelong shaded streets were as clean and neat as when Ray roamed them onhisbike.Most of the houses were still owned by people he knew,or if thosefew were being neglected.A handful had been abandoned.This deep in Bible country,it was still an unwritten rule in thetown thatlittle was done on Sundays except go to church,sit on porches,visitneighbours,rest and relax the way God intended.It was cloudy,quite cool for May,and as he toured his oldturf,killing timeuntil the appointed hour for the family meeting,he tried to dwell onthe goodmemories from Clanton.There was Dizzy Dean Park where he had playedLittleLeague for the Pirates,and there was the public pool he’d swum in everysummerexcept1969when the city closed it rather than admit black344children.There werethe churches―Baptist,Methodist,and Presbyterian―facing each otherat theintersection of Second and Elm like wary sentries,their steeplescompeting forheight.They were empty now,but in an hour or so the more faithful wouldgatherfor evening services.The square was as lifeless as the streets leading to it.With eightthousandpeople,Clanton was just large enough to have attracted the discountdowntown merchants,and there wasn’t a single empty or boarded-upbuilding aroundthe square―no small miracle.The retail shops were mixed in with thebanks andlaw offices and cafes,all closed for the Sabbath.He inched through the cemetery and surveyed the Atlee section inthe oldpart,where the tombstones were grander.Some of his ancestors had built monuments for their dead.Ray had always assumed that the family moneyhe’d neverseen must have been buried in those graves.He parked and walked to his mother’sgrave,something he hadn’t done in years.She was buried among theAtlees,at thefar edge of the family plot because she had barely belonged.Soon,in less than an hour,he would be sitting in his father’sstudy,sippingbad instant tea and receiving instructions on exactly how his father would belaid to rest.Many orders were about to be given,many decrees anddirections,because his father(who used to be a judge)was a great manand careddeeply about how he was to be remembered. Moving again,Ray passed the water tower he’d climbed twice,thesecond time345it was the football field wherehisbrother Forrest had romped over opponents and almost became famousbeforegetting bounced off the team.It was twenty minutes before five,Sunday, May7.Time for the familymeeting.16.From the first paragraph,we get the impression that[A]Ray cherished his childhood memories.[B]Ray had something urgent to take care of.[C]Ray may not have a happy childhood.[D]Ray cannot remember his childhood days.17.Which of the following adjectives does NOT describe Ray’shometown?[A]Lifeless.[B]Religious.[C]Traditional.[D]Quiet.18.From the passage we can infer that the relationship between Rayand hisparents was[A]close.[B]remote.[C]tense.[D]impossible to tell.19.It can be inferred from the passage that Ray’s father was all EXCEPT[A]considerate.[B]punctual.[C]thrifty.[D]dominant.Text CCampaigning on the Indian frontier is ancounterparts in any other portionof theglobe.Valley walls rise steeply five or six thousand feet on everyside.Thecolumns crawl through a maze of giant corridors down which fiercesnow-fedtorrents foam under skies of brass.Amid these scenes of savagebrilliancy theredwells a race whose qualities seem to harmonize with theirenvironment.Except atharvesttime,when self-preservation requires a temporary truce,thePathan tribesare always engaged in private or public war.Every man is a warrior,apoliticianand a theologian.Every large house is a real feudal fortress made,itistrue,only of sun-baked clay,but with battlements,turrets,loopholes,drawbrid ges,plete.Everyvillage has itsdefence.Every family cultivates its vendetta;every clan,its feud.The numeroustribes and combinations of tribes all have their accounts to settlewith oneanother.Nothing is ever forgotten,and very few debts are leftunpaid.For thepurposes of social life,in addition to the convention aboutharvest-time,a mostelaborate code of honour has beenunarmed fromone end of the frontier to another.The slightest technical slipwould,however,befatal.The life of the Pathan is thus full of interest;and hisvalleys,nourishedalike by endless sunshine and abundant water,are fertile enough toyield withlittle labour the modest material requirements of a sparse population. Into347this happy world the nineteenth century brought two new facts:the rifleand theBritish Government.The first was an enormous luxury and blessing;the second,anunmitigated nuisance.The convenience of the rifle was nowhere moreappreciatedthan in the Indian highlands.A weapon which would kill with accuracyat fifteenhundred yards opened a whole new vista of delights to every family orclan whichcould acquire it.One could actually remain in one’s own house and fireat one’sneighbour nearly a mile away.One could lie in wait on some high crag,andathitherto unheard of ranges hit a horseman far below.Even villages couldfire ateach other without the trouble of going far from home.Fabulous pricesall India to reinforce the efforts of the honest smuggler.A steady flowof thecoveted weapons spread its genial influence throughout thefrontier,and therespect which the Pathan tribesmen entertained for Christiancivilization wasvastly enhanced.The action of the British Government on the otherhand wasentirely unsatisfactory.The great organizing,advancing,absorbingpower to thesouthward seemed to be little better than a monstrous spoil-sport.Ifthe Pathanmade forays into the plains,not only were they driven back(which afterall wasno more than fair),but a whole series of subsequent interferences tookplace,followed at intervals by expeditions which toiled laboriously through thevalleys,scolding the tribesmen and exacting fines for any damage whichthey had348done.No one would have minded these expeditions if they had simplycome,had afight and then gone away again.In many cases this was their practiceunder whatwas called the“butcher and bolt policy”to which the Government ofIndia longadhered.But towards the end of thetoChitral.They sought to ensure the safety of these roads by threats,byforts andby subsidies.There was no objection to the last method so far as itwent.But thewhole of this tendency to road-making was regarded by the Pathans withprofounddistaste.All along the road people were expected to keep quiet,not toshoot oneanother,and above all not to shoot at travellers along the road.It wastoo muchto ask,and a whole series of quarrels took their origin from thissource.20.The word debts in“very few debts are left unpaid”in the firstparagraphmeans[A]loans.[B]accounts.[C]killings.[D]bargains.21.Which of the following is NOT one of the geographical facts aboutthe Indianfrontier?[A]Melting snows.[B]Large population.[C]Steep hillsides.[D]Fertile valleys.22.According to the passage,the Pathans welcomed[A]theintroduction of therifle.[B]the spread of British rule.[C]the extension of luxuries.[D]the spread of trade.23.Buildingthe Pathans from carryingon feuds.[C]lessened the subsidies paid to the Pathans.[D]gave the Pathansa muchquieter life.24.A suitable title for the passage would be[A]Campaigning on theIndianFrontier.[B]Why the Pathans Resented the British Rule.[C]ThePopularity ofRifles among the Pathans.[D]The Pathans at War.Text D“Museum”is a slippery word.It first meant (in Greek)anythingconsecratedto the Muses:a hill,a shrine,a garden,a festival or even atextbook.Both PlatosAcademy and Aristotles Lyceum had a mouseion,a muses shrine.Althoughthe Greeksalready collected detached works of art,many temples―notably that ofHera atOlympia(before which the Olympic flame is still lit)―had collectionsofobjects,some of which were works of art by wellknown masters,whilepaintings andsculptures in the Alexandrian Museum were incidental to its mainpurpose.The Romans also collected and exhibited art from disbandedtemples,as wellas mineral specimens,exoticslippedinto Latin by transliteration(though not to signify picturegalleries,whichwere called pinacothecae)and museum still more or less meant“Musesshrine”. The inspirational collections of precious and semi-precious350objects werekept in larger churches and monasteries―which focused on thegold-enshrined,bejewelled relics of saints and martyrs.Princes,andlatermerchants,had similar collections,which became the deposits of natural curiosities:large lumps of amber or coral,irregular pearls,unicornhorns,ostricheggs,fossil bones and so on.They also included coins and gems―oftenantiqueengraved ones―as wellas,increasingly,paintings and sculptures.Astheymultiplied and expanded,to supplement them,the skill of the fakers grew increasingly refined.At the same time,visitors could admire the very grandest paintingsandsculptures in the churches,palaces and castles;they werenot“collected”either,but“site-specific ”,and were considered anintegral partboth of the fabric of the buildings and of the way of life which wentantiquity in the fifteenthcentury,fragments of antique sculpture weregivenhigher status than the work of any contemporary,so that displays of antiquitieswould inspire artists to imitation,or even better,to emulation;andso could beconsidered Muses-shrines in the former sense.The Medici garden nearSan Marcoin Florence,the Belvedere and the Capitol in Rome were the most famousof suchearly“inspirational”collections.Soon theymultiplied,and,gradually,exemplary “modern”works were also added to such galleries.In the seventeenth century,scientific and prestige collectingbecame sowidespread that three or four collectors independently publisheddirectories to351museums all over the known world.But it was the age of revolutions andindustrywhich produced the next sharp shift in the way the institution wasperceived:thefury against royal and church monuments prompted antiquarians toshelter them inasylum-galleries,of which the Musee des Monuments Francais was the most famous.Then,in the first half of theGallery andthe British Museum,the Louvre was organized,the Museum-Insel was beguninBerlin,and the Munich galleries were built.In Vienna,the huge Kunsthistorischesand Naturhistorisches Museums took over much of the imperialtreasure.Meanwhile,the decline of craftsmanship(and of public tastewith it)inspired the creation of“improving”collections.The Victoria and Albert Museumin London was the most famous,as well as perhaps the largest of them.25.The sentence“Museum is a slippery word”in the first paragraphmeans that[A]the meaning of the word didn’t change until after the15thcentury.[B]the meaning of the word had changed over the years.[C]the Greeks held different concepts from the Romans.[D]princes and merchants added paintings to their collections.26.The idea that museum could mean a mountain or an object originatesfrom[A]the Romans.[B]Florence.[C]Olympia.[D]Greek.27.“...the skill of the fakers grew increasingly refined”in thethird352[D]fakers became more polite.28.Paintings and sculptures on display in churches in the15th centurywere[A]collected from elsewhere.[B]made part of the buildings.[C]donated by people.[D]bought by churches.29.Modern museums came into existence in order to[A]protect royal and church treasures.[B]improve existing collections.[C]stimulate public interest.[D]raise more funds.30.Which is the main idea of the passage?[A]Collection and collectors.[B]The evolution of museums.[C]Modern museums and their functions.[D]The birth of museumsText A短文大意本文主要介绍了澳大利亚未来预测家Sohail Inayatullah和JenniferGidley共同编撰的《转型中的大学》一书的主要内容。