ORACLE 硬件软件实现的虚拟技术介绍第一章虚拟技术作为云技术的重要组成部分，如今越来越重要，成为人们谈云的时候必谈的一个话题。
虚拟技术重点对服务器、存储以及网络进行虚拟化，人们通过该技术可以灵活获取到所需要的资源，包括计算资源、存储资源等等。
综合ORACLE的软硬件技术，其实现虚拟化方法非常地方便与灵活，而对于资源的管理也有众多方法与之适应。
而对于应用程序和架构师来说，如何选择虚拟技术，这需要根据具体的实际情况来做判选的标准。
Solaris Containers技术该方法被称为zone技术，是在操作系统层面实现的一种完全逻辑隔离的一个操作系统环境，Container技术适合所有运行Solaris 10的SPARC、X64的主机系统。
Zone实现的操作系统环境通过Solaris的Resource Management管理程序来实现CPU/memory等资源灵活的、颗粒度很小的划分。
zone通过虚拟硬件的方法实现旧有系统的无缝迁移，这是个非常重要的方法，他实现了原有系统无缝运行于最新的硬件系统中，使得旧有的程序分享了目前最新的硬件技术，其获得的好处是明显。
Sun Dynamic System Domains分区技术在中高端服务器中动态域技术实现了真正意义上的电气隔离的虚拟技术，在同一的机箱中实现不同域主机的完全隔离，并由此实现安全隔离系统和高有效性。
这对于将一些少量的关键应用服务器整合到同一物理服务器上提供了有效的方法，这也为数据中心大大节约了空间和电源的消耗。
分区技术在SUN Fire 6900以及M系列服务器得到了很好的应用。
Logical Domains（ORACLE Solaris VM）技术集成于底层的hypervisor提供了硬件管理，该虚拟技术的实现得益于固件层管理程序。
该虚拟方法综合了前两种方法的好处，即实现了硬件的隔离，又实现了逻辑上的系统隔离。
LDOM技术仅仅适于应用在T1、T2、T3、T4等CPU组成的主机系统中。
第一章:日志管理1. forcing log switchessql> alter system switch logfile;2. forcing checkpointssql> alter system checkpoint;3. adding online redo log groupssql> alter database add logfile [group 4]sql> ('/disk3/log4a.rdo','/disk4/log4b.rdo' size 1m;4. adding online redo log memberssql> alter database add logfile membersql> '/disk3/log1b.rdo' to group 1,sql> '/disk4/log2b.rdo' to group 2;5. changes the name of the online redo logfilesql> alter database rename file 'c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo01.log' sql> to 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';6. drop online redo log groupssql> alter database drop logfile group 3;7. drop online redo log memberssql> alter database drop logfile member 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log'; 8.clearing online redo log filessql> alter database clear [unarchived] logfile 'c:/oracle/log2a.rdo'; ing logminer analyzing redo logfilesa. in the init.ora specify utl_file_dir = ' 'b. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('oradb.ora','c:\oracle\oradb\log';c. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo01.log', sql>dbms_logmnr.new;d. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo02.log', sql>dbms_logmnr.addfile;e. sql> executedbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'c:\oracle\oradb\log\oradb.ora ';f. sql> select * from v$logmnr_contents(v$logmnr_dictionary,v$logmnr_parameterssql> v$logmnr_logs;g. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.end_logmnr;第二章:表空间管理1. create tablespacessql> create tablespace tablespace_name datafile'c:\oracle\oradata\file1.dbf' size 100m,sql> 'c:\oracle\oradata\file2.dbf' size 100m minimum extent 550k [logging/nologging] sql> default storage (initial 500k next 500k maxextents 500 pctinccease 0sql> [online/offline] [permanent/temporary] [extent_management_clause] 2.locally managed tablespacesql> create tablespace user_data datafile'c:\oracle\oradata\user_data01.dbf'sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;3. temporary tablespacesql> create temporary tablespace temp tempfile'c:\oracle\oradata\temp01.dbf'sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;4. change the storage settingsql> alter tablespace app_data minimum extent 2m;sql> alter tablespace app_data default storage(initial 2m next 2m maxextents 999;5. taking tablespace offline or onlinesql> alter tablespace app_data offline;sql> alter tablespace app_data online;6. read_only tablespacesql> alter tablespace app_data read only|write;7. droping tablespacesql> drop tablespace app_data including contents;8. enableing automatic extension of data filessql> alter tablespace app_data add datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data01.dbf'size 200msql> autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500m;9. change the size fo data files manuallysql> alter database datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf'resize 200m;10. Moving data files: alter tablespacesql> alter tablespace app_data rename datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf'sql> to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf';11. moving data files:alter databasesql> alter database rename file 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf' sql> to'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf';第三章:表1. create a tablesql> create table table_name (column datatype,column datatype] ... sql> tablespace tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [pctused integer] sql> [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]sql> storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50 sql>[logging|nologging] [cache|nocache]2. copy an existing tablesql> create table table_name [logging|nologging] as subquery3. create temporary tablesql> create global temporary table xay_temp as select * from xay; on commit preserve rows/on commit delete rows4. pctfree = (average row size - initial row size *100 /average row size pctused = 100-pctfree- (average row size*100/available data space5.change storage and block utilization parametersql> alter table table_name pctfree=30 pctused=50 storage(next 500k sql> minextents 2 maxextents 100;6.manually allocating extentssql> alter table table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile'c:/oracle/data.dbf';7.move tablespacesql> alter table employee move tablespace users;8. deallocate of unused spacesql> alter table table_name deallocate unused [keep integer]9. truncate a tablesql> truncate table table_name;10. drop a tablesql> drop table table_name [cascade constraints];11. drop a columnsql> alter table table_name drop column comments cascade constraints checkpoint 1000;alter table table_name drop columns continue;12. mark a column as unusedsql> alter table table_name set unused column comments cascade constraints;alter table table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000; alter table orders drop columns continue checkpoint 1000data_dictionary : dba_unused_col_tabs第四章:索引1. creating function-based indexessql> create index summit.item_quantity on summit.item(quantity-quantity_shipped; 2. create a B-tree indexsql> create [unique] index index_name on table_name(column,.. asc/desc tablespace sql> tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]sql> [logging | nologging] [nosort] storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 sql> maxextents 50;3. pctfree(index=(maximum number of rows-initial number of rows*100/maximum number of rows4. creating reverse key indexessql> create unique index xay_id on xay(a reverse pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k sql> next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50 tablespace indx;5. create bitmap indexsql> create bitmap index xay_id on xay(a pctfree 30 storage( initial 200k next 200k sql> pctincrease 0 maxextents 50 tablespace indx;6. change storage parameter of indexsql> alter index xay_id storage (next 400k maxextents 100;7. allocating index spacesql> alter index xay_id allocate extent(size 200k datafile'c:/oracle/index.dbf';8. alter index xay_id deallocate unused;第五章:约束1. define constraints as immediate or deferredsql> alter session set constraint[s] = immediate/deferred/default; set constraint[s] constraint_name/all immediate/deferred;2. sql> drop table table_name cascade constraintssql> drop tablespace tablespace_name including contents cascade constraints3. define constraints while create a tablesql> create table xay(id number(7 constraint xay_id primary key deferrablesql> using index storage(initial 100k next 100k tablespace indx; primarykey/unique/references table(column/check4. enable constraintssql> alter table xay enable novalidate constraint xay_id;5. enable constraintssql> alter table xay enable validate constraint xay_id;第六章:LOAD 数据1.loading data using direct_load insertsql> insert /*+append */ into emp nologgingsql> select * from emp_old;2. parallel direct-load insertsql> alter session enable parallel dml;sql> insert /*+parallel(emp,2 */ into emp nologgingsql> select * from emp_old;3. using sql*loadersql> sqlldr scott/tiger \sql> control = ulcase6.ctl \sql> log = ulcase6.log direct=true第七章:reorganizing data1. using expoty$exp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp file=c:\emp.dmp log=exp.log compress=n direct=y2. using import$imp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp file=emp.dmp log=imp.log ignore=y 3.transporting a tablespacesql>alter tablespace sales_ts read only;$exp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y tablespace=sales_ts triggers=n constraints=n$copy datafile$imp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=ydatafiles=(/disk1/sles01.dbf,/disk2/sles02.dbfsql> alter tablespace sales_ts read write;4. checking transport setsql> DBMS_tts.transport_set_check(ts_list=>'sales_ts' ..,incl_constraints=>true;在表tran sport_set_violati ons 中查看sql> dbms_tts.isselfco ntai ned为true 是,表示自包含第八章: managing password security and resources1. controlling account lock and passwordsql> alter user juncky identified by oracle account unlock;2. user_provided password functionsql> function_name(userid in varchar2(30,password in varchar2(30, old_password in varchar2(30 return boolean3. create a profile : password settingsql> create profile grace_5 limit failed_login_attempts 3sql> password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30sql>password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function sql> password_grace_time 5;4. altering a profilesql> alter profile default failed_login_attempts 3sql> password_life_time 60 password_grace_time 10;5. drop a profilesql> drop profile grace_5 [cascade];6. create a profile : resource limitsql> create profile developer_prof limit sessions_per_user 2sql> cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480;7. view => resource_cost : alter resource costdba_Users,dba_profiles8. enable resource limitssql> alter system set resource_limit=true;第九章:Managing users1. create a user: database authenticationsql> create user juncky identified by oracle default tablespace users sql> temporary tablespace temp quota 10m on data password expire sql> [account lock|unlock] [profile profilename|default];2. change user quota on tablespacesql> alter user juncky quota 0 on users;3. drop a usersql> drop user juncky [cascade];4. monitor userview: dba_users , dba_ts_quotas第十章:managing privileges1. system privileges: view =>system_privilege_map ,dba_sys_privs,session_privs2. grant system privilegesql> grant create session,create table to managers;sql> grant create session to scott with admin option;with admin option can grant or revoke privilege from any user or role; 3.sysdba and sysoper privileges:sysoper: startup,shutdown,alter database open|mount,alter database backup controlfile,alter tablespace begin/end backup,recover databasealter database archivelog,restricted sessionsysdba: sysoper privileges with admin option,create database,recover database until4.password file members: view:=> v$pwfile_users5.O7_dictionary_accessibility =true restriction access to view or tables in other schema6. revoke system privilegesql> revoke create table from karen;sql> revoke create session from scott;7. grant object privilegesql> grant execute on dbms_pipe to public;sql> grant update(first_name,salary on employee to karen with grant option;8. display object privilege : view => dba_tab_privs, dba_col_privs9. revoke object privilegesql> revoke execute on dbms_pipe from scott [cascade constraints]; 10.audit record view :=> sys.aud$11. protecting the audit trailsql> audit delete on sys.aud$ by access;12. statement auditingsql> audit user;13. privilege auditingsql> audit select any table by summit by access;14. schema object auditingsql> audit lock on summit.employee by access whenever successful;15. view audit option : view=>all_def_audit_opts,dba_stmt_audit_opts,dba_priv_audit_opts, dba_obj_audit_opts16. view audit result: view=> dba_audit_trail,dba_audit_exists,dba_audit_object,dba_audit_session,dba_audit_statement 第十一章: manager role1.create rolessql> create role sales_clerk;sql> create role hr_clerk identified by bonus;sql> create role hr_manager identified externally; 2.modify rolesql> alter role sales_clerk identified by commission; sql> alter role hr_clerk identified externally;sql> alter role hr_manager not identified;3. assigning rolessql> grant sales_clerk to scott;sql> grant hr_clerk to hr_manager;sql> grant hr_manager to scott with admin option; 4.establish default rolesql> alter user scott default role hr_clerk,sales_clerk; sql> alter user scott default role all;sql> alter user scott default role all except hr_clerk; sql> alter user scott default role none;5. enable and disable rolessql> set role hr_clerk;sql> set role sales_clerk identified by commission; sql> set role all except sales_clerk;sql> set role none;6. remove role from usersql> revoke sales_clerk from scott;sql> revoke hr_manager from public;7. remove rolesql> drop role hr_manager;8. display role informationview: =>dba_roles,dba_role_privs,role_role_privs,dba_sys_privs,role_sys_privs,role_tab_privs,session_roles第十二章: BACKUP and RECOVERY1.v$sga,v$instance,v$process,v$bgprocess,v$database,v$datafile,v$sgasta t2. Rman need set dbwr_IO_slaves or backup_tape_IO_slaves andlarge_pool_size3. Monitoring Parallel Rollback> v$fast_start_servers , v$fast_start_transactions4. perform a closed database backup (noarchivelog> shutdown immediate> cp files /backup/> startup5. restore to a different location> connect system/manager as sysdba> startup mount> alter database rename file '/disk1/../user.dbf'to '/disk2/../user.dbf';> alter database open;6. recover syntax--recover a mounted database>recover database;>recover datafile '/disk1/data/df2.dbf';>alter database recover database;--recover an opened database>recover tablespace user_data;>recover datafile 2;>alter database recover datafile 2;7. how to apply redo log files automatically>set autorecovery on>recover automatic datafile 4;8. complete recovery:--method 1(mounted databae>copy c:\backup\user.dbf c:\oradata\user.dbf>startup mount>recover datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf;>alter database open;--method 2(opened database,initially opened,not system or rollback datafile>copy c:\backup\user.dbf c:\oradata\user.dbf (alter tablespace offline >recover datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' or>recover tablespace user_data;>alter database datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' online or>alter tablespace user_data online;--method 3(opened database,initially closed not system or rollback datafile>startup mount>alter database datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' offline;>alter database open>copy c:\backup\user.dbf d:\oradata\user.dbf>alter database rename file 'c:\oradata\user.dbf'to'd:\oradata\user.dbf'>recover datafile 'e:\oradata\user.dbf' or recover tablespace user_data; >alter tablespace user_data online;--method 4(loss of data file with no backup and have all archive log >alter tablespace user_data offline immediate;>alter database create datafile 'd:\oradata\user.dbf'as'c:\oradata\user.dbf''>recover tablespace user_data;>alter tablespace user_data online9. perform an open database backup> alter tablespace user_data begin backup;> copy files /backup/> alter database datafile '/c:/../data.dbf' end backup;> alter system switch logfile;10. backup a control file> alter database backup controlfile to 'control1.bkp';> alter database backup controlfile to trace;11. recovery (noarchivelog mode> shutdown abort> cp files> startup 12.recovery of file in backup mode >alter database datafile 2 end backup; 13.clearing redo log file >alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1; >alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1 unrecoverable datafile; 14.redo log recovery >alter database add logfile group 3 'c:\oradata\redo03.log'size 1000k; >alter database drop logfile group 1; >alter database open; or >cp c:\oradata\redo02.log' c:\oradata\redo01.log >alter database clear logfile 'c:\oradata\log01.log'; 16。
第一章oracle数据库10g概述1.1 数据库和信息管理服务器必须在多用户环境中管理大量的数据，使得多个用户能够并行访问数据。
所有这些必须能够在高性能的情况下完成，数据库服务器必须防止未经授权的非法访问，保护敏感数据，同时，为故障恢复提供解决方案。
▪客户用员务器环境▪大型数据库和空间管理▪多个并行数据库用户▪连接性▪高事务处理能力▪控制可用性▪开放的、基于工业标准▪管理安全性▪数据库完整性增强▪兼容性▪分布式系统▪复制环境1.2 Oracle 10g服务器Oracle 10g服务器是对象关系数据库管理系统，提供对信息管理的集成方法，一个Oracle服务器包括一个Oracle数据库和一个Oracle服务器实例。
每当数据库启动的时候，系统全局区（SGA）被分配，并启动了Oracle后台进程。
系统全局区是用于数据库用户共享数据库信息的内存区域。
后台进程和内存缓冲区称为Oracle实例。
Oracle实例包含两种类型的进程：用户进程和Oracle进程。
用户进程执行应用操作的代码。
Oracle 进程是执行用户进程和后台进程，对Oracle进行维护的服务器进程。
为了最大化性能和处理多个用户的请求，多进程Oracle系统使用附加进程，这些附加进程称为后台进程。
后台进程能够自动执行I/0和监视Oracle进程，为获得更好的性能和稳定性提供更好的支持。
数据库的物理结构和存储结构之间的关系由后台进程来维持。
数据库拥有多个后台进程，其数量取决于数据库的配置。
这些进程由数据库管理，它们只需要进行很少的管埋。
每个后台进程创建一个跟踪文件。
Oracle在实例操作期间保存跟踪文件。
后台进程跟踪文件的命名约定和位置随操作系统和数据库版本不同而不同。
一般来说，跟踪文件含有后台进程名或后台进程的操作系统进程ID.可以设置init.ora文件的BACKGROUND_DUMP_DEST参数来规定后台进程跟踪文件的位置。
但是有些版本的Oracle忽略这种设置。
