Plant ecology

生态学发展史英文参考文献1. Jin Lan Environmental ecology Higher education press, 19922. Wang Rusong, et al Research on hot issues of modern ecology China Science and Technology Press, 19963. Li Bo Ecology Higher education press, 20024. Li Zhenji, et al Ecology Science Press, 20005. Li Bo General ecology Published by Inner Mongolia University, Du, 19936. Wu Yegang, Li habin Contemporary ecology China Science and Technology Press, 19927.McIntosh，RobertP. (translated by xusongling) The development of ecological concepts and theories China Science and Technology Press, 19928. Ma Shijun, Wang rushong Social economic natural complex ecosystem Journal of ecology, 19849. National Natural Science Foundation of China Research Report on the development strategy of ecology natural science discipline Science Press, 199710. Chen Tianyi Fundamentals of ecology Nankai UniversityPress, 199511. Niu Wenyuan, preface, Ma Shijun Perspective of modern ecology Science Press, 199012. Sun Chengyong Introduction to environmental science Renmin University of China Press, 199413. He Qiang, et al Introduction to Environmental Science (Second Edition) Tsinghua University Press, 199414.Beeby A. Applying Ecology. London: Chapman & Hall,199315 .Bramwell A. Ecology in the 20th Century: A History. New Haven Yale University Press, 198916.Clark JS, Carpenter SR, Barber M, et al. Ecological forecasts: An emerging imperative. Science, 200117.Mackenzie, A., A.S. Ball, S.R. Virde. Ecology. Bios Scientific Publishers Limited, 199918. Sun Ruyong, et al Basic ecology Higher education press, 200319. Sun Ruyong Principles of Animal Ecology (Third Edition) Beijing Normal University Press, 200120. Wang xunling, Wang Jing Plant morphological structure and environment Lanzhou University Press, 198921. Jia Huixian, Zhao Manrong Investigation on Halophyte in Hexi Corridor of Gansu Province Journal of Gansu Agricultural University, 198422. Wang zunguo, Jia Huixian Discussion on the distribution and utilization of salt land resource plants in Northwest China Gansu Agricultural Science and Technology Press, 199523. Cui Cui, Wang Jichun, he Fengfa Effects of illumination time and carbon source on the formation of test tube potato Science and technology research and application, 199924. Compilation group of pedology Pedology China Forestry Press, 199225. Jiang Zhixue, Deng Shijin Environmental biology China Environmental Science Press, 198926. Jiang xiamin Effects of temperature, light and nitrogen content on the growth and fatty acid composition of Chlorella aeruginosa Marine science, 200227. Shen Zehao, Fang Jingyun, et al Species diversity patternanalysis of vegetation vertical bands on the eastern slope of Gongga mountain Journal of plant ecology, 200128. Yang Limin, Han Mei, Li Jiandong Changes of plant diversity in grassland communities disturbed by grazing in Northeast China transect Journal of plant ecology, 200129. Li Qinghe, Yang Liwen, Zhou Jinxing Comparative analysis of plant community diversity characteristics in Jiulong Mountain, Beijing Journal of Applied Ecology, 200230. Wang qingsuo, Feng Zongwei, Luo juchun Study on biodiversity of forest grassland ecotone in northern Hebei and Eastern Inner Mongolia Journal of plant ecology, 200031 .D. Tilman, The ecological consequences of changes in biodiversity: a search for general principles, The Robert H. MacArthur Award Lecture. Ecology, 199932.Ash C, Priest F G, Collins M D. Moleclari dentification of RRNA group bacilli (Ash, Farrow. Wall bank sand Collins) using PCR probetest. Antonie Leeuwenhoek, 199333.A. Emmett, Biocomplexity: a new science for survival, The Scientist, 200034.Duffy L C, Leavens A, Griffiths E, etal. Perspectives on bifi-dobacteria as biotherapy euticagent sing as trointestin alhealth. Dig Dis Sci, 199935.Dieter Strack, etal. NeaSetanin. Anewnrural plant consistuent. Phytochemistory. one thousand nine hundred and eighty-seven36 .Matthew J. Paul and Christine H. Foyer ，Sink regulation of photosynthesis ，Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 52, No. 360, pp. 1383-1400, July 1, 200137. Weng Suying, et al Environmental microbiology Science Press, 198538. Li Shaowen Ecological biochemistry Peking University Press, 200139. Yan Chuanhai Phytogeography Science Press, 200140. Lin Peng Phytocoenology Shanghai Science and Technology Press, 198641. Caixiaoming Ecosystem ecology Science Press, 200042. China Vegetation Editorial Committee Chinese vegetation Science Press, 198043. Sun Hongzhi Biological population dynamics model Northeast Forestry University Press, 199744. Piro ec Mathematical ecology second edition Translated by Lu Taiyu Science Press, 198845. Mark Ping, ye Wanhui, et al Study on plant community diversity in Dongling Mountain Area of Beijing Journal of ecology, 199746. Yu Kongjian Landscape security pattern of biological protection Journal of ecology, 199947. Shang Yuming, Ding Zixian, Tong Haihong Analysis of the ecological environment impact of the west route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project People's Yellow River, 200148. Yu Liping, et al Application and development trend of environmental biotechnology Urban environment and urban ecology, 200249. Yang zaixue, Zheng Yuanli, Hu Zhixian, etc Comparative study on age group division criteria of Apodemus agrarius population Southwest Agricultural Journal, 200250. Dongzheren River morphological diversity and biologicalcommunity diversity Journal of water conservancy, 20。

plant physiological ecology 植物生理生态介绍：历史，假设和途径1。

什么是生态生理植物生理生态是依据生态观察着眼描述生理机制的试验科学。

换句话说是生态生理学家或生理生态学家解释有关控制植物生长、再生产、存活、多样性，地理分布以及植物和它们的理化及非生物环境之间相互作用下如何影响上述过程等生态问题的科学。

生态生理格局及机理有助我们理解个别植物特征和它们的遗传的功能信息。

虽然生态学家需要解释的这些问题来源于更高级别的综合知识（如农业和园艺），但是对其的生态生理学解释往往需要借助于低水平机理的理解（如生理学、生物化学、生物物理学及分子生物学），而且这些就是生态生理学的精髓，所以生态生理学家需要对生态学问题和生物化学、生物物理学及分子方法和过程具有一定的兴趣。

生态生理学家所面临的研究问题建立在生态学方面广泛的感性认识以及农业、园艺、林学和环境科学等学科的基础之上。

解决这些问题需要借助于生态生理学途径。

参照生态学问题，生态生理学与生理学其它方面具有明显的不同，但是在研究方法上二者却具有很多相似之处。

与生态生理学观测相似的地方，植物光合作用，物质吸收运输以及植物的激素代谢等问题同样可以通过植物自身的特征去观测。

虽然生态生理学可以围绕其自身的科学问题展开研究（例如仅仅是为了进一步理解生态生理知识），但是生态生理学往往具有更为广泛的应用，例如农业、环境问题以及自然保护问题等往往受益与生态生理的观测。

而现代生态生理学首先要求我们对植物过程的分子方面以及环境中存在的自然植被功能等问题有更好的了解。

2 生态生理学的起源正如前面说讲的，生态生理学目的是为植物存活、植物多样性以及植物与其它生物的相互作用等生态问题提供有效的机理解释。

例如，为什么个别物种可以在特定的环境下存活？，它们如何在其生存环境中成功的生长以及为什么这些植物在其它环境中没有出现？这些问题首先是地理研究者在描述植被全球分布格局中提出来得（Schimper,1898;Walter, 1974）。

盖高楼：全国科技名词审定委员会－植物学名词（1）盖高楼：全国科技名词审定委员会－植物学名词(2）01.001 植物学botany, plant science01。

002 植物生物学plant biology01。

003 植物个体生物学plant autobiology01.004 发育植物学developmental botany01.005 植物形态学plant morphology01.006 植物解剖学plant anatomy, phytotomy01.007 植物细胞学plant cytology01.008 植物细胞生物学plant cell biology01。

009 植物细胞遗传学plant cytogenetics01.010 植物细胞形态学plant cell morphology01。

011 植物细胞生理学plant cell physiology01.012 植物细胞社会学plant cell sociology01。

013 植物细胞动力学plant cytodynamics01。

014 植物染色体学plant chromosomology01.015 植物胚胎学plant embryology01.016 系统植物学systematic botany，plant systematics01。

017 植物小分子系统学plant micromolecular systematics01.018 演化植物学evolutionary botany01。

019 植物分类学plant taxonomy01.020 植物实验分类学plant experimental taxonomy01.021 植物化学分类学plant chemotaxonomy01.022 植物化学系统学plant chemosystematics01。

023 植物血清分类学plant serotaxonomy01。

植物功能性状与环境和生态系统功能孟婷婷1,2　倪　健1＊　王国宏1(1中国科学院植物研究所植被数量生态学重点实验室,北京　100093)(2中国科学院研究生院,北京　100049)摘　要　植物性状反映了植物对生长环境的响应和适应,将环境、植物个体和生态系统结构、过程与功能联系起来(所谓的“植物功能性状”)。

该文介绍了植物功能性状的分类体系,综述了国内外植物功能性状与气候(包括气温、降水、光照)、地理空间变异(包括地形地貌、生态梯度、海拔)、营养、干扰(包括火灾、放牧、生物入侵、土地利用)等环境因素,以及与生态系统功能之间关系的研究进展,探讨了全球变化(气候变化和CO 2浓度升高)对个体和群落植物功能性状的影响。

植物功能性状的研究已经取得很多成果,并应用于全球变化、古植被恢复和古气候定量重建、环境监测与评价、生态保护和恢复等研究中,但大尺度、多生境因子下的植物功能性状研究仍有待于加强,同时需要改进性状的测量手段;我国的植物功能性状研究还需要更加明朗化和系统化。

关键词　植物性状　植物功能性状　植物功能型　环境　生态系统功能PLANT FUNCTIONAL TRAITS ,ENVIRONMENTS AND EC OSYSTEM FU NCTION -INGME NG Ting _Ting1,2,NI Jian1＊,and Wang Guo _Hong11Labor ator y of Quantitative Vegetation Ecol ogy ,Institute of Botany ,C hines e Academy of Scie nce s ,Beij ing 100093,C hina ,and 2Gr aduateUniver si -ty of Chines e Acade my of Sciences ,Bei jing 100049,C hinaA bstract Plant traits link environmental factors ,individuals and ecosystem structure and functions as plantsrespond and adapt to the environment .This review introduces worldwide classification schemes of plant func -tional traits and summarizes research on the relationships between plant functional traits and environmental fac -tors such as climate (e .g .,temperature ,precipitation and light ),geographical variation (e .g .,topography ,ecological gradients and altitude ),nutrients and disturbance (including fire ,grazing ,invasion and land use ),as well as between plant functional traits and ecosystem functions .We synthesize impacts of global change (e .g .,climate change )on plant functional traits of individuals and plant c om munities .Research on plant func -tional traits is very fruitful ,being applicable to research on global change ,paleovegetation and paleoclimate re -construction ,environmental monitoring and assessment and vegetation conservation and restoration .Ho wever ,further studies at lar ge scale and including multi _envir onmental factors ar e needed and methods of measuring traits need to be improved .In the future ,study of plant functional traits in China should be accelerated in a clear and systematic way .Key words plant traits ,plant functional traits ,plant functional types ,environments ,ecosystem functioning 植物在漫长的进化和发展过程中,与环境相互作用,逐渐形成了许多内在生理和外在形态方面的适应对策,以最大程度地减小环境的不利影响,这些适应对策的表现即为植物性状(Plant traits ),也称为植物属性(Plant attributes )。

二、植物学的内容和学习方法（一）植物学研究的对象植物学是一门内容十分广博的学科，研究对象是植物各类群的形态结构、分类和有关的生命活动、发育规律，以及植物和外界环境间多种多样关系的科学。

人们掌握了这些规律，就可能更好地识别、控制、改造和利用植物，使它能更好地为人类服务，为生产建设服务。

同其他科学一样，植物学也是在人们长期的生产斗争和科学实验过程中，产生和发展起来的。

它的早期，主要是一门描述性的科学，20世纪以来，随着自然科学、其他工程技术的更新与发展，新的理论、新的技术和新的设备的产生，植物学才逐渐地由观察描述的阶段进入实验的阶段，着重对植物界的生命活动规律，从不同的角度以新的技术和理论进行微观的和宏观的、理论的和应用的研究。

我国社会主义建设事业正在大踏步前进，植物学也必然相应地发展，特别是在四化建设中，植物学工作者在向科学技术现代化的进军中，也是一支重要的方面军。

许多教学、科研、生产、工程技术等部门也将会越来越迫切地需要植物学方面的协助，并且提出了更多更高的要求。

植物学的教学和研究能不能走在经济建设的前头，同其他许多学科一样，是一个关系全局的重大问题。

（二）植物学的分支学科随着科学的发展，生产实践和其他工作的需要，植物学的研究也愈来愈广泛，而每一局部的研究却愈来愈细致和深入，于是植物学就依据研究内容侧重的不同，分化为许多不同的分支学科，其中主要的有以下几类：植物形态学（Plant morphology）植物形态学是研究植物体内外形状和结构，器官的形成和发育，细胞、组织、器官在不同环境中以及个体发育和系统发育过程中的变化规律的科学，它是植物学的基础学科之一。

其中研究植物细胞结构的科学，称为植物细胞学（Plant cytolo－gy）；研究植物组织和器官的显微结构和亚显微结构的科学，称为植物解剖学（plant anato －my）；研究植物胚胎的结构、发生和分化的科学，称为植物胚胎学（plant embryology）。

植物生态学报2020,44(10): 1007-1014 Chinese Journal o f P lant Ecology DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2020.0174 中国亚热带森林动态监测样地常绿和落叶木本被子 植物谱系结构及生态习性差异车俭13郑洁13蒋娅3金毅^乙引^'西南喀斯特山地生物多样性保护国家林业和草原局重点实验室，贵州师范大学，贵阳550025; 2贵州省植物生理与发育调控重点实验室，贵州师范大 学，贵阳550025;3贵州师范大学生命科学学院，贵阳550025摘要常绿和落叶木本被子植物是组成东亚地区亚热带阔叶林的两个主要植物类群。

探索常绿和落叶木本被子植物的生态 位差异，对于推测亚热带阔叶林群落的生物多样性维持机制，具有重要意义。

该研究采用线性回归模型和Mantel检验多元回 归等统计手段，分析了中国亚热带地区8个森林动态监测样地的常绿和落叶木本被子植物谱系和生态习性差异。

主要结果:（1) 该研究的788个被子植物分类单元的叶习性(常绿和落叶)具有一定的谱系保守性。

常绿和落叶植物对光照、温度、水分、土 壤反应和土壤肥力因子的生态习性均有差异，表现为常绿植物偏好较低的光照和土壤p H,以及较高的温度、水分和土壤肥力;落叶植物则相反。

（2)样地内落叶较常绿植物的种间谱系散布更收敛，但生态习性散布更发散；样地间落叶较常绿类群的谱系 组成差异更小，但生态习性差异更大；样地间落叶类群的谱系组成差异随年平均气温差异的增大而增大。

(3)落叶/常绿植物物 种数量的比例随年平均气温升高而降低，而旱季持续时间和年降水量等因子的影响不明显。

该研究证实了我国亚热带地区8 个森林动态监测样地内的常绿和落叶木本被子植物在谱系和生态习性上均存在巨大差异，生态位分化在很大程度上是促进 亚热带阔叶林群落内生物多样性维持的重要机制。

关键词叶习性；生态位；生物多样性；亚热带森林：中国森林生物多样性监测网络车俭，郑洁，蒋娅，金毅，乙引（2020).中国亚热带森林动态监测样地常绿和落叶木本被子植物谱系结构及生态习性差异.植物生态学报，44, 1007-1014. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2020.0174Separation of phylogeny and ecological behaviors between evergreen and deciduous woody angiosperms in the subtropical forest dynamics plots of ChinaCHE Jian13,ZHENG Jie1'3,JIANG Ya3,JIN Yi1'3*,and YI Yin12*1K ey Laboratory o f National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountainous Areas o f Southwestern China, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; 2Key Laboratory o f Plant Physiology and Developmental Regulation o f Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; and School o f L ife Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, ChinaAbstractAims Evergreen (EBL)and deciduous broad-leaved (DBL)woody angiosperms are two major plant groups in the subtropical broad-leaved forests of eastern Asia.Exploring the separation between these two groups in ecological niche,will shed light on the biodiversity maintenance mechanisms of subtropical broad-leaved forests. Methods Adopting statistical methods including the linear regression model and the multiple regression method of Mantel test,we compared the phylogeny and ecological behaviors of the two plant groups in eight forest dynamics plots in China.Important f indings We found that (1) leaf habit,be either EBL or DBL,was phylogenetically conserved in the 788 study angiosperm taxa.EBLs and DBLs differed in ecological behaviors towards light,temperature,water, soil reaction and soil fertility.EBLs prefer low light and soil pH,high temperature,water and soil fertility;while the opposite was true for DBLs. (2) Within plot,DBLs were more clustered in phylogenetic dispersion,but more overdispersed in ecological behavior,compared with EBLs;similarly,between plots,DBLs were less diverse in phylogenetic composition,but more diverse in ecological behaviors,than EBLs.On the other hand,divergence in phylogenetic composition of DBLs between plots increased with difference in mean annual temperature(MAT).收稿日期Received: 2020-05-29 接受日期Accq)ted: 2020-08-10基金项目：国家自然科学基金委员会-贵州省人民政府喀斯特科学研宄中心项目(U1812401)和贵州省科学技术基金(黔科合基础[2020]1Z013)。

植物园专业英语词汇合集Introduction这份文档旨在为植物园相关工作提供一份专业英语词汇合集。

这些词汇将涵盖植物园的各个方面，包括植物分类、园艺技术、管理和研究等。

这些词汇对于与植物园相关的职业人士、研究人员和爱好者来说都非常重要。

Plant Classification（植物分类）- Botany（植物学）Botany（植物学）- Taxonomy（分类学）Taxonomy（分类学）- Genus（属）Genus（属）- Species（种）Species（种）- Family（科）Family（科）- Order（目）Order（目）- Class（纲）Class（纲）- Division（门）Division（门）- Kingdom（界）Kingdom（界）- Phylum（门）Phylum（门）Horticulture Techniques（园艺技术）- Propagation（繁殖）Propagation（繁殖）- Pruning（修剪）Pruning（修剪）- Transplanting（移栽）Transplanting（移栽）- Fertilization（施肥）Fertilization（施肥）- Irrigation（灌溉）Irrigation（灌溉）- Pest control（害虫控制）Pest control（害虫控制）- Plant nutrition（植物营养）Plant nutrition（植物营养）- Grafting（嫁接）Grafting（嫁接）- Mulching（覆盖）Mulching（覆盖）- Pollination（授粉）Pollination（授粉）Garden Design（园林设计）- Landscape architecture（景观设计）Landscape architecture （景观设计）- Plant selection（植物选择）Plant selection（植物选择）- Garden layout（园林布局）Garden layout（园林布局）- Pathway design（路径设计）Pathway design（路径设计）- Water feature（水景设计）Water feature（水景设计）- Garden structures（园林结构）Garden structures（园林结构）Garden Management（园林管理）- Plant maintenance（植物保养）Plant maintenance（植物保养）- Pest management（害虫管理）Pest management（害虫管理）- Weed control（杂草控制）Weed control（杂草控制）- Plant disease control（植物病害控制）Plant disease control（植物病害控制）- Budgeting（预算管理）Budgeting（预算管理）- Staff coordination（员工协调）Staff coordination（员工协调）- Visitor services（游客服务）Visitor services（游客服务）Scientific Research（科学研究）- Botanical research（植物研究）Botanical research（植物研究）- Ecology（生态学）Ecology（生态学）- Conservation biology（保护生物学）Conservation biology（保护生物学）- Plant genetics（植物遗传学）Plant genetics（植物遗传学）- Ethnobotany（民族植物学）Ethnobotany（民族植物学）- Biodiversity（生物多样性）Biodiversity（生物多样性）- Plant physiology（植物生理学）Plant physiology（植物生理学）- Plant taxonomy（植物分类学）Plant taxonomy（植物分类学）- Plant ecology（植物生态学）Plant ecology（植物生态学）Conclusion希望这份植物园专业英语词汇合集能够对您在植物园相关的工作和学习中有所帮助。

植物逆境生理生态英文作文英文：In the field of plant physiology and ecology, the concept of plant stress or adversity is a topic of great interest. When plants are exposed to adverse environmental conditions such as drought, extreme temperatures, or nutrient deficiency, they must adapt and survive in order to thrive. This process, known as plant stress physiology, involves a series of biochemical and molecular changes that enable the plant to cope with the challenging conditions.One example of plant stress physiology is the response of plants to drought. When water is limited, plants experience water stress, which can lead to wilting and reduced growth. However, plants have evolved various mechanisms to cope with drought, such as closing their stomata to reduce water loss, producing osmolytes to maintain cellular turgor, and activating stress-responsive genes to protect themselves from damage.Another example is the response of plants to extreme temperatures. When exposed to high temperatures, plants may experience heat stress, which can lead to protein denaturation and membrane damage. To survive, plants can produce heat shock proteins to protect their cellular structures, increase the synthesis of antioxidants to scavenge reactive oxygen species, and adjust their metabolism to maintain homeostasis.In addition to these physiological responses, plants also exhibit ecological adaptations to stress. For example, some plants have developed deep root systems to access water in dry soils, while others have developed succulent leaves to store water during periods of drought. These adaptations allow plants to thrive in challenging environments and contribute to the overall resilience of ecosystems.Overall, the study of plant stress physiology and ecology is crucial for understanding how plants respond to adversity and how they can be better managed in agricultureand natural ecosystems. By unraveling the complex mechanisms of plant stress responses, we can develop strategies to improve crop resilience, conserve natural habitats, and mitigate the impacts of climate change onplant communities.中文：在植物生理生态领域，植物逆境或压力的概念是一个备受关注的话题。

Annu.Rev.Ecol.Syst.2002.33:507–59doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.020602.095451Copyright c 2002by Annual Reviews.All rights reservedFirst published online as a Review in Advance on August 14,20021Center for Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry and the Department of Integrative Biology,University of California,Berkeley,California 94720;email:tdawson@,mambelli@,ktu@,agneta@ 2Ecosystem Sciences Division,Department of Environmental Science,Policy and Management,University of California,Berkeley,California 94720;email:ptempler@Key Words plant-environment interactions,resources,tracers,integrators,scaling,methodsAbstract The use of stable isotope techniques in plant ecological research has grown steadily during the past two decades.This trend will continue as investigators realize that stable isotopes can serve as valuable nonradioactive tracers and nondestruc-tive integrators of how plants today and in the past have interacted with and responded to their abiotic and biotic environments.At the center of nearly all plant ecological re-search which has made use of stable isotope methods are the notions of interactions and the resources that mediate or influence them.Our review,therefore,highlights recent advances in plant ecology that have embraced these notions,particularly at different spatial and temporal scales.Specifically,we review how isotope measurements asso-ciated with the critical plant resources carbon,water,and nitrogen have helped deepen our understanding of plant-resource acquisition,plant interactions with other organ-isms,and the role of plants in ecosystem studies.Where possible we also introduce how stable isotope information has provided insights into plant ecological research being done in a paleontological context.Progress in our understanding of plants in natural environments has shown that the future of plant ecological research will continue to see some of its greatest advances when stable isotope methods are applied.At the core of all plant ecological investigations is the notion of plant-environment interactions,be these with the physical environment or with other organisms.Investigations that seek to understand the nature of these interactions commonly focus on particular resources such as light,water,carbon dioxide,or nutrients and how the interaction is influenced or mediated by that resource.Understanding the importance of a particular resource in a plant ecological context requires the0066-4162/02/1215-0507$14.00507A n n u . R e v . E c o l . S y s t . 2002.33:507-559. D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a r j o u r n a l s .a n n u a l r e v i e w s .o r g b y I n s t i t u t e o fB o t a n y o n 06/10/07. F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y .508DAWSON ET AL.acquisition of observational and experimental data;the collection of such data,in turn,requires suitable methods and measurements.As with most areas of science our ability to obtain appropriate measurements that aid us with addressing the unanswered questions in plant ecology have of-ten been limited or constrained by available tools.In this regard,stable isotope methods have recently emerged as one of the more powerful tools for advancing understanding of relationships between plants and their environment.Stable iso-tope techniques have permitted plant ecologists to address issues that have seemed intractable using other methods.They have therefore had a significant and positive impact on the science of plant ecology much like modern molecular techniques have for the fields of genetics,biochemistry,and evolutionary biology.Stable iso-tope information has provided insights across a range of spatial scales from the cell to the plant community,ecosystem,or region and over temporal scales from seconds to centuries.The elegance of stable isotope methods derives from the fact that it is generally easy to learn and the behavior of stable isotopes in ecological systems and biogeochemical cycles is reasonably well understood owing to the pioneering work of isotope chemists and geochemists.Areas in need of a deeper understanding seem well within our reach as stable isotope investigations and methods become more refined.Arguably,stable isotope methods are now among the most important empirical tools in modern plant ecological research,and the information they provide has yielded some of the newest and most important in-sights about plants in natural environments since the advent of the common garden experiment.Our review highlights recent advances in plant ecology that have used stable isotope data to address questions at a variety of scales.We focus on carbon (C),water (H 2O),and nitrogen (N)because they are three of the most important re-sources influencing plant function,growth,distribution,and the biogeochemical cycles in which plants participate.We begin by briefly reviewing stable isotope terminology.Some essential principles for understanding how and why isotopes vary in nature and how isotope values alone or in mixtures are calculated are found in special topic boxes within the text.The sections that follow review studies that illustrate particular issues and identify where emerging trends or patterns exist,where areas of controversy and/or disagreement remain,and where promising ar-eas of future research lie.For the newcomer,our hope is that this review enhances understanding of how stable isotopes might be used in plant ecological research.For the seasoned user,this review serves as a place to retrieve information on what we know,do not know,and need to know.Because space is limited,our review is not comprehensive but we hope that we have not been superficial and we apologize to scientists whose work we could not include.Wherever we feel it is helpful and possible we direct the reader toward other literature that provides more in-depth discussions of particularly important issues or areas of st,we restrict our review to H,C,N,and O isotopes and terrestrial systems and attempt to show how both natural abundance and enrichment studies can be used.A n n u . R e v . E c o l . S y s t . 2002.33:507-559. D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a r j o u r n a l s .a n n u a l r e v i e w s .o r g b y I n s t i t u t e o fB o t a n y o n 06/10/07. F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y .STABLE ISOTOPES IN PLANT ECOLOGY509As noted previously (Peterson &Fry 1987),ecological studies have been informed by using stable isotopes at naturally occurring levels (called “natural abundance”;Table 1B)and at levels well outside the natural range of values (called “enriched”levels);enriched isotope studies therefore use “labeled”substances.Isotope abun-dance in any sample,enriched or not,is measured using a mass spectrometer.The details of how these measurements are made and how the mass spectrometer worksTABLE 1The (A )isotope abundance ratios measured and their internationally accepted reference standards,and (B )the elements,their isotopes,their percent abundance,common form,relative molecular mass difference,and range (in ‰)measured in terrestrial environments of the principle stable isotopes discussed in this review Ratio Abundance ratio Isotope measured Standard of reference standard A2H (D)a 2H/1H (D/H)V-SMOW b 1.557510413C 13C/12C V-PDB c 1.123710215N 15N/14N N 2-atm.d 3.676410318O18O/16OV-SMOW, 2.0052103V-PDB 2.0672103Form &relative Percent molecular mass Terrestrial e Element Isotopeabundance differencerange BHydrogen 1H 99.9841HD/1H 1H 700‰2H (D)0.0156(3/2),50%Carbon 12C 98.98213C 16O 16O/12C 16O 16O 100‰13C 1.108(45/44),2.3%Nitrogen 14N 99.6315N 14N/14N 14N 50‰15N 0.3663(29/28),3.6%Oxygen16O 99.75912C 16O 18O/12C 16O 16O 100‰17O 0.037(46/44),4.5%18O0.204a The hydrogen stable isotope with mass two is also called deuterium,D.b The original standard was standard mean ocean water (SMOW)which is no longer available;however,Vienna-SMOW is available from the IAEA.cThe original standard was a belemnite from the PeeDee formation (PDB)which is no longer available;however,“Vienna”-PDB is available from the IAEA.datm.atmospheric gas.e Approximaterange measured in all analyzed substances from Earth (gasses,solids,biological materials).A n n u . R e v . E c o l . S y s t . 2002.33:507-559. D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a r j o u r n a l s .a n n u a l r e v i e w s .o r g b y I n s t i t u t e o fB o t a n y o n 06/10/07. F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y .510DAWSON ET AL.can be found in reviews by Criss (1999),Ehleringer et al.(2000b),and Dawson &Brooks (2001).Natural abundance stable isotopes are used as both natural integrators and tracers of ecological processes.As integrators,they permit ecologists to evalu-ate the net outcome of many processes that vary both spatially and temporally,while not disrupting the natural activity or behavior of the element in that sys-tem (Handley &Raven 1992,H¨o gberg 1997,Robinson 2001).As tracers,they allow ecologists to follow the fates and transformations of a ing nat-ural abundance isotopes as tracers requires that the different potential sources have repeatable and distinct values (Equation 1)that are broader than the natu-ral range of plant values measured.Furthermore,for tracers to be most useful there must not be significant fractionation (Text Box 1)or mixing of sources dur-ing the steps that move the resource from its source to the plant.Because it can be very difficult to fulfill all these requirements,many plant ecological investi-gations cannot use natural abundance isotope data to determine sources or pro-cess rates (Handley &Scrimgeour 1997);these studies rely on enriched isotope approaches.BOX 1Natural Abundance Stable Isotope FractionationChanges in the partitioning of heavy and light isotopes between a source substrate and the product(s)is termed isotope fractionation.Fractionation occurs because physical and chemical processes that influence the representation of each isotope in a particular phase (e.g.,liquid vs.vapor)are proportional to their mass.In plant ecological investigations,though these fractionations are typically quite small,they are nonetheless important and must be understood for proper data interpretation.Isotope fractionations are categorized as primarily of two types;equilibrium frac-tionation and kinetic fractionation.Equilibrium isotope fractionation occurs during isotope exchange reactions that convert one phase (e.g.,liquid)to another phase (e.g.,vapor).The forward and back reaction rates of the rare isotope that leads to isotope redistribution are identical to each other.These reactions are often incom-plete or take place in an open system that result in unequal (or nonequilibrium)representation of all of the isotope species in the mixture in all of the phases.If the system in which the isotope exchange reaction is taking place is closed and/or the reaction is allowed to go to completion (full exchange has taken place),there will be no net fractionation.This can occur under natural conditions,for example,when all of a particular substrate is consumed,but under many circumstances these reactions are incomplete and therefore net fractionation does exist.Kinetic isotope fractionation occurs when the reaction is unidirectional and the reaction rates are mass-dependent.In biological systems,kinetic fractionations are often catalyzed by an enzyme that discriminates among the isotopes in the mixture such that the substrate and product end up isotopically distinct from one another.Biologically mediated isotope fractionation is also called isotope discrimination.Fractionations exist because the lighter isotope (with a lower atomic mass)forms bonds that are more easily broken.Therefore,the lighter isotope is more reactive and likely to be concentrated in the product faster and more easily than the heavierA n n u . R e v . E c o l . S y s t . 2002.33:507-559. D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a r j o u r n a l s .a n n u a l r e v i e w s .o r g b y I n s t i t u t e o fB o t a n y o n 06/10/07. F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y .STABLE ISOTOPES IN PLANT ECOLOGY511isotope (Kendall &McDonnell 1998,Dawson &Brooks 2001).Many biochemical and biogeochemical processes discriminate against the heavier isotopic species in a mixture (e.g.,against 13CO 2more than 12CO 2during C3photosynthetic C fixation).This discrimination leads to marked variation in the isotopic ratios of source and product pools at different stages of a chemical reaction or biogeochemical cycle and of the different resources used by the organisms from these pools.Fractionations involved in biogeochemical reactions can provide information about processes.The resulting isotope ratio of any substance that is part of the reaction can act also as a fingerprint for that resource or transitional form.It can therefore be used as a tracer to follow the reaction products through complex cycles or into diets (e.g.,you are what you eat 0.1to 1‰for 13C,and 3to 4‰for 15N;see Griffiths 1998,Robinson 2001)or along an isotope gradient of continuum such as when water moves from soils through plants and into the atmosphere (Gat 1996,Dawson et al.1998).Enriched isotope methods involve applying trace amounts of a labeled sub-stance.This procedure permits one to follow the flows and fates of an element without altering its natural behavior (Schimel 1993;go to Text Box 3).Because the substances are enriched,relative to the background,tracer studies remove or minimize problems of interpretation brought about by fractionation (Text Box 1)among pools that mix because the signal (the label)is amplified relative to the noise (variation caused by fractionation).Thus,the addition of an enriched sub-stance acts as a powerful tracer for following a specific element’s cohort through a system as well as for determining rates of biological process within the system (see Nadelhoffer &Fry 1994).For natural abundance work we express the stable isotope composition of a particular material or substance as a ratio relative to an internationally accepted reference standard (Table 1A)as,XXE 1000R sample R standard1‰ 1.where E is the element of interest (e.g.,2H or D,13C,15N or 18O),“XX”is the mass of the rarest (and heavier)isotope in the abundance ratio,and R is the abundance ratio of those isotopes (e.g.,18O/16O).Absolute abundance ratios are often very small (on the order of a few parts per thousand;Table 1B),so expressing isotope values relative to a standard and multiplying these by 1000simply expresses the very small fractional differences in convenient “per mil”(or ppt)notation shown as ‰.The final value is expressed as the amount of the rarest to commonest (heavy to light)isotope in the sample with higher values indicating greater amounts of the heavier isotope.By definition,standards have a value of 0‰.A positive value therefore indicates that the sample contains more of the heavy isotope than the standard whereas a negative value indicates that the sample contains less than the standard.A n n u . R e v . E c o l . S y s t . 2002.33:507-559. D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a r j o u r n a l s .a n n u a l r e v i e w s .o r g b y I n s t i t u t e o fB o t a n y o n 06/10/07. F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y .512DAWSON ET AL.For studies using enriched materials,the labeled substance added (e.g.,15NO 3)has an isotopic composition that significantly differs (usually exceeds)from any natural occurring level.The expression of the isotopic composition of this type of material is referred to in “atom %”(A b )which is defined as,A bX heavyX heavy X light100R sample R sample1%2.where X heavy and X light are the numbers of heavy and light atoms present in the sample and R sample is the isotope ratio (as above).Equation 2is most commonly used when values of A b exceed 0.5atom %(or 500‰).Atom %is thus the percentage contribution of the heavy isotope to the total number of atoms of that element in the sample.The sections that follow are arranged hierarchically.We begin with the individual plant and how it interacts with the environment to acquire the resources it needs.We then review examples of how isotopes have informed us about interactions that occur between plants and other organisms;this section therefore focuses on the population and community scales.The final section reviews ecosystem studies where plants play a central role.We conclude with our views on future directions in plant ecology where we believe stable isotopes can have a positive impact.The acquisition of resources is the dominant theme that encapsulates stable isotope research at the individual plant level.Stable isotope information has been most informative in studies focused on water,carbon,and nitrogen—three resources that influence and limit plant growth,survival,and distribution.The sections that follow are organized around these resources.The utility of using C isotopes as an ecological index of plant functionstems from the correlation between habitat quality and the biochemical discrimina-tion (Text Box 1)against 13CO 2during gas exchange,noted here as .In C3plants,discrimination ()against 13C by the carboxylating enzyme,Rubisco (27‰),is linked to photosynthesis via c i /c a ,the ratio of intercellular to atmospheric CO 2concentrations (Farquhar et al.1982,Brugnoli et al.1988).This ratio reflects the relative magnitudes of net assimilation (A )and stomatal conductance (g )that relate to demand and supply of CO 2,respectively.Carbon-13data are thus a useful index for assessing intrinsic water use efficiency (A /g ;the ratio of carbon acquired to water vapor losses via stomatal conductance,g )and may even provide informa-tion on actual water use efficiency (the ratio of assimilation to transpiration)when the leaf-to-air vapor pressure difference is known (Farquhar et al.1989).In C4A n n u . R e v . E c o l . S y s t . 2002.33:507-559. D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a r j o u r n a l s .a n n u a l r e v i e w s .o r g b y I n s t i t u t e o fB o t a n y o n 06/10/07. F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y .STABLE ISOTOPES IN PLANT ECOLOGY513plants,variations in c i /c a and are relatively small despite variation in A and g (Farquhar 1983,Henderson et al.1992,Buchmann et al.1996a).In CAM plants,values generally lie between that for C3(15to 25‰or 20to 35‰using 13C notation)and C4( 2.5to 5‰or 11to 15‰using 13C notation)plants (Griffiths 1992).Variation in of nonvascular plants is similar to that in C3plants (Rundel et al.1979,Teeri 1981,Proctor et al.1992).In contrast to gas exchange techniques that provide measurements of photo-synthetic rates at a single time,13C integrates photosynthetic activity throughout the period the leaf tissue was synthesized.Moreover,leaf 13C values reflect the interplay among all aspects of plant carbon and water relations and are thereby more useful than plant gas exchange measurements as integrators of whole plant function (Figure 1).As such,the earliest observations of 13C values in plant tissues (Wickman 1952,Craig 1953,Baertschi 1953)quickly established that C-isotope analyses were an important tool for integrating photosynthetic performance across ecological gradients in both space and time.As reviewed by Ehleringer (1988,1993a,b),C isotopes have also been instrumental in revealing how species adjust their gas exchange metabolism,strategies of resource acquisition and use,and life-history patterns to ensure competitiveness and survival in a given habitat.Variation in is caused by genetic and environmental factors that combine to influence gas exchange through morphological and functional plant responses.Discrimination has been observed to vary in response to soil moisture (Ehleringer &Cooper 1988;Ehleringer 1993a,1993b;Stewart et al.1995;Korol et al.1999),low hu-midity (Madhavan et al.1991,Comstock &Ehleringer 1992,Panek &Waring 1997),irradiance (Ehleringer et al.1986,Zimmerman &Ehleringer 1990),tem-perature (Welker et al.1993,Panek &Waring 1995),nitrogen availability (Condon et al.1992,H¨o gberg et al.1993,Guehl et al.1995),salinity (Bowman et al.1989,Sandquist &Ehleringer 1995,Poss et al.2000),and atmospheric CO 2concen-tration (Bettarini et al.1995,Ehleringer &Cerling 1995,Williams et al.2001).Furthermore,morphological features also impose constraints on the physiologi-cal response to these various conditions through their influence on such factors as leaf boundary layer resistance,hydraulic conductivity through xylem,and leaf internal resistance to CO 2and H 2O.Accordingly,variation in has been found in relation to leaf size (Geber &Dawson 1990)and thickness (Vitousek et al.1990,Hanba et al.1999,Hultine &Marshall 2000),stomatal density (Hultine &Marshall 2000),branch length (Waring &Silvester 1994,Panek &Waring 1995,Panek 1996,Walcroft et al.1996,Warren &Adams 2000),and canopy height (Yoder et al.1994,Martinelli et al.1998).Finally,is,to a large extent,genetically determined,as relative rankings within and among genotypes are maintained irrespective of varia-tions in the environment or plant condition (Farquhar et al.1989,Ehleringer 1990,Ehleringer et al.1990,Geber &Dawson 1990,Johnson et al.1990,Schuster et al.1992a,Dawson &Ehleringer 1993,Zhang et al.1993,Donovan &Ehleringer 1994,Johnsen &Flanagan 1995,Zhang &Marshall 1995,Damesin et al.1998,Johnsen et al.1999).In contrast to vascular plants,genetic variation among non-vascular plants appears to have little effect on whereas environmental factorsA n n u . R e v . E c o l . S y s t . 2002.33:507-559. D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a r j o u r n a l s .a n n u a l r e v i e w s .o r g b y I n s t i t u t e o fB o t a n y o n 06/10/07. F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y .514DAWSON ETAL.Figure 1Isotopic composition of C,O,and H pools in the carbon and water cycles.Boxes represent pools and arrows represent processes.The values are rough approximations and can vary greatly with geographical location and environmental conditions.For demonstration purposes,we include data based on an example from Israel;D values were estimated from 18O using the local meteoric water line for the same region following Gat &Carni (1970).The main advantages of the isotopic approach lie in the unique labeling of flux components;leaf transpiration and soil evaporation are isotopically very different;root and soil respiration can have distinct 13C labeling;photosynthesis (depleted uptake)tends to enrich the atmosphere,while respiration (depleted release)tends to deplete the atmosphere in 18O and 13C.OM refers to organic matter.indicates discrimination occurs during photosynthetic assimilation.Values are on the SMOW and PDB scales for 18O and 13C values,respectively.[Modified from Yakir &Sternberg (2000).]such as moisture availability and water content are most important (Rice &Giles 1996,Williams &Flanagan 1996,Rice 2000).But unlike in vascular plants,tends to increase with water limitation in nonvascular plant taxa (Williams &Flanagan 1996,1998).The factors cited above explain much of the variation in observed with respect to phenology (Lowden &Dyck 1974,Smedley et al.1991,Ehleringer et al.1992,Damesin et al.1998),development (Geber &Dawson 1990),age (YoderA n n u . R e v . E c o l . S y s t . 2002.33:507-559. D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a r j o u r n a l s .a n n u a l r e v i e w s .o r g b y I n s t i t u t e o fB o t a n y o n 06/10/07. F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y .STABLE ISOTOPES IN PLANT ECOLOGY515et al.1994,Fessenden &Ehleringer 2002),and gender (Dawson &Ehleringer 1993,Kohorn et al.1994,Retuerto et al.2000,Ward et al.2002).In addition,the aforementioned factors also explain spatial gradients in found within canopies (Medina &Minchin 1980,Garten &Taylor 1992,Buchmann et al.1997a,Hanba et al.1997,Le Roux et al.2001),across landscapes (Williams &Ehleringer 1996,Moore et al.1999),and with altitude (K¨o rner et al.1991,Morecroft &Woodward 1990,Hultine &Marshall 2000).It should be noted that the causes of variation in are clearly complex and are,at times,not straightforward.This complexity can make correlations between and a single factor such as hydraulic conductivity (Cernusak &Marshall 2001),water availability (Warren et al.2001),or rainfall (Miller et al.2001)problematic.Further,variations in 13CO 2of source-air owing to recycling of respired CO 2within canopies (Figure 1)may confound the ecological interpretation of 13C or in leaf tissues (Schleser &Jayasekera 1985,Sternberg et al.1989,Broadmeadow et al.1992,Buchmann et al.1997b,Yakir &Sternberg 2000).Because of the integrative response of to multiple eco-physiological con-straints through time,C isotopes can be used to assess traits that co-vary with gas exchange,C gain,and water relations,including water use efficiency (WUE)(Farquhar &Richards 1984,Henderson et al.1998),photosynthetic capacity (Virgona &Farquhar 1996),stomatal conductance (Condon et al.1987,Ehleringer 1990,Ehleringer et al.1990,Virgona et al.1990,Meinzer et al.1992),leaf nitro-gen content (Sparks &Ehleringer 1997,Schulze et al.1998),leaf mass per area (Vitousek et al.1990,Hultine &Marshall 2000,Williams &Ehleringer 2000),longevity (DeLucia et al.1988,Schuster et al.1992b),and relative growth rate (Ehleringer 1993b,Poorter &Farquhar 1994).For example,working in boreal ecosystems,Brooks et al.(1997)used 13C as a surrogate for physiological char-acteristics and found that life form (deciduous or evergreen trees,shrubs,forbs,and mosses)can be a robust indicator of functional group membership related to carbon and water fluxes (see also Flanagan et al.1997a).Whereas these data are consistent with those gathered by Marshall &Zhang (1994),Kelly &Woodward (1995)found that life form had no effect on among three altitude catagories.In another example,Smedley et al.(1991)examined the seasonal time-course of 13C among grassland species and found lower WUE among the taxa active during the initial,less stressful months of the growing season.Further,WUE increased with evaporative demand as soil moisture declined.In a related fashion,Kloeppel et al.(1998)used 13C of leaf tissue to assess WUE and determined that,in general,larches (Larix spp.)use water less efficiently and maintain higher photosynthetic capacity (based on foliar N concentration)than co-occurring evergreen conifers from 20locations in the northern hemisphere.Their results suggest that water is not the most limiting resource at these high elevation (3000–4000m)sites.Finally,Flanagan et al.(1992)and Valentini et al.(1992)used 13C of leaves to assess WUE of species from different functional groups in a Pinyon-Juniper Woodland and the Mediterranean macchia,respectively.By concurrently measuring D in xylem water to distinguish surface versus groundwater sources (see next section),A n n u . R e v . E c o l . S y s t . 2002.33:507-559. D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a r j o u r n a l s .a n n u a l r e v i e w s .o r g b y I n s t i t u t e o fB o t a n y o n 06/10/07. F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y .516DAWSON ET AL.they found that species with more negative 13C values and therefore lower WUE had deeper rooting depths and a more reliable water supply than species that relied on rain water in the upper soil layers (also see Lajtha &Marshall 1994).To separate the independent effects of photosynthetic capacity and stomatal conductance on c i /c a ,Scheidegger et al.(2000)have recently proposed measuring both 13C and 18O in leaf organic matter (Figure 1).Whereas 13C reflects c i /c a ,18O generally varies with ambient humidity,which in turn reflects changes in water use [g ](Ball et al.1987,Grantz 1990;but see also Mott &Parkhurst 1991,Monteith 1995).The 18O of leaf and tree ring cellulose are largely determined by the integrated leaf-to-air vapor pressure gradient during photosynthetic gas ex-change (Farquhar et al.1998).This leaf-air vapor pressure gradient changes with environmental conditions (atmospheric humidity,soil moisture,air temperature)and plant response to these environmental changes (e.g.,g ,leaf temperature,A ).So measurement of the 18O composition of plant tissues aids with the interpretation of differences in 13C among individual plants growing in the same location and among species in different environments.Moreover,the determination of WUE is greatly improved by the simultaneous use of 13C and 18O in plant tissues (Saurer et al.1997).By considering concurrent variations 13C and 18O,one can distin-guish between biochemical and stomatal limitations to photosynthesis in response to a change in environmental conditions.Alternative methods to distinguish such effects rely on instantaneous gas exchange measurements (Farquhar &Sharkey 1982)that are more difficult to extend through time or to apply simultaneously on a large number of samples.Although further research is needed to develop a quan-titative dual (C and O)isotope model,this approach should improve our ability to relate gas exchange characteristics to 13C and 18O signals in plant leaves and tree rings.In fact,bulk wood or purified cellulose obtained from tree rings has provided some of the best samples for isotope analyses because the 13C,D,18O,and even 15N isotopes in the wood can record a great deal about the ecophysiology of the plants (Leavitt &Long 1986,1988,1989,1991;Livingston &Spittehouse 1993;Bert et al.1997;Saurer et al.1997;Borella &Saurer 1999;Roden &Ehleringer 1999a,b),the resources they use (Roden et al.2000,Ward et al.2002),and the environments they inhabit,both now (Barbour et al.2000,Roden et al.2000)and in the past (Edwards et al.1985;Leavitt 1993;Lipp et al.1996;Switsur et al.1996;Feng 1999;Hemming et al.1998,2000;Monserud &Marshall 2001).Recent modeling efforts that use 13C (Hemming et al.2000)and D and 18O (Roden &Ehleringer 2000;Barbour et al.2000,2001)have very much improved our interpretations of isotope variation in tree rings.In these models,fractionations are better understood and accounted for,allowing one to make more precise inferences about environmental conditions (temperature and humidity),plant resource status (water-use efficiency and/or sources of water and nitrogen),and environmental change (Epstein &Krishnamurthy 1990,Duquesnay et al.1998).In addition to the use of natural abundance 13C to deepen our understanding of plant gas exchange,stable isotope techniques based on 13-C labeling (see TextA n n u . R e v . E c o l . S y s t . 2002.33:507-559. D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a r j o u r n a l s .a n n u a l r e v i e w s .o r g b y I n s t i t u t e o fB o t a n y o n 06/10/07. F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y .。

ecology是什么意思ecology与我们人类息息相关，那么你们知道这是为什么吗?生态学(Ecology)是研究生物与周围环境之间关系的一门学科，主要研究生态系统、生物种群与生物群落、生态平衡等等，生物是其研究主体。

下面店铺为大家带来ecology的英语意思和相关用法，欢迎大家一起学习!ecology的英语音标英 [iˈkɒlədʒi]美 [iˈkɑlədʒi]ecology作名词的意思生态学;社会生态学ecology的近义词oecologyecology的词汇搭配landscape ecology 景观生态学;园林生态ecology environment 生态环境restoration ecology 恢复生态学agricultural ecology 农业生态学microbial ecology 微生物生态学human ecology 人类生态学population ecology 种群生态学，群体生态学media ecology 传媒生态;传播媒介生态学plant ecology 植物生态学ecology的英语例句1. To keep ecology in balance is our duty.保持生态平衡是我们的职责.2. Development has been guided by a concern for the ecology of the area.该地区的发展以注重生态为指导原则。

3. The Windermere Golf Club is proof positive that golf and ecology can co-exist in perfect harmony.温德米尔高尔夫俱乐部证明了高尔夫和生态能完全和谐共存。

4. He warned of the serious threat to global ecology which is going unheeded.他警告说，全球生态正面临着严重的威胁，而这种威胁并没有得到重视。

植物生态学报 2014, 38 (10): 1135–1153 doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00108Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology ——————————————————收稿日期Received: 2014-04-01 接受日期Accepted: 2014-09-07 * 通讯作者Author for correspondence (E-mail: xuzz@)植物叶经济谱的研究进展陈莹婷1,2 许振柱1*1中国科学院植物研究所植被与环境变化国家重点实验室, 北京 100093; 2中国科学院大学生命科学学院, 北京 100049摘 要 叶经济谱(leaf economics spectrum)概念自提出以来, 已受到广泛关注。

它第一次在全球尺度上定量分析植物功能性状及其关系, 从而量化和概括权衡策略(trade-off)的内涵和变化规律, 具有重要的理论价值, 为后续植物性状的相关研究提供借鉴。

该文综合评述了叶经济谱的概念、内容和相关检验性或异议性观点, 探讨叶经济谱的形成机制与动力, 并从多角度、多方面概述叶经济谱理论的应用及扩展性研究, 最后指出我国叶经济谱研究现状的不足, 并对国内外叶经济谱理论的发展进行展望, 强调共建共享全球基础数据库的重要性。

关键词 演变, 功能性状, 全球变化, 叶经济谱, 数量化规律, 权衡策略Review on research of leaf economics spectrumCHEN Ying-Ting 1,2 and XU Zhen-Zhu 1*1State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; and 2College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaAbstractThe concept of leaf economics spectrum (LES) has attracted much attention and debate since its emergence. It for the first time provides quantitative analysis of plant functional traits and their relationships on the global scale, hence quantifying and generalizing the context and variations of the trade-off strategies. This is of great theoret-ical value, and provides a useful research method and scientific ideas for subsequent study on plant traits and their functions. In this paper, we try to comprehensively review the meaning, contents, relevant verifications and objections about LES, and to explore its underlying mechanisms. In addition, we emphasize the multi-scale and multidimensional extensions, integration and potential applications of LES. Currently there are still several shortcomings about LES research in China, and we outlook the development of LES theory domestically and abroad. It may be of significance for ecological researchers to establish and exploit jointly a global database on plant traits.Key words evolution, functional traits, global change, leaf economics spectrum, quantitative law, trade-off10年前, 澳大利亚科学家Wright 等(2004)在《Nature 》上发表了一篇题为《The Worldwide Leaf Economics Spectrum 》的研究论文, 首次提出了“叶经济谱” (leaf economics spectrum, LES)概念。

国内外植物科学主要期刊简介1．中国生物学文摘（月刊）中国科学院科学技术系列检索刊物。

该刊收录我国科技人员在国内外期刊上发表的生物学论文、专著、会议录等文献，年报道有9000条，并有著者、主题期、年度索引，报道我国生物科学领域的研究成果与发展。

2．中国科学（月刊）是中国科学院主办、中国科学杂志社出版的自然科学综合性学术刊物。

主要刊载自然科学各学科基础研究和应用研究方面具有创新性、高水平、有重要意义的研究论文。

根据学科,《中国科学》(中文版)分为A～E, G辑,其中C辑(双月刊)为生命科学, 包括生物学、农学和医学等, 为双月20日出版。

3．科学通报（半月刊）是中国科学院和国家自然科学基金委员会共同主办、中国科学杂志社出版的自然科学综合性学术刊物。

力求及时报道自然科学各学科基础理论和应用研究方面具有创新性、高水平、有重要意义的最新研究成果, 要求文章的可读性强, 能在一个比较宽范的学术领域产生深刻的影响。

《科学通报》为半月刊, 每月中旬和下旬出版。

该刊主要以“研究简报”和“研究通报”等形式全面及时扼要地报道我国基础科学以及农林、医学和技术科学最新研究成果和阶段性的科研成果。

4．植物学报（月刊）是由中国科学院植物研究所和中国植物学会主办的植物学综合性学术刊物。

本学报力争全面反映我国植物科学的最新研究成果，关注国际热点、新的学科生长点、前沿研究课题，重视报道重要的应用基础研究。

主要栏目有植物生理生化、植物遗传学和分子生物学、植物生殖生物学、结构植物学、植物化学与资源植物学、植物系统与进化、植物生态学、古植物学的原始研究论文、综述和快讯。

5．植物分类学报（双月刊）是植物分类学、植物地理学、植物系统学的学术刊物。

主要刊登具有相当学术价值和创造性的研究论文，简报，新分类群，不同学派、不同观点的讨论，国内外有关本学科的研究进展及综合评述。

6．植物生理学报（双月刊）是植物生理学方面的学术性刊物。

主要刊登植物生理学、植物生物化学、植物生物物理学、植物化学等方面的研究论文，也少量刊登研究简报、简讯和新技术等。

Plant Physiology评价报告前言美国植物生理学期刊《Plant Physiology》创刊于1926年,由美国植物生理学会编辑出版。

它是刊载植物生理学、生物化学、细胞与分子生物学、生物物理学以及环境生物学的一种比较权威的国际性期刊。

Plant Physiology曾一度引领植物研究，后来，上世纪90年代末开办的Plant Cell 成了植物研究领域影响力最大的期刊，Plant Physiology就显得略有逊色。

但Plant Physiology有特色，Plant Cell和Plant Journal都注重分子生物学，但Plant Physiology可以说是兼容并蓄，一直是光合作用研究的阵地。

以是近十年的影响因子指数见表1.表1. Plant Physiology近十年的影响因子以下是PLANT PHYSIOL-SCI2010年影响力评价技术指数，见表2.表2.PLANT PHYSIOL-SCI影响因子（2010年）1. PLANT PHYSIOL近五年的概述PLANT PHYSIOL自2006年起到现在共发表文章6075篇，其中active共5840篇，review共168篇，其他类型如信件、编者按、自传等其他类共149篇，active 与review共有5909篇（信息来源是WEB OF KNOWLAGE,网址是：/），在这些分类中互有交叉，个别文章可能分别归为review和active或其他类，导致各类别合计大于总发文量，但交叉不多（约1.26%）。

2. PLANT PHYSIOL近五年引用次数前一百的概述收集PLANT PHYSIOL近五年引用次数前一百篇文章并对其中本分文章单独叙述。

以下将结合Plant Physiology近五年被应用次数较高的的几篇文章（信息来源是WEB OF KNOWLAGE,网址是：/）进行概述。

2.1本篇文章五年中引用排名第一标题: Production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species in chloroplasts and their functions 作者: Asada K来源出版物: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 卷: 141 期: 2 页: 391-396 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.082040 出版年: JUN 2006 被引频次: 256 (来自所有数据库)在叶绿体上，有氧代谢不可避免地产生一些活性氧，,反应中心的类囊体和叶绿体PSII PSI活性氧的产生的主要部位。

植物生态学报 2020, 44 (12): 1195–1202 DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2020.0224Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology ——————————————————收稿日期Received: 2020-07-06 接受日期Accepted: 2020-09-16基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(41661144007、4171101346和41701047)。

Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41661144007, 4171101346 and 41701047).* 通信作者Correspondingauthor(***************.cn)竞争和气候对新疆阿尔泰山西伯利亚五针松树木径向生长的影响康 剑1,2,3 梁寒雪1,3 蒋少伟1,2,3 朱火星1,3 周 鹏1,2,3 黄建国1,2,3*1中国科学院华南植物园, 中国科学院退化生态系统植被恢复与管理重点实验室, 广州 510650; 2中国科学院大学资源与环境学院, 北京 100049; 3中国科学院核心植物园, 广州 510650摘 要 阿尔泰山的北方森林是中亚以及全球的生态系统的重要组成部分, 其生长动态可以影响到全球范围的热辐射、碳平衡等。

因此, 探究影响阿尔泰山树木径向生长的主要因素至关重要。

该研究以新疆喀纳斯国家级自然保护区的西伯利亚五针松(Pinus sibirica )为研究对象, 建立西伯利亚五针松年表, 通过分析不同时间间隔累年生长量、竞争指数以及气候因子之间的关系, 运用线性混合效应模型、相关分析等方法, 探究竞争和气候对新疆阿尔泰山西伯利亚五针松树木径向生长的影响。

结果表明: (1)线性混合效应模型结果显示竞争树胸径和与西伯利亚五针松过去30年的累年生长量之间的拟合效果最好; (2)标准年表与3月的平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温之间有显著正相关关系; (3)累年生长量最高值出现在气温0–5 , ℃竞争指数低于100的时候。