避开细节理解题四陷阱一(无中生有)

行测答题技巧：言语理解与表达的“七大”陷阱行测言语理解与表达中细节理解型题目是片段阅读中的一种常考题型。

细节就是指文段中那些常常容易被人忽略、易混淆的部分。

中公教育专家提醒各位考生，在复习细节理解型题目的时候，要重点掌握七大常设陷阱。

行测答题技巧一、提问方式细节理解型题目的提问方式为：“对这段文字理解（不）正确的一项是”、“下列说法与原文（不）相符的是”、“根据这段文字，以下说法（不）正确的是”等。

二、常设陷阱细节理解型题目中有些选项是对原文表述的同义或近义替换；有些选项是对文段细节、概念的理解或引申；有些选项则是根据文段的表述进行推断。

做细节理解型题目，关键是要细心。

除了细心外，还需知道命题人喜欢从哪些方面，或哪些词语来设置错误选项。

接下来就为大家介绍下细节理解型题目的七大常设陷阱。

（一）无中生有“无中生有”指的是命题人依据材料中的某一信息，凭空捏造出相似的信息作为选项以迷惑考生。

原材料：①网络媒体是一个新兴的传播工具，发展势头非常迅猛。

通过网络，可以反映各个方面在不同领域、不同层次的需求和看法。

设错示例：②作为一个新兴的传播工具，网络媒体有着独特的优势，其发展速度远远超过了其他媒体的发展速度。

中公点拨：①句中并没有将网络媒体与其他媒体的发展速度进行对比，②句中的“其发展速度远远超过了其他媒体的发展速度”属于无中生有。

（二）颠倒黑白“颠倒黑白”是将正确的说成错误的，错误的说成正确的一种设错陷阱。

原材料：①古希腊古罗马是西方文明的摇篮，西方哲学、美学及各种艺术形式始于此，西方的音乐文化也由此开始。

设错示例：②西方的音乐文化与西方哲学的发源地不相同。

中公点拨：②句颠倒黑白，明显与①句意思相悖。

（三）偷换概念“偷换概念”是指命题人将题干中的词语偷换成一些相似的词语，改变了概念的修饰语、适用范围、所指对象等具体内涵的一种设错方式。

原材料：①天文学家日常所分析的照片多数都是黑白的，我们在杂志和其他彩色印刷品上看到的五彩缤纷的天文照片，其实是通过把多张望远镜拍摄的不同波段的黑白照片加工合成而来的。

高考生物试题中常见的4类‘陷阱’陷阱1 偷换概念类实际上，这类试题属于典型的‘张冠李戴’，考生在读题时常常会漏掉或误解一些信息，从而导致获取的信息不全面、不准确。

这类试题又有本身前后搭配不当、题干和选项搭配不当之分。

（1）选项本身前后搭配不当类此类试题的题干一般有‘正确的是’‘错误的是’等判断性语句，陷阱就隐藏在某个选项中。

避开此类陷阱的关键是对每个选项的题设、结论进行分析，看其是否符合生物学院里。

【例1】下列对生物体内ATP的有关叙述中，正确的是A.ATP与ADP的相互转化在活细胞中是永无休止的B.ATP与ADP是同一种物质的两种形态C.生物体内的ATP含量很多，从而保证了生命活动所需能量的持续供应D.ATP与ADP的相互转化使生物体内的各项化学反应能在常温常压下快速且顺利地进行点评本题中出现了两处搭配不当。

一处是C选项中‘生物体内的ATP含量很多’与‘保证了生命活动所需能量的持续供应’的搭配不当。

该处陷阱的特点是‘因’与‘果’中一者本身正确而另一者本身错误，从而导致考生因注意到了正确的部分而忽视了对错误部分的思考。

选项C中‘生物体内的ATP的含量很多’这个‘因’本身是错误的。

另一处是D选项中‘ATP与ADP的相互转化’与‘各项化学反应能在常温常压下快速且顺利地进行’的搭配不当。

该处陷阱的特点是前后两部分本身都正确，但是因果关系不成立，此类陷阱的迷惑性更大。

生物体内的各项化学反应能在常温常压下快速且顺利地进行关键在于生物体内各种酶的作用。

因此，要想避免误入此类陷阱，必须认真审题、联想教材相关知识。

答案：A(2)题干与选项不符类有些试题的题干中包含了某种特定的生物学意义，所提供的选项本身也各自阐述了一些生物学原理或结论，且这些内容是正确的（这是陷阱所在），但是这些原理或结论与题干不吻合（例如不能由题干信息推论得出或不能解释题干情境）。

解答这类试题时需牢记：应选本身正确且与题干吻合的选项，而不选仅仅本身正确的选项。

解题技巧的整体关联上重新对主旨大意进行审视，以深化对语篇内容的理解，辅助解题。

如，2022年甲卷阅读C最后一段，我们仔细阅读可画出关键词：a precious land、to be respected、thebiggest things等，可以推测出这是Ginni在南极洲旅行中最为难忘的事情之一，与该语篇的首段中出现的never forget形成呼应，强化了Ginni的观点，即她认为南极洲是一块宝地，应该受到保护。

据此，学生解答语篇的第3题：What does Ginni think about Antarcticaafter the journey?此题问的是旅行结束后，Ginni对Antarctica的看法。

结合几个选项内容，推知选项C（It should be well preserved.）最符合文意，故当选。

又如，阅读D篇尾段，仅仅是一句话，却是明确表达了对前面观点的态度。

即作者赞同年轻商人Anthony的观点，认为一座城市可以同时既年轻又古老。

据此，学生破解该文章的第4题：Which statement will theauthor probably agree with?该题是让学生回答作者可能赞同的观点，分析四个选项，A选项（A city canbe young and old at the same time.）符合文意，故为最佳。

学生借助语篇的最后一段，分析其与语篇主旨大意的关联，进一步理解文章大意，并在此基础上，进行合理推测，解读与尾段信息相关的题目，从而辅助学生更加全面地对各个选项进行信息的比较，以确定答案，提高解题的准确性。

总之，阅读理解题考查学生对语篇局部和整体信息的理解与把握，着重对文章主旨、作者观点态度、写作意图、上下文逻辑关系等的考查。

局部则是侧重对细节、事实等信息的把握，这些都是基于学生对文章大意的理解。

基于此，学生可以通过读标题、读首段、读尾段等技巧，捕捉这些段落中的关键词，从中获取文章大概内容，找到解答相关题目的线索，辅助学生高效解题，提高解题的准确率。

行测备考：细节理解题解题技巧——排除常见干扰项细节理解题是在公务员行测考试中较为占用时间，考察考生细心程度和快速阅读能力的一个模块，在这种题型的作答过程中，考生如果熟悉在考试中经常出现在试题当中的干扰项特征，可以帮助我们快速的排除干扰选项，有利于我们更加准确、快速的得到答案。

常见干扰项主要有两大种，即无中生有和各种偷换，实际上两者在本质上所体现的都是原文没有说到的，但表现方式稍有不同。

无中生有主要包含的是主观臆断和强加关系，其中强加关系要多加注意，因果关系是最常出现的强加情况;各种偷换主要包含的是偷换时间、偷换数量、偷换逻辑、偷换概念和偷换语气，其中偷换时间主要是偷换时态和历史朝代，偷换数量要注意整体和部分之间的偷换，偷换逻辑主要注意充分条件和必要条件混淆以及并列、因果、必要条件互相出现偷换情况，偷换概念要格外注意一些名词术语，偷换语气主要注意确定性表述和不确定性表述之间的偷换。

下面我们用两道例题验证一下：【练习1】从我国古代文献看，商代甲骨文中已有“稻”字出现，在《诗经》中已将黍、稻并提。

春秋以前，因我国北方种稻量少，水稻被列为五谷之末，如“禾、稷、菽、麦、稻”;而至宋代，便因种植数量多而升至五谷之首了，民间更流传着“苏湖熟，天下足”的说法;到了明代，更有天下谷类“稻居什七”之说，稻米成为我国的主要粮食。

下列说法与原文相符的是( )。

A. 水稻从商代开始种植B. 春秋时期北方不产水稻C. 宋代人以稻米为主要粮食D. 水稻在我国古代长期为五谷之一【答案】D【解析】文段以时间为序叙述了水稻在我国的历史，商代就出现了“稻”字，春秋以前北方种稻量少，至宋代，水稻成为五谷之一，明代稻米成为主要粮食。

D项符合文意，因此本题答案为D选项。

文段中提到“商代已出现稻”，A项中“开始”一词错用;B项与“春秋时期北方种稻量少”不相符;C项与“明代，稻米成为我国主要粮食”不相符。

【练习2】大袋鼠是一种奇特的动物。

它们平时在原野、灌木丛和森林地带活动，靠吃草为生。

2020福建国考行测细节题错误选项的几大特征在言语理解与表达模块中，通常细节题的解题思路是：通读全文对比选项排除干扰。

在排除干扰时，一般错误选项会有如下特征：1.无中生有：主要是指选项涉及的某个概念、问题或结论在原文中并没有提及。

尤其是当选项出现对两个事物进行比较时，一般原文并未对它们进行比较。

2.偷换概念：出题人常通过偷换谈论对象、时态、数量、范围等来设置错误选项。

如：把少数说成全部、把将来说成现在。

3.程度轻重：如果选项中出现一些绝对性的标志词，如：全部、永远、任何、唯一等，需要我们慎重对待。

另外，也要注意一些相对性标志词：可能、也许、大概、尽管、容易、往往等。

接下来，让我们通过具体的题目来感受一下：例题(2019-国家-54) 全球过度使用或滥用抗生素，导致耐药微生物正在成为传统抗生素产业的死敌。

寻求这一困境的破解之道，是全球抗生素科学家的研发重点，也将决定未来医药产业发展的重点和方向。

信息菌素作为一种新型抗生素，具有全新的杀菌机制，通过在细菌的细胞膜上形成一个致死性离子通道，让细菌内容物泄漏、能量耗竭，从而杀死细菌。

凡是具有脂质双分子生物膜的微生物都逃避不了这种杀伤。

信息菌素具有安全、杀菌效果强、不易产生耐药性等优点，杀菌效率是目前常规抗生素的数百倍甚至数万倍。

根据这段文字，下列说法正确的是：A.信息菌素与常规抗生素的杀菌机制类似B.传统抗生素难以穿透脂质双分子生物膜C.信息菌素对特定微生物有致命的杀伤力D.过度使用信息菌素会产生耐药性的问题【答案】C【解题思路】A项，由文段第三行信息菌素作为一种新型抗生素，具有全新的杀菌机制可知，信息菌素与常规抗生素的杀菌机制类似表述错误，排除;B项，文段未提及传统抗生素，属于无中生有，排除;C项，根据文段凡是具有脂质双分子生物膜的微生物都逃避不了这种杀伤可知，信息菌素对特定微生物有致命的杀伤力中的特定微生物即可指具有脂质双分子生物膜的微生物，选项表述正确;D项，根据尾句信息菌素具有安全、杀菌效果强、不易产生耐药性等优点可知，过度使用信息菌素会产生耐药性的问题的表述与文意矛盾，排除。

细节推断题，顾名思义，要求考生准确理解文段乃至文章的某一细节信息或作出合理推断，考查的是考生在短时间内筛选信息、合理推断的能力。

细节推断题的提问形式包括：“对这段文字理解最准确/不准确的是”、“与这段文字文意(不)相符的是”、“通过这段话，可以知道”、“根据这段话可以得出的结论是”，等等。

一般而言，细节推断题的出题思路是在某一细节处设置陷阱，也就是说，命题者在设置选项时有其惯用的“骗人伎俩”，引诱一部分粗心的考生犯错，从而达到区分考生水平的目的，我们常说“细节之中有魔鬼”，这句话用在细节推断题上最恰当不过。

对于刚上路的新手来说，实在是很有必要知己知彼，熟悉这些“陷阱”，认清“魔鬼”的真面目，本文用意正在于此。

陷阱一：偷换概念在片段阅读的文段中会出现大量的概念，正确理解文意，需要准确把握每个概念。

为了达到迷惑考生的目的，命题者常常会偷换概念。

【例1】周庄旅游收入已经连续多年超亿元大关。

在苏南，与周庄媲美的文化古镇虽不在少数，但旅游收入却只能望周庄而兴叹。

当地的一位老人说，上世纪70年代陈逸飞画了这里的双桥，此画在美国展出时获奖并被石油大亨哈默斥巨资收藏。

1979年邓小平访美时，哈默将此画赠给他，并说这是中国上海附近的一个小镇。

如今，游览江南古镇，周庄已成为首选。

对这段文字理解最准确的是：( )。

(2009年国家第58题)A。

文化交流是国际交流的重要内容 B。

文化是促进经济发展的重要力量C。

旅游是城镇经济快速发展的突破口 D。

文化传播可以成为城镇发展的重要契机【分析】文段可分为两部分，第一部分叙述了周庄旅游发展情况，第二部分分析了出现前述现象的原因：陈逸飞的画向世界宣传了周庄。

综合两部分，可以得出结论：文化传播可以成为城镇发展的重要契机。

故选D。

需要注意的是，在其他三个选项中，B选项的干扰最大。

初看起来，似乎“文化是促进经济发展的重要力量”也是成立的。

但仔细阅读文段可知，文段强调的是“文化传播”而非“文化”本身。

文章来源：吉林华图教育对国考稍有了解的人都知道，国考是一个压力型的考试，题量大，时间有限，涉及到的内容非常多，因此很多小伙伴在复习的时候也是一头雾水，不知道从何下手，但是其实国考的考试内容也是有侧重点的，这就需要我们合理规划，把更多的精力放在必考题型上，掌握这些题型的解题技巧。

今天我们就来谈一谈言语题目的必考题型之一，细节理解题。

细节理解题常见的提问方式有：“下面说法正确的是”、“以下说法符合文意的是”、“下面说法中错误的是”等，需要我们注意的是要看好问题中到底是选择符合文意的还是不符合文意的。

细节理解题是为了考查我们是否能在短时间内“根据材料查找主要信息及重要细节”，着重从微观层面进行考查，因此，为了提高我们的做题速度和准确率，这就需要我们转变一下思维，从选项入手，带着选项的关键词内容回到文段中一一对比，最终排除干扰。

在细节理解题中，干扰选项的特征主要有以下几点：1.无中生有。

即选项在原文中找不到对应信息。

2.偷换时态。

在言语考试中，时态主要分为过去时（已发生）：已、已经、曾经、过、了等；现在时（正发生）：正在、在…中、目前、今天等；将来时（未发生）：将/将要、即将、准备/打算、有望、趋势等三种，需要注意的是同时态间可以替换，不同时态间不可替换，因此，在考试时要有意识的和原文进行比较。

3.偷换语气。

主要是指命题人会在相对性和绝对性语气中进行偷换。

表示相对性语气的提示词如可能、也许、大概、大约、未必、一般、或许、常常、往往、通常、预测、有望等。

表示绝对性的如一定、必然、总是、完全、最、任何、所有、一切、全部、都、必定、永远等。

小伙伴们需要注意得是相对性表述不能替换成绝对性表述。

同时，在相对性表述中，语气程度要保持一致。

4.偷换数量。

表示对数量的表述有如下几种。

如完全量：全部、所有、一切、都等；表示较多量的如许多、很多、大量、大部分、多数、广泛、不少等；表示中间量的如某些、一些、部分等；表示较少量的如：较少、很少、少量、少部分、少数、少许、不多等。

江苏公务员考试言语细节理解题三大“陷阱”“细节”是指文段中那些容易被人忽略、混淆的细小信息。

细节理解型题目考查的是考生根据材料查找关键信息及重要细节、判断新组成的语句与材料原意是否一致等能力。

行测言语理解与表达考试中细节理解型题目常设的三大命题陷阱为：推断错误、无中生有、逻辑混乱。

下面江苏公务员考试网（）就为考生逐一讲解。

一、“推断错误”陷阱表现：最常见的错误为过度推断作者意图。

纠错对策：解答此类试题关键要根据文章已经提供的相关信息进行合乎事理、情理、逻辑的综合分析，《江苏公务员考试综合教材》的编写小组认为，考生应保证：一是内容上要有着落，二是推断的过程要合乎思维规律。

这样才能比较准确地解答相关题目。

例题：生长在水中或水边的动植物的遗体是最易被保存下来的，因为保存动植物遗体的必要条件是快速掩埋，而在淤泥不断淤积的海洋、河流乃至湖泊中，动植物的遗体以及其他东西能够被快速掩埋。

这段话表述正确的一项是（）。

A.动植物遗体很容易在淤泥不断淤积的海洋、河流乃至湖泊中保存下来B.只有生长在水中或水边的动植物的遗体才能被保存下来C.淤泥不断淤积的海洋、河流乃至湖泊是保存动植物遗体的最佳环境D.只要被快速掩埋，动植物遗体就能被保存解析：此题答案为A。

由“生长在水中或水边的动植物的遗体是最易被保存下来的”可知，“生长在水中或水边”是个最优条件，而B项的表述则变成了唯一条件，排除。

C项推断过度，原文中只说“在淤泥不断淤积的海洋、河流乃至湖泊中，动植物的遗体以及其他东西能够被快速掩埋”，并没有说“淤泥不断淤积的海洋、河流乃至湖泊是保存动植物遗体的最佳环境”。

D项逻辑错误，混淆了充分条件与必要条件，“只要……就”表明快速掩埋是动植物遗体得以保存的充分条件，而原文说的是“保存动植物遗体的必要条件是快速掩埋”。

二、“无中生有”陷阱表现：选项涉及的某个概念、问题或结论在原文中并没有提及，尤其是当选项出现对两个事物进行比较时，一般原文并未对它们进行比较。

2019国家公务员行测言语理解备考：细节判断答题技巧（8月9日）一、无中生有这种主要指该选项从原文当中跟本找不到，或者从原文当中推测不出来的，所以只要我们把每个选项依次带入文中，仔细对比即可筛选出无中生有的选项，排除即可。

二、正话反说这个是指选项所表达的意思与原文意思相反。

所以这类选项我们需要重点注重一些表判断或者趋势的词语，比如是非、能否、对错、上升、下降、越来越等。

三、混淆范围一些选项中的限定词语发生了变化，使得和原文的意思发生了巨大的改变，比如有些、部分换成了全部;空间范围上全世界、全国替换成了亚洲或者部分地区等等。

四、绝对表述一些选项的表达过于绝对化的话往往不容易准确，所以我们要格外注重绝对化的词语，比如一定、必须、根本、必由之路、任何、都、所有、全部等等。

出现类似这些词语的时候我们要仔细对比原文，看是否真的是如此绝对。

五、偷换概念有时出题者会为了迷惑我们，而将题干中的一些词语偷换成一些相似的词语，通过改变概念的适用范围或者修饰语等使其内涵发生变化。

比如将与和甲流患者接触的人偷换成甲流患者。

六、强加因果这种错误是同学们容易忽略掉的，一般是把题目中所说的两种事物强加了因果关系，题干中仅仅单纯的提及A和B，而选项中却成为了A导致B，所以对于一些表示因果关系的词语比如：因为、所以、导致、使得、因为、使等等我们要格外注重。

七、混淆时态这种主要指时间是发生了变化，将已经发生的说成未发生的，将没有实现的说成已经实现的，这种设错一般会出现在题干中涉及到年份、朝代或者表示时间的地方，我们重点注重一些时间助词，比如了、着、已经、将要等。

总来说之，细节类的问题难度不大，主要看同学们能够认真辨别，发现错误，希望同学们能够重视起来，在考试中取得理想的成绩。

提分攻略3 破解分析综合题“4大陷阱”(对应学生用书第48页)文言文分析综合题，命题人命制错误选项常见的“4大陷阱”有：曲解文意，无中生有，错位嫁接，以偏概全。

辨别方法可采用“题文对照”的策略，也就是将每个选项还原到文中的对应区间，每一个内容都应该找到信息源，尤其要重视细节之处，应仔细对照，看有无以假乱真之处。

陷阱1曲解文意利用文中有些词句较难理解的特点，在分析、概括、转述的过程中故意曲解文意，这是分析概括题的主要设错手段。

解题时要先找到原句，再细辨原文中的词句在进入选项后是否发生了释义错误，并借助于语境仔细推敲。

属曲解文意。

【参考译文】(王充)他六岁时，家里人就教他认字写字，他恭厚友爱孝顺，很懂礼貌，庄重寡言，有成年人的气派。

父亲没有打过他，母亲没有责备过他，乡邻没有指责过他。

他八岁进书馆学习，书馆里的小孩子有一百多人，都因为有过失而脱去衣服受责打，或者因为字写得难看而被鞭打。

……王充不图在社会上出名，不为个人的利害去求见长官。

经常说别人的长处，很少说别人的短处。

(他)能够原谅别人的大错，也惋惜别人细小的过失。

……王充好结交一些有才能、有道德的人，不喜欢滥交一些庸俗之辈。

[应用体验]1．比对下面的原文与选项，看选项概括有无“曲解文意”的错误。

________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 【参考答案】仔细比对后可知，原文中对应的有效信息为“帝立遣寺丞锺化民赍帑金振之”，意思是“皇上立即派遣寺丞锺化民分发库银赈济百姓”，而选项D中却表述为“皇上当即派遣寺丞锺化民筹措钱款赈济灾民”，“赍”是“赏赐、给予”的意思，不是“筹措”的意思，属曲解文意。

【参考译文】外出巡视河南。

那年发生大饥荒，人相互吞食。

易错点14 阅读理解细节理解题目录01 易错陷阱（4大陷阱）02 举一反三【易错点提醒一】扩缩范围易混易错点【易错点提醒二】张冠李戴易混易错点【易错点提醒三】无中生有易混易错点【易错点提醒四】原词再现易混易错点03 易错题通关易错陷阱1：扩缩范围易混易错点。

【分析】选项中的描述将原文内容扩大或缩小，与原文的内容极其相似,只是在程度上有些变动。

干扰项使用了与文中某句话相似的句子结构和陈述，但在陈述中对某个细节的陈述有变动，关键地方换了单词，增加或删除了部分信息，从而改变了句意，而考生在答题时却没有注意到这一变化。

易错陷阱2：张冠李戴易混易错点。

【分析】所述细节确实与原文一致,但变换了主体，把文中的“张三”换成了选项中的“李四”。

这里的”张冠李戴”指的是把文中作者的观点与他人的观点混淆在一起，比如题干问的是作者的观点，选项陈述的是他人的观点，把两个信息点故意错误地混合在一起，这样偷换概念的陈述与文意相差甚远，考生很容易因为粗心或没有看懂原文而做出错误的选择。

易错陷阱3：无中生有易混易错点。

【分析】在意思上符合常识，但与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。

对于这样的选项，考试容易在没有充分理解文章信息的情况下凭主观臆断答错题。

易错陷阱4：原词再现易混易错点。

【分析】选项内容部分是文章原文原句或原词，实则部分正确或部分错误，考生对具体信息的内容记忆不全，对这样的试题缺少足够的判断，错选选项。

【易错点提醒一】扩缩范围易混易错点【例1】（2023·江苏泰州·高三姜堰中学校考期中）We have house rules to make LearnEnglish a fun and safe place to improve your English, so please make sure you follow these rules.The age requirementWe welcome learners from around the world who are at least 18 years old. If you are 12 or younger, please use LearnEnglish Kids; if you are 13—17, please use LearnEnglish teens.Who is the LearnEnglish website mainly intended for ?A．English teachers.B．Adult learners.C．Children under 12.D．Students aged between 13 and 17.【变式1】（2023-2024年新未来联考模拟试题）In Saskatchewan, Canada, vegetables have a short growing season. So a very unique farm in Hudson Bay is growing fresh, pesticide-free vegetables in a hydroponic（水培的）farm all year long. There the plants are grown in water instead of soil.Growing vegetables in the middle of nowhere, about 300 kilometres northeast of Saskatoon, may seem like a big risk, but there is no other place for people to get locally grown food. Produce is available in local supermarkets but it is trucked in from far away.The idea to turn the no longer used Stewart Hawke school into a farm came to the Nels when Hudson Bay asked for bids(投标) for the building in 2018.It was empty and if an alternative use wasn’t found, it would be pulled down.k.”......What did the farm use to be?A.A supermarketB.A schoolC. A gardenD. A factory【变式2】（2023·湖北·华中师大一附中校考）In recent years, the psychologically rich life has been receiving greater research attention. It is full of strong emotions, both positive and negative, and new and interesting experiences. They are, however, seldom boring or dull.......These findings suggest that while most people do struggle to be happy and have meaning and purpose in their lives, a sizable number of people are content only living a psychologically rich life. Indeed, other new research suggests that for a lot of people, the intensity (强度) of the experience matters more than only how “positive” or “negative” it was. As Oishi and his colleagues conclude, “we believe that taking the psychologically rich life seriously will deepen, broaden and enrich our understanding of well-being.”At the end of the day, there is no one acceptable path to the good life. You have to find a path that works best for you. As Nietzsche put it: “No one can build you the bridge on which you, and only you, must cross the river of life. There may be countless bridges but there is one path in the world that none can walk but you. Where does it lead? Don’t ask, walk!”1．According to the passage, the psychologically rich life is _________.A．full of meaning and purposeB．nothing but different emotionsC．strong emotions and interesting experiencesD．all about being content with what you have2．Shigehiro Oishi and his colleagues hold the view that ________.A．the psychologically rich life is the best oneB．more people prefer to live a psychologically rich lifeC．there is no difference between,’ positive’ and ‘negative’ experienceD．studying psychological richness helps to understand well-being better【易错点提醒二】张冠李戴易混易错点【例2】（2023·江苏苏州·高三苏州中学校考期中）Animal studies have demonstrated the strong impact of a male mammal’s nutritional history on its offspring (后代). For instance, male rats that experience starvation before mating produce offspring with altered blood sugar levels and changes in hormones like corticosterone (which helps fight stress) and insulin-like growth factor (which aids in baby development)....Increasingly, biology reveals that a person’s health and well-being significantly impact the health and happiness of their future children. It is not solely because a tough man is more likely to be a great father or due to his genetic makeup. Regardless of a person’s inherited characteristics, the lifestyle choices they make throughout their life, even before considering parenthood, will have a lasting impact on their children’s physical and mental well-being.What can be learned from the passage?A．A strong male is likely to leave more offspring behind.B．The lifestyle a male has chosen affects not only himself but also his children.C．A healthy male usually gets the best genes to pass along to his future generations.D．It is unlikely that a happy male will develop anxiety and depression.【变式1】（2023·湖北·高一华中师大一附中校考）If you’re planning to visit Japan, it is a good idea to understand some basic customs.SURGICAL MASKSSeeing photos of people in Japan wearing surgical masks, you might wonder if surgical masks are just a fashion. Meanwhile, in America, we cough into the open air, and sneak out of restrooms without washing up.In Japan, it’s not nice to share germs (细菌). If you’re sick and you must leave your home, you put a surgical mask because that’s polite. Surgical masks are also worn out of caution — if you travel in a packed train during flu season, it’s a good idea to do so.......About YOUR SHOESWearing shoe in the house is just not something people do in Japan. You should remove your shoes immediately after entering a Japanese home and also when entering most historic buildings. 1．The Japanese consider wearing a surgical mask as ________.A．a fashion B．a dangerC．good manners D．a good idea2．When you are visiting a Japanese home, you are advised to ___________.A．get a snack B．remove your shoesC．put soy sauce over the rice D．wear a mask【易错点提醒三】无中生有易混易错点【例3】（2023·江苏泰州·高三姜堰中学校考期中）We have house rules to make LearnEnglish a fun and safe place to improve your English, so please make sure you follow these rules.The age requirementWe welcome learners from around the world who are at least 18 years old. If you are 12 or younger, please use LearnEnglish Kids; if you are 13—17, please use LearnEnglish teens....What is the purpose of these rules?A．To create a good English-learning environment.B．To encourage everyone to learn English.C．Keep in line with Internet laws.D．To respect users of the website.【变式1】（2023·江苏苏州·高三苏州中学校考期中）In recent years, the study of epigenetics has gained significant popularity, especially among psychologists and sociologists. It emphasizes that gene expression or suppression is influenced by the environment just as much as by genes themselves. Factors such as what we consume, what we experience, and how long we live can switch genes on or off, impacting our personality, body shape, and likelihood of contracting diseases.What does the study of epigenetics show?A．Genes can be easily expressed or suppressed after birth.B．Genes can control body shape and the possibility of diseases.C．Genes are not the only decisive factor behind our characteristics.D．Genes contribute to certain tendencies and characteristics within us.【易错点提醒四】原词再现易混易错点【例4】（2024届福建省三明市等5地高三一模试题）Explore Central Park, one of the largest city parks in the world and one of the most famous symbols of New York. Let’s have a look at its main sights.Central Park is New York’s largest city park and one of the biggest in the world, with an area of 843 acres (about 3.4km2). This park is home to man-made lakes, waterfalls, grass and wooded areas. You will also find the Central Park Zoo, among other attractions in this greenspace of New York. What can we learn about the Central Park from the text?A．It is home to lakes and waterfalls.B．It is perfect for doing outdoor sports.C．It is the largest city park in the world.D．It is the most famous symbol of New York.【变式1】（2023·湖北·高一华中师大一附中校考阶段）It isn’t easy to climb the Old Man of Hoy, one of the tallest in the United Kingdom. It is even more dangerous if you happen to be a blind climber, as Jesse Dufton is. The 34-year-old was born with a rare genetic disease (遗传病) that left him with less than 20 percent of his vision (视觉), which then kept dropping over the years. He chooses to climb, because it’s better than sitting at home feeling sorry for yourself, right? Climbing is not the most dangerous thing I do on an average day; crossing the road on the way to work is far more risky than Hoy.”Dufton has been climbing mountains since childhood. As a skilled climber, his father would take him out at weekends. He was always physical then, always up for adventure. He played sports atschool, though quickly grew frustrated (沮丧) with many of them. Badminton was a joke for someone like me, and even blind cricket — with a ball with a bell in it — annoyed me. “Instead he was attracted to climbing and skiing, and insists that climbing is one of the safer activities for a blind person to undertake. “True, you can’t see the handholds, or the footholds. You can’t see where the opportunities are, or where to place your hands and your gear (齿轮), so you just have to take it slowly. You search around until you can feel for something to hold onto, and then basically repeat the process over and over again. To keep calm in these situations helps.”It was Jesse himself who made a documentary happen. He told the filmmaker Alistair Lee about his pastime, believing it might be worth capturing on film. I realized my story was quite unusual,” he says, adding that he felt almost duty-bound to share it. If somebody like me watches it, and they find it inspirational, then it wouldn’t be right for me to keep that from them, wouldn’t it?”1．What is more dangerous in Jesse Dufton’s eyes?A．Losing eyesight gradually.B．Daily routines in his life.C．Climbing the Old Man of Hoy.D．Staying at home all day.2．Jesse persuaded Alistair Lee to make a documentary to _________.A．show his unique talent for climbingB．inspire more people with disabilityC．give credit to the brave climbersD．educate people about risky sports1.（2023年新高考I卷A篇）Bike Rental & Guided Tours......PricesHand Brake, Three Gears Foot Brake, No Gears1 hour€7.50€5.003 hours€11.00€7.501 day (24 hours)€14.75€9.75Each additional day€8.00€6.00Guided City ToursThe 2.5-hour tour covers the Gooyer Windmill, the Skinny Bridge, the Rijksmuseum, Heineken Brewery and much more. The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour, starting at 1:00 pm every day. You can buy your ticket in a MacBike shop or book online.1. What is an advantage of MacBike?A. It gives children a discount.B. It of offers many types of bikes.C. It organizes free cycle tours.D. It has over 2,500 rental shops.2. How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days?A. €15.75.B. €19.50.C. €22.75.D. €29.50.3. Where does the guided city tour start?A. The Gooyer, Windmill.B. The Skinny Bridge.C. Heineken Brewery.D. Dam Square.2.（2023年新高考II卷A篇）Yellowstone National Park offers a variety of ranger programs throughout the park, and throughout the year. The following are descriptions of the ranger programs this summer.Experiencing Wildlife in Yellowstone (May 26 to September 2)Whether you’re hiking a backcountry trail (小径), camping, or just enjoying the park’s amazing wildlife from the road, this quick workshop is for you and your family. Learn where to look for animals and how to safely enjoy your wildlife watching experience. Meet at the Canyon Village Store.Junior Ranger Wildlife Olympics (June 5 to August 21)Kids can test their skills and compare their abilities to the animals of Yellowstone. Stay for aslittle or as long as your plans allow. Meet in front of the Visitor Education Center.Canyon Talks at Artist Point (June 9 to September 2)From a classic viewpoint, enjoy Lower Falls, the Yellowstone River, and the breathtaking colors of the canyon (峡谷) while learning about the area’s natural and human history. Discover why artists and photographers continue to be drawn to this special place. Meet on the lower platform at Artist Point on the South Rim Drive for this short talk.Photography Workshops (June 19 &July 10)Enhance your photography skills — join Yellowstone’s park photographer for a hands-on program to inspire new and creative ways of enjoying the beauty and wonder of Yellowstone.6/19 — Waterfalls &Wide Angles: meet at Artist Point.7/10 — Wildflowers &White Balance: meet at Washburn Trailhead in Chittenden parking area.1. Which of the four programs begins the earliest?A. Photography Workshops.B. Junior Ranger Wildlife Olympics.C. Canyon Talks at Artist Point.D. Experiencing Wildlife in Yellowstone.2. What is the short talk at Artist Point about?A. Works of famous artists.B. Protection of wild animals.C. Basic photography skills.D. History of the canyon area.3. Where will the participants meet for the July 10 photography workshop?A. Artist Point.B. Washburn Trailhead.C. Canyon Village Store.D. Visitor Education Center.3.(2022年新高考II卷)We journalists live in a new age of storytelling, with many new multimedia tools. Many young people don’t even realize it’s new. For them, it’s just normal.This hit home for me as I was sitting with my 2-year-old grandson on a sofa over the Spring Festival holiday. I had brought a children’s book to read. It had simple words and colorful pictures — a perfect match for his age.Picture this: my grandson sitting on my lap as I hold the book in front so he can see the pictures.As I read, he reaches out and pokes (戳) the page with his finger.What’s up with that? He just likes the pictures, I thought. Then I turned the page and continued. He poked the page even harder. I nearly dropped the book. I was confused: Is there something wrong with this kid?Then I realized what was happening. He was actually a stranger to books. His father frequently amused the boy with a tablet computer which was loaded with colorful pictures that come alive when you poke them. He thought my storybook was like that.Sorry, kid. This book is not part of your high-tech world. It’s an outdated, lifeless thing. An antique, like your grandfather. Well, I may be old, but I’m not hopelessly challenged, digitally speaking. I edit video and produce audio. I use mobile payment. I’ve even built websites.There’s one notable gap in my new-media experience, however: I’ve spent little time in front of a camera, since I have a face made for radio. But that didn’t stop China Daily from asking me last week to share a personal story for a video project about the integration of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei province.Anyway, grandpa is now an internet star — two minutes of fame! I promise not to let it go to my head. But I will make sure my 2-year-old grandson sees it on his tablet.5．Why did the kid poke the storybook?A．He took it for a tablet computer.B．He disliked the colorful pictures.C．He was angry with his grandpa.D．He wanted to read it by himself.6．What does the author think of himself?A．Socially ambitious.B．Physically attractive.C．Financially independent.D．Digitally competent.7．What can we learn about the author as a journalist?A．He lacks experience in his job.B．He seldom appears on television.C．He manages a video department.D．He often interviews internet stars.4.（广东省七校联合体2023-2024学年高三联考试题）......During the world’s first holographic lesson, Ms Raducanu’s avatar appeared to feed balls to the players and gave live feedback on their shots, like “that was fast and there was lots of topspin on that”. Even Sam said he thought she had been prerecorded at first until she spoke with him directly.Their holographic training session offers a glimpse into how advancing technology could revolutionize tennis coaching, according to Dr Ian Pearson.Dr Pearson thinks that mixed reality headsets will soon allow tennis players to feel they are playing in unusual virtual environments, like on a space station or the middle of a lake Through 5G, the future of tennis will see increased interaction between real life tennis courts and the rich imagination we see in computer games-playing whenever, wherever and whoever you want.Full sensory virtual reality could even place the viewer inside the tennis player’s shoes in real time. Dr Pearson said: “By 2030, with active skin technology, the playing styles and even the sensations of top-level players could be captured, so that anyone could experience how it actually felt to play that game through full sensory virtual reality.”4．What did Ms Raducanu do in the first holographic lesson?A．Give players a real time guidance.B．Require players to follow her shots.C．Record coaching contents in advance.D．Share her experiences through the hologram. 5．What can full sensory virtual reality make viewers do?A．Increase their imagination of sports.B．Take the place of top level players.C．Experience the feeling of players on the spot.D．Have a sense of playing in an unusual place.5.（广东省七校联合体2023-2024学年高三联考试题）People trained to detect lies often rely on multiple signs, such as eye contact, length of responses and the details in what people say, but studies have shown that assessing a wide range of behavioural information can make it harder to decide if someone is lying. Bruno Verschuere at the University of Amsterdam and his colleagues wondered whether solely focusing on the detail of statements could provide more consistent results.To test this idea, researchers asked 44 students to go for a walk or steal from a mock (模仿的) crime. Students were instructed to lie if they committed the fake theft.Next, the researchers recruited 171 people to watch six truthful and six deceptive (欺骗的) interviews from these recordings, ranking interviewees’ eye contact and detail level. The results revealed that both truth-tellers and liars averted (转移) their gaze a similar amount, but truthful statements were substantially more detailed than deceptive ones, suggesting the latter is a more useful way to tell that someone is lying.......8．Bruno Verschuere and his colleagues conducted the research to confirm that ________.A．behavioral information played a vital role in finding out the truthB．people should be trained to detect lies by referring to multiple cuesC．truthtellers and liars shared something in common when performing the taskD．it’s relatively easier to identify liars by relying only on the detail of statements9．What can we learn from paragraph 3 and 4?A．Liars turned away their eyes more often than truth-tellers.B．Truthful statements included considerably more details than deceptive ones.C．It’s difficult for participants to detect liars by using multiple cues like eye contact.D．Participants who relied on one cue can distinguish lies from the truth faultlessly.6.（2024届浙江省强基联盟高三仿真模拟卷）Young people are being criticized for working from home again, with one professor saying it adversely affects their professional and romantic success.Scott Galloway, a marketing professor at the New York University, spoke about the harms of being at home at The Wall Street Journal’s CEO Council Summit, on Wednesday.A clip posted on TikTok shows Galloway saying, “You should never be at home. That’s what I tell young people. Home is for seven hours of sleep and that’s it. The amount of time you spend at home is oppositely correlated to your success professionally and romantically. You need to be out of the house.”In another clip at the same event, the professor insisted that success and work-life balance do not go hand in hand. He said, “If you expect to be in the top 10% economically, much less the top 1%,buck up. Two decades plus, of nothing but work. That’s my experience.”Galloway has long been an advocate of office working and shunned remote working habits because it weakens young people’s ability to build relationships and network. He previously advised young workers, “Before you collect dogs and spouses, get into the office, establish mentors, establish friends,” in an interview with CNN. He added that workers who get promoted are the ones with the best relationships at work.8．What can be the harm of working from home according to Galloway?A．Less successful careers.B．Imbalance between work and life.C．Worse relationship at home.D．Loss of sleep time.9．What can be Galloway’s advice to young workers?A．Develop remote working habits.B．Keep a pet at home.C．Establish relationships in the office.D．Get promotion at work.7.（2024届浙江省强基联盟高三仿真模拟卷）A new study suggests that mindfulness education — lessons on techniques to calm the mind and body — can reduce the negative effects of stress and increase students’ ability to stay engaged, helping them stay on track academically and avoid behavior problems.After finding that students who self-reported mindful habits performed better on tests and had higher grades, researchers from the Center for Education Policy Research at Harvard University wanted to know if school-based mindfulness training could help more students reap similar benefits.......12．What was the purpose of the study?A．To examine the techniques for practicing mindfulness.B．To study the effects of group mindfulness training on students.C．To see how students help themselves to perform better on tests.D．To understand why mindfulness training calms the mind and body.8.（2023年湖南省郴州市九校联盟高三试题）Eighteen-year-old David Aguilar from Andorra was born without a right forearm due to a rare genetic condition but that has never stopped him from doing anything he wanted to do including typing on a computer with his partial arm.Like most kids, David was a LEGO fan and he loved building cars, boats, planes, and motorbikes. But David also knew that he looked different and wanted to do something about it. “As a child I was very nervous to be in front of other guys, because I was different, but that didn’t stop me believing in my dreams,” David said. “I wanted to... see myself in the mirror like I see other guys, with two hands.”......David plans to create affordable prosthetics for people who need them, saying, “I would try to give them a prosthetic, even if it’s for free, to make them feel like a normal person.”4．How did David feel when standing in front of other kids?A．Anxious.B．Natural.C．Confident.D．Frightened. 5．What’s David’s dream?A．To be an expert in building LEGO.B．To become rich by selling prosthetic arms.C．To offer disabled people cheaper prosthetics.D．To start a company hiring more disabled people.9.（2023年湖南省郴州市九校联盟高三试题）When the Great Backyard Bird Count (GBBC) began last Friday, Steve and Janet Kistler of Hart County, Kentucky, joined in. They’ve done so every year since the now-global tradition began 25 years ago.For Moira Dalibor, who teaches math at a school, this was the first count. She led a group of students and parents to an arboretum (植物园) for an exercise in data-gathering. They were among hundreds of thousands of people around the world counting and recording over four days. Last year, about 385,000 people from 192 countries took part in the GBBC．......This is how it works: Participants watch birds, whether that means looking out of the window for15 minutes or taking a longer trip to a nature area. Organizers recommend the Merlin bird ID app to distinguish birds by size, shape, song or other characteristics. Many participants also carry field guides and binoculars (双筒望远镜) along with their phones. They then enter the findings into the eBird app. Those numbers help researchers track the ups and downs of various species, which then help determine the direction of conservation efforts.Dalibor prepared her classes with information about local species and practiced with the Merlin app. The kids recorded bird sightings with pencils and drawing boards, and parent volunteers entered those numbers on phones.12．Why did Dalibor lead her students to an arboretum?A．To do exercise for health.B．To observe different plants.C．To practice their math skills.D．To collect information about birds.13．What can people use the Merlin bird ID app to do?A．To record their findings.B．To identify different birds.C．To help determine the birds’ habitat.D．To track the ups and downs of various species.10.（福建省厦门第二中学2023-2024年高三试题）Central ParkExplore Central Park, one of the largest city parks in the world and one of the most famous symbols of New York. Let’s have a look at its main sights.Central Park is New York’s largest city park and one of the biggest in the world, with an area of 843 acres (about 3.4km2). This park is home to man-made lakes, waterfalls, grass and wooded areas. You will also find the Central Park Zoo, among other attractions in this greenspace of New York.Besides being the city’s primary green lungs, Central Park is also a favorite spot for many New Yorkers. It is perfect for sunbathing, going for walks, or doing any outdoor sports. Something that we found curious is seeing so many people running with their babies in prams (婴儿车).......1．What can we learn about the Central Park from the text?A．It is home to lakes and waterfalls.B．It is perfect for doing outdoor sports.C．It is the largest city park in the world.D．It is the most famous symbol of New York.2．Which one of the following things is free?A．Hiring a bicycle.B．Entrance to Central Park.C．Visiting Central Park Zoo.D．Going to the Metropolitan Museum of Art.11.（福建省厦门第二中学2023-2024年高三试题）As we all know, insects can be remarkably agile (灵活的) in flight. This is really hard to build into flying robots, but MIT Assistant Professor Kevin Yufeng Chen has developed an insect-sized drone (无人机) that approaches insects’ agility.Typically, drones require wide open spaces. “If we look at most drones today, they’re usually quite big,” says Chen. “Most of their applications involve flying outdoors. The question is: Can you create an insect-sized drone that can move around in very crowded and complex spaces?”According to Chen, he overcame many problems when building the drone. The insect-sized drone requires a fundamentally different construction from a larger one. The large drone is usually powered by a motor, but the motor loses efficiency as you shrink it. So, Chen says, “For an insect-sized drone, you need to look for alternatives.” The principal alternative until now has been employing a small, rigid actuator (执行器) built from new materials. Chen designed a more agile tiny drone using soft actuators instead of hard ones.......8．What can we know about the actuator designed by Chen?A．It weighs about six grams.B．It drives the insect-sized drone.C．It loses efficiency too much.D．It employs conventional materials.12.（湖北省孝感市重点高中协作体2023-2024学年高三试题）My husband and I always wanted to go to the Caribbean but didn’t know much about the islands or how we were going to afford it. By chance, a friend of ours in Australia mentioned “pet sitting” and that it is something you can do all over the world.We quickly created an account on a pet sitting website and began searching for options. There were only a couple of sits available in that part of the world, but we tried our luck, sent a request, and to our surprise, landed a three-month job in Grenada, so our year was going to be taken up with Caribbean pet sits.......24．Why did the author do pet sitting?A．To cover travel expenses.B．To raise fund.C．To conserve the environment.D．To shoot beautiful beaches.13.（湖北省孝感市重点高中协作体2023-2024学年高三试题）Just like happiness and sadness, anxiety is part of everyone’s lived experience—but it’s not always tolerated as such. “People often spend too much time and effort trying to rid anxiety,” says Dr Joel Minden, a clinical psychologist. “I encourage them to remember that anxiety is a normal emotional response.”If you try to banish anxiety, all you’re doing is putting it more at the forefront of your mind. But if you accept anxiety as part of life, you can learn to relate to it with self-pity or even with humour. This is a cornerstone of acceptance and commitment therapy(ACT), which has been gaining clinical validation, including by the American Psychological Association. ACT guides people to see their unpleasant emotions as just feelings and to accept that parts of life are hard. Sufferers are encouraged to begin a dialogue with anxious thoughts, examining their causes while also keeping in mind their personal goals and values.......32．What may Dr Joel Minden agree about anxiety?A．It is often improperly treated.B．It should be seriously taken.C．It is easily-earned experience.D．It goes hand in hand with joy.。

公务员考试行测必备：细节理解三大陷阱华图教育周艳“细节”是指文段中那些容易被人忽略、混淆的细小信息。

在公考中，经常会出现考查文段细小信息的题目，即细节理解题。

该题型主要考查考生根据材料查找关键信息及重要细节、判断新组成的语句与材料原意是否一致的能力。

对于细节理解题，考生一定要擦亮眼睛，仔细对照选项与原文。

具体而言，细节理解题最常出现的命题陷阱主要有无中生有、曲解文意、偷龙转凤三大类别。

一、无中生有在文段中，对于选项提及的某项信息或结论文段并未提及，这时考生一定要仔细对比选项和文段，寻找差异，不可放过任何细小内容。

【例1】美国交通运输业正逐渐从以石油为基础过渡为采用多种替代能源，如乙醇、生物柴油、电力或氢能等。

为了更加壮大这支队伍，能源部阿贡国家实验室的研究人员已经开始调查将压缩天然气（CNG）作为轻型轿车和卡车能源选择的可能性。

CNG汽车是指主要由甲烷构成的天然气在25兆帕左右的压力下储存在车内类似于油箱的气瓶内，用作汽车燃料。

使用CNG替代汽油作为汽车燃料，可大量减少温室气体排放和噪音污染，而且其不含铅、苯等致癌的有毒物质。

下列说法与原文不符的是（）。

G作为卡车能源可能性很大G可能会成为一种替代能源C.美国交运输业现在仍以石油为基础G替代汽油作为汽车燃料好处很多【解析】A项错误。

文段只是谈到“调查将压缩天然气（CNG）作为轻型轿车和卡车能源选择的可能性”问题，没有谈到可能性有多大，A项“可能性很大”无中生有。

因此本题选择A项。

二、曲解文意很多时候，文段对于选项中的信息有所提及，但仔细比对后会发现，选项和文段在内容上有较大差异，对于文段中的某项内容，选项经常会作错误理解。

【例2】页岩气燃料因价格便宜和洁净，现已成为许多国家政府、石油公司以及地质勘探和开采公司的重点研究目标．预计中国未动用的页岩气储量比普通天然气多10倍，比美国的储量还高，美国对页岩气的使用已走在了前面，一些专家表示，页岩气可能帮助美国摆脱对进口能源的依赖．21世纪初，页岩气使用只占美国天然气总量的1%.而今天已占到25%，以后还可能再增加．然而，这并不意味着中国可以复制美国的过程．亚洲的地质情况与美洲有很大差别，而且每个国家开发页岩气所需要解决的问题都是不同的，必须考虑诸如页岩中气的含量、施工成本、后勤保障，以及地质和地球化学等参数，根据这段文字，下列说法正确的是（）。

四级阅读理解中的常见陷阱阅读理解是英语四级考试中的一个重要科目，对于很多考生来说，理解并正确回答问题是一项相对较难的任务。

在阅读理解中，有一些常见的陷阱容易让考生陷入困境。

本文将针对这些陷阱进行探讨，并给出相应的应对策略。

一、陷阱一：无中生有在阅读理解中，有时会有一些与原文无关的选项出现，这就是“无中生有”的陷阱。

这些选项可能是作者没有提及的内容，或者是主观臆断出来的答案。

对于这种陷阱，考生需要仔细观察原文，将选项与原文进行对比，排除与原文不一致或未提及的选项。

二、陷阱二：局部思考有时候，考生可能会只关注文章的某一部分内容，而忽略了文章的整体意思。

这种“局部思考”的陷阱会导致考生对文章的整体意图和观点理解不清。

为了避免陷入这种陷阱，考生在解答问题时需要全面了解和分析整篇文章，从而更好地把握文章的中心思想。

三、陷阱三：干扰信息有时候，文章中会出现一些干扰信息，这些信息与问题无关，容易误导考生。

这种干扰信息的出现使得考生在回答问题时容易陷入困惑。

为了避免被干扰信息迷惑，考生需要在回答问题之前仔细阅读问题，并切忌被文章中的无关信息所干扰。

四、陷阱四：细节题误判细节题是阅读理解中的常见题型，这些题目要求考生从文章中找出某个具体的细节进行回答。

然而，有时候细节题的信息可能会在文章中被模糊或含糊措辞，使得考生很难准确回答。

为了应对这种陷阱，考生在解答细节题时需要仔细阅读相关段落，并结合上下文进行综合判断。

五、陷阱五：强词夺理有时候，阅读理解中的问题会采用否定的语气或者使用一些含糊不清的词语，给考生制造困惑。

这种“强词夺理”的陷阱会使得考生误以为文章中不存在相应信息。

为了避免陷入这种陷阱，考生需要仔细分析问题的表达方式，并结合原文进行判断，不要被否定或含糊的词语迷惑。

通过认识和了解四级阅读理解中的常见陷阱，考生可以在备考过程中有针对性地进行练习和答题，提高自己的阅读理解能力，避免在考试中掉入陷阱。

要记住，在答题时要多加小心，仔细阅读和分析题目，寻找准确的信息进行回答。

如何巧妙应对解答题中的思维陷阱解答题在学生的学习生活中占有重要的地位，它不仅考察了学生对知识点的理解和应用能力，还培养了学生的思维能力和解决问题的能力。

然而，在解答题的过程中，我们经常会遇到各种各样的思维陷阱，这些陷阱常常给学生带来困扰。

本文将通过分析思维陷阱的类型和提供巧妙应对的方法，帮助学生更好地应对解答题中的思维陷阱。

一、陷阱类型1. 无关信息陷阱：解答问题时，我们常常会被一些无关的信息引入而分散注意力。

这些无关信息可能是题目中的细节、对题目的过度解读或题目中的干扰信息等。

2. 漏洞陷阱：有些解答题存在漏洞，即问题的描述或者条件存在某种不完备或者矛盾。

这种情况下，我们容易陷入陷阱中，得出错误的结论。

3. 偷换概念陷阱：有些解答题会故意在问题中偷换概念，即将问题的关键词或者概念进行替换，容易使我们产生混淆或者错误解读。

4. 逻辑迷宫陷阱：有些问题涉及到复杂的逻辑关系，要求我们在解答时要清晰地分析和表达逻辑思维，一旦我们的思维出现错漏，就容易在逻辑迷宫中迷失。

二、巧妙应对方法1. 仔细阅读题目：在回答解答题之前，我们首先要认真仔细地阅读题目，理解问题的要求和限制条件。

排除干扰信息并理解问题的核心是应对思维陷阱的第一步。

2. 分析问题：在理解题目后，我们要对问题进行分析，找出问题的关键词和概念，并逐步建立问题之间的逻辑关系。

通过梳理思路，我们可以更好地避免思维陷阱的干扰。

3. 适当质疑和求证：当我们对问题的要求和条件不够清晰时，可以适当地质疑和求证，以确保我们对问题的理解是准确和完整的。

这样可以避免在漏洞陷阱中陷入误区。

4. 添加关键信息：在解答题时，有时候问题的描述或者条件不完备，这时我们可以通过自己添加关键信息来使问题更加明确和易于解答。

但是要注意添加的信息要有合理性和逻辑性，不能随意捏造。

5. 明确关键概念：在解答题时，要时刻关注问题的关键概念，并对其进行准确的定义和解释。

避免在偷换概念的陷阱中迷失。

专题01 “陷阱”类题型——巧用排除法目录一、题型解读二、热点题型归纳【题型1】偷换概念【题型2】表述夸张【题型3】无中生有【题型4】逻辑错误三、最新模考题组练在高中生物学科内选择题部分常常设置“陷阱”以混淆迷惑，因此在答题时，首先需要敏锐洞察题目中涵盖的“陷阱”信息，避免上当。

尤其是对于细菌、等原核生物、病毒类生物或者是植物的根尖细胞等等特殊的生物和细胞而言，应该保持高度注意。

学生应谨记原核生物不具备核膜、高尔基体等细胞器，没有生物膜系统，但可能会形成细胞壁。

常见的陷阱设置包括：偷换概念、表述夸张、无中生有、答非所问和逻辑错误等。

【题型1】偷换概念【典例分析1】（2023·湖南·统考高考真题）“油菜花开陌野黄，清香扑鼻蜂蝶舞。

”菜籽油是主要的食用油之一，秸秆和菜籽饼可作为肥料还田。

下列叙述错误的是（）A．油菜花通过物理、化学信息吸引蜂蝶B．蜜蜂、蝴蝶和油菜之间存在协同进化C．蜂蝶与油菜的种间关系属于互利共生D．秸秆和菜籽饼还田后可提高土壤物种丰富度陷阱提示：将“原始合作”偷换成“互利共生”。

【答案】C【分析】协同进化是指不同物种之间、生物与无机环境之间在相互影响中不断进化和发展。

生物的种间关系有：种间竞争、捕食、原始合作、互利共生、寄生。

【详解】油菜花可以通过花的颜色（物理信息）和香味（化学信息）吸引蜂蝶，A正确；协同进化是指不同物种之间、生物与无机环境之间在相互影响中不断进化和发展，蜜蜂、蝴蝶和油菜之间存在协同进化，B正确；蜂蝶与油菜的种间关系属于原始合作，C错误；秸秆和菜籽饼可以为土壤中的小动物和微生物提供有机物，故二者还田后可以提高土壤物种丰富度，D正确。

【变式演练1-1】（2023·海南·高考真题）我国航天员乘坐我国自主研发的载人飞船，顺利进入空间实验室，并在太空中安全地生活与工作。

航天服具有生命保障系统，为航天员提供了类似地面的环境。

下列有关航天服及其生命保障系统的叙述，错误的是（）A．能清除微量污染，减少航天员相关疾病的发生B．能阻隔太空中各种射线，避免航天员机体细胞发生诱发突变C．能调控航天服内的温度，维持航天员的体温恒定不变D．能控制航天服内的压力，避免航天员的肺由于环境压力变化而发生损伤【答案】C【分析】正常机体通过调节作用，使各个器官、系统调节活动，共同维持内环境的相对稳定状态叫做内环境稳态。

细节判断题常见错误选项排除-2022年国家公务员考试行测解题技巧细节推断题要求考生通过阅读文段推断四个选项的说法是否正确，其选项范围涵盖较广，涉及文段的各个方面，也比较琐碎，主要考查考生快速辨别文段细节信息的力量。

本文我主要介绍细节推断题常见的3种错误选项排解法。

1、无中生有指选项内容在文中没有提及也没有依据。

2、转变规律关系指选项内容打乱了文段原有的规律关系或者添加了无依据的规律关系。

3、偷换概念指偷换选项内容或转变了文段原有的语气、时态、数量、程度、范围、频率、主客体、对应关系等。

【例1】上世纪七十年月，湖南长沙马王堆汉墓出土了十二万字以上的帛书，其中有一部失传已久的《相马经》，是我国动物学、畜牧学的重要文献。

春秋战国时期，由于已从车战演化到骑兵作战，马的身价愈来愈高。

传奇中的相马专家是伯乐，事实上，这类专家数量众多，《吕氏春秋》就提到十个相马家，《史记》也提到“以相马立命天下”的人士，这些都可以证明古人对相马的重视。

下列说法与原文相符的是（）A．相马技术的进展使得车战渐渐被淘汰B．《相马经》是伯乐所撰写的相马学专著C．相马术的消失推动了古代动物学的进展D．相马师这一职业早在汉代以前就已经消失【解析】依据“春秋战国时期，由于已从车战演化到骑兵作战，马的身价愈来愈高”可知，A项因果关系错误。

文段中并没有提及《相马经》的，因此B项属于无中生有。

文段第一句话中提及《相马经》是我国动物学、畜牧学的重要文献，C项中的“相马术”属于偷换概念。

依据“《吕氏春秋》就提到十个相马家”可知，D项表述正确。

故本题正确答案为D项。

以上总结的就是行测言语细节推断题常见的3种错误选项排解的方法，大家可以在平常刷题中加以练习把握。

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言语细节理解题
一、无中生有
所谓无中生有指所给选项中所说的内容在原材料中并未涉及，也不能依据原文信息中推断出来的选项。

因此，考生在做题时要仔细检查所给选择项的内容是否能在文中找到依据，或者是否能依据原文合理地推断出来。

二、张冠李戴
主要指命题人在解释概念，或转述文意时，故意弄错对象，迷惑考生，使考生误入选。

因此，考生在阅读原文时，一定要关注所叙述的对象，并用圈、点、划、批的方法标出，在做题时，应细心比照原文，看看选择项叙述的对象特点和原文文本是否一致。

三、以偏概全
主要指空间错位，即以部分替代整体，以局部替代全局;或者以全局替代局部，以一般替代个别，从而使考生做出错误的判断。

因此，在阅读文章时，一定要特别注意重要词语前边的修饰与限制词，尤其是表示范围的，例如“一些”“有些”“几乎”“除……之外”、“到……为止”、“绝大多数”、“全都”、“全部”、“所有”等，见到这些词时，就用笔划出来或者做特殊标志，在选择支中，如果出现并列几个概念具有某种属性，或具有某几种属性时，应该小心以偏概全。

四、已然未然
指命题者故意把原文中尚未确定或还未实现的事情(未然)说成既成事实(已然)，或反之。

在阅读原文时，考生应把“可能”“大概”“也许”“差不多”“将来”等时间性修饰限制词语作为关注点，否则就很容易造成已然未然的混淆。