earthquake01063

EarthquakeA 9.0-magnitude earthquake hit the Pacific coastal areas of northeastern and eastern Japan on March 11, triggering enormous tsunami. Heavy casualties and extensive damage have been caused by the twin disasters. The National Police Agency said, on 31st Mar, that the catastrophic earthquake and ensuing tsunami have left 11,063 people dead and 17,258 others unaccounted for in Japan by 10:00 am local time.I felt sorrowful when I heard about the bad news. Why there were so many disasters in the world? I looked up some files about the top worst earthquakes in the past ten years from internet. And some earthquakes even came with tsunamis. It was said that 300, 00 of people died in 2004 as a result of the earthquake and tsunami happened in Indonesia. Also in 2008, another big earthquake happened in China, and more than 7,000 passed away.What is an earthquake? An earthquake is a tremor of the earth's surface usually triggered by the release of underground stress along fault lines. This release causes movement in masses of rock and resulting shock waves. In spite of extensive research and sophisticated equipment, it is impossible to predict an earthquake, although experts can estimate the likelihood of an earthquake occurring in a particular region.There are several earthquake magnitudes. Some earthquakes are too small to be felt but can cause movement of the earth, opening up holes and displacing rocks. Shock waves from a very powerful earthquake can triggersmaller quakes hundreds of miles away from the epicenter. Approximately 1,000 earthquakes measuring 5.0 and above occur yearly. Earthquakes of the greatest intensity happen about once a year and major earthquakes (7.0-7.9) occur about 18 times a year. Strong earthquakes (6.0-6.9) occur about 10 times a month and moderate earthquakes (5.0-5.9) happen more than twice daily. Most earthquakes are not even noticed by the general public, since they happen either under the ocean or in unpopulated areas. Sometimes an earthquake under the ocean can be so severe; it will cause a tsunami, responsible for far greater damage.The greatest danger of an earthquake comes from falling buildings and structures and flying glass, stones and other objects. What can you do if you live in an earthquake-prone area? What can we do to protect ourselves from being hurt? Here are some steps that can be taken to minimize risks which searched from internet.Before an earthquake: Affix bookcases, cabinets, refrigerators and furniture to the walls; Fit cabinets with "childproof locks," so doors will remain closed and items won't fly out.Have a family evacuation plan including phone numbers and a safe place to which to evacuate. Establish escape routes from each room in the house. Have a backpack prepared and attached to the bed, containing shoes, a flashlight and batteries, keys, money, first-aid supplies and medicines, a knife, food, water, ID and insurance information. Keep shoes next to your bed, soyou can put them on as soon as a quake begins.During an earthquake: If you are indoors, find a secure location to wait out the quake, such as under a heavy table or desk or in an interior hallway where you can brace yourself between two walls. Doorways are among the safest places to stand, thanks to the strong beams overhead. However, watch out for swinging doors. Stay away from windows.If you are outdoors, try to get into an open area, away from falling buildings, power lines, trees, etc. Do NOT use your automobile unless there is an emergency. If you are in your car, pull over to the side, away from power lines and overpasses, and stay inside the car until the shaking has subsided.In beach place: So long as under the cliff cannot the suitable security, but because the tsunami follows the earthquake but to come frequently, therefore after vibrates stops leaving the beach as soon as possible to the higher open field shift. The aftershock risk did not like the tsunami to be so fearful.Keep these drills in mind to enhance our ability to stay safe and protected and learn how to avoid accidental injuries.What should we do after disaster?To live with a smileThat is the message Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao left with a Japanese family that lost almost all of its possessions in the devastating March earthquake and tsunami. It is also the message from which we should get.As a parting gift, the premier left paper cranes with some children shelteringin a primary school. The cranes were folded by Chinese children from Wenchuan, Sichuan, a city that was devastated by a huge earthquake three years ago."Disasters can destroy homes, but they cannot destroy the spirit of the people."5.12 is a special day for our Chinese as mourn for fatal victims of Wenchuan quake. The quake has probably cast a darker shadow over the lives of person, especially those who became disabled in the quake. The government promised that living conditions and the level of economic and social development in quake-hit areas would reach or surpass that prior to the disaster. However, they still have a long way to go before achieving a full recovery.That’s all that I want to say. Cheer up and keep on going. You have our whole-hearted benediction.进入20世纪以来，地球上灾难频发，每一次灾难都给人们带来了巨大的伤痛。

汶川余震序列北川以北段的震源分布特性与破裂复杂性研究吕坚;王晓山;苗春兰;苏金蓉;靳玉科【期刊名称】《大地测量与地球动力学》【年(卷),期】2012(032)005【摘要】On the basis of precise locations of the Wenchuan earthquake sequence by using the HYPODD method, the focal mechanisms of the aftershocks (M≥5.0) occurred on the Longmenshan fault zone north to Bei-chuan were inversed by using the CAP method and the characteristics of hypocenter distribution and rupture complexity of strong aftershocks are discussed. The results are that the focal depth of Wenchuan aftershock sequence decreased gradually from Yingxiu of Wenchuan to Nanba of Pingwu along Longmen Shan fault zone, which beyondrn the segment boundary located in Beichuan, and the epicenters were distributed along the Yingxiu-Beichuan-Nanba coseismic surface rupture zone in the Central Fault. The aftershock sequence was characterized as less secondary segmented activity in Central Fault Zone north to Beichuan. The aftershocks (M≥5. 5) were occurred on the end, transition or dislocation of the aftershocks zone. According to the focal mechanism, four of the seven stronger aftershocks are thrust and the others are strike-slip, it may suggest that the process of the aftershock activity was related to the Beichuan-Qingchuan Fault, Pingwu-Qingchuan Fault etc.%在采用HYPODD 方法对汶川地震序列精确定位的基础上,利用CAP方法反演了龙门山断裂带北川以北段5级以上余震的震源机制解,讨论了该段的震源分布特征和强余震的破裂复杂性.结果显示,汶川余震序列的震源深度沿龙门山断裂带走向从汶川映秀至平武南坝有逐渐变浅的趋势,且震中沿映秀-北川-南坝地震地表破裂带分布；在该断裂带的北川以北段,余震序列具有更次级的分段活动特点,5.5级以上强余震发生在余震带走向的端部或者拐折、错位的部位；7次5.5级以上强余震中有4次以逆冲破裂为主,3次以走滑破裂为主,可能是北川-青川断裂、平武-青川等4条断裂参与了余震活动过程.【总页数】6页(P17-21,26)【作者】吕坚;王晓山;苗春兰;苏金蓉;靳玉科【作者单位】江西省地震局,南昌330039;河北省地震局,石家庄050021;中国地震台网中心,北京100045;四川省地震局,成都610041;山西省地震局,太原030021【正文语种】中文【中图分类】P315.63【相关文献】1.2000年1月15日姚安6.5级地震余震序列震源机制解与震源区应力场分析 [J], 王曰风;张秀萍;王志敏;郑毅;张广莉;李峰;马佳2.2008年汶川Ms8.0地震北川以北段地表破裂变形的主要样式 [J], 李传友;魏占玉3.汶川Ms 8.0地震地表破裂带北川以北段的基本特征 [J], 李传友;马保起;任俊杰;叶建青;谢富仁;郑文俊;韩用兵;刘玉法;王伟涛;魏占玉;赵冬4.2001年云南永胜6.0级地震余震序列震源机制解与震源区应力场分析 [J], 王曰风;刁桂苓;张秀萍;张彦清;朱振兴;马利军5.汶川8.0级地震及其余震序列震源机制解分析 [J], 崔效锋;宁杰远;胡幸平;俞春泉;陶开因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

地震预警范文（中英文实用版）Title: Earthquake Early Warning ExampleEnglish:The ability to predict earthquakes has long been a topic of interest and research for scientists around the world.While it is currently not possible to accurately predict when and where an earthquake will occur, there are systems in place that can provide warnings seconds to minutes before the arrival of seismic waves.One such system is the Seismic Warning System (SWS), which is currently operational in certain regions.中文:地震预测的能力长期以来一直是全球科学家们关注和研究的话题。

尽管目前还无法准确预测地震何时何地发生，但已经有一些系统可以在大约几秒到几分钟内预警地震波的到来。

这样一个系统就是地震预警系统（SWS），目前在某些地区已经投入使用。

English:The SWS works by detecting the initial energy released by an earthquake, known as the P-wave, which travels faster than the more destructive S-waves and surface waves.When the P-wave is detected, the system calculates the likely epicenter and sends out an alert to the affected area.This alert can be received by various devices, includingmobile phones, television sets, and public address systems, providing residents with precious seconds to prepare and seek safety.中文:地震预警系统（SWS）是通过探测地震释放的初始能量，也就是P波，它比更具有破坏性的S波和表面波传播得快。

地震预警提前多长时间预报有效英语小作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1How Much Warning Time is Effective for Earthquake Early Warnings?Hi there! My name is Samantha and I'm in 5th grade. Today I want to talk to you about earthquake early warning systems and how much warning time is actually useful. It's a fascinating topic that combines science, technology, and helping keep people safe.We all know earthquakes can be really scary and dangerous. The ground shakes violently, buildings can collapse, fires might start, and people can get seriously hurt or worse. But did you know that scientists have developed systems that can detect an earthquake is coming a little bit before the shaking arrives at your location? It's like having a miniature crystal ball to slightly predict the future!These earthquake early warning (EEW) systems use sensors placed all around earthquake-prone regions. When an earthquake starts, the initial shaking sends out two types ofwaves through the earth. The first are called primary or P-waves, which travel the fastest. The sensors can pickup these P-waves and realize "Oh no, an earthquake is happening!" A few seconds later, the stronger and more damaging secondary or S-waves arrive.By quickly analyzing the P-wave data, computers can estimate things like how big the quake will be and which areas will be impacted the most. Then they can send out alerts to televisions, phones, sirens, and other warning systems. This gives people a heads up, maybe 10-60 seconds before the real shaking hits their area. It doesn't sound like much, but that short window can be extremely valuable!Imagine you're at school when the earthquake warning comes. You'd have time to get under your desk and cover your head to protect yourself from falling objects. Or if you're outside, you could quickly move away from any old buildings that might crumble. Businesses could stop assembly lines or other dangerous operations. Surgeons could stop in the middle of delicate procedures. Firefighters, police, and ambulances could get ready to respond. Things like that, all because of maybe half a minute of warning!The alerts also let transportation systems like trains, metros, and airports stop and avoid terrible accidents from an earthquake hitting when they're moving at high speeds. Utility companies can start slowing down processes at power plants, oil refineries, and other critical infrastructure sites to prevent fires, explosions, or spills during shaking. Nuclear power plants would have enough warning to execute emergency shutdown procedures. Essentially, that tiny bit of time gives a chance to get to safety and prevent lots of damage and injuries.But even 10-20 seconds is better than nothing! You might not have enough time to evacuate a building, but you could still drop, cover, and hold on. It's kind of like when a tornado siren goes off - you take shelter right away rather than trying to drive somewhere safer since the warning time is so short. With earthquakes, the key advantage is not being completely caught off guard by the violent shaking. Just a little bit of warning can help save lives.Now warnings of only a few seconds wouldn't do much good, in my opinion. By the time you hear it and process what's happening, the shaking has probably already started. Maybe it could still help some industrial processes stop quickly, but for people it would almost be too late.The amazing thing is that scientists are always working to improve the technology and software that runs these warning systems. The more monitoring stations placed around faults, the better the detection capability. Faster computers and data networks help send out alerts rapidly. New algorithms analyze the signals better to make accurate predictions faster. Special apps and alert systems ensure people get the warnings on their phones or TVs as quickly as possible. It's a constant effort to gain a few more precious seconds of warning time!Scientists are still studying exactly how much advanced notice is needed for different situations, locations, and types of buildings. But from my perspective as a kid, I'm just glad this amazing technology exists to help protect my family, friends, and community better than ever before. Every second of warning counts when an earthquake strikes!篇2Earthquake Early Warning - How Much Time in Advance is a Prediction Valid?Hello everyone! Today, I want to talk about something very important and fascinating – earthquake early warning. Have you ever wondered how scientists can actually predict earthquakes?And how much time in advance can they give us a warning? Let's find out!An earthquake is a natural disaster that happens when the Earth's crust shakes. It can be really scary and dangerous, so it's essential to know when one might happen. Scientists use special instruments called seismometers to measure the shaking of the Earth's crust. These instruments are placed in different locations around the world to help detect earthquakes.Now, let's talk about earthquake early warning. Scientists have developed a system that can detect the first signs of an earthquake and send a warning message to people in affected areas. This warning message can give us precious time to prepare and take necessary actions to keep ourselves safe.But how much time in advance can we get a warning? Well, it depends on how far away we are from the epicenter of the earthquake. The epicenter is the point on the Earth's surface directly above where the earthquake starts. If we are close to the epicenter, the warning time might be very short, maybe just a few seconds. That's why it's important to know what to do when we feel the ground shaking.However, if we are further away from the epicenter, the warning time can be longer. It could be a few seconds, minutes,or even hours. The time depends on how fast the earthquake waves travel through the Earth. These waves move at different speeds, so scientists can estimate how much time we have before the shaking reaches us.In some cases, the earthquake early warning system can give us enough time to evacuate buildings, turn off gas and electricity, and take cover under a sturdy table or desk. This can help protect us from falling objects and collapsing structures. It's important to listen to the warning message and follow the instructions given by local authorities.Scientists are continuously working to improve the earthquake early warning system. They are developing new technologies and methods to detect earthquakes even faster and more accurately. This way, they hope to provide longer warning times and save more lives.In conclusion, earthquake early warning is an amazing system that can give us some time to prepare when an earthquake is about to happen. How much time in advance we get a warning depends on our distance from the epicenter. It could be just a few seconds or even hours. Remember to stay calm, listen to the warning message, and take necessary actions to keep yourself safe.I hope you found this information interesting! Stay curious and keep learning about the fascinating world of science.篇3Earthquake Early Warning: How Much Time Do We Have?Hi everyone! Today, I want to talk about something very important and interesting - earthquake early warning! Have you ever wondered how much time we can get to prepare before an earthquake hits? Let's find out!An earthquake is a powerful and sudden shaking of the ground. It can be really scary and dangerous. That's why scientists have been working hard to develop a system called earthquake early warning (EEW). EEW is designed to give us a heads-up before an earthquake strikes, so we can stay safe.But, how does it work? Well, scientists use special sensors called seismometers to detect the first waves of an earthquake. These sensors are placed in different locations and can feel the shaking of the ground. When the seismometers sense the first waves, they send signals to a central station where computers analyze the data.Based on the analysis, the EEW system can estimate the size and location of the earthquake. It can also calculate how much time we have before the stronger shaking arrives. Isn't that amazing?Now, you may wonder, how much time do we actually have? Well, it depends on how far we are from the earthquake's epicenter. The epicenter is the point on the Earth's surface directly above where the earthquake starts. If we are closer to the epicenter, we will feel the shaking sooner and have less time to prepare. But if we are farther away, we can get more warning time.In general, EEW systems can provide a few seconds to even a couple of minutes of warning before the strong shaking begins. It may not sound like a lot of time, but it can make a big difference! Those few seconds or minutes can give us enough time to take cover, move to a safer place, or turn off gas and electricity to prevent fires and other accidents.Even though EEW can't predict earthquakes, it can give us valuable time to protect ourselves and minimize the damage. It's like a superhero alarm that warns us before danger strikes!Remember, it's important to stay calm when we receive an earthquake warning. We should listen to the instructions fromadults or teachers and follow the safety procedures. Practice earthquake drills at school and at home, so we know what to do when the shaking starts.In conclusion, earthquake early warning is an amazing technology that can give us a heads-up before an earthquake hits. The amount of time we have depends on how far we are from the epicenter. Even a few seconds or minutes can help us stay safe and protect ourselves. So, let's stay informed, prepared, and be ready to act when the earthquake early warning sounds!I hope you enjoyed learning about earthquake early warning. Stay curious and keep learning, my young friends!篇4Earthquake Early Warning: How Much Time Do We Get?Hi there, my curious friends! Today, I want to talk to you about something fascinating and important: earthquake early warning! Have you ever wondered how much time we can get to prepare ourselves when an earthquake is about to happen? Well, let's find out!Earthquakes are powerful and scary natural disasters that can cause a lot of damage. But did you know that scientists havedeveloped a system called earthquake early warning (EEW) to help us get ready for them? This amazing technology can give us a few precious seconds or even minutes of warning before the shaking starts.So, how does it work? EEW systems use special sensors called seismometers that can detect the shaking caused by an earthquake. These sensors are placed in different locations and connected to a central computer. When an earthquake occurs, the sensors send signals to the computer, which quickly analyzes the data and determines the earthquake's size and location.Once the computer knows about the earthquake, it sends out warning signals to different places through various communication methods like cell phones, sirens, and even television and radio broadcasts. These warnings can reach people who are farther away from the epicenter, giving them extra time to take cover and protect themselves.Now, you might be wondering, "How much time do we actually get?" Well, it depends on several factors like the distance from the epicenter and the speed of the earthquake waves. In general, if you are close to the epicenter, you might get only a few seconds of warning. But if you are farther away, you could get several seconds, or even minutes, of advance notice.You might be thinking, "What can I do with just a few seconds or minutes?" Well, my friends, even a little bit of time can make a big difference! In those precious moments, you can quickly find a safe spot, like under a sturdy table or desk, away from windows or heavy objects that might fall. You can also alert others around you and help them find a safe place too.Remember, it's important to stay calm and not panic when you receive an earthquake warning. Listen to the instructions given by adults or follow the guidelines provided by your school or community. Practice earthquake drills regularly, so you know exactly what to do when the warning comes.Although earthquake early warning systems are incredible, they are not perfect. Sometimes, earthquakes can happen so fast that there is little or no warning at all. That's why it's crucial to always be prepared and know what to do in an earthquake situation.In conclusion, earthquake early warning systems can give us a valuable heads-up before the shaking starts. The amount of time we get depends on various factors, but even a few seconds or minutes can help us take cover and stay safe. Remember, it's essential to stay calm, follow instructions, and practice earthquake drills. With knowledge and preparation, we can faceearthquakes with confidence and keep ourselves and others protected.Take care, my friends, and stay safe!篇5Earthquake Early Warning: How Much Time Does It Give Us?Hey there! Have you ever wondered how scientists can predict earthquakes and give us a warning before they happen? It's pretty amazing, right? Well, today, I'm going to tell you all about earthquake early warning and how much time it gives us to prepare.First things first, let's talk about what an earthquake is. An earthquake occurs when the Earth's crust, which is made up of huge pieces called tectonic plates, suddenly moves. This movement can cause the ground to shake, buildings to collapse, and even tsunamis to form. That's why it's crucial to have a warning system in place to keep us safe.Earthquake early warning systems work by using special sensors called seismometers. These sensors are placed in different locations and can detect the shaking caused by an earthquake. When an earthquake occurs, the seismometers sendsignals to a central computer that analyzes the data and calculates the magnitude and location of the earthquake.Now, let's get to the exciting part – how much time does earthquake early warning give us? Well, it depends on how far we are from the epicenter of the earthquake. The epicenter is the point on the Earth's surface directly above where the earthquake starts. If we are close to the epicenter, we might not have much time to react. But if we are farther away, we can get a few seconds, or even minutes, of warning before the shaking reaches us.You might be thinking, "What can we do in just a few seconds or minutes?" Well, my friend, even a few seconds can make a big difference. During that time, we can quickly take cover under a sturdy table, move away from windows or heavy objects, and stay away from things that could fall on us. These simple actions can help us avoid getting hurt during an earthquake.But it's not just about protecting ourselves. Earthquake early warning systems also give us time to take important safety measures on a larger scale. For example, hospitals can prepare for an influx of patients, trains can be slowed down or stopped,and gas lines can be shut off to prevent fires. These actions can save lives and minimize the damage caused by earthquakes.It's important to remember that earthquake early warning systems are not perfect. Sometimes, they might give false alarms or not detect smaller earthquakes. However, scientists are constantly working to improve these systems and make them more accurate.In conclusion, earthquake early warning systems can provide us with valuable time to prepare and take necessary actions when an earthquake is about to strike. Even though the amount of time we get varies depending on our distance from the epicenter, every second counts when it comes to our safety. So, let's stay informed, listen to the warnings, and be ready to protect ourselves and others when the ground starts to shake.I hope you found this information helpful and interesting. Stay safe, my friends, and keep exploring the wonders of our incredible planet!篇6Earthquake Early Warning: How Much Time Do We Have?Hello everyone! Today, I want to talk about something really important and fascinating: earthquake early warning. Have you ever wondered how much time we can get before an earthquake strikes? Let's find out!Earthquakes are powerful and scary natural disasters that can cause a lot of damage. But did you know that scientists have developed a system called earthquake early warning? This amazing system can give us some time to prepare before an earthquake happens.So, how does earthquake early warning work? Well, it all starts with special sensors called seismometers. These seismometers are placed in different locations to detect the shaking of the ground. When an earthquake starts, the seismometers can quickly send signals to a central computer.The central computer analyzes the signals and calculates how far away the earthquake is and how strong it might be. Based on this information, it sends out warnings to people in the affected areas. These warnings can be sent through mobile phones, TV, or even sirens in some places.Now, you might be wondering, how much time do we actually have? Well, the amount of time depends on how far away we are from the epicenter of the earthquake. The epicenteris the point on the Earth's surface directly above where the earthquake starts. If we are closer to the epicenter, we will have less time to react.In general, earthquake early warning systems can provide a few seconds to a couple of minutes of advance notice. It might not sound like a lot, but even a few seconds can make a big difference! It can give us time to take cover, turn off gas or electricity, or move to a safer location.For example, if you are in a classroom and suddenly receive an earthquake warning, you can quickly get under your desk and protect yourself. Or if you are at home, you can unplug any electrical devices and move away from windows or heavy furniture.Remember, it's important to stay calm during an earthquake and follow the instructions given in the early warning. The more prepared we are, the safer we can be.In some places, scientists and engineers are working hard to improve earthquake early warning systems. They are constantly researching and finding ways to make the warnings even more accurate and provide more time. It's truly amazing how technology can help us be better prepared for natural disasters like earthquakes.So, my friends, always remember that every second counts when it comes to earthquakes. Even a few seconds of advance warning can save lives and reduce damage. Let's stay informed, be prepared, and stay safe!I hope you found this information helpful and interesting. Stay curious and keep learning!Word count: 431 words。

earthquake课件地震是一种自然灾害，经常给人们的生活带来巨大的破坏和伤害。

在地球的表面，地壳由许多板块组成，这些板块不断地在移动和相互碰撞。

当板块之间的压力积累到一定程度时，就会发生地震。

地震是一种突然而猛烈的地壳震动现象，它通常由地震震源中的岩石断裂引起。

地震的能量以地震波的形式传播，这些波能够在地球内部和表面传播。

地震波可以分为P波、S波和表面波。

P波是最快传播的波，它是一种纵波，可以穿过液体、气体和固体。

S波是横波，只能穿过固体，传播速度较慢。

表面波是地震波中最慢的一种，它在地表上产生较大的摇晃。

地震的破坏力取决于许多因素，包括震源的深度、震级和震中距离等。

震源深度较浅的地震通常会造成较大的破坏，因为震波更容易传播到地表。

震级是用来衡量地震能量大小的指标，通常使用里氏震级或地震矩震级来表示。

震中距离是指地震震源到观测点的距离，距离越近，震感越强。

地震对人类社会造成的破坏是巨大的。

它可以引发建筑物的倒塌、道路的破裂和桥梁的坍塌。

此外，地震还可能导致火灾、洪水和土壤液化等次生灾害。

地震还可能破坏水、电和通信设施，使得救援工作更加困难。

为了减少地震带来的破坏，人们采取了各种措施。

首先，建筑物的设计和建造需要考虑地震的影响。

强震区的建筑物通常需要加固，以增加其抗震能力。

其次，人们还开发了地震预警系统，可以提前几秒或几分钟发出警报，让人们有时间采取逃生措施。

此外，人们还进行了地震演练和宣传教育，以提高公众的地震安全意识。

地震不仅对人类社会造成了破坏，还对地球的内部结构和演化产生了重要影响。

通过研究地震波的传播路径和速度，科学家可以了解地球内部的构造和物质性质。

地震还可以提供有关板块运动和地壳变形的信息，有助于研究地球的动力学和地质演化。

总之，地震是一种具有巨大破坏力的自然现象。

它不仅对人类社会造成了巨大的伤害，还对地球的内部结构和演化产生了重要影响。

为了减少地震带来的破坏，人们需要采取各种措施，包括建筑物设计和建造、地震预警系统的开发以及公众教育等。

地震有关词汇1. 地震earthquake、 earthshock、 quake、 cataclysm、 seism、 temblor2. 震中epicenter、 epicentre、 epicentrum 、seismic vertical3. 地震波⽰波仪seismoscope4. 地震的, 有关地震的seismal、seismic5. 地震仪, 测震仪seismograph6. 地震学seismology7. 地震学家seismologist8. dislocation earthquake断层地震9. folding earthquake褶皱地震10. local earthquake局部地震11. palintectic earthquake深源地震12. plutonic earthquake深源地震13. shallow-focus earthquake浅源地震14. simulated earthquake模拟地震15. strong motion earthquake强烈地震16. submarine earthquake海底震tsunami海啸17. tectonic earthquake壳构地震18. volcanic earthquake⽕⼭地震19. 灾难, 不幸事件calamity accident catastrophe disaster misfortune mishap tragedy20. 飓风hurricane21. ⽕⼭爆发volcano erupting22. 影响infection、 influence、 affect、 effect、 impact 、impress leaven 、sway 、tamper with 、work on23. 总理premier、 premiership、 prime 、minister24. 营救rescue、 salvage25. 志愿者postulant、 volunteer26. 雪中送炭provide timely help27. 迅速的fast 、quick、 rapid 、expedite 、expeditious、 forward 、prompt28. 叛乱Insurgence、 insurgency、 insurrection 、rebellion、 revolt 、rising29. 省长nomarch、 stadholder30. 帐篷tabernacle、 tent 、tilt31. 预测dope out、 forecast、prognosticate32. 指挥command、superintend、direct、compere、dictate、stage-manage、in command of33. 亲⾃地bodily、personally34. 亲⾃in body、in person、in the flesh、myself、oneself35. 援助aid、assistance、backing、reenforce、reenforcement、subvention、succor36. 重建rebuild、reconstruct、redintegrate、reedify、reestablish、reintegrate、regenerate、restoration37. ⾝体的bodily、corporal、personal、physical、somatic38. ⼼理的 mental39. ⼼理状态mentation、psychology40. 现象electrophoresis phenomena phenomenon1. The earthquake has caused untold misery to the people in this area both physically and emotionally.41. 地震给当地居民的⾝⼼都带来了巨⼤的灾难。

Earthquakes in ChinaIntroductionChina is located in one of the most active seismic regions of the world and has been plagued by numerous destructive earthquakes during its long history. The most significant of these earthquakes, in terms of lives lost, was that which occurred in 1556. In the last twenty years China has experienced the second most destructive earthquake in its history. The following is a brief account of the 1556 and the recent 1975 and 1976 earthquakes.The Great China Earthquake of 1556The worse natural disaster in recorded history, at least in terms of lives lost, was caused by an earthquake in Hausien in the Shensi Province of China in 1556. The earthquake devastated 98 counties and eight provinces of Central China. The destruction spanned an area of 500 miles, and in some counties the average death toll was 60 percent of the population. A total of 830,000 people lost their lives, most of them from the collapse of poorly constructed houses. The magnitude of this earthquake has been estimated to be from 8.0 to 8.3 on the Richter scale.The Haicheng Earthquake of February 4, 1975On February 4, 1975, Haicheng, a town with about 100,000 inhabitants in the Liaoning Province of northeast China, was struck by a 7.3 magnitude earthquake. As early as 1970, the State Seismological Bureau, had identified the Liaoning Province as an area of high earthquake risk. Based on studies of precursor events and unusual animal behavior, a warning was issued by local authorities. Thus, when the earthquake struck on February 4, there were few lives lost as most inhabitants had evacuated to safer places. However property damage was high.The China Earthquake of July 28, 1976 (The Tangshan Earthquake) No other earthquake in this century has been as catastrophic or has claimed as many lives as the great earthquake that struck the city of Tangshan, in Northern China, on July 28, 1976. Tangshan, a thriving industrial city with one million inhabitants, is located only about 95 miles east, andslightly south, of Beijing. Although the region had experienced moderate seismic activity in the past, the city of Tangshan has been built on unstable, alluvial soil. To make matters worse, The city is located in the center of an area with major crustal faults on four sides. Furthermore, a 25-mile long fault passes through Tangshan, where only few of its structures are earthquake-resistant.In the early morning hours of July 28, while the city was asleep, the magnitude 8.0 earthquake with its epicenter right on the city broke a five-mile section of the fault. Along the west side of the fault the land moved five feet northward in relation to the land on the east side. The east block tipped downward at the northern end of the break, and upward toward the south end. Over a four-by-five mile area the devastation of the city was nearly total. The force of the quake motions were so strong that people reported being thrown in the air. Within seconds, thousands died. Property destruction was unbelievable. Bridges, railroads, homes, factories were completely leveled. In the harbor city of Tientsin, 60 miles to the southwest, and in Beijing to the west, the quake jolts forced thousands of frightened people into the streets seeking refuge from aftershocks.导言中国是世界上地震最活跃的地区之一，在其悠久的历史中，曾遭受了许多破坏性的大地震。

Design earthquakes. The design earthquakes for hydraulic structures are the OBE and the MDE.设计地震：水工结构的设计地震有OBE和MDE，即运行基准地震和最大设计地震。

The actual levels of ground motions for these earthquakes depend on the type of hydraulic structure under consideration, and are specified in the seismic design guidance provided for a particular structure in conjunction with ER 1110-2-1806.地震动参数的实际取值跟水工建筑物的类型有关，具体可参照ER 1110-2-1806。

(1) Operating basis earthquake (OBE). The OBE is an earthquake that can reasonably be expected to occur within the service life of the project, that is, with a 50 percent probability of exceedance during the service life. The associated performance requirement is that the project function with little or no damage, and without interruption of function.运行基准地震（OBE）：OBE是指在工程的服务生命周期中可能合理预期发生的地震，即在工程生命周期中超过50%的发生概率，在该地震作用下，工程的相关性能要求几乎没有或没有破坏，工程的相关功能没有中断。

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Earthquakes are natural disasters that can cause significant destruction and loss of life.When writing an essay about earthquakes,its essential to cover several key points to provide a comprehensive understanding of the topic.IntroductionBegin your essay by introducing the concept of earthquakes.Explain what they are: sudden shaking events caused by the movement of tectonic plates beneath the Earths surface.Mention that they can vary in intensity,from minor tremors to catastrophic events like the Great San Francisco Earthquake of1906or the2010Haiti earthquake.Causes of EarthquakesDelve into the geological reasons behind earthquakes.Discuss the Earths crust and how it is divided into several major tectonic plates that float on the semifluid asthenosphere below.Explain how the movement of these plates,particularly at plate boundaries,can lead to the buildup of stress and strain,which is eventually released as an earthquake. Types of EarthquakesDifferentiate between the various types of earthquakes,such as tectonic earthquakes, volcanic earthquakes,and induced seismicity.Highlight that the majority of earthquakes are tectonic,resulting from the movement of tectonic plates.Effects of EarthquakesDescribe the immediate and longterm effects of earthquakes.Talk about the potential for widespread destruction,including collapsed buildings,disrupted infrastructure,and loss of life.Discuss the secondary effects,such as tsunamis,landslides,and fires that can be triggered by earthquakes.Preparation and ResponseOutline the importance of earthquake preparedness.Discuss the role of early warning systems,building codes designed to withstand seismic activity,and public education campaigns.Explain the steps individuals and communities can take to be ready for an earthquake,such as having an emergency kit,creating a family communication plan,and knowing how to respond during an earthquake e.g.,Drop,Cover,and Hold On.Recovery and ReconstructionExamine the process of recovery following an earthquake.Discuss the challenges of rebuilding communities,addressing the needs of displaced populations,and the economic impact of such disasters.Highlight the role of international aid and cooperation in supporting recovery efforts.ConclusionConclude your essay by reflecting on the importance of understanding earthquakes and the need for continued research into their causes and effects.Emphasize the role of technology and scientific advancements in improving our ability to predict and mitigate the impacts of earthquakes.Sample Paragraphs:Introduction:Earthquakes,as dramatic and powerful expressions of the Earths dynamic nature,have long fascinated and terrified humanity.These sudden and often devastating events remind us of the immense forces at work beneath our feet,shaping our planet and impacting our lives.Causes of Earthquakes:The Earths crust is an intricate mosaic of tectonic plates,each moving independently and interacting with its neighbors in complex ways.It is at these boundaries,where plates collide,pull apart,or slide past each other,that the potential for seismic activity is the greatest.Effects of Earthquakes:The immediate aftermath of an earthquake can be chaotic and deadly,with buildings crumbling,roads cracking,and lives being irrevocably changed.The longterm effects, however,are equally profound,as communities must grapple with the physical, emotional,and economic toll of the disaster.Preparation and Response:Despite the inherent unpredictability of earthquakes,there are concrete steps that can be taken to mitigate their impact.Investing in infrastructure that can withstand seismic forces,educating the public on emergency procedures,and developing robust response plans are all crucial components of earthquake preparedness.Recovery and Reconstruction:The journey to recovery after an earthquake is a testament to human resilience.It involves not only the physical rebuilding of homes and cities but also the emotional healing of communities and the restoration of a sense of normalcy in the face of overwhelming adversity.Conclusion:As we continue to learn more about the Earths seismic behavior,our ability to predict andprepare for earthquakes improves.The ongoing dialogue between science and society is vital in ensuring that we are better equipped to face the challenges posed by these powerful forces of nature.。