2014年河南大学806微观经济学、宏观经济学考研试题(回忆版)

厦门大学2014年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目代码：806科目名称：宏、微观经济学招生专业：经济学院、公共政策研究院、南洋研究院、台湾研究院各相关专业《微观经济学》（共80分）一、名词解释（总分16分每小题各4分）1.边际产量递减2.垄断竞争3.三级价格歧视4.科斯定理二、简答题（总分24分每小题各8分）1.什么是吉芬商品(Giffen good)、低档商品(Inferior good)？二者有何关系？2.假设你是一名雇主，假定其它要素投入短期无法增加，要招聘新的员工，目的是增加产量。

对最后一名雇员，在平均产量和劳动的边际产量中，你更关心什么？如果你发现平均产量开始下降，你会雇佣更多的工人吗？这种情况的出现意味着你刚雇佣的工人的边际产量如何？（请用图说明）3.A（15，15），B（14，20），C（13，23），D（14，14）四个市场篮子，每个篮子的第一个坐标值表示食品的数量，第二个坐标值表示衣服的数量。

消费者对A、B、C三个篮子同样喜欢，当A、D两个篮子可供选择时，消费者更加喜欢D；当C、D进行选择时，消费者更加喜欢C；B、D进行选择时，消费者无从选择。

请分析该消费者的偏好违反了偏好的哪些基本假定？说明你的依据。

三、计算证明题（总分20分每小题各10分）1.某消费者的效用函数为U=，商品X1和X2的价格为p1和p2，收入为y。

（1）假设商品X1和X2的价格为1和2 ，该消费者收入y=100.求该消费者对两种商品的需求量。

（2）若商品X1价格升至2，即此时,该消费者收入不变。

求此价格变化对商品产生的替代效应和收入效应。

2.甲企业的产品在市场上占据垄断地位，该企业有两个工厂都能生产这种产品，其成本函数为，。

甲企业估计其短期面临的产品需求曲线为，请问：甲企业在各个工厂应该生产多少？其将获得多少利润？四、分析题（总分20分每小题各10分）1.假设政府要提高农民收入。

对社会来说，价格支持或限耕方案比直接发钱给农民的成本大吗，为什么？（用图说明）2.阅读以下材料，并运用微观经济学知识加以分析评论。

2014年中央财经大学803经济学综合考研历年真题答案与详解第一部分微观经济学（75分）一、名词解释（每小题3分，共12分）替代效应【分析】考查对斯勒茨基替代效应的理解，注意是由商品相对价格变动引起的需求量的变动，一定为非正的。

【圣才答案】由商品的价格变动所引起的商品相对价格的变动，进而由商品的相对价格变动所引起的商品需求量的变动，称为替代效应。

替代效应一定是非正的。

在绝大部分情况下，替代效应是负的，即由替代效应引起的需求变动方向总是与价格变动的方向相反：如果价格上升，由替代效应引起的需求就会下降；如果价格下降，由替代效应引起的需求就会上升。

经济租金【分析】此名词较难理解，注意结合例子说明。

此时要素收入减去次优用途上的收入，剩余部分为经济租金。

【圣才答案】经济租金指支付给生产要素的报酬超出为获得该要素而必须支付的最低报酬的部分。

经济租=要素收入－机会成本（次优用途上的收入）。

目前总的趋势是把它看成是由于不同体制、权力和组织设置而获得的“超额利润”。

经济租金是指基于经济权力而产生的租。

如图1-1所示，假定产品价格为，则厂商将生产，不变投入要素贡献的“利润”就表示为图1-1中的方框面积，这块面积就是经济租金。

图1-1经济租金-租金=0或者：租金=可以看出，正是经济租金的存在使得利润趋于零。

例如，一块土地可能被所有者以每年30000美元租给一家商业建立工厂或者以每年20000美元租给一个农民放牛。

在所有者把土地租给企业建立工厂的情况下，租金是30000美元，但是经济租是10000美元，即30000美元减去土地次优使用时的20000美元。

福利经济学第二定理【分析】对福利经济学第二定理的考查，注意前提条件是性状良好的消费者偏好。

【圣才答案】福利经济学第二定理：给定性状良好（连续的、凸的、严格单调的）的消费者偏好，任何一个帕累托最优配置都可以从适当的初始配置出发，通过完全竞争市场来实现，即效率与均衡问题。

也就是说，帕累托最优可以通过瓦尔拉斯式的竞争性均衡来实现。

河南大学研究生英语听力考试全部第一篇：河南大学研究生英语听力考试全部Unit1 News:Outrageous shopping bills are a familiar nightmare for many compulsive shoppers．And contrary to the popular opinion，men suffer that nightmare nearly as often as women．A new survey finds that both genders are almost equally likely to suffer compulsive buying disorder, a condition marked by uncontrollable, unnecessary and unaffordable shopping sprees.Researchers used to estimate that between 2 and 16 percent of the US population suffered compulsive buying disorder, and that 90 percent of sufferers were female.But a 2004 telephone survey of more than 2,500 American adults found that 6 percent of women and about 5.5 percent of men are compulsive shoppers;that's more than 1 in 20 adults.The sexes do not shop at the same aisles though.Experts say that women are more likely to binge buy things like clothes or gilts for other people, while men tend to buy expensive electronics.This survey is the first to find such a high number of compulsive shoppers in the general population.Study authors hope that this finding can convince doctors of how many people are hurt by the disorder, so they can make finding a cure a priority.I'm Bill Blakemore in New York.S.C.1.W: Do you have a hobby, Kevin?M: Yes.Sure.I have more than one hobby.W: And do you agree that some hobbies are good while some are bad7 M: Well, in my opinion, yes.Good hobbies are those that give you the opportunity to develop new skills.Bad hobbies, on the other hand, may result in bad habits.Q: What does Kevin say about hobbies? A)He has only one hobby and no bad hobbies.B)He thinks he can learn skills from good hobbies.C)Hehas both bad hobbies and good ones.D)He thinks one can tam bad hobbies into good ones.2.W: Wow, Stephen, your collection of coins is really amazing.You must be proud o f it.M: Yes.They are ray babies.Collecting these has taught me a lot.It teaches me to be systematic and careful, because I need to sort the coins according to their value and dates.W: And that's why you're a good accountant.Q: What can you learn about Stephen?A)Stephen is good at taking account of everything.B)Stephen's babies are interested in collecting coins.C)Stephen learns to be systematic from his hobby.D)Stephen collects coins because they are valuable.3.W: Did you go fishing today? M: Yes.By the lake, all by myself W: But Roy, every tame you go out fishing, you come back with an empty bag.Why not give it up or try something else, like basketball?M: No.Carol, you don't understand.Fishing makes me happy, because I love sitting alone and doing nothing at all.Q: What can be learned from the conversation? A)Roy often empties his bag when he returns home.B)Roy is trying to persuade Carol to go fishing with h im.C)Roy is only interested in catching fish.D)Roy’s real interest in fishing is sitting alone and doing nothing.4.W: Harry, have you heard about a 44-year-old farmer from the village whose hobby is to make machines?M: Yes, Tina.l know he is the inventor and the “father” of the robots in his village.His high-tech products really bring lots of benefits to his family and neighbours.W: The most impressive thing is, while making robots, he has suffered two major disasters.One explosion nearly destroyed his two fingers, and a fire burnt all his belongings.M: And the idea of giving up never occurs to him.Actually, that's the part that touches me most.Q: What impresses Harry and Tina most? A)The farmer makes robotswithout much knowledge about high-tech.B)The farmer has held on to his hobby even though he met with great difficulties.C)The farmer's hobby has brought great changes to his village.D)The farmer started his hobby at the age of 44.5.M: Marilyn, have you thought about this question? Among all the evil addictions, which is the worst?W: Addiction is addiction, no matter what it is.Drugs, alcohol, smoking, or gambling.And don't forget the Internet.Any addiction comes with pain and sadness.So my answer to your question is, all of them.M: I can't agree.You see, drug addicts don't get much sympathy.Drugs destroy health, family, feelings, and friendships.It makes you live like trash.That's the worst.W: Daniel, any addiction may lead to that.Q: What's Marilyn's attitude towards various addictions? A)She thinks drug addiction is the most dangerous.B)She thinks Internet addiction is the most harmful.C)She thinks addictions that make you trash are the worst.D)She thinks every addiction is as bad as the other.Unit2 S.C.1.W: Can we really afford a holiday? We're paying for this house and we have a loan for the furniture.M: Listen.You work hard and I work hard.We're not talking about whether we can have a vacation.We're talking about where and when.Q: What is the probable relationship between the two speakers?A)A Husband and wife.B)Customer and salesman.C)Father and daughter.D)Co-workers.2.W: You look tired.Why not take a vacation for a change?M: A vacation for a change? Don't you know “no man needs a vacation so much as the man who has just had one”?Q: What does the man mean? A)No one needs a vacation as much as he does.B)He has just had one.C)A vacation is incredibly good for a change.D)A vacation is even more exhausting 3.W:I’ve packed clothes, toiletries, a sleep mask and a camera, is there anything special I have to take?M: Oh I’ll give you a list of necessities to take.Of course, the coach space is limited.Q: What can be inferred from the conversation? A)The woman is preparing presents for her coach B)The woman is packing for her coach.C)The woman is packing for a visit to her coach.D)The woman is packing for her bus tour.4.W: What kind of holiday have you had? M: Terrible.Quite, quite terrible.We certainly won't go on a bus tour again.W: What exactly was the matter? M: The bus itself for a start.It was so old and battered.The only place it was fit for was a museum.Q: What do you learn from the conversation? A)The bus should be kept in the museum.B)The bus was too worn out and uncomfortable.C)The man was taken to only one place to see the sight.D)The bus was too old to be started.5.W: What's the time for your flight? M: I will leave Tokyo on May 21 at 5:30 p.m.on Northwest Airlines Flight 255.It will arrive in Hong Kong SAR at 8:35 p.m.W: I'll meet you at the airport.Q: How long is the flight from Tokyo to Hong Kong SAR? A)3 hours or so.B)9 hours or so.C)21 hours or so.D)5 hours or so.Unit3 Reporter:In Vail, Arizona, a new school with a new idea: no textbooks.White other students might be reading books, Empire students will read on their laptops.Jeremy Gypton, a history teacher at Empire High School in Vail, Arizona.Mr.Gypton, tell us about the assignment that you've already given, that might otherwise have involved a textbook，but in this case involves a computer.Mr.Gypton: Well, with the, with history I try to use as many primary source documents as possible.I actually just recently had my students, studying...my American History students, studying the French-Indian War and its impact.And thatsort of document is just not available in a traditional textbook, I would ha ve to say, “Go online or go to a library and find a copy”, whereas with the laptops and with the resources they're using, they have immediate access to it.Reporter: What's the point here? Is it to get Io primary sources or is it to use a medium that youngsters today are more familiar with? How do you, how do you describe what you arc doing'? Mr.Gypton: When it comes to our, I guess, our reasoning, these are the students who've grown up with the computer, with the Internet, er, as, as kind of organic to their environment.It's not an add-on, like it, like it was to me.And this is normal for them.And so, limiting them, by like sort of a traditional, maybe thousand page textbook is, from their perspective, I think a little bit abnormal, because they are used to being able to reach out, and view one topic from 20 different angles, as opposed to just the one angle that a textbook would present.Reporter: Jeremy Gypton, thank you very much for talking with you.Mr.Gypton: Thanks so much for your time.S.C.1.W: Mr.Williams, where did you receive your Bachelor's degree in engineering? M: From Iowa University.And I am now working on my Master's.That's part of the reason I applied for this position.W: Oh, that's a good engineering college.You have very impressive qualifications.Q: What's the man doing? A)He is taking an entrance examination.B)He is working as an engineer.C)He is receiving his Bachelor's degree.D)He is at a job interview.2.W: Mr.Carlson, I tried to memorize the script but i keep forgetting the lines.I'm worried I might be a burden to the cast if l keep forgetting them during the rehearsals.M: Look, Jane, you will be just fine if you stop putting so much pressure on yourself.Practice makes perfect, and I'm sure you will get them in no time.Q: What does the man suggest the woman do? A)Hesuggests the woman keep trying until she gets it right.B)He suggests the woman take a break.C)He suggests he may be able to help her practice her lines.D)He suggests that the woman give up if she is always having these problems.3.W: I'm going to Professor Wilson's office to ask for his help.Do you want to join in? M: I tell you what.I'll study in the lab by myself, and see how it goes.Self-education!Don't you remember what the instructor has always suggested?“ W: Yes, but that's f or advanced learners.We are still at the intermediate level!Q: What does the woman advise the man to do?A)To ask for help from advanced learners.B)To receive assistance from the teacher.C)To study by himself in the lab.D)To join in at the intermediate level.4.M: How long has your husband been studying Chinese culture? W: Him? Forever.He has been totally caught up in it since high school when we first met.M: No kidding!So many years!W: He always says one is never too old to learn.Q: What can you learn about the woman's husband? A)He has been teaching in high school for a long time.B)He is completely lost in a foreign culture.C)He thinks he will never get old.D)He wants to keep learning all his life.5.M: Education is of no use to us.Look, I've got a great idea---we can form a new school of artistic movement.W: You must have lost your mind.Artists usually get rich after they die, I mean, it's an accumulation stuff M: Trust me, that way we will be rich and famous in two years.W: There's a mental clinic around the comer down the street.Q: What does the woman mean? A)It will take them many years to get rich and famous.B)There's a new school of artistic movement around the comer.C)The man's idea is not feasible at all.D)The man has gone mentally insane.Unit 4 News: Beijing Opera is largely seen as a dying art in China.Louisa Lirawants to introduce us to an unlikely new champion for Chinese opera.He's a British man who has devoted more than a decade to bringing Chinese opera to new audiences.Ghaffar: And I saw a Beijing Opera in London in 1993.And that just shocked me.It really moved me.Louisa: Ghaffar Pourazar is British, born to Iranian Azeri parents.At the age of 32, he gave up his life as a computer animator and enrolled in a Beijing Opera school, drawn by the difficulty of mastering this art form.Ghaffar: And there is no other culture which has put that much discipline into training the perfect performer.That is what the Beijing Opera is about, the perfect performer.Louisa: On stage, the actors not only act, they sing and dance at the same time as performing heart-stopping feats of acrobatics and sword fighting.Once the show begins, it's clear that Pourazar has taken a Chinese classic and made it his own.The cast is partly non-Chinese.And there's a lot of explanation in English.The story is the much-loved legend of the Monkey King, a mischievous monkey ham from a stone, who learns supernatural skills and uses them to challenge the emperor of heaven.Pourazar is the multilingual monkey.(Singing)Ghaffar: It's within the rules of the art form that you perform for that audience.What I have done is, by taking it to London, to change the spoken parts into English.And that's, that's within the rules of the opera.(Singing)Louisa: That even means adding a bit of comedy rap opera to the mix.(Singing)Louisa: And this hybrid bilingual opera wins good reviews from both Western and Chinese audience members.A Man: And that's really Chinese stuff, expressing the more acceptable way.So it'll be more popular.Louisa: But the popularity of Beijing Opera is fading fast, with young Chinese audiences turning to karaoke, DVDs and the Internet.Much to Pourazar'ssorrow.S.C.1.M: What channel do you watch on TV?W: I watch mainly news programmes mid classic movies.I hate commercials.There is a lot more advertising than there used to be.M: Nowadays, whatever you're doing in your daily life, it's quite difficult to get away from ads in one tbrm or another.They're all around you!Advertising has always been part of our life.Q: What can be inferred from the conversation? A)The woman is unhappy about too many advertisements on TV.B)The man is complaining about difficulties in his daily life.C)The woman is very interested in the advertisements around her.D)The man dislikes TV advertisements as the woman does.2.W: Excuse me.Can you tell me what your lecture is about? M: Oh, I'm going to lecture on photography of cities.W: Is that about architectural styles of various buildings? M: Well, not exactly.The theme in my photography is ”the history contained in cities“.I spend quite a large amount of time trying to depict life in the city, trying to build a history of cities visually.Q: What is file man interested in?A)He is interested in the progress of architecture.B)He is interested in writing the history of cities.C)He is interested in the history of cities shown in pictures.D)He is interested in giving lectures on photography.3.W: Hey, listen to this interesting quiz: ”When the host introduces you to a group of people at a party, what's your typical meet-and-greet smile? Are your ]ips closed over your teeth, or with lips open and teeth revealed?“ M: What? What kind of quiz is that? W: It's a quiz about your character by testing your body language.My Chinese friend did the quiz, and her answer shows she is a shy and withdrawn person.M: I wonder whether that works for us Englishmen.Q: What is the quiz about? A)It is about how to give appropriate smiles at parties.B)It is about how to overcome shyness in sociallife.C)It is about cultural differences between English and Chinese people.D)It is about personality evident in an individual’s gestures.4.M: I really don't understand why Jerry was so cold yesterday when I came to his office, I know I was late.But it was only 20 minutes.W: Well, that's your problem.Jerry is a typical American.He must feel slighted and think you are a rude person.M: In my country, it's normal to be late by 30 minutes.W: But you are not in Brazil now.Q: What do you know about the man? A)The man is a Brazilian.B)The man makes a habit of being late.C)The man has a bad temper.D)The man is rude to his friends.5.W: Hi, Frank, have you just been to your kung fu class? With your.Chinese friends? M: Yes.It's amazing.Speed, power, balance and timing, that's kung fut.We strike with the fist, hand, the elbow, the knee, the foot, the heel, and the bottom.W: So, does that mean you are so tough that nobody can beat you in a right?M: I don't do it for righting, but for exercise.I do this martial art in a gym, not on a battlefield.Q: Why does the man takes a kung fu class? A)He wants to make his body stronger.B)He wants to get the upper hand in a fight.C)He wants to make friends with people in class.D)He wants to learn more about Chinese culture.Unit 5 News: Christopher Reeve: 1996 Democratic National Convention Address Thank you very, very much.Well, I just have to start with a challenge to the President: Sir, I have seen your train go by, and I think I can beat it.I'll even give you a head start.And over the last few years we have heard a lot about something ca lled ”family values“.And like many of you, I have struggled to figure out what that means.And since my accident, I've found a definition that seems to make sense.I think it means that we’re all family.And that we all have value.Now, if that's true,if America really is a family, then we have to recognize that many members of our family are hurting.And just to take one aspect of it, one in five of us has some kind of disability.You may have an aunt with Parkinson's disease, a neighbor with a spinal cord injury, or a brother with AIDS, and if we're really committed to this idea of family, we've got to do something about it.Now first of all, our nation cannot tolerate discrimination of any kind.And that's why the Americans with Disabilities Act is so important It must be honored everywhere.It is a Civil Rights Law that is tearing down barriers, both in architecture and in attitude.Its purpose its purpose is to give the disabled access not only to buildings but to every opportunity in society.Now, I strongly believe our nation must give its full support to the caregivers who are helping people with disabilities live independent lives.S.C.1.W: Mark, what’s wrong with you? You look so tired.M: Oh, the party was so exciting, I couldn't go to sleep after that.Alice, 1 expected to see you at the party yesterday.W: If I had known that you were going, I would have gone.Q: What do we know about the woman'?A)She didn’t go to the party yesterday.B)She didn't remember seeing the man at the party.C)She left the party before the man arrived.D)She didn't want to see the man.2.M: Hi, Morn.This is Jack.I just got back from the Grand Canyon.The trip was really gorgeous!W: Did you have to wait very long before the plane took off? M: No sooner had we got on the plane than the engine started.Q: What does the man mean? A)They didn't have enough time to get their seals on the plane.B)The pilot had trouble starting rite engine.C)The engine started as soon as they got on the plane.D)They were delayed at the airport.3.M: Professor, could I arrange to take a make-up exam? I won't be able to come to clam on the day of the test.W: And why is that, Jason? M:Well...my dad's having surgery that day, and I want to be there at the hospital.W: Oh, I'm sorry to hear that.I hope it all goes well.Certainly, we can work something out about the exam.Q: What does the woman mean? A)Jason will have to work a little harder.B)She's certain he can work on something else.C)Jason can take the test on another day.D)Jason can skip the test and won't have to make it up.4.M: They called me this morning saying that they couldn't hire me.You know that's nay fourth interview this month.I'm beginning to think nobody will employ me.W: Come on T om, you just have to be patient.M: It's just so hard to be positive when I keep getting doors slammed in my face all the time.W: I know how you feel.But keep your chin up.The next job you go for could be the one.Q: What does the woman imply?A)Come on time and you could be employed next time.B)Be positive about people slamming doors in your face.C)Cheer up and you would be able to get a job soon.D)Keep your chin up and be proud of yourself.5.M: is the last time I will drive your mother anywhere!I've never met a worse back at driver in my life!W: Honey, Mum's been nervous just getting behind a wheel ever since that guy ran into her.M: That doesn't give her the fight to criticize my driving the whole way!Honestly!Next you need to take your mother somewhere, do me a favor and drive her yourself, Q: Why was the man annoyed? A)He had a worse driver in the back seat of his car.B)He got wit nervous when sitting behind the wheel C)He cannot drive the mother anywhere next time.D)He was criticized by the woman’s mother all the way.Unit 6Acid Rain Damage from acid rain is widespread not just in eastern North America, but throughout Europe, Japan, China, and Southeast Asia.Is the rain that's falling on your umbrella acidic?A listener's question on today's ”Earth and Sky“.JB: This is ”Earth and Sky“.with a question from Sandra Renee of Olive Hill, Kentucky.She asks, ”How do you know when it rains that it's not acid rain, and what exactly acid rain'?“ DB: Sandr a, you need a pH meter to reliably measure the acidity of rain or snow.But in certain parts of the US--especially in the Northeast--you can probably assume that most rain will be at least somewhat acidic.Westerly winds move pollutants eastward, so the eastern US gets more acid rain.JB: Acid rain happens when airborne acids fail down to earth in rain.Electrical utility plants plaints that bum fossil fuels emit chemicals into the atmosphere that react with water and other chemicals in the air to form sulfuric acid, nitric acid--the ”acid“ in acid rain You don't have to live next door to a power plant to get showered by acid rain.The~ acid pollutants reach high into the atmosphere and can travel with wind currents for hundreds of kilometers.DB: The acids in acid rain are corrosive chemicals that leach nutrients from the soil slow the growth of trees, poison lakes and combine with other chemicals to form urban smog.The simplest way to curtail acid rain is to use less energy from fossil fuels.JB: Special thanks today to the Camille & Henry Dreyfus Foundation, a private foundation dedicated to advancing research and education in the chemical sciences.We're Block Byrd for ”Earth and Sky".S.C.1.W: Did you know that we waste hundreds of gallons of water every day, simply because people don't turn off their taps properly? M: The problem is that people can't see that by turning off their taps, or switching off a light in their house, they are saving gallons of water and hundreds of trees.Q: What is mainly talked about in this dialogue?A)How to turn off taps properly.B)How to save water every day.C)How to switch off light in the house.D)How to protect waterand trees in nature.2.M: I think government should do whatever is necessary to create more wild animal preserves.They should raise money through environmental awareness campaigns.W: Maybe people could make voluntary contributions when they file their taxes.M: That's a good idea.That way whoever wants to contribute can, but it's not obligatory Q: What does the man mean? A)It is a good idea to set up more wild animal preserves.B)It is necessary to raise money through awareness campaigns.C)It is a good idea for people to make voluntary contributions.D)It is people's obligation to contribute money.3.W: I heard about the tornado on the radio in Texas.M: Was it as bad as the one in Louisiana? W: It was much worse.A hundred people were killed.M: That's twice as many people.Q: What do we know about the tornado in Louisiana? A)Louisiana tornado was as terrible as the one in Texas.B)Louisiana tornado killed 50 people.C)Louisiana tornado killed 200 people.D)Louisiana tornado was much worse than the one in Texas.4.W: 1 sincerely Peel that animals should not be used for research purpose.M: I don't really agree, I seriously doubt that medical research could be done without animals.W: We seem to be in a dilemma to decide what to do, protect the environment or develop Q: What attitude does the man hold towards using animals for research purposes? A)He is doubtful about medical researches with animals.B)He is in agreement with the woman not to use animals in research.C)He feels it necessary to use animals in medical researches.D)He feels in a dilemma whether to protect the environment or not 5.W: Scientists say that water pollution is the biggest problem in the environment.M: Do you believe that'? W: Well, scientists base their statements on studies, don't they? What do you think is the biggest problem? M: Air pollution,because they're always talking about it in the news, aren't they? W: True, but can you always believe what they say in the news? Q: What can be inferred from the conversation? A)The two speakers agree water pollution is the biggest environmental problem.B)The two speakers think air pollution is the biggest environmental problem.C)The two speakers always believe what is talked about in the news.D)The two speakers have different opinions about the biggest pollution problem.第二篇：2014年河南大学金融研究生考试真题2014年河南大学金融研究生考试真题宏观经济学部分名词解释：1.CPI2.投资成数3.国内生产总值简答1.IS曲线的斜率为什么一般情况下为负2.试述凯恩斯货币需求理论的主要内容3.试述财政政策中自动稳定器发挥作用的原理4.利用AD-AS模型分析宽松性货币政策的影响论述试分析通货膨胀的成因微观经济学部分1.无差异曲线2.超额利润3.恩格尔定律简答题1.简述供给，供给量和供给曲线2.简述相关商品价格变化对需求曲线的影响3.简述消费者均衡与编辑原理论述题试比较分析完全竞争和完全垄断市场效应第三篇：2014年河南大学研究生考试普通生物学试题2014年河南大学研究生入学考试普通生物学试卷一、名词解释1.内孢子2.稳态3.春化作用4.消化吸收5.肌节6.HIV二、简答1.什么是三高膳食？对人体有何危害？2.体液、细胞外液与细胞内液三者之间的关系是什么？3.植物体的营养生长是如何向生殖生长转化的？4.导管和胞管是如何形成的，两者有何不同？5.细菌细胞有何特点？期主要功能是什么？6.赤潮是如何形成的？对生物圈的危害有哪些？三、论述题1.地球生命最基础的作用是什么？请解释原因。

目　录第一部分　历年真题及详解2013年河南大学806微观经济学、宏观经济学考研真题（回忆版，非常不完整）2014年河南大学806微观经济学、宏观经济学考研真题（回忆版，不完整）2018年河南大学806微观经济学、宏观经济学考研真题（回忆版）及详解第二部分　模拟试题及详解河南大学806微观经济学、宏观经济学考研模拟试题（一）河南大学806微观经济学、宏观经济学考研模拟试题及详解（一）河南大学806微观经济学、宏观经济学考研模拟试题（二）河南大学806微观经济学、宏观经济学考研模拟试题及详解（二）河南大学806微观经济学、宏观经济学考研模拟试题（三）河南大学806微观经济学、宏观经济学考研模拟试题及详解（三）第一部分　历年真题及详解2013年河南大学806微观经济学、宏观经济学考研真题（回忆版，非常不完整）一、名词解释1供求定理2范围经济3公共品二、简答题1为什么一段时间内消费的商品减少，其边际效用会增加？2生产的三个阶段是如何划分的？为什么厂商只会在第二阶段生产？3为什么完全竞争厂商长期均衡时正好收支相抵？4解释向里弯曲的劳动供给曲线？三、论述题外部性对资源配置有何影响？如何消除外部性造成的市场失灵？2014年河南大学806微观经济学、宏观经济学考研真题（回忆版，不完整）微观经济学部分一、名词解释（3×5分）1科斯定理2资本边际效率3边际生产力递减规律二、简答题（4×10分）1简述完全竞争的条件。

2简述需求点弹性和影响需求弹性的因素。

3简述资本资产定价模型。

4简述效用可能性边界和产品可能性边界及其特点。

三、论述题（20分）“市场可以有效配置可再生资源，不能有效配置不可再生资源”，这一说法为什么是错误的？宏观经济学部分一、名词解释（3×5分）1国民生产总值2恶性通货膨胀3浮动汇率二、简答题（4×10分）1考点：菲利普斯曲线。

2考点：萨伊定律。

3考点：企业存货产生的原因。

2014年厦门大学西经统考试题参考答案（注：以下各题括号中页码均为《806宏微观高分攻略》中能够找到答案的对应页码）《微观经济学》一、名词解释【考题分析】名词解释的答案较为固定，如何按照一定的套路来解释名词，在《806高分攻略》中已经提及，这里不再赘述。

【参考答案】1.边际产量递减：（P20）（同：边际报酬递减规律）当使用的某种投入要素增加时，同时其他投入要素固定，最终必然会出现一点，产出的增加量减少。

例如，当劳动投入较小时（且资本固定），投入的稍稍增加可以产生专业化分工，使得产出有较大的变化。

然而当有太多的工人时，一部分工人的工作会变得缺乏效率，劳动的边际产量下降，出现边际报酬递减规律。

（注：在技术水平和其他要素投入量不变的条件下，连续等量的增加一种生产要素的投入量，当该生产要素投入量小于某一特定值时，增加该要素投入量带来的边际产量是递增的；当这种可变要素投入量连续增加并超过这一特定值时，增加该要素投入所带来的边际产量是递减的。

）2.垄断竞争：(P53)在一个自由进出的市场中，企业销售既有差异性又有高度替代性的产品。

具体地讲垄断竞争市场应具备以下两个关键特征：第一，厂商之间通过销售有差别的产品进行竞争，这些产品之间是高度可替代的但不是完全可替代的。

第二，自由进出，新厂商带着这种产品的新品牌进入市场和现有厂商在它们的产品已无利可图时退出都比较容易。

3.三级价格歧视：(P50)根据不同的需求曲线将消费者分成两组或两组以上并对每组索取不同价格的行为。

例如：常规的和特价机票；名牌和非名牌的烈酒；对老年居民和学生的折扣；优惠券。

4.科斯定理：(P77)只要产权是明确的，当各方能够无成本地讨价还价并对大家都有利时，无论产权如何界定的，最终结果将是有效率的。

科斯定理的重要意义首先在于它打破了庇古传统，提出不管权利属于谁，只要产权关系予以明确，那么私人成本和社会成本就不会背离。

它对解决外部性问题提出了一个崭新的视角。

2014年中国人民大学806应用法学（经济法部分）考研真题及详解第四部分经济法一、名词解释（每题5分，共20分）1．外资企业【分析】该题是对我国企业类型的考查，对于考生来说并不陌生。

答题时要明确我国外资企业的三种类型，强调其外资成分。

复习时一并记忆个人独资企业、合伙企业和公司企业。

答：外资企业，是指依照中华人民共和国法律的规定，在中国境内设立的，由中国投资者和外国投资者共同投资或者仅由外国投资者投资的企业。

外资企业是一个总的概念，包括所有含有外资成分的企业。

依照外商在企业注册资本和资产中所占股份和份额的比例不同，以及其他法律特征的不同，可将外资企业分为中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业和外资企业三种类型。

2．消费者的知悉真情权【分析】该题是对我国消费者权利的考查，是一个基础考点。

考生在答题时应首先明确该权利属于我国《消费者权益保护法》规定的消费者权利之一。

复习时要对消费者的九项权利有系统的把握，如：安全保障全、自主选择权、公平交易权、获得消费知识权。

答：消费者的知悉真情权是我国消费者法规定的消费者的九项权利之一，是指消费者享有知悉其购买、使用的商品或者接受的服务的真实情况的权利。

有权根据商品或者服务的不同情况，要求经营者提供商品的价格、产地、生产者、用途、性能、规格、等级、主要成分、生产日期、有效期限、检验合格证明、使用方法说明书、售后服务，或者服务的内容、规格、费用等有关情况。

3．存款准备金【分析】该题是对银行业金融机构存款人保护的考查，对于考生来讲耳熟能详。

答题时要对超额存款准备金有所提及，复习过程中对于银行业金融机构的设立、变更和终止，业务及基本原则，存款人的保护有所了解，以备不时之需。

答：存款准备金，是指金融机构为保证客户提取存款和资金清算需要而准备的在中央银行的存款，中央银行要求的存款准备金占其存款总额的比例就是存款准备金率。

存款准备金的比例通常是由中央银行决定的，被称为存款准备金率。

2014年复旦大学管理学院860微观经济学考研真题（回忆版，不完整）一、选择题注：由于该真题是回忆版真题，所以选择题部分内容缺失。

二、判断下列生产函数属于规模报酬递增、递减还是不变，并进行简要说明。

（a）F（K，L）＝LK2（b）F（K，L）＝10K＋5L（c）F（K，L）＝（KL）0.5三、某垄断厂商，说明（P－MC）/P与需求价格弹性的关系，说明该价格增量为何能度量一个厂商的垄断势力。

四、某在商品市场与要素市场均垄断的厂商，追求最大利润，将工资w定为与劳动的边际产品收益MRP相等是否正确，画图说明。

五、一个完全竞争厂商在AVC下降时达到了均衡，它是否应当增加可变要素的投入，画图说明原因。

六、电视广播、公路、国防，谁可以被视为纯公共物品？说明理由。

2014年复旦大学管理学院860微观经济学考研真题（回忆版，不完整）及详解一、选择题注：由于该真题是回忆版真题，所以选择题部分内容缺失。

二、判断下列生产函数属于规模报酬递增、递减还是不变，并进行简要说明。

（a）F（K，L）＝LK2（b）F（K，L）＝10K＋5L（c）F（K，L）＝（KL）0.5答：设生产函数为Q＝f（L，K），则当劳动和资本投入量同时增大λ倍时，产量为aQ ＝f（λL，λK），若a＞λ，表示产量增加的幅度大于要素投入的增长幅度，则表明规模报酬递增；若a＜λ，表示产量增加的幅度小于要素投入的增长幅度，则表明规模报酬递减；若a＝λ，表示产量增加的幅度等于要素投入的增长幅度，则表明规模报酬不变。

（a）F（λK，λL）＝λ3LK2，λF（K，L）＝λLK2；当λ＞1时，F（λK，λL）＝λ3LK2＞λF（K，L）＝λLK2，所以生产函数F（K，L）＝LK2属于规模报酬递增。

（b）F（λK，λL）＝10λK＋5λL，λF（K，L）＝λ（10K＋5L）＝10λK＋5λL；当λ＞1时，F（λK，λL）＝10λK＋5λL＝λF（K，L）＝10λK＋5λL，所以生产函数F （K，L）＝10K＋5L属于规模报酬不变。

《微观经济学》习题集第一章导论一、判断1．以萨缪尔森为首的新古典综合派把经济学分为微观经济学和宏观经济学。

∨二、选择题3．21世纪30年代，西方经济学经历的第二次修改和补充ACDA．出现于1936 年B．涉及垄断问题C．代表人物是凯恩斯D．为国家干预经济生活奠定了理论基础三、简答题1.什么是西方经济学？2.试述西方经济学企图解决的两个问题及两重属性。

第二章需求和供给曲线概述以及有关的基本概念一、解释概念均衡价格需求需求价格弹性比较静态分析需求收入弹性供给二、判断1．价格分析是微观经济学分析的核心。

∨2．微观经济学的研究对象是包括单个消费者、单个生产者、单个市场在内的个体经济单位。

∨3．若某商品的需求价格弹Ed =0．6，卖者提高价格肯定增加销售收入。

∨4．需求缺乏弹性的商品的价格与销售收入呈同方向变动关系。

∨5．需求的变动是指商品本身价格变动所引起的该商品的需求数量的变动。

×6．当消费者的收入发生变化时，会引起需求曲线的移动。

∨7．Ed＞1的商品，降低价格会增加厂商的销售收入。

∨8．若某商品的Ed＜1，表明当该商品价格下降20% 时，该商品需求量减少小于20%。

×9．卖者提高价格肯定会增加销售收入。

×10．在几何图形上，供给量的变动表现为商品的价格-供给量组合点沿着同一条既定的供给曲线运动。

∨11．在几何图形上，需求的变动表现为商品的价格-需求量组合点沿着同一条既定的需求曲线运动。

×12．当两种商品中一种商品的价格发生变动时，这两种商品的需求量都同时增加或减少，则这两种商品的需求交叉价格弹性系数为正。

×13．某商品的可替代品越多，相近程度越高，则该商品需求弹性往往就越大。

∨14．商品用途越广，需求价格弹性就可能越大。

∨15．任何情况下商品的需求量与价格都是反方向变化的。

×16．当对农产品的需求缺乏弹性时，粮食丰收，粮价下跌，农民收入反而会减少。

2014河南大学经济学院金融专硕研究生初试题微观一、名词解释3*5分1科斯定理:由罗纳德·科斯提出的一种观点，认为在某些条件下，经济的外部性或曰非效率可以通过当事人的谈判而得到纠正，从而达到社会效益最大化。

2资本边际效率：资本边际效率是凯恩斯提出的一个概念，按照他的定义，资本边际效率是一种贴现率，这种贴现率正好使一项资本物品的使用期内各预期收益的现值之和等于这项资本品的供给价格或者重置资本。

3边际生产力递减规律：在技术给定和其他要素投入不变的情况下，连续增加某一种要素的投入所带来的总产量的增量在开始阶段可能会上升，但迟早会出现下降的趋势，这就是边际生产力递减规律，也称之为边际报酬递减规律。

二、简答4*10分1完全竞争的条件：1.对于某一商品存在着大量的买者和卖者，任何个人均无力影响商品的价格2.在这一市场中所有企业生产的产品都是同质的3.资源具有完全的流动性4.所有买卖双方对交易有完全的信息2需求点弹性和影响需求弹性的因素：需求点弹性：当需求曲线上两点之间的变化量趋于无穷小时，需求的价格弹性要用点弹性来表示。

也就是说需求的价格点弹性表示需求曲线上某一点上的需求量变动对于价格变动的反应程度。

影响需求价格弹性的因素有：（1）商品的可替代性（2）商品用途的广泛性（3）商品对消费者生活的重要程度（4）商品的消费支出在消费者预算总支出中所占的比重（5）所考察的消费者调节需求量的时间3简述资本资产定价模型：资本资产定价模型简称CAPM，是由威廉·夏普、约翰·林特纳一起创造发展的，旨在研究证券市场价格如何决定的模型。

资本资产定价模型假设所有投资者都按马克维茨的资产选择理论进行投资，对期望收益、方差和协方差等的估计完全相同，投资人可以自由借贷。

基于这样的假设，资本资产定价模型研究的重点在于探求风险资产收益与风险的数量关系，即为了补偿某一特定程度的风险，投资者应该获得多得的报酬率。

4效用可能性边界和生产可能性边界及其特点：效用可能性边界，又称效用可能性曲线是指其他条件不变的情况下，消费者可能达到的最大满足程度。

河南大学806微观经济学、宏观经济学考研模拟试题及详解（三）A．微观经济学部分（75分）一、名词解释（每小题5分，共15分）1．收入效应答：由商品的价格变动所引起的实际收入水平变动，进而由实际收入水平变动所引起的商品需求量的变动，称为收入效应。

即是指在商品的相对价格保持不变的前提下，由于收入水平的相对变化所引起的商品需求量的变化。

收入效应表示消费者的效用水平发生变化。

一种商品价格变动所引起的该商品需求量变动的总效应可以被分解为替代效应和收入效应两个部分，即总效应＝替代效应＋收入效应。

收入效应一般比替代效应小，在正常商品的情况下，两种效应的方向是一致的，即价格下降，替代效应引起消费者购买数量增加，收入效应也引起消费者购买数量增加。

然而在低档物品的情况下，收入效应为负，收入效应会引起消费者购买数量的减少。

当收入效应大于替代效应，总效应为负，价格下降反而引起商品需求量减少，这种商品称为吉芬物品。

2．垄断竞争答：垄断竞争市场是指一个市场中有许多厂商生产和销售有差别的同种产品的市场组织。

具体地说，垄断竞争市场的条件主要有以下三点：①在生产集团中有大量的企业生产有差别的同种产品，这些产品彼此之间都是非常接近的替代品。

②一个生产集团中的企业数量非常多，以至于每个厂商都认为自己的行为的影响很小，不会引起竞争对手的注意和反应，因而自己也不会受到竞争对手的任何报复措施的影响。

③厂商的生产规模比较小，因此，进入和退出一个生产集团比较容易。

许多经济学家认为，垄断竞争的存在从总体上说是利大于弊，现实中垄断竞争也是一种普遍存在的市场结构，如轻工业品市场等。

3．科斯定理答：科斯定理是一种产权理论，由斯蒂格勒根据科斯于20世纪60年代发表的《社会成本问题》这篇论文的内容概括而成。

其内容是：只要财产权是明确的，并且其交易成本为零或者很小，则无论在开始时财产权的配置是怎么样的，市场均衡的最终结果都是有效率的。

科斯定理进一步扩大了“看不见的手”的作用。

中南财经政法大学20１4年80６经济学模拟试卷３答案一、名词解释１、机会成本：指人们利用一定资源获得某种收入时所放弃的在其他可能的用途中所能够获取的最大收入。

生产一单位的某种商品的机会成本是指生产者所放弃的使用相同的生产要素在其他生产用途中所能得到的最高收入。

机会成本的存在需要三个前提条件。

第一,资源是稀缺的;第二，资源具有多种生产用途；第三,资源的投向不受限制。

从机会成本的角度来考察生产过程时，厂商需要将生产要素投向收益最大的项目，而避免带来生产的浪费,达到资源配置的最优。

机会成本的概念是以资源的稀缺性为前提提出的。

机会成本的含义是:任何生产资源或生产要素一般都有多种不同的使用途径或机会，也就是说可以用于多种产品的生产。

但是当一定量的某种资源用于生产甲种产品时,就不能同时用于生产乙种产品。

因此生产甲种产品的真正成本就是不生产乙种产品的代价,或者是等于该种资源投放于乙种产品生产上可能获得的最大报酬。

２、LM 曲线：是描述满足货币市场均衡条件（货币需求等于货币供给）的利率与收入关系的曲线。

假设m 代表实际货币供给量,M 代表名义货币供给量，P 代表物价水平，那么,货币市场均衡条件的公式为:hr kY L PM m -===,可以推导出LM 曲线的表达式为：hm Y h k r k m k hr Y -=+=或。

以Y 为横轴，r 为纵轴所画的LM 曲线是由左下向右上倾斜的。

在货币市场上,对应于特定的收入水平，货币需求（L )与货币供给(M )相等时所决定的利率为均衡利率。

但不同的收入水平对应着不同货币需求,故在不同的收入水平下也就有不同的均衡利率。

３．帕累托改进:如果既定的资源配置状态的任意改变使得社会中至少有一个人的状况变好,同时又没有使其他人的状况变坏,则认为这种资源配置状态的变化是“好”的;否则就是“坏”的。

以帕累托标准衡量为“好”的状态改变被称为帕累托改进。

相应的概念有帕累托最优状态,当一个完全竞争的经济实现了价格与产量的一般均衡时，所有的怕累托改进均不存在，即在某种既定的资源配置状态，没有一个经济实体能使自己的状态变好而不使其他某个经济实体的状况变坏。

1. 已知某完全竞争的成本不变行业中的单个厂商的总成本函数为Q Q Q Q LTC 308)(23+-=，求（1）该行业长期均衡时的价格和单个厂商的产量。

（2）市场的需求函数为P Q d 5870-=时，行业长期均衡时的厂商数目。

（92西经）2. 已知某企业的短期总成本函数为5108.004.0)(23++-=Q Q Q Q STC ，求最小的平均可变成本值。

（02经济学）3. 已知某消费者每年用于商品X 和商品Y 的收入为540元，两商品的价格分别为30,20==y x P P ，该消费者的效用函数为23XY U =，求该消费者每年购买商品X 和Y 的数量各为多少。

（04西经）4. 设某产品的市场逆需求曲线为P=10-Q ，生产该产品的固定成本F=0，边际成本为常数MC=2（1）计算在完全竞争市场结构下，当市场出清且处于局部均衡状态时，消费者剩余、生产者剩余和社会总剩余。

（2）计算在完全垄断市场结构下，当市场出清且处于局部均衡时，消费者剩余、生产者剩余和社会总剩余。

（3）根据（1）和（2），分析垄断对资源配置效率的影响。

（08经济学809）5. 假设某垄断厂商，仅生产一种产品，该产品的逆需求函数为p=10-q ，边际成本MC=2，固定成本为零。

（1）计算该厂商的产量决策，利润（生产者剩余），消费者剩余，社会总剩余，无谓损失。

（2）如果政府决定对每单位产品征税0.4元，计算此时厂商的产量决策，利润（生产者剩余），消费者剩余，政府收入，社会总剩余，无谓损失。

（3）比较征税前后社会福利的变化，解释政府税收对资源配置效率的影响。

（09年806）6. 假设某特定劳动市场的供需曲线分别为DL=6000-100W ，SL=100W ，请问：（1）均衡工资为多少？（2）假如政府对工人提供的每单位劳动征税10元，则新的均衡工资为多少？（3）实际上对单位劳动征收的10元税收由谁支付？（4）政府征收到的税收总额为多少？（10年806）7. 需求函数2Q=10000-100p ，成本TC=6000+20Q ，求：（1）利润最大化时价格、产量及利润。

河南大学经济学院研究生8062010年真题（优秀范文五篇）第一篇：河南大学经济学院研究生806 2010年真题一．名词解释（每题5分，共30分）1.完全竞争2.引致需求3.弹性供给4.名义GDP5.理性预期6.法定准备金制度二．简答题（每题15分，共60分）1.图示说明一种可变生产要素投入的合理区间。

2.为什么公共产品会造成市场失灵？3.LM曲线可划分为几个区域？其经济含义是什么？4.简述增长核算方程及经济含义。

三．论述题（每题30分，共60分）1.图示说明厂商在既定条件下如何实现产量最大化。

2.试解释总需求曲线向右上方倾斜的原因。

第二篇：2014年河南大学金融研究生考试真题2014年河南大学金融研究生考试真题宏观经济学部分名词解释：1.CPI2.投资成数3.国内生产总值简答1.IS曲线的斜率为什么一般情况下为负2.试述凯恩斯货币需求理论的主要内容3.试述财政政策中自动稳定器发挥作用的原理4.利用AD-AS模型分析宽松性货币政策的影响论述试分析通货膨胀的成因微观经济学部分1.无差异曲线2.超额利润3.恩格尔定律简答题1.简述供给，供给量和供给曲线2.简述相关商品价格变化对需求曲线的影响3.简述消费者均衡与编辑原理论述题试比较分析完全竞争和完全垄断市场效应第三篇：河南大学经济学院官方在职研究生招生简章2012年河南大学经济学院在职研究生招生简章经济学院拥有在校本科生、留学生及硕士、博士研究生共3000 余人。

下设经济系、贸易系、财政系、金融系，统计系以及保险系6 个教学单位。

学院现有教职工122人，其中专业教师108人，教授27人，副教授 55人，讲师助教26人。

在教师队伍中，有博士生导师15人，博士55人，硕士25人；有国际学会副会长2人，全国性学会副会长1人，在全国级学会及专业委员会担任学术职务者11人次，有河南省经济政策顾问1人，黄河学者4人，河南省特聘教授2人，校级特聘教授2人。

学院目前共拥有理论经济学、应用经济学2个博士后流动站，统计学、应用经济学2个博士学位授权一级学科（含15个二级博士学位授权点），以及2个二级博士学位授权点：政治经济学、马克思主义原理（共建）。

微观经济学复习参考题一、单项选择1．资源的稀缺性是指（B）A．资源的绝对数量的有限性B．相对于人类社会的无穷欲望而言，资源总是不足的C．生产某种物品所需资源的绝对数量的有限性D．世界上资源最终将由于生产更多物品和劳务而消耗光2．一国的生产可能性曲线上的点表示（D）A． 通货膨胀B． 失业或者资源没有被充分利用C． 该国可利用的资源减少及技术水平降低D． 社会使用既定的生产资源所能生产商品的最大组合3．以下问题中哪个不属于微观经济学所考察的（B）A． 一个厂商的产出水平B． 失业率的上升或下降C． 联邦货物税的高税率对货物销售的影响D． 某一行业中雇佣工人的数量4．实证经济学与规范经济学的根本区别是(A)A．是否包括价值判断B．研究对象不同C．研究范围不同D．是否运用了归纳法5．在某一时期内彩电的需求曲线向左平移，其原因可以是（B）。

A．彩电的价格上升 B．消费者对彩电的预期价格下降C．消费者的收入水平提高 D．黑白电视机的价格上升6．当两种商品中一种商品的价格发生变化时，这两种商品的需求量都同时增加或减少，则这两种商品的需求交叉弹性系数为（C）A．1 B．0 C．＜0 D．＞0。

7．蔬菜供给的减少，不可能是由于（C）。

A．气候异常严寒 B．政策限制蔬菜的种植C．蔬菜的价格下降； D．化肥价格上涨8．某月内，X商品的替代品的价格上升和互补品的价格上升，分别引起该商品的需求变动量为50单位和80单位，则在它们共同作用下该月X商品需求数量（D）A． 增加130单位 B． 减少130单位C． 增加30单位 D． 减少30单位9．若价格上涨10％，能使消费者支出减少1％，则该商品的需求价格弹性属于（A）A． 富有弹性 B． 缺乏弹性C． 单一弹性 D． 完全弹性10．均衡价格随（C）A．需求和供给的增加而下降 B．需求和供给的减少而下降C．需求减少和供给的增加而下降 D．需求增加和供给的减少而下降11．市场上某商品存在超额需求是由于（D）A． 该商品价格超过均衡价格B． 该商品是优质品C． 该商品供不应求D． 该商品价格低于均衡价格12．当某消费者对商品X的消费达到饱和点时，则边际效用MU X（A）A．=0 B．＞0 C．＜0 D．不确定13．预算线的位置和斜率取决于（C）A．消费者的收入B．消费者的偏好、收入和商品的价格C．消费者的收入和商品的价格D．消费者的偏好14．翠花的消费预算是100元，猪肉的价格是10元，酸菜的价格是3元。