湖南农业大学611教育学专业基础综合2017年考研专业课真题试卷

2017年湖南师范大学考研（教育学综合）真题试卷(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、简答题(总题数：7，分数：14.00)1.学生身心发展的一般规律。

（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：(1)人的身心发展具有顺序性。

例如，人的认知发展总是从无意注意到有意注意，从具体形象思维到抽象逻辑思维等。

(2)人的身心发展具有阶段性。

在人的发展过程中，身体、心理的发展都呈现出相对独立的前后衔接的阶段。

(3)人的身心发展具有差异性。

首先，不同个体身心发展的速度不同；其次，不同个体身心发展的质量也可能不同。

(4)人的身心发展具有不均衡性。

一方面，在不同的年龄阶段，其身心发展是不均衡的；另一方面，在同一时期，青少年身心不同方面的发展也是不均衡的。

此外，人的身心发展的规律对教育有一定的制约，顺序性和阶段性要求教育要量力而行、循序渐进；阶段性和不平衡性要求抓关键期；差异性要求因材施教。

)解析：2.论述德育过程的规律。

（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：(1)德育过程是在教师教导下学生能动的道德活动过程。

首先，学生品德的发展是在活动和交往中能动地实现的；其次，道德活动是促进外界的德育影响转化为学生自身品德的基础；最后，进行德育要善于组织、指导学生的活动和交往。

(2)德育过程是培养学生知、情、意、行的过程。

知即道德认知，情即道德情感，意即道德意志，行即道德行为。

一方面，要注重四者的全面性，做到晓之以理，动之以情，导之以行，持之以恒；另一方面要有针对性，教师要有的放矢，抓四者中间的薄弱环节。

2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试教育学综合真题(总分：315.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、单项选择题1-45 小题，每小题 2 分，共 90 分。

下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项符合试题要求。

(总题数：45，分数：90.00)1.关注知识与权力意识形态关系的教育学流派是（分数：2.00）A.实用主义教育学B.批判教育学√C.实验教育学D.文化教育学解析：本题旨在考查考生对 20 世纪以来教育学发展的掌握情况。

批判教育学兴起于 20 世纪 70 年代，是当前西方教育理论界占主导地位的教育思潮。

代表人物有美国的鲍尔斯、金蒂斯、阿普尔，法国的布尔迪厄等。

批判教育学强调：(1)当代资本主义的学校教育并非是促进社会公平与实现社会公正的途径和手段，而是维护现实社会的不公平、造成社会差别和对立的根源。

(2)当代资本主义的学校教育的功能就是再生产出占主导地位的社会政治意识形态、文化关系和经济结构。

(3)批判教育学的目的就是要揭示看似自然事实背后的利益关系，帮助教师和学生对自己所处的教育环境及形成教育环境的诸多因素敏感起来，即对他们进行“启蒙”以达到意识“解放”的目的。

(4)教育现象不是中立的和客观的，而是充满利益纷争的，教育理论研究不能采取唯科学主义的态度和方法，而要采用实践批判的态度和方法，揭示具体教育生活中的利益关系，使其从无意识的层面上升到意识的层面。

与其他几个选项比，批判教育学者更关注知识与权力、意识形态的关系，因此，本题选 B。

选项A，实用主义教育学是19 世纪末20 世纪初兴起于美国的一种教育思潮，代表人物是杜威、克伯屈，代表作是杜威的《民主主义与教育》和克伯屈的《设计教学法》。

选项 C，实验教育学兴起于 19 世纪末20 世纪初的欧美，主要是采用自然科学的实验法来研究儿童发展及其与教育关系的理论，代表人物主要是德国教育学家梅伊曼和拉伊。

选项 D，文化教育学又称精神科学教育学，是 19 世纪末出现在德国的一种教育学说，深刻地影响了 20 世纪德国乃至世界教育学的发展，尤其在教育的本质、教育的目的、师生关系以及教育学性质等方面给人以很大启发，代表人物是狄尔泰、斯普朗格、利特和福利特纳。

2017年教育学考研真题与答案解析（完整版）感谢凯程陆老师对本文做出的重大贡献一、单项选择题：1-45小题，每小题2分，共90分。

下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项符合试题要求。

1.关注知识与权力意识形态关系的教育学流派是A.实用主义教育学B.批判教育学C.实验教育学D.文化教育学【解析】B批判教育学喜欢从马克思主义的角度，从阶级分析的离场研究教育，关注意识形态。

2.我国社会主义教育目的的理论基础是A.社会本位论B.个人本位论C.国家本位论D.人的全面发展理论【解析】Ｄ请注意，Ａ和B是价值取向，不是我国教育目的的理论基础。

3.以下道德教育模式中，将“学会选择”作为核心理论的是A.价值澄清模式B.认识发展模式C.体谅模式D.社会学习模式【解析】Ａ价值澄清模式重在让学生“选择”价值观。

4.某语文老师在古诗单元教学结束时，给学生布置了写七律诗的作业，根据布鲁姆20世纪60年代提出的教育目标分类学框架，该作业在认识目标的分类中属于A.分析B.理解C.评价D.综合【解析】Ｄ学生去写一首七律诗，是调用了对所有七律诗的知识去完成的，所以是综合。

5.形成性评价与终结性评价的主要差异在于A.评价目的不同B.评价方法不同C.评价内容不同D.评价主体不同【解析】A形成性评价最终是为了促进学生的发展。

终结性评价是为了甄别学生。

6.我国1958年确立的教育方针强调A.教育必须与生产劳动相结合B.全面实施素质教育C.坚持立德树人D.培养社会主义建设者和接班人【解析】Ａ1958年我国曾提出过两个必须的教育方针.两个必须是:教育必须为无产阶级政治服务,教育必须与劳动生产相结合。

7.我国中学曾经分别开设《动物学》和《植物学》的两个科目，后来合并为《生物学》一个科目，从课程组织的类型来看，合并后的《生物学》属于A.融合课程B.综合课程C.分科课程D.核心课程【解析】Ａ两个科目合并为新的科目就叫做融合课程。

8.学习者中心课程理论的拥护者，在教学模式上更倾向于选择A.程序教学模式B.掌握教学模式C.探究教育模式D.范例教学模式【解析】ＣABD均属于知识中心课程理论。

6、教育学把教师从事教育教学活动时的基本行为规范和职业行为要求称为（）A、教师的道德形象B、教师的人格形象C、教师的文化形象D、教师的政治形象7、师生关系通常可分为社会关系、教育关系和（）A、契约关系B、人际关系C、心理关系D、合作关系8、“课程应以儿童的活动为中心”这是（）的观点。

A、存在主义课程论B、学科中心课程论C、后现代主义课程论D、经验主义课程论9、布鲁的认知结构教学理论在教学目标上强调（）A、学生行为的改变B、发展学生的智力，特别是创造性思维能力C、掌握系统的科学知识与基本技能D、培养自我发展和自我实现的人10、我国学校德育的基本内容有道德教育、政治教育、思想教育和（）A、法制教育B、心理健康教育C、生态教育D、通识教育11、在文化教育上重要特征表现为“学在官府”的朝代是（）A 商代 B夏代 C西周 D东周12、在教育对象上实行“有教无类”主张的教育家是（）A、荀子B、孔子C、孟子D、庄子13、汉代首先提出“独尊儒术”思想的是（）A、王充B、郑玄C、贾谊D、董仲舒14、民国时期积极倡导和支持“教育独立”的教育家是（）A、杨贤江B、陶行知C、鲁迅D、蔡元培15、主持1929-1936年河北定县乡村平民教育实验的教育家是（）A、陈鹤琴B、梁漱溟C、晏阳初D、黄炎培16、《理想国》的作者是（ ）A、苏格拉底B、柏拉图C、亚里士多德D、智者派17、西方教育史上第一本专门研究教育理论的著作是昆体良写的（）A、《爱弥尔》B、《教育论》C、《忏悔录》D、《论演说家的培养》18、在《教育漫话》里提出“白板说”的著名教育家是（）A、斯宾塞B、洛克C、杜威D、卢梭19、夸美纽斯从“泛智论”出发，提出了（）A、补偿教育思想B、回归教育思想C、终身教育思想D、普及教育思想20、下列不属于杜威教育思想的观点是（）A、教师是中心B、教育即生活C、学校即社会D、从做中学21、学习动机的人本理论的代表人物是（）A、马斯洛B、斯金纳C、阿特金森D、班杜拉22、（）是发生认识论的创始人，对儿童认知发展进行了系统的研究，提出认知的本质就是适应，即儿童的认知是在已有图式的基础上，通过同化、顺应和平衡，不断从低级向高级发展。

2018年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题科目名称及代码：611 教育学专业基础综合适用专业(领域）：教育学各二级学科考生需带的工具：考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。

一、单项选择题：1～30小题，每小题3分，共90分。

下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项符合试题要求。

1、关于制度化的教育和非制度化的教育，下列说法错误的是（）A. 制度化的教育从非制度化的教育演化而来B. 非制度化的教育的形式化程度低C. 学校教育是一种制度化的教育D. 非制度化的教育正在逐渐消亡2、关于批判教育学的代表人物及所属国家正确的是（）A. 美国的杜威B. 巴西的弗莱雷C. 德国的斯普朗格D. 英国的阿普尔3、从教育功能的性质上看，可把教育的功能分为（）A. 个体功能和社会功能B. 保守功能与超越功能C. 本体功能与派生功能D. 显性功能与隐性功能4、联合国通过的《21世纪议程》指出“教育在促进可持续发展和提高人们解决环境和发现问题的能力上，具有重要作用”，这表明教育具有（）A . 生态功能 B. 经济功能C. 政治功能D. 人口功能5、教育目的选择与确立的基本价值取向有人本位的价值取向和（）A. 国家本位的价值取向B. 社会本位的价值取向C. 生活本位的价值取向D. 知识本位的价值取向6、我国全面发展教育的构成主体是（）A. 科学教育和人文教育B. 德育、智育、体育和美育C. 社会教育、家庭教育和学校教育D. 初等教育、中等教育、高等教育和成人教育7、教育制度是一个国家各级各类教育机构与组织体系及其（）A. 管理规则B. 文化传统C. 发展愿景D. 价值观念8、从形态上看，我国现行学制主要属于（）A. 单轨学制B. 双轨学制C. 分支型学制D. 网络型学制9、学生主体性的最高表现形式是（）A. 调控性B. 选择性C. 独立性D. 创造性10、课程不应该帮助学生去适应社会，而是要建立一种新的社会秩序和社会文化，这一观点属于（）A. 存在主义课程论B. 后现代主义课程论C. 经验主义课程论D. 社会改造主义课程论11、教育工作是国家的重要事务，夏朝时国家机构中主管教化的政务官是（）。

附件3：2020年全国硕士研究生招生考试教育学考试大纲Ⅰ．考试性质教育学专业基础综合考试是为高等院校和科研院所招收教育学学科的硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生掌握教育学学科大学本科阶段专业基础知识、基本理论、基本方法的水平和分析问题、解决问题的能力，评价的标准是高等学校教育学学科优秀本科毕业生所能达到的及格及及格以上水平，以利于各高等院校和科研院所择优选拔，确保硕士研究生的招生质量。

Ⅱ．考查目标教育学专业基础综合考试涵盖教育学原理、中外教育史、教育心理学和教育研究方法等学科基础课程。

要求考生系统掌握上述教育学学科的基本理论、基本知识和基本方法，能够运用所学的基本理论、基本知识和基本方法分析、判断和解决有关理论问题和实际问题。

1．准确地再认或再现学科的有关知识。

2．准确、恰当地使用本学科的专业术语，正确理解和掌握学科的有关范畴、规律和论断。

3．运用有关原理，解释和论证某种观点，辨明理论是非。

4．运用教育学原理、观点和方法，比较和分析有关社会现象或实际问题。

Ⅲ．考试形式和试卷结构一、试卷满分及考试时间本试卷满分为300分，考试时间为180分钟。

二、答题方式答题方式为闭卷、笔试。

三、试卷内容结构教育学原理约37%中外教育史约37%教育心理学约15%教育研究方法约11%四、试卷题型结构单项选择题判断题简答题论述题Ⅳ．考查内容一、教育学原理【考查目标】1.准确识记教育学的基础知识。

2.正确理解教育学的基本概念和基本理论。

3.能够运用教育学的基本理论分析教育理论与实践问题。

一、教育学概述(一)教育学的研究对象(二)教育学的研究任务(三)教育学的产生与发展1.教育学的萌芽2.独立形态教育学的产生与发展3.20世纪以来教育学的发展教育学流派;教育学分支学科;元教育学。

(四)教育学的理论基础及其与相关学科的关系哲学基础;心理学基础;社会基础。

(五)教育学的价值教育学的理论价值;教育学的实践价值。

2017年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题科目名称及代码：生态学概论615适用专业（领域）：生态学、生态经济与管理、环境生态学考生需带的工具：考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。

一、名词解释(共计30分，每小题3分)1、生态2、生态因子3、生态适应性4、生态容量5、生态阈值6、生态效应7、复合生态系统8、生态旅游9、生态危机10、生态建设二、判断下列陈述的对错(对打√、错打×，共计分20每小题2分)1、人工生态系统的基本功能包括能量流动、物质循环、信息传递和价值转换。

（）2、水循环主要通过降雨、蒸发和蒸腾等环节进行。

（）3、生物种群与生物群落是既有联系，又有区别的概念。

（）4、生态系统中多重组成要素变化，必将引起其结构与功能的不同程度响应。

（）的固定速率因植被类型不同有着很大的差异。

（）5、在自然界CO26、在自然生态系统中，生物之间的食物供给关系常以食物链网方式呈现。

（）7、一般而言，人工生态系统的自我调节能力比自然生态系统大。

（）8、与地质大循环相比，参与生物小循环的物质和元素多呈封闭式循环。

（）9、构成复合生态系统的物种组成和时空配置都是人为。

（）10、随时间的推移，生态系统的环境状态总是朝着既定的方向演替。

（）三、简要回答下列问题(共计60分，每小题10分)1、在自然生态系统中阳光以何方式影响植物生长和发育？2、选择R对策的生物在生长发育方面具有哪些特点？3、根据生态因子性质的差异性，通常将生态因子分为哪些类型？4、物质或元素在进行地质大循环过程中大多会经历哪些自然圈？5、根据环境特性的差异性，可将陆地生态系统进一步细分为哪些子系统？6、与非生态系统相比，生态系统具有哪些特征？四、试论述下列命题(共计40分，每小题20分)1、试论述为什么和如何开展资源节约？2、用实例论述森林生态系统具有的服务功能。

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2013年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题科目名称及代码：教育学专业基础综合（自命题） 618适用专业（领域）：教育学考生需带的工具：考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。

一、单项选择题：（每小题3分，共90分）1、主张教育目的是“为完满生活作准备”、反对英国古典主义教育传统的教育家是（）A. 培根B. 洛克C.斯宾塞D.赫胥黎2、被朱熹称为“为学之序”的“博学之，审问之，慎思之，明辨之，笃行之”出自（）A. 《大学》B. 《中庸》C.《论衡》D.《白鹿洞书院揭示》3、实验安排的反作用效果也称为（）A.霍桑效应B.马太效应C.皮格马里翁效应D.消散效应4、在科学史上，首次研究了科学认识的“归纳—演绎”程序及其所遵循的方法，并在形式逻辑之上建立了科学方法论的哲学家、思想家是（）A.苏格拉底B.柏拉图C. 亚里士多德D.毕达哥拉斯5、形式训练说所涉及的迁移本质上是（）A.水平迁移B.垂直迁移C. 特殊迁移D.一般迁移6、在教育研究报告中，研究中使用的调查问卷一般放在（）A.前言部分B. 正文部分C. 结论和建议部分D.附录部分7、测验结果的一致性或稳定性，称为实验的（）A. 信度B.效度C. 错误D.误差8、在加涅的学习信息加工模式中，编码、贮存登记属于（）A.领会阶段B.习得阶段C.保持阶段D.反馈阶段9、在皮亚杰认知发展的四个阶段中，儿童的集体独白处于（）A.感知运用阶段B.前运算阶段C.具体运算阶段D.形式运动阶段共26页第1页。

2017年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题科目名称及代码：基础英语612适用专业（领域）：外国语言学及应用语言学考试需带的工具：考生注意事项：1所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；2按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。

I.Paraphrase（20 points, 2 points each）Write your answer on the answer sheet1. The place has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever bothered it.2. Serious looking men spoke to each other as if they were oblivious of the crowds about them.3. Even the self-assurance of Ogilvie flickered for an instance.4. The case had erupted round my head.5. The cast of characters set before him in his new profession was rich and varied--- a cosmos.6. They are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef.7. Hitler was counting on enlisting capitalists and Right Wing sympathies in this country and the U.S.A.8. Conversation is not for making a point.9. The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelict building-lot.10. Mark Twain digested the new American experience before sharing it with the world as writer and lecturer.II.Vocabulary and Grammar（20 points, 1 point each）Decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.1. __dull he may be, he is certainly a very successful top executive.A AlthoughB whateverC AsD However2. If only I __play the guitar as well as you!A wouldB couldC shouldD might3. The party, __I was the guest of honour, was extremely enjoyable.A by whichB for whichC to whichD at which4. It’s high time we __ cutting down the rainforests.A stoppedB had to stopC shall stopD stop5 The student said there were a few points in the essay he __ impossible to comprehend.A has foundB was findingC had foundD would find6. Aren't you tired? I ____ you had done enough for today.A. should have thoughtB. must have thoughtC. might have thoughtD. could have thought7. "It seems that she was there at the conference." The sentence means thatA. she seems to be there at the conference.B. she seemed to be there at the conference.C. she seems to have been there at the conference.D. she seemed to being there at the conference.8. Which of the following adverbs can NOT be used to complete " _____ everybody came"?A. NearlyB. QuiteC. PracticallyD. Almost9. In "How much do you think he earns?" how much is ______ of the sentence.A. the subjectB. the adverbialC. the objectD. the complement10. "The man preparing the documents is the firm's lawyer" has all the following possible meanings EXCEPTA. the man who has prepared the documents...B. the man who has been preparing the documents...C. the man who is preparing the documents...D. the man who will prepare the documents...11. Keep this reference book; it may come in _____ one day.A. handyB. usefulC. convenientD. helpful12. The questions that the speaker raised were well ____ the average adult.A. pastB. onC. beyondD. through13. Teachers in this school were encouraged to use drama as a(n) _____ of learning.A. designB. instrumentC. agencyD. tool14. First, we need to find out what his scheme is, and then act _____. A. sensitivelyB. imaginativelyC. efficientlyD. accordingly15. At first Jim was not quite clear what he was going to do afteruniversity, but now he seems _____ on becoming a computer programmer.A. fitB. setC. disposedD. decided16. Developing countries should adopt labor-intensive technologies to _____ their comparative advantage of abundant labor.A. useB. exploitC. employD. explore17. The tests show the earlier in life a person hears a sound the longer it is .A. retainedB. preservedC. remainedD. reserved18. The Channel Tunnel is one of the biggest engineering projects ever .A. understatedB. undertakenC. undergoneD. underneath19. Good relationship between partners are the rudders which steer joint ventures through waters.A. troublesomeB. troubledC. troublousD. disturbed20. The lack of manners and common politeness is not to business deals. It’sa social blank.A. exclusiveB. inclusiveC. elusiveD. impassiveIII.Cloze(30 points, 1.5 points each）Decide which of the choices given below would best complete the passage in the corresponding blanks. Mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.In Japan, most people still feel that a woman’s place is in the home; and most women willingly accept their 1 role as wife, leaving the business of making a living 2 their husbands. For those who do want a 3 of their own, opportunities are limited, and working women usually have to 4 for lower wages, fewer promotions, less responsible 5 .In America, on the other hand, most women, 6 wives and mothers, work most of their lives. But 7 , few have had real careers. As in Japan most fields are 8 by men and opportunities for women have been 9 , salaries low, chances for advancement 10 . American women work mainly because they 11 ; in these days of inflation and luxury living, 12 income per family is simply not enough to 13 . So American women actually have two jobs; one nine –to –five position outside the home, and 14 round- the- clock in –the-home job 15 wife. Housemaid, cook, and nurse.One of the main goals of the modern women’s liberation movement, which started 16 , was to eliminate sex discrimination in the work force, and to 17 careers for women that were previously 18 for men. And though there is still a long way to 19 , a lot of progress has been 20 .1. A) conservative B) usual C) traditional D) unhappy2. A) for B) with C) up to D) away with3. A) job B) career C) profession D) post4. A) settle B) request C) ask D) search5. A) titles B) status C) assignments D) positions6. A) concerning B) including C) containing D) involving7. A) at present B) until recently C) recently D) not until recently8. A) owned B) kept C) led D) dominated9. A) restricted B) bounded C) reduced D) prohibited10. A) small B) inadequate C) rare D) scarce11. A) should B) ought C) like D) have to12. A) one B) single C) only D) the one13. A) live B) live on C) feed on D) support14. A) another B) one C) other D) the other15. A) such as B) like C) as D) acting16. A) in the early 1960s B) in early the 1960sC) early in the 1960 D) in the early 196017. A) lead to B) open up C) offer D) set up18. A) preserved B) observed C) concerned D) reserved19. A) go B) travel C) strive D) pull through20. A) made B) taken C) covered D) completedIV. Reading（40 points, 2 points each）Read the following passages and answer the multiple-choice questions; decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Passage 1Geraldo Rivera is well known for his compassionate investigative reports on WABC-TV Eyewitness News. He has done exposes of New York City’s welfare hotels, the over-pricing of prescription drugs, and drug abuse. In 1971, he received the Associated Press Broadcaster of the Year award for the program Drug Crisis in East Harlem. He received the award again in 1972 for the program Migrants, Dirt Cheap.His most famous expose however was done on the horrible conditions at Staten Island’s Willowbrook State School. It is the world’s largest institution for the mentally disabled. His investigation began when he and his camera crew gained access to one of the building. Geraldo’s emotionally charged reports exposed the unsanitary conditions and neglectful, often abusive, treatment of the patients. He cried over what he discovered, and he made his viewers cry, too. The programs created a public plea for reform, and changes were made. Governor Nelson Rockefeller of New York restored $20 million to the school’s slashed budget. The programs--Willowbrook earned him the Scripps-Howard Award, an Emmy，and the Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award.Geraldo Rivera has continued working for the mentally disabled. He founded One-to-One, a charity that provides small group homes for the care of the mentally disabled in the community. He hosts huge outdoor festivals for the mentally disabled in New York City’s Central Park. He also wrote a book about some of the courageouspeople he has met as an investigative journalist. It is called A Special Kind of Courage. As he himself says, “I make no pretense of objectivity. But I’m not just in the business of making people cry. I’m in the business of change.”1. Geraldo Rivera is working as a(n)____．A) news reporter for a newspaper in New YorkB) investigative reporter for a special TV programC) investigative officer of the New York governmentD) philanthropist for the welfare of the mentally disabled2. How many awards did Rivera receive for his work?A) Two B) There C) Four D) Five3. Rivera’s investigation and expose on the conditions at Willowbrook State School led to ____.A) the public concern and request for changes.B) the improvement of the conditions there.C) a considerable increase in the school’s budgetD) all of the above4. The term “One-to-One” in the 3rd paragraph refers to____.A) an organization in the community that helps take better care of the mentally disabledB) a device that helps the mentally disabled behave themselvesC) an organization that provides homes for the mentally disabledD) a hospital that helps cure the mentally disabledPassage 2In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called “classical conditioning.” This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment. It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother’s face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion.The second kind of learning is called “operant conditioning.” This occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more.Every day, we grow and have new experience. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with other people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person ismean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.5. The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to____A) teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotionsB) give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learningC) give parents some advice on how to modify their children’s emotions through learningD) discuss with psychologists how positive and negative feelings are produced6. If you jokes often find a ready echo in a person, you will learn through ___that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presenceA) classical conditioning B) operant conditioningC) neither of them D) some other sorts of conditioning7. If a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. This is a typical example of learning through____A) classical conditioning B) operant conditioningC) both of them D) neither of them8. In the third paragraph, the author is .A) discussing how we grow and have new experiences every dayB) talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioningC) concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so onD) using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning Passage 3A classic series of experiments to determine the effects of overpopulation on communities of rats was conducted by a psychologist, John Calhoun. In each experiment, an equal number of male and female adult rats were placed in an enclosure. The rat populations were allowed to increase. Calhoun knew from experience approximately how many rats could live in the enclosures without experiencing stress due to overcrowding. He allowed the population to increase to approximately twice this number. Then he stabilized the population by removing offspring that were not dependent on their mothers. At the end of the experiments, Calhoun was able to conclude that overcrowding causes a breakdown in the normal social relationships among rats, a kind of social disease. The rats in the experiments did not follow the same patterns of behavior as rats would in a community without overcrowding.The females in the rat population were the most seriously affected by the high population density. For example, mothers sometimes abandoned their pups, and, without their mothers’ care, the pups died. The experiments verified that in overpopulated communities, Mother rats do not behave normally. Their behavior may be considered diseased, pathological.The dominant males in the rat population were the least affected by over population. Each of these strong males claimed an area of the enclosure as his own. Therefore, these individuals did not experience the overcrowding in the same way as the other rats did. However, dominant males did behave pathologically at times. Their antisocial behavior consisted of attacks on weaker male, female, and immature rats. This deviant behavior showed that even though the dominant males had enough living space, they too were affected by the general overcrowding.Nondominant males in the experimental rat communities also exhibited deviant social behavior. Some withdrew completely, avoiding contact with other rats. Other nondominant males were hyperactive, chasing other rats and fighting each other.The behavior of the rat population has parallels in human behavior. People in densely populated areas exhibit deviant behavior similar to that of the rats in Calhoun’s experiments. In large urban areas, such as New York City, London, and Cairo, there are abandoned children. There are cruel, powerful individuals, both men and women. There are also people who withdraw and people who become hyperactive. Is the principal cause of these disorders overpopulation? Calhoun’s experiments suggest that it might be. In any case, social scientists and city planners have been influenced by the results of this series of experiments.9. Calhoun stabilized the rat population .A) when it was double the number that could live in the enclosure without stressB) by removing young ratsC) so that there was a constant number of adult rats in the enclosureD) All of the above are correct10. Which of the following inferences CANNOT be made from the information in paragraph 1?A) Calhoun’s experiment is still considered important today.B) Overpopulation causes pathological behavior in rat populations.C) Stress does not occur in rat communities unless there is overcrowding.D) Calhoun had experimented with rats before.11. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?A) Dominant males had adequate living space.B) Dominant males were not as seriously affected by overcrowding as the other rats.C) Dominant males attacked weaker rats.D) The strongest males are always able to adapt to bad conditions.12. The author implies that the behavior of the dominant male rats is sometimes parallel to that of .A) cruel, powerful people B) people who abandon their childrenC) hyperactive people. D) All of the above are correctPassage 4Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways. The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more disagreements in interest, andmore groups and organizations with different beliefs. In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies. All these factors tend to promote social change by opening more areas of life to decision. In a society where people are quite similar in many ways, there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change because everything seems to be the same. And although conditions may not be satisfactory, they are least customary and undisputed.Within a society, social change is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the less basic and less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites; in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; in form rather than in substance; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange elements.Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp dichotomies. This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities, because of the sharp difference in appearance between them and their white counterparts.13. The passage is mainly discussing .A) two different societies B) the necessity of social changeC) certain factors that determine the ease with which social change occurD) certain factors that promote social change14. is one of the factors that tend to promote social change.A) Joint interest B) Advanced technologyC) Less emotional people D) Different points of view15. The expression “greater tolerance” (paragraph 1) refers to .A) “greater willingness to accept social change”B) “quicker adaptation to changing circumstances”C) “more respect for different beliefs and behavior”D) “greater readiness to agree to different opinions and ideas”16. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?A) Social change tends to meet with more difficulty in basic and emotional aspects of society.B) Disagreement with and argument about conditions tend to slow down social change.C) Social change is more likely to occur in the material aspect of society.D) Social change is less likely to occur in what people learned when they were young. Passage 5During her childhood, Rachel showed an interest in nature and in writing. After high school, she enrolled in Pennsylvania State College for Women, intending to become a writer. She switched to biology, however, thereby setting the course of her life. Rachel went to Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore for further study and became a member of the zoology staff at the University of Maryland.For fifteen years, Rachel worked for the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, writing and editing publications. Fortunately, her employer encouraged her to reach a larger audience. Rachel’s poetic style of writing in three books about the ocean caught the imagination of the general reader. Her rare talent as both a physical scientist and a gifted writer earned her the National Book Award for The Sea Around Us.Rachel’s next book marked her as a leading conservationist and a crusader for the preservation of the natural environment. She began writing Silent Spring, knowing that she would be personally attacked and ridiculed. She continued writing despite the ill health that slowed her progress. Upon completing the book, she wrote to a close friend, “I have felt bound by a solemn obligation to do what I could—if I didn’t at least try I could never again be happy in nature. But now I can believe I have at least helped a little.”Rachel Carson did more than help a little. Although both government and industry opposed her, specialists in public health, the press, and the public itself all supported her fight against the irresponsible use of insecticides. Her book eventually led the government to ban DDT.17. This passage is concerned mainly with .A) the environmental revolution in the United StatesB) Rachel Carson as a poetic writerC) the popularity of The sea Around Us and Silent SpringD) Rachel Carson as a conservationist18. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A) As a child, Rachel loved books and the natural world.B) Rachel started her higher education aiming at becoming a writer.C) she decided to switch her major to biology in Johns Hopkins UniversityD) Rachel won the National Book Award for The Sea Around Us.19. She began to write Silent Spring because .A) her employer encouraged her to do soB) she felt obliged to fight against the poisoning of the earthC) her poetic writing style was very much appreciated by the general readerD) she knew that it would not bring her any personal harm20. The statement “Rachel Carson did more than help a little” in the fourth paragraph signifies that .A) she played a significant role in the environmental revolutionB) she had proved herself to be an outstanding writer, poet and scientistC) she knew the importance of what she was doing and she succeededD) she devoted her whole life to helping friends and those suffering from the poisoned environmentV. Writing (40 points)Write on the answer sheet a composition of about 300 words on the following topic:Now our government is calling on innovation of the masses. What is your understanding of it? Write an article to explain it, focusing on the relationship between innovation and economy development.ON THE RELATIONSHIPBETWEEN INNOVATION AND ECONOMY DEVELOPMENTYou are to write in four paragraphs.In the first paragraph, introduce the topic and state your view about this topic.In the second and third paragraphs, state the reasons to support your view.In the last paragraph, bring a natural conclusion.。

2017年教育学考研真题与答案一、单选题（共80题，共80分）1.某语文老师在古诗单元教学结束时，给学生布置了写七律诗的作业，根据布鲁姆20世纪60年代提出的教育目标分类学框架，该作业在认识目标的分类中属于()A.分析B.理解C.评价D.综合ABCD正确答案：A2.形成性评价与终结性评价的主要差异在于()A.评价目的不同B.评价方法不同C.评价方法不同D.评价主体不同ABCD正确答案：A3.我国1958年确立的教育方针强调()A.教育必须与生产劳动相结合B.全面实施素质教育C.坚持立德树人D.培养社会主义建设者和接班人ABCD正确答案：A4.我国中学的课程曾经分设动物学和植物学两个科目，后来合并为一个科目《生物学》从课程组织的类型来看，合并后的生物学属于()A.融合课程C.分科课程D.核心课程ABCD正确答案：A5.学习者中心课程理论的拥护者，在教学模式上更倾向于选择()A.程序教学模式B.掌握教学模式C.探究教学模式D.范例教学模式ABCD正确答案：C6.2003年教育学颁布的《普通高中课程方案(实验)》规定，我国普通高中课程改革由学习领域、科目和模块三个层次构成，这属于()A.课程管理的改革B.课程结构的改革C.课程内容的改革D.课程组织的改革ABCD正确答案：B7.在师生关系上倾向于“学生中心说”的教育学家是()A.帕克B.布拉梅尔德C.赫钦斯D.梅伊曼ABCD正确答案：A8.“形式教育论”认为，教育应发展人的能力，这个“能力”是指()A.实战能力C.理性思维能力D.解决实际问题能力ABCD正确答案：C9.科尔伯格主张用“道德两难法”来促进学生的()A.道德认知发展B.道德情感发展C.道德意志发展D.道德意志发展ABCD正确答案：A10.系统阐述了学习化社会的研究报告()A.《科尔曼报告》B.《一个乘坐学校的地方》C.《学会生存-教育世界的今天和明天》D.《学会生存-教育世界的今天和明天》ABCD正确答案：C11.“吾理不外于吾心”、“吾辈用功，只求日减，不求日增。

2018年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题科目名称及代码：839 教育管理学适用专业(领域）：教育硕士教育管理领域考生需带的工具：考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。

一、简答题 (共计 40 分,每小题 10 分)1、简述教育管理的目的2、简述人本管理的思维方式和管理方法3、简述学校组织机构建设的基本原则4、简述教学领导的含义及影响教学领导有效性的因素二、辨析题(共计20分，每小题10分)1、在教育管理中正激励比负激励好2、教育管理即教育决策三、综合论述题(共计60分，每小题 30 分)1、在相关理论与政策的指导下，结合中小学课堂教学的现状，建构一个中小学课堂教学评价指标体系，并对各指标的含义进行简要解说。

2、结合现状和相关政策分析高效教育领导团队的基本特征及其建构与培育策略。

四、材料分析题（共计30分，每小题30分）据齐鲁晚报记者2016年6月4日报道，山东省建立学生成长档案，推行学生综合素质评价。

报道的具体内容如下。

综合素质评价是基于学生成长发展事实，对学生学业修习状况、核心素养和日常行为表现的系统评价。

从高一新生入学起，每一名学生都要建立个人成长记录。

学生要在教师指导下客观记录能够体现综合素质发展水平的具体活动，收集相关典型事实材料，并及时整理完善。

每学期末，教师指导学生整理、遴选能反映其综合素质主要内容的具体活动记录、典型事实材料以及标志性成果等有关材料，由学生向学校提出入档申请。

同时，学校在规定时间内，将学生每学期的入档材料、学生的简要自我陈述共3页第1页。

[考研类试卷]2017年湖南师范大学考研（教育学综合）真题试卷
一、简答题
1 学生身心发展的一般规律。

2 论述德育过程的规律。

3 论述壬寅学制、癸卯学制的内容和影响。

4 存在主义教育。

5 习得性无助。

6 举例说明建构主义学习特征。

7 影响课程改革趋势的因素。

二、名词解释
8 义务教育
9 美育
10 走班制
11 课程领导力
12 学生自主发展
13 性伪说
14 义学
15 鸿都门学
16 精神助产术
17 教学形式阶段论
18 一般发展
19 绅士教育
20 程序性知识
三、论述题
21 论述教师应具备的基本素养并说明对教师发展的意义。

22 试论新高考背景下课堂教学的变化以及教师如何应对?
23 试论黄炎培的职业教育社会化内涵、内容及意义。

24 试论裴斯泰洛齐教育思想以及他的历史地位。

25 试论教师心理成长。

2015年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题科目名称及代码：基础英语 612适用专业（领域）：外国语言学及应用语言学考生需带的工具：考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。

I.Paraphrase（20 points, 2 points each）Write your answer on the answer sheet1. Serious looking men spoke to each other as if they wereoblivious of the crowds about them.2. I experienced a twinge of embarrassment at the prospect of meeting the mayor of Hroshima in my socks.3. Hitler was counting on enlisting capitalist and Right Wing sympathies in this country and the U.S.A.4 The fundamentalists adhered to a literal interpretation of the Old Testament.5. He lowered the level of his incongruous falsetto voice.6. Even with the most educated and the most literate, the King's English slips and slides in conversation.7. And yet the same revolutionary belief for which our forebears fought is still at issue around the globe.8. United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures.9. The Fiesta appears to have sunk without a trace.10. Children dodged in and out, their high calls rising like the swallows' crossing flights over the music and the singing.II.Vocabulary and Grammar（20 points, 1 point each）Decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.1．It is essential that he ____ all the facts first.A．is examining B．will examine C．examines D．examine 2．Which of the following sentences expresses a future action? A．Lucy is continually finding fault with her sister.B．We are meeting the visitors after the performance.C．The coach is now crossing the Garden Bridge.D．I'm hoping that you'll give us some advice.3．Which of the following italicized parts is used as an object complement?A．The front door remained locked. B．The boy looked disappointed.C．Nancy appeared worried. D．He seemed to have no money left.4．Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT? A．Physics is an important school subject.B．The United States borders Canada.C．The Niagara Falls is in North America.D．Mumps is a kind of infectious disease.5．Which of the following sentences indicates POSSIBILITY? A．The moon cannot always be at the fullB．You cannot smoke inside the building.C．He cannot come today.D．She cannot play the piano.6．Hydrogen, which is ______ than oil, is pretty easy to produce and does no harm to the environment.A．much energy more abundant sourceB．an energy source more abundantC．a much more energy abundant sourceD．a much more abundant energy source7．When _____, the bridge connecting the island to the continent will be open to traffic next year.A．completed B．completingC．being completed D．to be completed8．______ these objections, we can not ignore the advantages of learning through the Internet.A. DespiteB. Instead ofC. For D．Like 9．Mom enjoyed herself so much ______ she was on vacation in France with dad last year.A．where B．that C．which D．when 10．The experiment was ______ we had anticipated.A．a success more than B．more a success than C．a success as much as D．as much of a success as 11．Mary was ______ to tears by their criticism.A．sunk B．reduced C．forced D．declined 12．The police fortunately gained the key clew according to the foot mark in the ______ of the road.A．clay B．dirt C．mud D．soil 13．These magnificent ______ buildings demonstrate the great intelligence of the laboring people.A．antique B．ancient C．primitive D．remote 14．I don't remember meeting him, but the name John Smith rings a bell. The underlined part means ______.A．is omitted B．is warned C．is appearing D．is familiar15．These goods are ______ for export, though a few of them maybe sold on the home market.A．essentially B．completely C．necessarily D．remarkably 16．I wish you break a leg in the coming English speech contest The underlined part means ______.A．get injured B．play well C．good luck D．have fun 17．I have the car now but my sister was the ______ owner. A．initial B．original C．primitive D．primary 18．The principal stressed using multimedia teaching would never replace the one-to-one ______ between pupil and teacher. A．perceptions B．consultations C．interactions D．interruptions 19．They've made a great______ forward with their road building in the last few years.A．bounce B．bound C．hop D．leap 20．Your books and magazines are almost in a ______; go and put them in order.A．chaos B．disorder C．mess D．riotIII.Fill in each blank with one suitable word （30 points, 2 points each）; write your answer on the answer sheet1 understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the difference2 marketing3 selling. Not too many years ago, most industries concentrated primarily4 the efficient production of goods, and then relied5 “persuasive salesmanship” to move as much of these goods6 possible. Such production and selling focuses7 the needs of the seller to produce goods and then convert them8 money.Marketing, 9 the other hand, focuses on the wants of consumers, It begins 10 first analyzing the preferences and demands of consumers and then producing goods that will satisfy them .Thiseye on –the –consumer approach is known as the marketing concept, which simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easiest to produce or buy 11 resale, the makers and dealers first endeavor to find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it available 12 purchase.This concept does not imply that business is benevolent or that consumer satisfaction is given priority 13 profit in a company. There are always two sides to every business transaction –the firm and the customer --and each must be satisfied before trade occurs. Successful merchants and producers, however, recognize that the surest route to profit is through understanding and catering to (迎合)customers. A striking example of the importance of catering to the consumer presented itself 14 mid -1985, when Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink, the nonacceptance of the new flavor by a significant portion of the public brought 15 a prompt restoration of the Classic Coke, which was then marketed alongside the new .King Customer ruled!IV. Reading（40 points, 2 points each）Read the following passages and answer the multiple-choice questions; decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Passage 1According to a survey, which was based on the responses of over 188,000 students, today’s traditional-age college freshmen are “more materialistic and less altruistic (利他主义的)” than at any time in the 17 years of the poll.Not surprising in these hard times, the student’s major objective “is to be financially well off. Less important than ever is developing a2016年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题科目名称及代码：基础英语612试用专业：外国语言学及应用语言学考试需带的工具：考生注意事项：1所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；2按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。

目录2018 年湖南农业大学611教育学专业基础综合考研真题试题试卷 (2)2018年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题科目名称及代码：611教育学专业基础综合适用专业(领域）：教育学各二级学科考生需带的工具：考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。

一、单项选择题：1～30小题，每小题3分，共90分。

下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项符合试题要求。

1、关于制度化的教育和非制度化的教育，下列说法错误的是（）A.制度化的教育从非制度化的教育演化而来B.非制度化的教育的形式化程度低C.学校教育是一种制度化的教育D.非制度化的教育正在逐渐消亡2、关于批判教育学的代表人物及所属国家正确的是（）A.美国的杜威B.巴西的弗莱雷C.德国的斯普朗格D.英国的阿普尔3、从教育功能的性质上看，可把教育的功能分为（）A.个体功能和社会功能B.保守功能与超越功能C.本体功能与派生功能D.显性功能与隐性功能4、联合国通过的《21世纪议程》指出“教育在促进可持续发展和提高人们解决环境和发现问题的能力上，具有重要作用”，这表明教育具有（）A.生态功能B.经济功能C.政治功能D.人口功能5、教育目的选择与确立的基本价值取向有人本位的价值取向和（）A.国家本位的价值取向B.社会本位的价值取向C.生活本位的价值取向D.知识本位的价值取向6、我国全面发展教育的构成主体是（）A.科学教育和人文教育B.德育、智育、体育和美育C.社会教育、家庭教育和学校教育D.初等教育、中等教育、高等教育和成人教育7、教育制度是一个国家各级各类教育机构与组织体系及其（）A.管理规则B.文化传统C.发展愿景D.价值观念8、从形态上看，我国现行学制主要属于（）A.单轨学制B.双轨学制C.分支型学制D.网络型学制9、学生主体性的最高表现形式是（）A.调控性B.选择性C.独立性D.创造性共4页第1页。

2017年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题科目名称及代码：教育学专业基础综合611适用专业（领域）：教育学原理、高等教育学、职业技术教育学、心理健康教育、体育教育学、成人教育学考生需带的工具：考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。

一、单项选择题：第1—30小题，每小题3分，共90分。

下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项符合试题要求。

1、教育作为一个相对独立的系统包括三种基本要素，即教育者、学习者和（）。

A、教育模式B、教育影响C、教育理念D、教育环境2、教育在不同阶段所要连续实现的各种结果称为（）。

A、价值性目的B、发展性目的C、终极性目的D、生成性目的3、教育目的的功能通常有定向功能、调控功能和（）。

A、筛选功能B、激励功能C、反馈功能D、评价功能4、从教育功能的层次来看，通常把教育功能分为本体功能和（）。

A、社会功能B、隐性功能C、负向功能D、派生功能5、从形态上看，我国现行学制是从单轨发展而来的（）。

A、分支型学制B、交叉型学制C、双轨型学制D、网络型学制6、以下关于综合课程的描述错误的是（）。

A、能够克服学科课程分科过细的缺点B、坚持知识的统一性观点C、可以发挥学习者的迁移能力D、遵循以有组织的学科内容作为课程组织的基础7、为了完成教学任务，对教学活动进行调节和控制的一系列执行过程称为（）。

A、教学模式B、教学策略C、教学设计D、教学风格8、《教育法》规定我国教育目的是：教育必须为社会主义现代化建设服务，必须与生产劳动相结合，培养德智体等方面全面发展的社会主义事业的建设者和（）。

A、接班人B、服从者C、合格公民D、管理者9、教育学把教师在教育教学活动中的心理特征的整体体现称为（）。

A、教师的道德形象B、教师的文化形象C、教师的人格形象D、教师的职业形象10、根据在教学活动中的不同作用可把学生评价分为诊断性评价、形成性评价和（）。