APS复习过控英文版.doc

德国留学APS审核基础公共课资料工程电子语言机械经济专业通用中英对照2015年版第一篇：德国留学APS审核基础公共课资料工程电子语言机械经济专业通用中英对照2015年版1)当代世界经济与政治 World Economy and Politics第一章当代世界政治国家利益是外交的根本目的1)雅尔塔体制的建立奠定了两极格局的基础。

雅尔塔体制的建立：内容与实质；意义和效果。

雅尔塔体系（英文：Yalta System），是对1945年-1991年间国际政治格局的称呼，得名于1945年初美、英、苏三国政府首脑罗斯福、丘吉尔、斯大林在苏联雅尔塔（今属乌克兰）举行的雅尔塔会议。

其特点是：以美国和苏联两极为中心，在全球范围内进行争夺霸权的冷战，但不排除局部地区由两个超级大国直接或间接参与的战争（如朝鲜战争、越南战争、阿富汗战争等）。

1989年的东欧剧变和1991年的苏联解体，标志着雅尔塔体系最终瓦解。

1.欧洲在战争中受到严重削弱，德国沦为战败国；法国元气大伤；英国实力消耗极大。

2.美国的军事经济实力空前膨胀，成为资本主义世界头号强国。

3.苏联壮大了自己的政治军事力量，成为世界上唯一能够与美国抗衡的国家。

4.二战后初期，新独立的发展中国家还没有形成抗衡苏美的力量。

实质是大国实力对比和互相妥协的产物，打上了大国强权政治的烙印。

雅尔塔体系的特点有：1.世界两极格局形成，社会主义和资本主义两大阵营对抗，国际关系以美苏冷战为主线。

2.欧洲一分为二，东西欧分别被苏联和美国控制。

3.德国一分为二，社会主义的民主德国和资本主义的联邦德国分别被苏美控制。

[2]4.朝鲜一分为二，社会主义的朝鲜和资本主义的韩国分别被苏美控制。

The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea Conference and codenamed the Argonaut Conference, held from February 4 to 11, 1945, was the World War II meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, represented by President Franklin D.Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill andPremier Joseph Stalin, respectively, for the purpose of discussing Europe's post-war reorganization.The conference convened in the Livadia Palace near Yalta in Crimea.The meeting was intended mainly to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe.Within a few years, with the Cold War dividing the continent, Yalta became a subject of intense controversy.To some extent, it has remained controversial.Yalta was the second of three wartime conferences in Crimea among the Big Three.It had been preceded by the Sevastapol Conference(codenamed Grey Wolf Conference)in 1942, the Tehran Conference in 1943, and was followed by the Potsdam Conference in July 1945, which was attended by Stalin, Churchill(who was replaced halfway through by the newly elected British Prime Minister Clement Attlee)and Harry S.Truman, Roosevelt's successor.2)世界政治力量的分化改组，两极格局受到冲击；第三世界的崛起The third wolrd begin to rise。

语言类：英语笔译，英语口译，英语写作，高级英语，综合英语，英语视听说，基础英语，英语听力，英语口语，商务英语，商务英语阅读、商务沟通、商务英语写作，专业英语，英语国家概况英语笔译：Introduction to TranslationIn this unit, students are expected to learn the definition of translation; the scope of translation; translation criteria; literal translation and free translation.Ⅰ. What Is Translation?Linguistic view on translation:Translation is “the replacement of textual material in one language (source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (target language). ”(Catford, 1965:20)Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida & Taber 1969:12)所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最贴切而又自然的对等语再现原文的信息，首先在语义上，其次在文体上。

(E. A 奈达, 1969)Communicative views on translation:This approach views translation as a communicative process which takes place within a social context. The translator attempts to produce the same effect on the target language readers as was produced by the original on the source language readers. (Newmark, 1982:22) 翻译是一种跨文化的信息交流与交换的活动，其本质是传播。

Process control engineeringWhat have you learned in this course?1.An overview of process control system2.Process modeling3.Single-loop control system designplex process control systemDetail1.An overview of process control systemA process control system is usually refer to industrial process control, it aim to maintain the output of a specific process within a desired range. It’s extensively used in industry, such as in oil refining, paper manufacturing, chemicals and so on. Following is a basic and general block diagram of process control system: ......(fig.)A regulator(controller) is usually a PLC(programmable logic controller) or a single-chip. Actuator can be a valve or a motor. Detector and transmitter usually contain sensors and corresponding signal processing circuit, such as filter and amplifier.A simple example is a single-tank level control system (pic.课本173页),block diagram ......(fig.).The liquid level is constantly detected by sensor and compared with the setpoint value, in order to generate an error signal. Then controller receives the error signal and produces a control signal, acting on the valve to adjust the inflow to reduce the error and to keep the level as close as possible to expected value.In this system, liquid level is controlled variable, and inflow is control variable.2.Process modelingThere are roughly two method to obtain the T.F model of a process: mechanism-analysis method and testing method.Mechanism-analysis method:By analyzing the mechanism of process, we can obtain the ordinary differential equation(ODE), then we can get the F.T. The method applies only to those process that we already accurately understand its internal function.For example, a single capacity process. (fig.) (注意推导过程) Suppose the process is a self-regulating process. (A self-regulating process can reach to a new steady state by itself, without human or other devices’ help, when interference appears. )Multi-capacity process modeling: ......Non self-regulating process modeling: such as a single-capacity process with constant flow pump.Testing method:Use step or pulse signal as input, and record output signal to get response curve. By analyzing the response curve, we can obtain its T.F. And many times, this procedure requires an extensive experience.For example, if we get the response curve of a process, like this (fig.), there’s no inflection point(turning point), so we know it is a first-order process, so the T.F must be likethis(equation.). And the parameter T, K can be determined according to some certain points (equation.). To get more accuracy T.F, we can repeat it several times, and use the average value as final result.If the response curve is kind of S-shape (fig.), then it is a second or a higher order process. To obtain its T.F need to refer to some professional book, because many of them require rich experience. And if the curve is like this (fig.), it shows that the process contains a pure lag, which can be expressed as e-ts.Notice: if we want to get a discrete model, we can use least square method, which usually complete by computer software, like MATLAB.3.Single-loop control system designSingle loop control system: with only one feedback loop, which means only one controller, one valve and one detector.The requirements of industrial process control lie in three major aspects: security, system performance and economy. System performance includes stability, rapidity and accuracy. The major procedure to design a process control system: process modeling, choose control scheme, choose suitable control instruments and setting parameters of controller.3.1 To choose control scheme●Performance indexes:(fig.) (equation.)Steady-state error C, decay rate Ψ, overshoot Mp%, settling time ts, and some overall indexes: IAE(integral absolute error), ITAE(integral time absolute error), ISE(integral square error), ITSE(integral time square error).●Choose controlled variable:Direct choose: choose variable that can directly reflect the quality of products. E.g in a level control system we choose level as controlled variable.Indirect choose: when the direct variable is difficult to observer or to determine, we should choose a variable that has a single-value function with the direct variable. E.g in a fractionating tower system, the concentration of product should be the direct controlled variable, but it difficult to directly detect the concentration, so we choose temperature as controlled variable, because it has a single-value function with concentration of product.●Choose control variable, basic principles:1. Gain of forward path should be as big as possible, and gain of disturbance should be as small as possible.2. Time constant of process should be small, but of disturbance should be big, and time lag of process should be small.3.2 To choose suitable control instrumentsChoose detector and transmitter:should have quick response(generally T<0.1T0 ), enough accuracy, and some essential signal process circuit (see Signal Detection and Conversion).Choose valve:we choose valve mainly according to its discharge characteristic (fig.) and its switch type. Discharge characteristic include logarithmic characteristic and linear characteristic, when process is linear, choose linear characteristic, when it is nonlinear, choose logarithmic characteristic. Switch type include gas-open type and gas-close type, we choose itaccording to safety and economy. E.g in a boiler system, valve of fuel use gas-open type, valve of water use gas-close type, to ensure the safety.Choose controller (choose control strategy):The most widely used control method in industrial process is PID(proportion integration differentiation) control.PID equation: G(s)=K P+T I(1/s)+T D s, or time domain: u(t)= ......P: G(s)=K P, Apply the proportional control can reduce the steady state error, but usually it is not used alone. And if gain K P is too big, it may cause the system instability. E.g.( root locus pic.)PD: G(s)=K P+T D s. Only works when the error varies, and is not suitable for strongly changed process, such as pressure and flow process. Effect: improve the system’s stability, transient performance and reduce settling time and overshoot. Disadvantage: difficult to achieve in practical system. In practical,it is usually replaced by G(s)=K[1+(s+z)/(s+p)], and let p>5z. And T D can not be too big, or may cause oscillation. It is useless for pure lag. PI: G(c)=K P+T I(1/s). Effect: it can completely eliminate steady-state error, improve accuracy(increase the type of system). Disadvantage: response time will increase and stability become bad. If T I is too big, system will be unstable.Generally speaking, if we want to get a higher performance, we use PID control.3.3 tuning parameters of controllerFor PID control, tuning parameters is to determine the coefficient K P, T I, T D.One of the most popular and basic method is called critical-gain method. The advantage od this method is that we can directly tune the parameter in closed=loop system, and do not need to know the characteristic of process, which means there’s no need to know the model of process. The specific procedure is as following:Running the system with feedback loop, firstly we should adjust the T I and K to smallest, and T D to largest. Then increase K gradually until the output become oscillate, then record gain K and oscillation frequency. Finally we can refer to the empirical formula to determine the parameter PID controller.Notice: this method dose not adapted to processes that do not allowed oscillation. E.g boiler-water supply system and burning system. For these processes, gain K should be adjust to let the output appears 4:1 decay or 10:1 decay, instead of oscillation. For example (fig.).*3.4 Example to design a single-loop control system: milk powder drying system (a system to dry out milk to make milk powder).Pic. of system’s instrument: ......Control objective: to maintain a certain water content of milk, and require the error to be as small as possible.Choose controlled variable: water content should be direct controlled variable, but there’s still no effective sensor to detect water content of milk, so we choose the temperature of dryer as indirect controlled variable of system.Choose control variable: there are three candidate control variable: milk flow, air flow and steam flow. Milk flow decide the quantity of product, and according to economy principle, we definitely want to maintain the quantity maximum, so milk powder can’t be control variable. Then we see steam flow, the heat exchanger is an double-capacity process, withlarge time constant, if we choose it as control variable, the time constant of forward path may be to large, which can cause settling time increase, so steam flow is also not the best choice. As for air flow, this element has a smaller time constant, and the influence of disturbance is also the smallest, so we choose air flow as control variable.Choose valve: in order not to burn the milk powder and to protect the devices when the system suddenly breaks down, we choose gas-close type valve. And because the process is nonlinear,so we choose logarithmic characteristic valve.Regulator or controller: in order to reduce the settling time and overshoot, and improve the system’s stability, we can choose PID control.Detector or sensor: use thermal resistance thermometer as sensor, with three wire.plex process control systemComplex process control system refer to cascade control system, feed-forward control system and lag compensation control system and so on.4.1 Cascade control systemThe architecture of cascade control system is as following: ......(fig.)Primary controller secondary controller detector one detector twoInner-loop process outer-loop process secondary disturbance the first disturbanceCascade control system adapted to following situation:1.To overcome the capacity lag and pure lag, to achieve a higher transient performance.2.To overcome some relative large disturbance in inner loop.3.To overcome the nonlinearity of process.Design: The design of control scheme is similar to single loop control system.1.Generally speaking, inner-loop process should contain more disturbances, so that influence of more disturbances can be restrained. But in order to avoid the time constant of inner-loop to be too long, the process should be appropriately chosen.2.Primary controller usually applies PID control, and secondary controller usually use P control. The secondary controller is kind of coarse tuning, and it is a servocontrol system. Primary controller is more likely a fine tuning, it is an constant control system.3.when tuning the parameters of two controller, we usually use two-step tuning method. That is, we tune the secondary controller firstly, the principles are similar to single-loop control system, then we tune the primary controller, treat the inner-loop as an element of a single-loop.Example: furnace temperature control systemHearth(炉膛) outlet intake cold materialControl objective: to maintain the temperature of output constant, with small steady-state error.Major disturbance: the variation of fuel flow, pressure and calorific value. And the variation of air flow. (fig.)Why cascade control system: when we use only single-loop control, the system performance is not so satisfied because of the serious disturbances and the lag of process. Block diagram of system. (fig.)4.2 feed-forward controlGenerally speaking, feed-forward control dose not applied alone in a system, usually witha single-loop system, or a cascade control system. (three fig.)Controller one controller two disturbance pathApplied occasions: Want to overcome a major and especially serious disturbance, and the disturbance should be observable but uncontrollable.To design a controller for disturbance:The T.F of controller two is as following: W m(s)= ...... : W f(s) is the T.F of disturbance path, W c(s) is the T.F of forward-path controller, W o(s) is the T.F of process.Disadvantage: form the T.F of controller two, we know that we need to get the T.F of process and disturbance path, which is very difficult to obtain in a practical system. And even if we can get the T.F, it is also too difficult to achieve in practical, because the control law can be very complicated and expensive.Example: furnace temperature control systemComparator set point value material outletThe perturbance of fuel flow can be very serious, which seriously deteriorates system’s performance.Why feed-forward control: the disturbance is especially serious, and should be controlled individually.Control objective: to overcome the perturbance of fuel flow, and to achieve a higher performance.Block diagram of system: (fig.)4.3 Smith-compensation controlGeneral architecture of smith-compensation control: ...... (fig.)T.F of process: W o(s)e-ts.T.F of Smith-compensation element: G(s)= ......Applied occasions: process with large pure lag.Disadvantage: we need to know exactly the model of process, that is W o(s)e-ts, otherwise the performance will be even worse. As we know, usually it is difficult to know the accuracy T.F of process, which added the difficulty to system implementation.Example: various transfer system。

[Full Client Name Reg Caps]Procedure: [Control of Records Proc. Title]Rev. [Rev Number]Procedure: [Control of Records Proc. Title]1.0 SUMMARY1.1.This procedure defi nes the requireme nts for the ide ntificati on, storage, protect ion, retrieval, rete nti on timeand dispositi on of con trolled quality records.1.2.“ Quality records ” are those records which provide evidenee of [Short Client Name] having met or not met-requirements. This may include requirements related to inspection requirements, purchas ing requireme nts, contractual requireme nts, etc. The full list ing of records affected bythis procedure is give n in the table at the end of this procedure.1.3.Records outside of this scope do not require con trol, but may be con trolled at the discreti on of man ageme nt.1.4.The [who?] is resp on sible for impleme ntati on and man ageme nt of this procedure.2.0 REVISION AND APPROVAL3.0 IDENTIFICATION3.1.[Short Client Name] maintains records that are needed to provide evidenee of conformity to requirements and of theeffective operation of the quality management system. The records are identified in the table below, along with thecontrols for each record type.4.0 STORAGE4.1.Storage methods are in dicated in the table below, for each record type.4.2.Softcopy records and data are stored on the company server or computers; in all cases, computers are subject to backup.4.3.Hardcopy records are stored in suitable cab in ets that preve nt damage or deteriorati on.5.0 RETENTION, RETRIEVAL & DISPOSITION5.1.Records shall be main tai ned a minimum of XX years [ defi ne actual rete nti on time; should not be less tha n 3years due to ISO audit cycle requireme nts] uni ess otherwise in dicated below or as defi ned by customer, statutoryor regulatory requireme nts.5.2.Training records and other records pertai ning to employees must be reta ined at least one year beyond that employee' s end of employment.5.3.Records that are discarded after rete nti on shall be perma nen tly destroyed.[Full Client Name Reg Caps] Procedure: [Controlof Records Proc. Title] Rev. [Rev Number]5.4.When archived records are stored offsite or in another location, these shall be stored in a con trolled en vir onmentthat also protects them from damage or deteriorati on.5.5.As required by customer con tract or regulatory requireme nts, quality records shall be made readily available forreview by the requesting authority. Such review is limited to those records applicable to the customer or regulatory authority, and shall not allow for the accidental or inten ti onal release of con fide ntial in formati on to an un authorized party.56 PROTECTION & PRESERVATION5.7.The listed “ con troller sho” n in the table below must en sure their assig ned records rema in legible, readilyidentifiable and retrievable.5.8.In order to en sure protect ion of records, electr onic records are subject to periodic backups, with the backup storedon a separate server. [Add details of backup procedures and methods here; if complex, a separate procedure may be required.]5.9.The [who?] is resp on sible for backup of data.5.10.Quality records data stored on individuals computers must either be backed up through the server (as above), or backedup manu ally onto the server. The in dividual users of such data are responsible when data is not backed up by the server. [Delete if not applicable.]5.11.En tries made by hand on hardcopy forms shall be made in ink.5.12.White-out or correct ion tape is not to be used on any quality records. The correct procedure for maki ng corrections is to cross the error out, make the correct ion and in itial it. Opti on ally, datesen sitive correcti ons should be dated as well.。

APS审核面试常见问题汇总（英语）General Issues（一般性问题）1、Could you take a few minutes to one brief introduction of yourself?你可以简短的自我介绍一下吗？2、Is there any special meaning of your name?你的名字有特殊含义吗？3、What are the occupations of your parents？你的父母是从事什么职业的？4、Where are your parents living now？你的父母住在哪里？5、Do you live with your parents？你跟父母一起住吗?6、Is there any Special Product in your hometown?你的家乡有什么特产？7、What are your interests in the spare time (off—hour）？你的家乡有什么特产?8、How long have you leant the German？你学德语学多长时间了？（最好回答学了多长时间而不是多少学时) 9、Which province is your hometown?你的家乡在哪个省？10、Do you have siblings? (brothers or sisters）你有兄弟姐妹吗?11、What is your impression of Germany？你对德国有什么印象？12、Do you think you could adapt to the life in Germany?你觉得你能适应在德国的生活吗？13、Do you have any friend or relative in Germany could help you solve the problems?你有朋友、亲戚在德国可以帮助你解决问题吗？（不要回答有亲戚在德国，可回答有同学在德国学习）14、What is your understanding to Germany in fields ofpolotical\economic\cultural\geography？你对德国有什么了解？（政治、经济、文化、地理方面)15、How are you aware of the Germanyinformation?你了解过德国的信息吗？从哪里了解的？16、Do you think you could adapt to the German culture?你觉得你能适应德国的文化吗？Educational Background(教育背景问题）1、What are your education in detail？你受过哪些教育？2、When and where do you take these education?你什么时候在哪里上的这些学校?3、How long have you studied in your college\university now？你上大学上了多长时间?4、Have you graduated now?你已经毕业了吗?5、What is your profession？你的专业是什么？6、Why do you want interrupt your studying course in China？你为什么想中断在中国的学业？7、Can you explain your occupation experience in China?你能讲述一下你在中国职业经历吗？8、Have you taken part in any internships\practice？你参加过实习吗？9、Which subject are you interested in firstly?你对什么科目最感兴趣?10、Do you think there is any help to your future by the profession subjects now?你认为你学的这些学业对你将来有帮助吗？11、Could you make a brief introduction to your professional？你能简短介绍下你所学的专业吗？12、What is the main point in your professional？你所学专业的重点是什么？13、What do you learn from your professional?你在这个专业学到了什么?14、You already have one occupation in China，why do you want go to Germany?你在中国已经有工作了，为什么还去德国?15、What is the topic of your graduated thesis？你的毕业论文题目是什么？16、Could you make an introduction to your graduation thesis？你能给我介绍下你的毕业论文吗？17、What is the framework in your graduated design？你的毕业设计的框架是什么?18、Why you chose this issue as your graduated design?你为什么选择这个题目作为你的毕业设计?19、Do you want go to Germany after you finish your studying in China, or interrupt your studies in China and go to Germany immediately ？你想在中国的学习结束后，还是想中断中国的学业立即去德国? German Academic Problems（德国学业问题)1、Why you wanna go to German for studying?你为什么想去德国学习?2、Where do you wanna go in German and why?你想去德国哪个地方？为什么?3、Who will fund your studies in German？（Financial Issues)你在德国的学业谁来资助？4、When you finish your education in German, do you wanna still live in Germany？你在德国完成学业后,想继续留在德国吗?5、If you have to wage to maintain your studies, how could you ensure your will graduate successfully?如果你必须打工来维持学业，你怎样保证毕业？6、Do you think you will find the works during the period of your studying in Germany？你认为你在德国能找到工作么？（上学期间)7、What do you think about the relationship between the German students and yourself?你怎么看待你自己和德国学生的关系的？8、Have you ever understood the Germany’s colleges and universities？你对德国的高校了解过么？9、Do you have any idea to the university where you will go to study in future?你对你未来想就读的学校有哪些了解？10、What is the direction of your professional in German？你在德国的学业有哪些方向?11、What do you expect in German?你对在德国生活有什么期望？12、Could you speak other foreign language?你还会别的外语么？13、Which is your favorite city in Germany?哪个德国城市最合你胃口？14、Why would you like to choose the courses by English language in German？为什么你在德国要选择英语授课？15、Which terms do you wanna begin to study，the winter courses or the summer courses?你想从冬季学期还是夏季学期开始学习？16、Why don’t you think about other country for your studying?你为什么不考虑去别的国家留学？17、How much do you know will be pay for your studying courses in one years?你知道在德国学习的话1年要花多少钱吗?18、How much money do you expect to pay for your normal fee for every month？你打算在德国每个月花费多少钱？。

Chapter one Introduction to International Business LawI what is international business law?International business law is the body of rules and norms that regulates business activities carried outside the legal boundaries of states. In particular, it regulates the business transactions of private persons internationally, and the relationship of international commercial organizations.国际商法是调整跨国商事活动的法律规范的总称。

它调整的是国际私人商事交易关系和国际商事组织间的关系.The scope of international business laww for international trading of goodspany law3.Negotiable instrument law4.Maritime law5.Insurance laww of international technology transfer7.Industrial property law8.International investment law9.International financial law10.International tax laww of international disputes settlementII History of International Business Law1. the origin: Hammurabi Codes 汉穆拉比法典2. the Roman law: Jus Civil ( civil law)市民法and Jus Gentium ( public international law)万民法3. the Rhode law:罗得法4. Law Merchant’s: 商人（习惯）法5. the common law: 普通法III Sources of international business lawA National lawThe most important source.Take China as an example:The Contract LawTrademark LawChinese-Foreign joint Venture (Cooperative) Law,The Civil Procedure LawArbitration LawB International treaties and conventionsDifferences between treaties and convention:The most important international conventions:The United nations Convention on Contract for the International Sales of Goods（CISG，联合国国际货物销售合同公约）Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading (the Hague rules，海牙规则)The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (Paris Convention，巴黎公约) Understanding on the Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU，争端解决规则与程序谅解）C International model lawDefinition: rules and norms worked out and passed by some international organizations for the free choice by nations.Examples:1. Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law （联合国国际贸易法委员会国际商事仲裁示范法UNCITRAL Model Law）2. Principles of International Commercial Contract by the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law （国际统一私法协会国际商事合同通则, UNIDROIT PICC ）No certain legal validityInfluence:1. model for national and international legislature;2. a means of interpreting and supplementing existing uniform law;3. rules governing the contract (situations?);4. a substitute for the domestic lawD International trade customs and usagesDefinition: the general rules and practices in international trade activities that have become generally adopted through unvarying habit and common use. (used to be oral but later compiled into written rules)Examples:Warsaw-oxford Rules by the International Chamber of Commerce （华沙-牛津规则）The International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms (INCORMS2010 国际贸易术语解释通则）The Uniformed Customs and Practice for Commercial Documentary Credits （UCP600 跟单信用证统一惯例）Influence: not law, but plays an important role.1. as binding rules by agreed upon by the parties to the contract.2. as interpreting or filling the gaps in the contract.(only for usages the parties agreed to be bound or that derive from their past dealings, or the usages the party knew or ought to have known and that are regularly observed in the industry or trade involved.VI International OrganizationsA. Organization Affiliated with UN隶属联合国的组织1. The United Nations Economic and Social Council联合国经社理事会2. The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) 联合国国际贸易法委员会Objectives: promote international trade through harmonization of trade law among nations.Most important achievements: the entry into force of CISG; Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration.3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) (Bretton Woods Conference) 国际货币基金组织Objectives: to promote international monetary cooperation, to facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of international trade and to promote stability in foreign exchange.V oting rights of members: 250 basic voting right, plus voting rights calculated by their quota subscriptions (one voting rights for every 10,000.00 SDR.) China with a voting rights of 2.54%.—3.72%特别提款权（special drawingright,SDR)国际货币基金组织创设的一种储备资产和记帐单位，亦称“纸黄金(Paper Gold)”。

Autos and environmentAutomobile exhaust pollution have CO HC NOx and photochemical smog(光化学烟雾).1.The fuel combustion is not full so creation CO.2.As long as the fuel combustion,the HC will creation.3.When inside engine’s air ratio exceed 1,so the fuelcombustion will creation NOx.4.When HC is caused to combine with NOx it isphotochemical smog.(catalyst is ultraviolet radiation)催化剂是紫外线.5.We are tring to solve the problem of automobile exhaustpollution.for example hybrid electric vehicle and fuel cell electric vehicle will be used wildly.What is the hybrid electric vehicle: hybrid have two power equipment. The first is traditional engine it burning the fuel. The second is electro-motor(电动马达). They are working together. When the speed is lower the electro-motor is most working and when our need acceleration gain a higher speed and then engine is working.Hybrid have many good point for example it can increace the fuel economy much. And it very very good for our environment because it reduce the waste gas discharge(废气排放) much.。

1. Auditing 审计( Rechnungsprüfung)This course teaches us how to perform the audit process and its application（应用）for external supervision and for business control. Auditing aims to ascertain the validity and reliability of information in the financial statements, it is always performed by independent professional auditors.Generally, there are there Audit steps:1. Tests of control and assess the overall risk（控制测试和评估整体风险）E.g. in a sales system, see whether the sales are made to customer with good credit rates, so that there is no bad debts risk.2. Substantive testing(实质性测试)E.g. test transaction in detail, customer order、sales order、work order、delivery note and invoice. Review general ledger for unusual items, such as a fixed asset of $1000 which does not exist actually, review the sale record and check the goods dispatched note and find that the nominal ledger reflected the transaction less than full value.Wrong:Dr: Cash 4000Accumulated depreciation 5000Cr: Fixed asset 9000Right:Dr: Cash 4000Accumulated depreciation 5000Loss on selling FA 1000Cr: Fixed asset 100003. Analytical review(分析性复合)Comparing with similar informations of prior periods and industry information, such as material cost, cost of goods sold is not transferred from inventory to cost.2. Securities Investment 证券投资(Wertpapieranlage)In this course, we have learned how to invest money in the securities market to make profit and how to raise capital in this market.For example, when a company wants to expand its business operation, such as buying a new product line, they can go to the capital market to raise money by issuing new shares or bond. At this time, investors who have excessive money can buy these shares to earn profit in the form of dividend or premium from selling the shares in a later time.However, risks are always accompanied with profit, higher risks means higher potential profit. When an investor chooses the various investment tools in the securities and capital market, they should consider the risk first. Because different investment tools bring different risks, for example: bond, stock, investment fund, etc. The risk of investment fund is lowest among them，because it includes a large number of different types of stocks and other securities, the risk is dispersed, one make loss but the other one may make profit.3. Asset evaluation 资产评估(Besitz Evaluation)In this course, I learned how to assess the value of assets for insurance, accounting, regulatory review or change of ownership purposes. The main aspects to be evaluated include the replacement costs, the remaining life and asset depreciation. This information could assist the management to make decisions.For example, if a company wants to buy another company, an essential step for them to determine whether or not to buy and spending how much money is to evaluate the assets. They may employ professional evaluator to do it. An evaluator first visit the facilities and assess the assets, then estimate current replacement value less the depletion of the assets, and research additional replacement costs and rates, finally provide a comprehensive report of findings to employer.Evaluation method:1. The cost method:Value = replacement cost * newness rate ;Replacement cost: cost of buying a new one in current market, it includes the money spend on purchasing, transportation and installation. Management, training and consulting expense incurred to use this asset are also included in replacement cost.Newness rate: remaining life / total life2. Function coefficient method(函数系数法):Value = value of similar function asset * P1/P2;P1- productivity of asset being revaluedP2- productivity of the similar function asset3. Income method( use the discount method)Value n n i i i r r A r R P )1(1)1('1+⋅++=∑=4. International accounting 国际会计(Internationale Buchhaltung)I have learned from International accounting course about some knowledge of German system of accounting practice. It is the representative of Nordic countries, like the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland.There are three basic features of Germany's system of accounting practice. Firstly, accounting subject to legal requirements. Generally subject to Tax Law, Commercial law and Company Law.Secondly, to be conservative extremely and doesn’t require full panies in Germany can underestimate profits and assets legally and provide information in external accounting report as little as possible.Thirdly, prepare income statement by total cost method. It includes all cost of completed jobs and production in progress. ( →distribution cost method: It only includes achieved income and corresponding cost.)我在国际会计中学到一些关于德国会计实务体系的知识。

WorkIn this lesson I have studied some concepts about work and new working situation.Work–life balance is a concept including proper optimizing between "work" (career and ambition) and "lifestyle" (health, pleasure, leisure, family and spiritual development/meditation).The expression "work–life balance" was first used in the United Kingdom in the late 1970s to describe the balance between an individual's work and personal life.Most recently, there has been a shift in the workplace as a result of advances in technology. Employees have many methods, such as emails, computers, and cell phones, which enable them to accomplish their work beyond the physical boundaries of their office. Employees may respond to an email or a voice mail after-hours or during the weekend, typically while not officially "on the job".Researchers have found that employees who consider their work roles to be an important component of their identities will be more likely to apply these communication technologies to work while in their non-work domain.Some theorists suggest that this blurred boundary of work and life is a result of technological control.In other words, companies use email and distribute smartphones to enable and encourage their employees to stay connected to the business even when they are not in the office.Enterprises should take the work life balance1policy,because this policy can bring many benefits. For example,1) improve work efficiency, performance and productivity2) attract talent,3) reduce fluctuation [,flʌktʃʊ'eʃən] and absennce,4) reducing management costs,5) enhance customer satisfaction, and can build a more stable and relax workplace.What should enterprises do?1) Flexible work time and wok place2) Support family plan: Child care, part time job for the young mother,Paternity Leave3) Provide more vacation1/link?url=iwnaoXOne9rCWVddLWGOC4R_NjCAjaXOADFsYJJzRBW_uN2cdNCYG_zIDG2fScCCYC4vnq E9I81annU78Yg_eaHealth management:birth rate, death rate lower than a decade ago → short of manpower → more older employeeYoung employee → physical and psychological优点：1) reduce negative effects from physical or psychological side2) reduce absence3) improve work efficiency, performance and productivity good health → workinghard4) enhance employees satisfactionWhat should enterprises do?1) Health check up2) Health coaching, health lecture, health consultant3) Offer fitness center4) Sport clubsThe division of labour 2 is the specialization of cooperating individuals who perform specific tasks and roles. Increasing the specialization may also lead to workers with● poorer overall skillsthe average man in a civilized society is less skills, in practice, than one in a "savage" society. The answer he gave was that self-sufficiency was enough tocover one's basic needs.● lack of enthusiasm for their work. Repeat, less training✓ More professional →generally increases both producer 3 and individualworker productivity.✓ Short training time. Lesser paid having workers perform single or limited tasks eliminated the long trainingperiod required to train craftsmen, who were replaced with lesser paid butmore productive unskilled workers.✓ Time control and quality control is very important.木桶原理："cask 4 principle" that is to say a cask's volume decide on theshortest wood plate that consists the cask.2/wiki/Division_of_labour#Karl_Marx 3 n. 制作人，制片人；生产者；发生器 4 Holz EimerWork 2Personality–job fit theory5--Holland Occupational Themes (RIASEC)1) Realistic： using tools, operating machines, and working with their hands, do not like talkso much →Independent, stable, persistent, genuine, practical.Driver，photographer，cook，Technician，repairman2) Artistic：Creative, intuitive, sensitive, articulate, innovative and expressive. They areunstructured, original, nonconforming6. They rely on feelings, imagination, and inspiration. They like to work with ideas, abstractions, and concepts. They are spontaneous and open-minded.Musician, painter, singer, writer, actor, regisseur [,reiʒi'sə:]3) Investigative: Intellectual, introspective7, and inquisitive8. They are curious, methodical,rational, analytical, logical, scholarly9, scientific, technical, or medical. They like to solve problems, perform experiments, and conduct research.Engineer, Doctor, Professor, Researcher, Analyst4) Social: Kind, generous, cooperative, patient, caring, helpful, empathetic, tactful10, andfriendly. They excel at socializing, helping others, and teaching. They like tasks that involve teamwork, social interaction, relationship building, and improvement of society.Teacher, nurse, baby sister, Trainer, consultant,Human Resources,Psychologist5) Enterprising:Adventurous, ambitious, assertive, extroverted, energetic, enthusiastic,confident, and optimistic. They are dominant, persuasive, and motivational [...] They like influencing others, being in charge, taking risks, debating, and competing11. They focus on interest, power, statue and money.CEO, Entreprenuer, politician, Salesmann, lawyer, project manager6) Conventional: They are responsible, logical, efficient, orderly, and organized. They arethorough and detail-oriented. They value precision12and accuracy. They are reliable.They enjoy practical tasks, quantitative measurements, and structured environments.They follow the rules.Clerk, officer, Secretary,Accounting,Administrative Assistant,Bank teller,5/view/6288279.htm?fr=aladdin /view/6288279.htm?fr=aladdin6adj. 不服从的；不信奉国教的；不相容的v. 不遵照准则；不信奉国教（nonconform的ing形式）7adj. 内省的；反省的8adj. 好奇的；好问的，爱打听的[ɪn'kwɪzətɪv]9adj. 博学的；学者风度的；学者派头的10adj. 机智的；圆滑的；老练的11adj. 相互矛盾的；抵触的v. 竞赛（compete的ing形式）12n. 精度，[数] 精密度；精确adj. 精密的，精确的Job characteristics model13Main article: Job characteristics modelThe job characteristics Model (JCM), as designed by Hackman and Oldham attempts to use job design to improve employee motivation. They show that any job can be described in terms of five key job characteristics:[44][45]1. Skill Variety - the degree to which the job requires the use of different skills andtalents2. Task Identity - the degree to which the job has contributed to a clearly identifiablelarger project3. Task Significance - the degree to which the job has an impact on the lives or work ofother people4. Autonomy - the degree to which the employee has independence, freedom anddiscretion in carrying out the job5. Task Feedback - the degree to which the employee is provided with clear, specific,detailed, actionable information about the effectiveness of his or her job performanceThe JCM links the core job dimensions listed above to critical psychological states which results in desired personal and work outcomes. This forms the basis of this 'employee growth-need strength." The core dimensions listed above can be combined into a single predictive index, called the Motivating Potential Score.Change of industrial structure.1) Primary industry. This includes agriculture, forestry, fishing and mining.2) secondary industry: manufacturing3) service sector:Reasons:1) development of technology, improve productivity, efficiency2) Value changed.Pursing higher living standard. We want to enjoy a colorful life.The requirement of different service grows very fast.Travel, shopping, participation in different sports, go to the concert.3) Consume structure change is the result of value changed.13/wiki/Motivation_theory#Job_characteristics_model。