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交通用语-中英对照词典公交术语artery 干线articulated trolley bus 通道式无轨电车，铰接式无轨电车average riding distance 平均乘距average travel time 平均出行时间booking sheet 路单btanch 支线bunching 串车bus bay 港湾式车站bus shelter 候车亭carrying time 载客时间cash fare 普通票，零票city monthly ticket 市区月票city passenger flow 市区客流commuter 月票乘客compensation fare 补票cotroller 调度员cycling trip 自行车出行deadhead time for dispatch 调度空驶时间delay at stop 滞站delay time at stop 延误时间delay time at stop 滞站时间departure frequency 发车频率departure interval 发车间隔dual-powered trolley bus 双动源无轨电车dwell time 停站时间evening peak 晚高峰express line 快车线路fare-kilometre 票价里程final vehicle hour 末班车时间first vehicle hour 首班车时间fixed line 固定线路general monthly ticket 通用月票invalid ticket 废票junction station 枢纽站layover time 终点站停车时间light rail rapid transit car 快速有轨电车line section 线路断面living passenger flow 生活客流living trip 生活出行long distance bus stop 长途公共汽车站loop line 环形线路magnetic ticket 磁性车票main flow during the peak period 高峰主流向，高单向maximum section of passenger flow 客流最大断面，高断面monthly ticket 月票morning peak 早高峰non-service time 非运营时间off-peak time 非高峰时间off-running time 收车时间one-line monthly ticket 专线月票park-and-ride 驻车换乘park-and-ride place 换乘停车场parking lot 多层停车场passenger 乘客passenger attractive point 乘客吸引点passenger chartered 包车乘客passenger flow collector-distributor point 乘客集散点passenger flow diagram 客流图passholder 持证乘客peak hour 高峰小时peak time 高峰时间penalty fare 罚票platform 站台pull-in time 回场时间recreation passenger flow 文化客流recreation trip 文化出行red-time delay 灯阻时间remainder 留候乘客resident riding trips 居民乘车出行量resident trips 居民出行量revenue passenger 普票乘客ride time 乘行时间riding rate 乘车率round-trip ticket 往返票running interval 行车间隔safe driving 安全行车service frequency 行车频率service level 服务质量service monthly ticket 公用月票service time 运营时间single-trip time 单程时间skip-stop running 跳站运行slipping-stop running 放站运行station appearance 站貌station entrance-exit 车站出入口student flow 学习客流student monthly ticket 学生月票student trip 学习出行suburban line 郊区线路suburban monthly ticket 郊区月票suburban passenger flow 郊区客流temporary line 临时线路ticket 车票ticket book 本票ticket checking 查票ticket validity time 车票有效期timed stop 定时车站token 代用币touring line 游览线路tram 有轨电车transfer 换乘transfer convenience 换乘方便性transfer distance 换乘距离transfer passenger 换乘乘客transfer rate 换乘率transfer stop,transfer station 换乘站transfer time 换乘时间transit trip 公共交通出行travel time 出行时间trip 出行trip distance 出行距离trip mode 出行方式trip purpose 出行目的trip survey 出行调查turn round time 调头时间urban passenger flow 城市客流vehicle appearance 车容vehicle condition 车况violated passenger 违章乘客wait time 候乘时间waiting room 候车室waiting time 待命时间walking distance 步行距离walking time 步行时间walking trip 步行出行work passenger flow 工作客流working trip 工作出行zero fare 免费乘车accelerated run 赶点allowable speed 容许速度alternative route 比较线路area coverage 覆盖面积articulated bus 通道式公共汽车，铰接式公共汽车attendant 乘务员average kilometre of trye scrap 轮胎平均报废里程average stop spacing,average station spacing 平均站距averge distance carried 平均运距basic fare 基本票价behind the schedule 晚点，慢点bus 公共汽车bus only street(BOS) 公共汽车专用街道bus priority lane 公共汽车优先车道bus priority signal 公共汽车优先通行信号bus priority system 公共汽车优先通行系统cableway transport 索道缆车客运carrying kilometres 载客里程carrying times per shift 车班载客次数control centre 调度中心control station 调度站daily vehicle-kilometres 车日行程day and night line 昼夜线路deadhead kilometres 空驶里程deadhead speed for dispatch 调度空驶速度。
为什么选择拼车英语作文In the tapestry of life, where threads of choice intertwine, I have meticulously selected the path of carpooling English. This decision, born from a confluence of practicalities and profound aspirations, has woven a vibrant hue into the fabric of my existence.Like a traveler embarking on an uncharted journey, I was initially drawn to carpooling English by its alluring promise of convenience. The prospect of sharing rides with fellow language enthusiasts, eliminating the mundane commute, and maximizing my time for linguistic immersion was irresistible. However, as I delved deeper into the intricacies of this unique learning experience, I discovered a wealth of unexpected benefits that transcended mere practicality.Carpooling English has become an integral part of mydaily routine, a sanctuary where I can immerse myself in the intricacies of the English language. The shared space of the car transforms into a dynamic classroom, where conversations flow effortlessly, ideas ignite, and laughter echoes. My fellow carpoolers, hailing from diverse backgrounds and walks of life, bring a kaleidoscope of perspectives and experiences to our linguistic adventures.Through these shared journeys, I have forged unbreakable bonds with individuals who share my passion for language. We are not merely carpoolers; we are language explorers, united by a common desire to expand our linguistic horizons. The car becomes our haven, a microcosm of the wider world, where we celebrate our linguistic diversity and embrace the beauty of cross-cultural exchange.Beyond the practical and social benefits, carpooling English has ignited a fire within me, a passion that burns brighter with each passing day. The act of immersing myself in the language, surrounded by fellow enthusiasts, has instilled in me a profound appreciation for the power ofcommunication. I have come to realize that language is not merely a tool for conveying information; it is a bridge that connects cultures, a key that unlocks the doors to new worlds.As we navigate the bustling streets together, our conversations meander through a labyrinth of topics, from the intricacies of grammar to the nuances of cultural expression. Each exchange is a precious opportunity to refine my pronunciation, expand my vocabulary, and delve into the depths of English literature. The car becomes a sanctuary where I can experiment with new linguistic structures, ask questions without hesitation, and receive invaluable feedback from my fellow language adventurers.The transformative power of carpooling English extends beyond the confines of our shared rides. It has seeped into my daily life, influencing the way I interact with the world around me. I find myself more confident in expressing my thoughts and ideas in English, both in formal and informal settings. I am more attuned to the subtleties oflanguage, noticing nuances that I would have previously overlooked.Moreover, carpooling English has fostered in me a deep appreciation for the beauty and complexity of different cultures. Through my interactions with my fellow carpoolers, I have gained invaluable insights into the customs, traditions, and perspectives of people from all walks of life. This newfound cultural awareness has broadened my horizons, making me a more empathetic and globally-minded individual.As I reflect on my journey with carpooling English, I am filled with an overwhelming sense of gratitude. It has not only enhanced my linguistic abilities but has also enriched my life in countless ways. The bonds I have formed, the knowledge I have acquired, and the cultural immersion I have experienced have left an enduring mark on my soul.In the symphony of life, carpooling English has emerged as a harmonious note, adding depth, richness, and meaningto my existence. It is a choice that I will forever cherish, for it has not only expanded my linguistic horizons but has also ignited a passion that will continue to burn brightly long after our shared journeys have come to an end.。
共享汽车car-sharingNew energy vehicle-sharing projects are being carried out in dozens of cities across the country, such as Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu and Shenzhen. The new type of service is expected to fuel China's sharing economy in the next few years.新能源汽车共享项目已在北京、上海、成都和深圳等多个城市展开。
这种新型的服务有望在未来几年为我国分享经济注入发展动力。
汽车共享/共享汽车（car-sharing）服务在国内的早期经营模式是通过租车行提供车辆租赁服务（car rental），后来，民间开始出现个人拼车（car pooling）行为，单独开车出行的个人找几个出行路线相同的人乘车，这几个人分担部分车辆开支，这样的形式在移动网络普及以后就发展成了“顺风车”（ride sharing）服务。
如今，这几个城市推出的共享汽车服务应该算是汽车租赁服务的移动互联网版本，运营模式参照大家已经熟悉的共享单车服务（bicycle-sharing）。
据了解，要享受共享汽车首先要下载客户端，然后注册会员，上传本人身份证和驾照实物照片（users are required to submit their ID information and a photo of their driver’s license），经审核通过并交纳押金（de p osit）后，即可通过扫描二维码使用分时租车服务。
据调查，各家共享汽车公司押金标准不一，比如一度用车不需要押金、有的需要交纳1800元押金，而Gofun汽车的会员押金为699元。
这些押金主要的用途是用于车辆损坏（car damage）、违章（traffic violation）以及发生行政处罚所产生费用后，用户不按时承担相应责任，公司有权从押金中扣除相应费用。
拼车服务外文文献翻译2019英文Carsharing use by college students: The case of Milan and Rome Lucia Rotaris，Romeo Danielis，Ila Maltesec AbstractThe paper analyses carsharing (CS) use by college students in the Italian cities of Rome and Milan. We use an adapted stated preference approach to study CS preferences by collecting information on the individual mobility patterns and by distinguishing between commuting and non-commuting trips. We develop six hypothetical scenarios to explore how mobility decision would change when varying the characteristics of the current CS supply. We estimate a random parameter discrete choice model to evaluate CS preferences and simulated CS demand. The main finding is that college students use CS on an occasional basis and vary rarely their habitual transport choice. The students prefer the free-floating CS type over the station-based or roundtrip one. Lower fares and a higher CS supply of preferably electric cars would increase the number of CS student users from the current 2% to up to 10–15%. CS substitutes mainly the private car and, to a lesser extent, public transport.Keywords：Carsharing，College students，Stated preference，Travel demand1. IntroductionIn the last four years, Italian cities have experienced a large increase in carsharing (CS) service supply. In Italy, CS is offered by two types of organization: state-sponsored companies and private companies. The former offer either a roundtripor a station-based service, and some of them are supported by the Car Sharing Initiative (ICS, Iniziativa Car Sharing), promoted and financed by the Ministry of the Environment (Ministero dell'Ambiente e del Territorio, 2018). According to Istat (2016), in 2014 roundtrip or station-based CS was offered in 23 medium-large Italian cities. In the years 2011–2014, the number of available vehicles increased from 656 to 915 and the number of stations increased from 435 to 521. The real game changer was the market entry of the private companies supplying free-floating systems. It is estimated that, in total, by the end of 2017 7,679 CS cars were in service, managed by 29 CS companies (Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare, 2018).Notwithstanding the recent growth, many areas of uncertainty exist and deserve more research. An important one regards the CS demand. The CS market is still in its initial phase. The suppliers are adjusting their business models in an effort to control costs and make a profit. The users have yet to adapt their transport mode choices. It is unclear whether CS is used merely on occasional basis or if it is to some extent a habitualtransport mode choice. The preference structure of CS demand is unknown. The CS providers need to know the preferences of the current and potential demand in order to better meet the customers’ needs and to increase their market share. Furthermore, in the Italian context, the substitution between CS and other transport modes remains, by and large, unexplored. This information is crucial not only for evaluating the impact of CS on social and environmental efficiency, but also for understanding the distributional impacts on other transport suppliers, and consequently, the acceptability of CS.In this paper these topics are analyzed with respect to college students attending the Universities of Milan and Rome. The research is specifically focused on college students because they represent an important current and potential segment of the CS market. A research conducted in 2016 involving 37 Italian universities and 70.000 individuals estimates that 11% of the university students interviewed use a free-floating CS service, while 4% use a station-based CS service. Lodigiani (2017)reports that in Milan 27% of CS members are college students and they use the service more frequently than the other market segments. A recent study carried out in Rome by the local administration reports that 90% of college students have a driver license but only 35% have a private vehicle and represent a promising and large potential segment for the CS providers. Moreover, it is wellknown that young generations are more sensitive to environmental issues and green products, and find it easier to accept technological changes, as found by Yu et al. (2016). Younger people have limited disposable income and find advantageous to use CS, since it allows them to avoid the fixed costs of owing a private car and the fees to be paid when travelling downtown (parking and congestion charges). Finally, as suggested by Martin and Shaheen (2011b), college students have a highly dynamic life, characterized by frequent moving, changes in roommates, employment, course schedules, and vehicles. Often, they live in different cities and houses during different times of the year. Their travel pattern can be very different from one year to the next. Consequently, it is advisable to study their mobility needs in a separate and segment-specific study.CS providers are aware of the importance of serving this particular market segment. In fact, they have launched pilot projects with many Italian Universities who, in an effort to attract more students, strongly support and partly finance the CS services inside their campuses. Universities frequently join CS schemes with the aim of offering additional services to students, faculty, and staff, promoting an environmentally-conscious image of their institution and decreasing on-campus parking demand (Zheng et al., 2009). These initiatives prove that, as reported by Millard-Ball et al. (2005) and, more recently,by Shaheen et al. (2009), CS providers deem important to enter university markets since these allow them to gain a foothold into new local urban markets.The choice of focusing on Milan and Rome is based on their importance within the Italian context and on the size of their student population, equal to 175 and 188 thousand students, respectively (Istat, 2016). Currently, in Rome CS is offered by 4 CS companies (Car2go, Enjoy, Share'ngo, Carsharing Roma), all providing a free-floating service except for Carsharing Roma, who offers a roundtrip and station-based service, for a total of 2,188 cars, 534 of which are electric-powered. In Milan, there are 6 companies: Car2go, DriveNow, Enjoy, and Share'ngo, offering a free-floating CS, and E-Vai and Ubeeqo offering station-based CS; in total, 3,290 cars are available, 788 of which are electric-powered. The two cities substantially differ in terms of transport accessibility. Commuting time takes longer in Rome (33 min) than in Milan (28 min). Milan offers a much larger supply of public transport services than Rome, 14.3 vs. 8.1 seat-km per 103 inhabitants, respectively, and it has a larger public transport modal share (37% vs. 27%). The implications for the CS use are unclear. On the one hand, higher public transport availability allows one to give up the private car and rely on CS for trip destinations that cannot be reached conveniently by public transport; on the other hand, it reduces the potential need for CS.The paper aims at contributing to the existing literature assessing: a) how many students take advantage of the existing CS service, how their preferences are structured and which role CS plays in satisfying their mobility needs; b) what are the students’ preferences for CS services; c) which transport modes are substituted by CS.2. Literature reviewCS is rapidly growing worldwide. According to Shaheen et al. (2018) in 2016 the compound annual member growth rate was 76%, the fleet growth rate was 23%, while the member-vehicle ratio was 95.6. Relative to the year 2014, in 2016 the world free-floating market share increased by 76% in membership and by 11.5% in the number of available vehicles. On the contrary, the roundtrip car sharing market share decreased by 16.2% in membership and by 3.6% decrease in the number of available vehicles.However, there is a lack of information at the micro level with regards to the socio-economic characteristics of the CS users. Initial evidence, based on small ad hoc surveys, is reported and discussed by Danielis et al., 2014, Danielis et al., 2016. On the contrary, the international literature is abundant. Table 2 lists some of the contributions. It is found that CS users are generally young, have a higher education level and high income, and belong to small households. They use public transport or non-motorized transport modes, live in larger cities, havestronger environmental awareness and a good CS knowledge. Consequently, college students appear to be a very promising target group for CS use.Some papers focus specifically on college students. Zheng et al. (2009) analyze the preferences for CS of the students, faculty and staff of the University of Wisconsin-Madison. They find that students are more likely to use CS than faculty and staff, and that the probability of joining a CS scheme positively depends on gender (if the students are female), environmental awareness and familiarity with a CS service, while it is negatively affected by private vehicle availability. Zhou (2013) studies the CS preferences of the employees of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) arguing that universities represent a niche market for CS. According to his research CS users are mostly female, in their late thirties, having an income level which is lower than the average, and using public transport services more frequently than the average. Most of them do not own a car and use CS especially for personal reasons. Danielis et al., 2014, Danielis et al., 2016 analyze the potential demand of a hypothetical CS service to be offered at the University of Trieste (Italy). They find that college students would largely benefit from the provision of a CS service, with an estimated potential CS demand equal to 31% of the students’ community.A number of papers discuss mobility management issues at theUniversity level, with no specific focus on CS. For instance, Rotaris and Danielis, 2014, Rotaris and Danielis, 2015 evaluate the effectiveness and the efficiency of different parking and regulation policies aimed at reducing the environmental impact of college students’ transport demand in Trieste (Italy). Dell’Olio et al. (2014) analyze the impact that parking regulation, bike-sharing and shuttle bus services could produce on transport demand at the University of Cantabria (Spain). Eboli et al. (2013)investigate the factors influencing the choice between walking and moving by a transit system at the University of Calabria (Rende, Italy).The substitution between CS and other transport modes has been dealt with in several papers, although not exclusively focused on students’ choices. This is a very relevant topic for the acceptability of CS, as Firnkorn (2012) argues. Most literature reports that CS substitutes private cars (Martin et al., 2010, Martin and Shaheen, 2011a) and reduces parking demand, though Stasko et al., 2013, Stasko et al., 2013find that car ownership of students living on campus is less affected than that of students living off campus. Finally, Burkhardt and Millard-Ball (2006) claim that many members of CS services might refrain from purchasing a car, or might even sell it after joining the scheme. The substitution between CS and public transport is discussed by Zoepf and Keith (2016) who find that the regular users of bus or train are more willing to travel farther to pick up a CS vehicle. This is interpreted as anevidence of a complementary relationship between CS and public transit, as already suggested by Douma et al., 2008, Cervero, 2009. Martin and Shaheen (2011a) argue that joining CS schemes increases overall public transit and non-motorized modal use. Efthymiou and Antoniou (2016) suggest, however, that CS compete with taxi services for social activity destinations as they share many features.3. Methodology and sample descriptionThe research methodology used in this paper is based on stated preferences data to analyse discrete choices. The pros and cons of such a methodology and data source are discussed at length in many papers (e.g., Louviere, 1988, Hensher and Cherchi, 2015, McFadden, 2017). The hypothetical bias is probability the most important limit of this approach which can be, at least partially, controlled combining revealed and stated preference data and carefully selecting the design of the choice experiments.With specific reference to investigating the choice of CS as an alternative\complement to other transport modes the setup of the experiment needs to take into account that:•the demand for CS is highly dependent on the mobility patterns which could be partly recurrent (such as work or study commuting) and partly non-recurrent;•a person\group of people might use many modes of transport orvehicles depending on the trip distance, trip purpose, weather, physical status, and so on;•CS systems are quite new and evolve over time: the growth rate of both network density and fleets are positive, and the market share and membership of free-floating services are increasing, while the station-based ones are decreasing.The research methodology draws from previous research carried out by the authors (Danielis et al., 2014, Danielis et al., 2016, Rotaris and Danielis, 2017). It consists in collecting detailed data, via face-to-face interviews, on the individua ls’ current habitual mobility pattern and on how it would vary under alternative hypothetical scenarios.3.1. The questionnaireThe interview consists of three parts. The first part collects data on the socio-economic characteristics of the respondent such as gender, age, income, possession of a driving license, number of family members with a driving license, number of cars owned within the family, knowledge of•fare, ranging from 0.20 €\min to 0.40 €\min, equivalent to a minimum of 12 €\hour and a maximum of 24 €\hour. The fare levels are based on the current Italian market values;•access distance to be walked to get the nearest vehicle, ranging from 0.5 km to 1.5 km. The access distance is linked to the density of the CS network\vehicles11;•propulsion system of the vehicle, which can be electric or with internal combustion. According to Wielinski et al. (2017), the distance to be travelled has a major influence on the choice between electric and internal combustion vehicles;•CS type, which can be roundtrip (the car has to be returned to the same CS station where it was accessed by the user), station-based (the car has to be returned to any station belonging to the CS organization), or free-floating (the car can be returned to any parking place within a given area).An efficient design was created using the Ngene software to be used in the hypothetical scenarios. Efficient designs, unlike the orthogonal ones, minimize the asymptotic variance and allow the analyst to obtain robust estimates even with small samples (Hess and Rose, 2009).3.2. The sampleThe survey has been carried out in Rome and Milan. In both cities considerable efforts have been made in order to promote CS use among college students. The questionnaires were administered at the Politecnico University of Milan in April 2016 and at the Roma Tre University of Rome in June 2016. The sample includes students attending the courses offered by the Departments of Engineering and by the Departments of Architecture in Milan, and the Departments of Political Science, in Rome. The number of students currently enrolled both at the PolitecnicoUniversity and at the Roma Tre University is about 40 thousands. Both universities are located in central areas. They are very well served by public transport (buses and underground trains) and offer limited parking space. Consequently CS, which provides users with free parking in public spaces, represents an attractive alternative to private cars, but competes with the cheaper public transport. The sample consists of 400 students (192 men and 208 women), living in Milan (257) or in Rome (143).Although the large majority of the sample (85%) is familiar with the CS service, only 20% of the students interviewed in Milan and 22% of those interviewed in Rome have, at least occasionally, used it. CS users are more frequent among students not having the availability of a car, in line with the results reported in the literature described in Section 2. No significant differences in terms of CS use could be detected distinguishing by gender (contrary to the evidence reported by TCRR, 2005, and Zhou, 2013).4. Results4.1. Habitual mobility pattern of the sampleBased on the information collected, the current habitual weekly mobility pattern is calculated. Table 6 reports the average number of trips performed by the students within a week by transport mode, trip purpose (commuting and non-commuting) and city.With regard to commuting trips, the prevailing transport modes arelocal public transport (bus, subway or tram) and walking.14 The situation is quite different, however, in the two cities. In Milan, having a denser public transport network, the average number of trips by public transport is twice as high as that by private car. In Rome, instead, the private car use is slightly higher than that of public transport. A striking difference concerns also the use of intercity trains, being much higher in the Milan than in Rome. CS, as a habitual transport mode, is used, although marginally, only in Milan.With regard to non-commuting trips, the private car is the most frequent transport mode both in Milan and in Rome, followed by walking and public transport. CS usage is low, although more frequent than for commuting trips (similarly to the evidence reported by Stasko et al., 2013, Stasko et al., 2013, Ciari et al., 2013) especially in Rome.In terms of individuals, 4 students (all located in Milan) reported that they currently use CS at least once a week in their commuting mobility pattern, while the number increases to 13 (7 located in Milan and 6 in Rome) when the weekly non-commuting mobility pattern is considered. Under the conditions of the hypothetical scenarios proposed, they would increase up to 28 for commuting trips and 36 for non-commuting trips.4.2. Preferences for CS serviceThe changes of the weekly mobility patterns stated by the respondents with respect to the hypothetical scenarios proposed in the lastpart of the interview allowed us to perform an econometric analysis. In order to better take into account the heterogeneity of the sample’s preferences and the correlation of the repeated observations collected from each respondent, we estimated a random parameters (or mixed) logit model.15The dependent variable of our models is a dummy variable which is equal to 1 if in the hypothetical scenario proposed the respondent states that s\he would perform at least one trip by the hypothetical CS service and 0 otherwise.Since 6 different hypothetical scenarios, both for commuting and for non-commuting trips, had been proposed to each respondent, we have collected 12 repeated observations for each individual: 6 regarding to the stated preferences for the commuting trips, and 6 regarding to the stated preferences for the non-commuting trips. A total of 4,800 observations have been collected over the whole sample.中文大学生使用拼车服务：以米兰和罗马为例摘要本文分析了意大利城市罗马和米兰的大学生使用共享汽车拼车的情况。
“C a r s h a r i n g”最早出现于上个世纪40年代，由瑞士人发明。
他们在全国组织了“自驾车合作社”，这在瑞士这样的山地国家非常实用，一个人用完车后，便将车钥匙交给下一个人，比在平地国家建立网络更容易。
后来日本、英国等国争相效仿，但都未形成规模。
日本主要是因为汽车制造商不支持这个计划，日本人喜欢拥有一辆自己的私家车。
而英国尽管获政府支持，但汽车租赁费用低廉，从而阻碍了“C a rs h a r i n g”的发展。
随着计算机、电子钥匙和卫星定位系统的发展，今天的“C a r s h a r i n g”不仅拥有技术保障，而且增加了许多新的内涵。
总之‘C a r s h a r i n g’的理念保护了环境，有效的减少了C O2、S O2等有害气体的排放。
作业要求：1、打开C盘\ 八年级上机操作题中的文件‘汽车共享.doc’进行相关操作；2、设置页面大小为16开（18.4*26厘米），设置页边距为：上下各为2.54厘米，左右各为2厘米；3、设置标题为艺术字，样式为：第三行第四列，文字环绕方式为：‘上下型环绕’；4、设置全文为：黑体，字号为四号，颜色深绿；5、将素材文件夹中的图片‘汽车.jpg’插入到正文第二段，设置图片的环绕方式：紧密型环绕；6、删除正文倒数第二段中重复的句子；7、设置全文的字符间距为加宽，磅值为2磅；8、请给正文第一段的第一句话加上双划线，颜色为红色；9、请把文中的‘汽车共享’替换成‘Car sharing’；10请把文中的‘CO2、SO2’变为‘CO2、SO2’；11、操作完毕后以原文件名保存到C盘\ 八年级上级操作题中的文件夹下。
拼车的原因英语作文英文回答：Carpooling, also known as ridesharing, has become increasingly popular in recent years. There are several reasons why people choose to carpool. Firstly, carpooling helps to reduce traffic congestion. By sharing a ride with others, there are fewer cars on the road, which leads toless traffic and shorter commute times. This is especially beneficial in busy cities where traffic can be a nightmare.Secondly, carpooling is a cost-effective option.Sharing the cost of fuel and tolls among multiple passengers can significantly reduce transportation expenses. This is particularly advantageous for individuals who have long commutes or travel on a daily basis. By carpooling, they can save a substantial amount of money that would have been spent on gas and parking fees.Another reason why people choose to carpool is toreduce their carbon footprint. By sharing a ride, carpoolers are able to decrease the amount of greenhouse gas emissions produced. This helps to protect the environment and combat climate change. Many individuals are becoming more conscious about their impact on the planet and carpooling is a simple yet effective way to contribute to a greener future.Furthermore, carpooling provides social benefits. It allows individuals to connect with others who have similar commuting routes or destinations. This can lead to new friendships and networking opportunities. Carpooling also promotes a sense of community and cooperation, as individuals work together to achieve a common goal of reducing traffic and saving money.In addition to the aforementioned reasons, carpooling can also alleviate stress. Commuting can be a stressful experience, especially during peak hours. However, by carpooling, individuals can share the driving responsibilities and take turns being behind the wheel. This not only reduces stress for the driver, but alsoprovides an opportunity for passengers to relax or catch up on work during the commute.Overall, carpooling is a practical and beneficial transportation option for many individuals. It reducestraffic congestion, saves money, helps the environment, promotes social connections, and alleviates stress. By choosing to carpool, individuals can make a positive impact on their daily lives and the world around them.中文回答：拼车，也被称为合乘，近年来越来越受欢迎。
Dear Fellow Citizens,We are living in a rapidly developing era where transportation plays a pivotal role in our daily lives.However,the increasing reliance on personal vehicles has led to various environmental and social issues,such as traffic congestion,air pollution,and excessive energy consumption.To address these concerns,I would like to propose the initiative of carpooling as a sustainable and efficient alternative to individual car usage.The Benefits of Carpooling:1.Environmental Conservation:Carpooling significantly reduces the number of vehicles on the road,which in turn lowers the emission of greenhouse gases and other pollutants. This helps in combating climate change and improving air quality.2.Cost Efficiency:Sharing the cost of fuel,tolls,and parking with fellow commuters can lead to substantial savings for each individual.This not only benefits the pocket but also promotes a more economical lifestyle.3.Reduced Traffic Congestion:Fewer cars on the road mean less traffic,leading to shorter commute times and less stress for all road users.munity Building:Carpooling provides an opportunity to meet new people and foster a sense of community among commuters.It encourages social interaction and can lead to lasting friendships.5.Health Benefits:By reducing the time spent in traffic and the stress associated with driving,carpooling can contribute to improved mental and physical wellbeing.How to Implement Carpooling:Organize a Carpool Group:Use social media,community bulletin boards,or workplace intranets to connect with people who have similar commuting patterns.Set Clear Guidelines:Establish rules regarding the schedule,pickup and dropoff points, and the division of costs to ensure smooth operations.Use Technology:Utilize carpooling apps or websites to facilitate easy coordination and communication among group members.Promote Flexibility:Encourage members to be flexible with their schedules whenpossible to accommodate the needs of the group.Ensure Safety:Prioritize the safety of all participants by conducting background checks and maintaining open communication about any concerns.Conclusion:Adopting carpooling as a mode of transportation is not just about personal benefits its a collective step towards a greener,cleaner,and more connected society.I urge each one of you to consider this initiative seriously and contribute to a better tomorrow.Let us take the wheel of change and drive towards a more sustainable future together. Sincerely,Your NameYour Position/RoleYour Company/Organization。
有关拼车的英语作文Title: The Advantages and Disadvantages of Carpooling。
Carpooling, also known as ridesharing or car-sharing,is a transportation option where individuals share a vehicle to travel together, typically to and from work or other destinations. This practice has gained popularity in recent years due to its potential benefits for both individuals and the environment. In this essay, we will explore the advantages and disadvantages of carpooling.Firstly, let's delve into the advantages of carpooling. One of the most significant benefits is its positive impact on the environment. By reducing the number of vehicles on the road, carpooling helps decrease air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, thereby contributing to cleaner air and combating climate change. Additionally, carpooling can alleviate traffic congestion, leading to smoothertraffic flow and reduced travel time for commuters.Another advantage of carpooling is its potential cost savings for participants. Sharing the cost of fuel, tolls, and parking fees among passengers can significantly reduce the financial burden of commuting, especially for long distances. Furthermore, carpooling allows individuals to save money on vehicle maintenance and wear and tear since the mileage is distributed among multiple passengers.Carpooling also promotes social interaction and community building. Commuters who carpool often develop friendships with their fellow passengers, fostering a sense of camaraderie and mutual support. Sharing rides can also reduce stress associated with driving, as passengers can take turns behind the wheel and enjoy the company of others during the journey.Despite its many advantages, carpooling also has some drawbacks that should be considered. One potential downside is the lack of flexibility compared to driving alone. Coordinating schedules and pick-up/drop-off locations with multiple passengers can be challenging, especially if individuals have varying work hours or commitments. Thislack of flexibility may deter some individuals from participating in carpooling arrangements.Another disadvantage of carpooling is the potential for conflicts or disagreements among passengers. Differences in preferences regarding music, temperature settings, or driving habits can lead to tension during the commute, affecting the overall experience for everyone involved. Additionally, relying on others for transportation means that participants are dependent on each other's punctuality and reliability, which can be a source of frustration if someone is consistently late or cancels at the last minute.Furthermore, carpooling may not be feasible for individuals who live in areas with limited public transportation options or for those whose work schedules require them to travel outside of typical commuting hours. In such cases, carpooling may not be a viable alternative to driving alone, forcing individuals to seek other transportation solutions.In conclusion, carpooling offers numerous benefits,including environmental conservation, cost savings, and social interaction. However, it also presents challenges such as scheduling conflicts, interpersonal dynamics, and limited flexibility. Despite these drawbacks, carpooling remains a valuable transportation option for reducingtraffic congestion, lowering carbon emissions, and promoting community engagement. As society continues to prioritize sustainability and efficiency in transportation, carpooling is likely to play an increasingly important role in shaping the future of mobility.。
拼车的现状英语作文英文回答：Carpooling: A Vehicle of ChangeEver since childhood, the roads have been a canvas for the vibrancy of life. I remember the endless flow of cars, each carrying their own stories, their individual journeys. But one trend, carpooling, has emerged as a beautiful collage, weaving those stories into a tapestry of community, sustainability, and convenience.Imagine waking up to a Monday morning, the sun barely breaking through the horizon, and you're already dreading the commute. But with carpooling, there's a twist in that cliché. No more solo drives, no hushed introspection in a vehicle surrounded by strangers. Instead, you find yourself catching up on life with a fellow commuter, sharing experiences as you whizz past the familiar landmarks. Myfirst carpool experience was a revelation; it was a comfortable blend of meeting new people, envying their morning playlists, and appreciating the shared cost of fuel.It's not just about the social aspect; carpooling is a testament to our evolving values towards environmental consciousness. The reduction in carbon emissions from fewer vehicles on the road is a silent victory for our planet. As I joined more carpool groups, I saw firsthand the decreasein traffic congestion, a byproduct of fewer cars hittingthe streets. The satisfaction of contributing to environmental conservation was a gratifying feeling, an unsung hero of our daily commutes.Yet, like any other phenomenon, carpooling has its challenges. Navigating differences in schedules, accommodating varying destinations, and the occasional awkward silence were some hurdles. However, these moments were learning experiences, teaching us the art of compromise and patience. They reminded me of the timelessadage, "Alone we go faster, but together we go further."Looking to the future, the landscape of carpooling is expected to change with the integration of technology. Apps facilitating carpooling have simplified the process, making it easier to find and connect with fellow commuters. There is an air of optimism; carpooling might just be the vanguard of a more connected and eco-friendly society.As I reflect on how carpooling has transformed my weekly commute, I am filled with a sense of fulfillment. It has become more than a means of transportation; it's an experience that has enriched my life with new friendships, environmental consciousness, and the subtle joys of shared rides.In conclusion, carpooling, once a simple idea, has burgeoned into a movement of meaningful connections and environmental stewardship. It has offered me a profound realization: that we can achieve more when we embrace community and sustainability. As you consider your owncommute, I invite you to look at it through the lens of carpooling. What you'll find might surprise and delight you.中文回答：拼车：变革的载体自从儿时开始，道路就是生活活力的画布。
