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语法考点之一:虚拟语气考点1.If从句中的虚拟语气1、与过去事实相反：从句sｂｈad ｄoｎe，主句sb wouｌd(sｈoｕlｄ, ｃould, miｇht)＋hａvｅｄoｎe；2、省略ｉf,从句的语序用到装，即将ｗere,hａd或shoulｄ移至主语的前面，但否定词not不前移。
3、与将来事实相反：从句ｓb dｉd (ｓhoｕｌd+ｄｏ或were+tｏdo)，主句sb would (shoｕld，cｏuld, ｍight)＋do。
4、错综条件句：主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间段。
比如：从句对过去虚拟，而主句对现在虚拟，即从句sb hａd dｏne,主句sb wｏulｄ(sｈoｕld, could, mｉght)+do;考点２：表示建议、要求、命令等动词如insisｔ,ｏrdeｒ，cｏmmaｎｄ, sｕｇgest, aｄvise, prｏpose, a ｓk，reqｕire, ｒｅｑuesｔ，ｄemａnd引导的从句及it引导的相应的分词、名词和形容词从句,谓语用(should)+动词原形。
考点３:Iｔis ＋advｉsable,eｓｓenｔiａl, importaｎt, iｍpeｒative，iｎcｒediｂｌe等从句，谓语用（should)+动词原形。
考点4：it is(ｈｉgh/abouｔ)tiｍe that的结构中，从句使用一般过去式。
例如:考点5：much aｓ"尽管，虽然"引导让步状语从句，从句中用ｗｏuｌd havｅdone表示假设。
考点6：if oｎlｙ, wish，as iｆ/as ｔhoｕgｈ引导从句，与过去事实相反:ｈad ＋ｄone；与现在事实相反:动词过去式;与将来事实相反:could/woｕld＋ｄo考点7：ｗｏｕld rather／ｓoｏｎer从句中使用一般过去式或过去完成式分别表示对现在或过去的虚拟考点８:ｌesｔ/ foｒfear that+(shｏulｄ) ＋原形动词。
语法考点之一：虚拟语气考点1. If从句中的虚拟语气1、与过去事实相反：从句sb had done，主句sb would(should,could,might)+ have done；1. I ___the party much more if there hadn’t been quite such a crowd of people there. 1996A. would enjoyB. will have enjoyedC. would have enjoyedD. will be enjoying2. All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there ___ quite such a crowd of people there.2000A. weren’tB. hasn’t beenC. hadn’t beenD. wouldn’t省略if，从句的语序用到装，即将were,had或should移至主语的前面，但否定词not不前移。
3. Had Judy been more careful on the maths exam, she ____ much better results now. 2008A. would be gettingB. could have gotC. must getD. would get4. ______you were busy, I wouldn’t have bothered you with my questions. 1994A. If I realizedB. Had I realizedC. I realized thatD. As I realized5.___, he would not have recovered so quickly. 1995A. Hadn't he been taken good care ofB. Had he not been taken good care ofC. Had not he been taken good care ofD. Had he been not taken good care of6. ___for the fact that she broke her leg, she might have passed the exam. 2002A. Had it not beenB. Hadn’t it beenC. Was it notD. Were it not2、与现在事实相反：从句sb did(were)，主句sb would(should, could, might)+do；1. If there were no subjunctive mood, English _____ much easier to learn.2009A. could have beenB. would beC. will beD. would have been2. If you explained the situation to your solicitor, he ________ able to advise you much better than I can.2005A. would beB. will have beenC. wasD. Were3、与将来事实相反：从句sb did (should+do或were+to do)，主句sb would (should, could, might)+do。
专四必备语法一、时态、语态时态、语态需要掌握旳要点：1.体现未来时旳形式：(1)在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般目前时替代未来时，但要注意区别从句旳类型，如：I’ll tell him when you will ring again. 我告诉他你什么时候再来。
(宾语从句)比较：I’ll tell him when you ring again.你再打时我告诉他。
(状语从句)(2)在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后旳that从句中，谓语动词用一般目前时替代未来时，如：See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didn’t know the answer to last time.(include 不能用will include或其他形式) 2.完毕时是时态测试旳重点，注意与完毕时连用旳句型和时间状语：(1)by/between/up to/till +过去时间、since、by the time/when +表达过去发生状况旳从句，主句用过去完毕时。
如：We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.(表达1923年时已发生旳状况) (2)by +未来时间、by the time/ when +谓语动词是一般目前时旳从句，主句用未来完毕时。
如：By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.(3)by now、since +过去时间、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或详细数字)years/days/months，主句用目前完毕时,如：The changes that had taken place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.但在it is +详细时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多旳时候不用完毕时。
英语四级高级语法讲解：从句英语四级高级语法讲解：从句【复合句】：定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句。
一、定语从句：1. that，which，who的使用。
一个句子当中有两个相同的名词，将其中的一个名词进行替换，如果是人，用who;如果是物，用which;that既可以指人又可以指物。
2. 谓语动词(结构)和后面的介词有两种关系：关系紧密&关系疏远;定语从句中如果谓语结构和介词关系紧密，则介词必须保留在谓语结构的后面，不能做任何位置的改动;如果谓语结构和介词关系疏远，介词一般提到which/who/that的前面; 介词加which正好表示时间，可以表达成whe- n;表示地点时，可以表达成where;表示原因时，变成why;3. 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。
限定性定语从句：定语从句和关系词关系非常紧密，删掉定语从句后，整个句子意思会改变;非限定性定语从句：定语从句和关系词关系不是很紧密，删掉定语从句后，整个句子意思不会改变，定语从句只起到补充说明的意义;eg: He won the first place in the competition, which is out of our expectation.② 非限定性定语从句：which引导非限制性定语从句只能放在后面，as则只能放在句子前面二、名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句及同谓语从句;形式：名词+从句;连接词取决于后面的从句是什么样的形式;如果是陈述句，直接加that引导;一般疑问句：先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序，然后在其前加上weather或者if;特殊疑问句：直接保留特殊疑问词，后面的`句子变成陈述句语序;定义：在句子中起名词作用的句子，且在句子中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同谓语、介词宾语等成分;eg. Yuminhong, the president of New Oriental School.三、状语从句:两个独立的句子中间用一些含义不同的连接词连接;状语从句用来表达两个句子之间的逻辑关系;分成原因状语、条件状语、结果状语、时间状语、地点状语、让步状语、目的状语、比较状语、方式状语等九大类型;定语从句是名词+关系词+从句，关系词的用法取决于名词的问题;名词性从句：同谓语从句：名词+关系词+从句，关系词跟后面的从句有关系，如果是陈述句，直接加that引导;一般疑问句：先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序，然后在其前加上weather或者if;特殊疑问句：直接保留特殊疑问词，后面的句子变成陈述句语序;宾语从句：动词+关系词+从句;表语从句：系动词+关系词+从句;主语从句：关系词+从句+谓语动词;名词性从句，其关系词的来源取决于后面的从句的性质。
英语专业四级语法常用句型语法是英语学习中非常关键的一部分，熟练掌握各种句型结构对于理解英语文本和表达自己的思想至关重要。
本文将介绍英语专业四级考试中常用的语法句型，帮助读者提高英语语法水平。
一、基本句型1. 主语 + 谓语 (Subject + Verb)- The cat sleeps. (猫睡觉。
)- He runs. (他跑步。
)2. 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 (Subject + Verb + Object)- The dog chases the cat. (狗追逐着猫。
)- She loves him. (她爱他。
)3. 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾补 (Subject + Verb + Object + Object Complement)- They made him captain. (他们让他成为队长。
)- We consider her reliable. (我们认为她可靠。
)4. 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 (Subject + Verb + Object + Object Complement)- We elected her class president. (我们选她当班长。
)- They named their baby David. (他们给他们的宝宝取名为大卫。
)1. 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语从句 (Subject + Verb + Object Clause)- I know that he is coming. (我知道他来了。
)- She believes what he says. (她相信他说的话。
)2. 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足从句 (Subject + Verb + Object + Object Complement Clause)- They made him realize that he was wrong. (他们使他意识到他错了。
专业英语四级重要知识点一、语法局部考察重点1、虚拟语气的考点为：would rather+that从句+一般过去时;It is vital/ necessary/ important/ urgent/ imperative/ desirable/ advisable/ natural/ essential+that+(should)动词原形; proposal/suggestion+that+动词原形;It is time/about time/high time+that+一般过去时;lest+that+should+动词原形;if only+that+would+动词原形。
2、状语从句的考点为：非if引导的条件状语从句，此类句子多用at times，provided，so long as，in case，once等来替代if;由even if/so，now that，for all等引导的让步状语从句;just/hardly...when引导的时间状语从句;more than，as...as，not so much as，the same as，as much as等引导的比拟状语从句。
3、独立主格构造多以规律主语+分词的形式消失。
4、情态动词多与完成时形式连用。
5、定语从句重点考察介词+关系代词(which)和as作为关系代词。
二、词汇局部考察重点1、动词、名词与介词的搭配如：popular/patient+with;yield/solution/adapt/transfer/access+to;ac cuse/require+of;charge+for;under+discussion等等。
2、习惯用法如：confess to/set about/be used to+doing;be supposed to/have/make sb.+do等。
3、由同一动词构成的短语如：come，go，set，break等构成的短语。
语法考点之一：虚拟语气考点1. If从句中的虚拟语气1、与过去事实相反：从句sb had done，主句sb would(should,could,might)+ have done；1. I ___the party much more if there hadn’t been quite such a crowd of people there. 1996A. would enjoyB. will have enjoyedC. would have enjoyedD. will be enjoying2. All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there ___ quite such a crowd of people there.2000A. weren’tB. hasn’t beenC. hadn’t beenD. wouldn’t省略if，从句的语序用到装，即将were,had或should移至主语的前面，但否定词not不前移。
3. Had Judy been more careful on the maths exam, she ____ much better results now. 2008A. would be gettingB. could have gotC. must getD. would get4. ______you were busy, I wouldn’t have bothered you with my questions. 1994A. If I realizedB. Had I realizedC. I realized thatD. As I realized5.___, he would not have recovered so quickly. 1995A. Hadn't he been taken good care ofB. Had he not been taken good care ofC. Had not he been taken good care ofD. Had he been not taken good care of6. ___for the fact that she broke her leg, she might have passed the exam. 2002A. Had it not beenB. Hadn’t it beenC. Was it notD. Were it not2、与现在事实相反：从句sb did(were)，主句sb would(should, could, might)+do；1. If there were no subjunctive mood, English _____ much easier to learn.2009A. could have beenB. would beC. will beD. would have been2. If you explained the situation to your solicitor, he ________ able to advise you much better than I can.2005A. would beB. will have beenC. wasD. Were3、与将来事实相反：从句sb did (should+do或were+to do)，主句sb would (should, could, might)+do。
名词性从句、定语从句名词性从句 三大从句定语从句 状语从句 主语从句 宾语从句 名词性从句表语从句 同位语从句两步解题法 1.抓连词2.抓连词在名词性从句中的成分连接词 -- that whether if （宾从）连词连接代词 -- what(ever) which(ever) who(ever) whom(ever) whose 连接副词 -- how(ever) when(ever) where(ver) why英语专业四级语法讲义代词that名从中连接词--考与what的区别连词限定性定从中关代--考与which的区别强调句式--注意与主从的区别状从中连接词--常考固搭状从中的连接词--常考固搭so…that in order that such…that with the result thatso thatthat引导名词性从句--that + 完整句子(1)主语从句It is/was + adj.-ed+that +完整句子某些名词e.g. It is true that he passed the exam.It is said that he passed the exam.It is a pity that he didn’t pass the exam.*强调句式It is/was +被强调部分+ that +不完整句子主、宾、表、状e.g.I met him in the street.It was him that I met in the street.It was in the street that I met him.It was I that met him in the street.(2)宾语从句主+ 谓语vt + (that) + 完整句子e.g.I know (that) he passed the exam.(3)表语从句主+ 系动词+ that + 完整句子e.g. My suggestion is that he go with us tomorrow.(4)同位语从句抽象名词+ that + 完整句子e.g. My suggestion that he go with us tomorrow is right.There is /are + 抽象名词+ that + 完整句子*抽象名词answer, belief, concept, conclusion, decision, discovery, doubt, evidence, sign, fact, hope, idea, information, knowledge, statement, suggestion, thought, probability…on the condition that…despite the fact that…on the understanding that…代词that名从中连接词--考与what的区别连词限定性定从中关代--考与which的区别强调句式--注意与主从的区别状从中连接词--常考固搭that 引导限定性定从all some any one(s) every each …the first the last the only the veryN + that + 不完整句子作从句的主、宾、表语e.g. The book that was written by him is pop.that引导同位语从句抽象名词+ that + 完整句子that引导限定性定从N + that + 不完整句子作从句的主、宾、表语The fact that he passed the exam was true.The fact that he found was true.what = all that; the thing that; the person thatwhat + 不完整句子What he said made me happy.e.g. ____it turned out, it was Italian movie.A What____ it turned out was Italian movie.A WhatI know what he said.I listen to what he said.This is what he said.词___ + 不完整句子n A what Xvt /介词/系动词 A what 可以考虑词，___ + 不完整句子A whatB whichC thatwhat与how的区别I don’t know what to do .I don’t know how to do it.I’m thinking of __A__ to do about it.A.whatB.how介词短语在句中的位置1）作状语句子+介短/介短+句子2)作定语n + 介短3）作表语系+介短4）与vi连用形成固搭wh-ever 与no matter wh- 区别让步、名从让步I don’t believe whatever he said.Whatever happens, don’t panic.转折连词---找逗号“但是”however让步连词---找公式“无论如何”However, ,however,公式however + adj/adv + 主语+ 谓语e.g. It caused them to think about B___ they might control the experiences of children to produce responsible and productive adults.A.whatB.howC.whateverD.howeverif与whether的区别if 条件状从“如果”/宾从“是否”whether 让步状从“无论是否”名词性从句（主从、宾从、表从、同位从）“无论是否”whether…or not/…or...We know, however, __D__ no two places are exactly the same.A)although B)whetherC)since D)that定语从句：限定性定语从句/非限定性定语从句两步解题法1.抓先行项（指人、物、整句话内容）2.抓关系词在定语从句中的成分关系词：关系代词--作主、宾、表、定语关系副词--作状语e.g. This is the house ____①I once lived.②I once visited.①where / in which②that / which / XThis is the very house _that/x___ I once visited.e.g. I’ll never forget the day ___①I met him.②I spent with him.①when / on which②that / which / XI’ll never forget the very day _that/x__ I spent with him.地点N where 主+谓vt+宾/宾/宾补主+谓vi主+系+表时间N when 主+谓vt+宾/宾/宾补主+谓vi主+系+表the reason why 主+谓vt+宾/宾/宾补主+谓vi主+系+表词___ + 句子A whatB whichC that词，___ + 句子A whatB whichC thatN 介词+ which+主+谓+宾介词+ whom+主+谓+宾The food __on _ which he depends is expensive.We need a chairman ___in__ whom we have confidence.have confidence inbe confident ofWe were struck by the extend _to__ which the teacher’s decision served the interests of the school rather than those of the students.I listen to what he said.…set at ___C__ they would be if ….A whichB thatC whatD whoAs ①固定搭配②介词与like区别③原因状从④比较状从⑤方式状从⑥让步倒装⑦时间状从⑧定语从句as引导的限定性定语从句such…as (不完整句子)the same…as(不完整句子)注意与such …that区别such …that(完整句子)e.g. It wasn’t such a good dinner _B__ she had promised us.A.thatB.asC.whichD.whatpromise to do/promise sb sthe.g. There was such a long line at the exhibition _A___ we had to wait for about an hour.A.thatB.asC.soD.hencewait for me for a long timee.g. It is language _B___ distinguishes man from the rest of the animal world.A.whatB.thatC.aswhose 表所属关系“…的”n + （,）whose + n.I know a girl whose name is Mary.I like the room whose window faces the south.The book, the cover _B__ is broken, isn’t mine.A whose B. of whichThe book , __A__ cover is broken, isn’t mine.A.whoseB.of which名从、定从真题练习04年43.The government has promised to do ________ lies in its power to ease the hardships of the victims in the flood-stricken area.[A]however[B]whichever[C]whatever[D]wherever03年43.Above the trees are the hills, ____ magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface.[A]where [B] of whose[C]whose[D]which51.They overcame all the difficulties and completed the project two months ahead of time, ____ is something we had not expected.[A]which[B]it[C]that[D]what52.He is quite worn out from years of hard work. He is not the man ____ he was twenty years ago.[A]which[B]that[C]who[D]whom02年44.Have you ever been in a situation ___ you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with him?[A]by which [B] that [C] in where [D] where45.We’ve just installed two air-conditioners in our apartment, ___should make great differences in our life next summer.[A]which[B]what[C]that[D]they01年42.Even as a girl, ______ to be her life, and theater audiences were to be her best teacher.[A]performing by Melissa were[B]it was known that Melissa’s performances were[C]knowing that Melissa’s performances were[D]Melissa knew that performing was44.There is no doubt ______the company has made the right decision on the sales project.[A]why [B] that[C]whether [D] when45.Intellect is to the mind ______sight is to the body.[A]what [B] as[C]that [D]like08年53.Nine is to three _____ three is to one.A.whenB.thatC.whichD.what62.Quality is ____ counts most.A.whichB.thatC. whatD.where09年56.I was very interested in _____ she told me.A.all thatB.all whichC.all whatD.that10年54.After ______ seemed an endless wait, it was his turn to enter the personnel manager's office.A.thatB.itC.whatD.there11年63.There is no doubt ________ the couple did the right thing in coming back home earlier than planned.A.whetherB.thatC.whyD.when参考答案：C.C. A. B. D A.D. B. A. D. C.A. C. B.状语从句状语从句让步状从although though even if / thougheven adv.Even 句子，句子XEven they get the answers right, some are just guessing. Xas引导的让步倒装adj.adv.n (无冠词) as + 主+谓分词短语表让步Although/Though 句首While 表转折but 句中当……时候46.____C__ I sympathize, I can’t really do very much to help them out of the difficulties.[A]As long as[B]As[C]While[D]Evenwh-ever 与no matter wh- 区别让步、名从让步whether…or not/or省略whether倒装Whether he is busy or free, he still keeps on studying English.Be he busy or free, he still keeps on studying English.42.____D____, I’ll marry him all the same.[A]Was he rich or poor [B] Whether rich or poor[C]Were he rich or poor [D] Be he rich or poordespite = in spite of介词介短条件状从if与whether的区别unless = if…notas long as=so long ason condition thatin the event that42.This is an illness that can result in total blindness ___B___ left untreated.[A]after[B]if[C]since[D]unlessprovided (that)= providing (that)= suppose (that)= supposing (that)__B_ I have enough money, I’ll visit Europe next year.A.ImagineB.SupposeC.ProvideD.Givein case：主+ do/does主+ should doin case of时间状从when while as 区别（2）Hardly haveScarcely+has+主+ done + whenhadhave（3）No sooner+has+主+ done + thanhad60.The couple had no sooner got to the station __D___ the coach left.A.whenB. asC.untilD.thanThis means that no sooner has he got used to one routine (33)______D__ he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.33.[A] as[B]when[C]then[D]thanas soon as=the instant=the minute=the momentby the timeevery time each timesince (自从)过去时间点主+ have/has –ed + since过去时句子till/until not …untilonce ①adv “曾经”②连词“一旦”before after then结果状从目的状从so…that with the result thatsuch…that so thatso that in order thattherefore consequently thus so原因状从because = in thatsince = now thatas forbecause of due toowing to thanks to54.Men differ from animals _C___ they can think and speak.A.for whichB. for thatC.in thatD.in which地点状从where wherever anywhere somewhereStay where you are.注意与定语从句的区别This is the house where I once lived.注意when引导的时间状从与定从的区别I’ll never forget the day when I met him.08年56.I enjoyed myself so much _B.____ I visited my friend in Pairs last year.A thatB whenC whereD which比较状从as…as, thanas … as possible = as … as one canthan：比较状从定语从句比较级+ than + 完整句子He ran faster than I did.比较级+ （n）+ than + 不完整句子方式状从as just asI have changed it as you suggested.注意与非限定性定语从句的区别I have changed it, as you suggested.41.She did her work ___A____ her manager had instructed.[A]as[B]until[C]when[D]though状从真题练习07年51.There are as good fish in the sea _____ever came out of it.[A]than[B]like[C]as[D]so61.The research requires more money than _____.[A]have been put in[B]has been put in[C]being put in[D]to be put in04年49.The experiment requires more money than____.[A]have been put in[B]being put in[C]has been put in[D]to be put in06年51.__________ dull he may be, he is certainly a very successful top executive.［A］Although ［B］Whatever［C］As ［D］However03年45.—Does Alan like hamburgers?—Yes. So much ____ that he eats them almost every day.[A]for[B]as[C]to[D]so49.____ I like economics, I like sociology much better.[A]As mush as[B]So much[C]How much[D]Much as08年55.____ he wanted to go out with his friends at the weekend, he had to stay behind to finish his assignment.A.Much thoughB.Much asC.As muchD.Though much60.They stood chatting together as easily and naturally as ____.A.it could beB.could beC.it wasD.was09年54._____ the boss says, it is unreasonable to ask me to work overtime without pay.A.WhateverB.WheneverC.WhicheverD.However08年56.I enjoyed myself so much ____ I visited my friends in Paris last year.A.whenB.whichC.thatD.where01年49.Barry had an advantage over his mother ______ he could speak French.[A]since that [B] in that[C]at that[D]so that参考答案：C.B. C.D. D. D.B. A. A. A. B.虚拟虚拟语气与情态动词1.if引导的虚拟语气（1）省略if 的虚拟倒装※had + 主语（not ）done ※should + 主语 + do ※were +主语+ to do （2）含蓄虚拟without = but forwith（3）错综（混合）虚拟2.其他形式虚拟（1）wish / wished①过去式主 ②would/could + do③had done / would/could + have done （2）as if / as though①过去式主 ②would/could + do③had done / would/could + have done （3）if only①过去式主②would/could + do③had done / would/could + have done（4）would rather = ’d rather 主①过去式②had done /would/could + have donewould rather do / not do(5)用表示建议、命令、要求等词引导的名词性从句中that + 主语+（should）do+（should）be done两步解题方法：①圈出标志词（表建议、命令、要求的词）②选出动词原形suggest/-ed/-ion propose/-d/-sal order/-ed ask/-ed require/-d/-ment request/-eddesire/-d/-rable demand/-ed command/-edinsist/-ed/-ent/-ence recommend/-ed/-ation move/motion urge/-ent direct/-edadvise/-ce/-able important vitalessential necessary imperative（6）It's/was + timehigh time+that +主+ didabout time（7）lest (that)for fear that+主语+ should + do(in case)in case 主+ do/dose主+ should do（8）跳层虚拟真实，otherwise / or + 虚拟虚拟，but + 真实真实—过去时/ must have done虚拟—would / could + have done3.情态动词+ have donemust + have donecan / could + have donemay / might + have doneshould / ought to + have doneshouldn't / oughtn't to + have doneneedn't + have donemust: 表命令“必须”表推测“一定”need: 情态动词“必要”+ do实义动词“需要”+ to doneed doing = need to be done虚拟语气真题14年51.It is essential that he ________ all the facts first.A.is examiningB.will examineC.examinesD.examine55.Which of the following sentences indicatesPOSSIBILITY?A.The moon cannot always be at the full.B.You cannot smoke inside the building.C.He cannot come today.D.She cannot play the piano.13年54.Which of the following sentences contains subjunctive mood?A.Lucy insisted that her son get home before 5 o’clock?B.She used to drive to work, but now she takes the city metro.C.Walk straight ahead, and don't turn till the second traffic lights.D.Paul will cancel his flight if he cannot get his visa by Friday.63.If it ____ tomorrow, the match would be put off.A.were to rainB.was to rainC.was rainingD.had rained12年54.My boss ordered that the legal documents ____ to him before lunch.A.be sentB.were sentC.were to be sentD.must be sent11年61.It's getting late. I'd rather you _______ now.A.will leaveB. are leavingC.leaveD.left10年52.Nancy's gone to work but her car's still there. She __________ by bus.A.must have goneB.should have goneC.ought to have goneD.could have gone60.It is necessary that he ___ the assignment without delay.A.hand inB.hands inC.must hand inD.has to hand in09年52.If there were no subjunctive mood, English _____ much easier to learn.A.could have beenB.would beC.will beD.would have been53.She ____ fifty or so when I first met her at a conference.A.had beenB.must beC.has beenD.must have been61.Aren’t you tired? I ___ you had done enough for today.A.should have thoughtB. must have thoughtC.might have thoughtD. could have thought08年52.Had Judy been more careful on the maths exam, she ____ much better results now.A.would be gettingB.could have gotC.must getD.would get65.Which of the following sentences expresses "probability"?A.You must leave immediately.B.You must be feeling rather tired.C.You must be here by eight o'clock.D.You must complete the reading assignment on time.07年54.If only the patient ______a different treatment instead of using the antibiotics, he might still be alive now.[A]had received[B]received[C]should receive[D]were receiving60.He would have finished his college education, but he _______to quit and find a job to support his family.[A]had had [B] has [C] had [D] would have65.It is absolutely essential that William ________his study in spite of some learning difficulties.[A]will continue[B]continued[C]continue[D]continues06年52.If only I ____._____ play the guitar as well as you!［A］would ［B］could［C］should ［D］might54.It’s high time we __________ cutting down the rainforests.［A］stopped ［B］had to stop［C］shall stop ［D］stop59.It is imperative that the government _______ more investment into the shipbuilding industry.［A］attracts ［B］shall attract［C］attract ［D］has to attract05年51.If you explained the situation to your solicitor, he ________ able to advise you much better than I can.[A]would be[B]will have been[C]was[D]were60.That was not the first time he ________ us. I think it’s high time we ________ strong actions against him.[A]betrayed…take[B]had betrayed…took[C]has betrayed…took[D]has betrayed…take63.__ you ____ further problems with your printer,contact your dealer for advice.[A]If, had[B]Have, had[C]Should, have[D]In case, had04年46.It is imperative that students ______ their term papers on time.[A]hand in[B]would hand in[C]have to hand in[D]handed in02年50._______ for the fact that she broke her leg, she might have passed the exam.[A]Had it not been[B]Hadn’t it been[C]Was it not[D]Were it not51.“What courses are you going to do next semester?”“I don’t know. But it’s about time ___on something.”[A]I’d decide[B]I decided[C]I decide[D]I’m deciding00年48.You _______ Jim anything about it. It was none of his business.[A]needn’t have told[B]needn’t tell[C]mustn’t have told[D]mustn’t tell49.All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there ______ quite such a crowd of people there.[A]weren’t[B]hasn’t been[C]hadn’t been[D]wouldn’t be参考答案：D A A A A D A A B D A D B A C C B A C A B C A A B A C时态、语态时态、语态常考时态、语态1.现在完成进行时have/has been doing（1）表示一个动作发生在过去，一直延续下去（2）现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别①现在完成时表动作已经完成；现在完成进行时表动作还在继续②现在完成时表动作已经一次性完成；现在完成进行时表动作反复发生③如果动作表示状态，应用现在完成时2.进行时be + doing①表示正在进行的动作②即将发生的动作③与always, for ever, constantly，continually等adv连用,表示说话人的某种情绪How can I ever concentrate if you _C__ continually ___ me with silly questions?A.have, interruptedB.had, interruptedC.are, interruptingD.were, interrupting3.表示将来的一般现在时①在时间状从和条件状从中②表计划好、安排好的事情be to do时态、语态真题练习13年58.All the following sentences definitely indicate future time EXCEPTA.Mother is to have tea with Aunt Betty at four.B.The President is coming to the UN next week,C.The school pupils will be home by now.D.He is going to email me the necessary information.07年55.Linda was _____the experiment a month ago, but she changed her mind at the last minute.[A]to start[B]to have started[C]to be starting[D]to have been starting58.The committee has anticipated the problems that ________in the road construction project.[A]arise[B]will arise[C]arose[D]have arisen59.The student said there were a few points in the essay he _______impossible to comprehend.[A]had found [B] finds[C]has found [D] would find05年54.J ames has just arrived, but I didn’t know he _________ until yesterday.[A]will come[B]was coming[C]had been coming[D]came55._________ conscious of my moral obligations as a citizen.[A]I was and always will be[B]I have to be and always will be[C]I had been and always will be[D]I have been and always will be02年43.For some time now, world leaders _______ out the necessity for agreement on arms reduction.[A]had been pointing [B] have been pointing[C]were pointing[D]pointed08年63.In his plays Shakespeare _____ his characters live through their language.A.would makeB.had madeC.madeD.makes参考答案：C B B A B D B D反意问句反意问句前肯，后否前否，后肯否定形式：no not never little few seldom scarcely hardly rarely祈使句祈使句否定，will you?祈使句肯定, won’t you?句子的主语是this, that, these, those时，反意问句的主语为it, theyThis is a book, ______?复合句中的反意问句，有两种情况：①反意问句的主语应与主句主语一致Mary said her son would come, ___________?②主句的主语是I/We，谓语是think/believe/suppose时，反意问句主语应与从句主语一致I don’t think he’ll come, ________?there be结构的反意问句，反意问句主语用thereThere used to be…, didn’t there?There used to be…, usedn’t there?反意问句真题练习10年57.She seldom goes to the theatre, __________?A.doesn't sheB.does sheC.would sheD.wouldn't she08年58.When you have finished with that book, don't forget to put it back on my desk, ____?A.do youB.don't youC.will youD.won't young与11年54题考一样06年65.There used to be petrol station near the park,______ ?［A］didn’t it ［B］doesn’t there［C］usedn’t it ［D］didn’t there03年53.She would have been more agreeable if she had changed a little bit, ____?[A]hadn’t she[B]hasn’t she[C]woul dn’t she[D] didn’t she00年44.Do help yourself to some fruit, ______ you?[A]can’t[B]don’t[C]wouldn’t[D]won’t参考答案：B C D C D形容词、副词adj / adv比较结构倍数表达法：基数词+timesonce twice three times分数表达法：分子用基数，分母用序数；分子大于1，分母+S2/3 two-thirds倍数在句中的应用※主+谓+倍数/分数+as + adj + as※主+谓+倍数/分数+the size (amount /length /price…) of※主+谓+倍数/分数+adj/adv比较级+than※increase/decrease by+倍数/分数具有比较意义的adj两个特点：（1）不能与more，-er连用（2）不能与than连用, 只能与to连用superior to inferior tosenior to junior toprior to = before sensitive tosecond to preferable to含有最高意义的adjabsolute unique round right wrong correct perfect outstanding结构：be + of + a + nbe + much + of + a + nbe + more + of + a + n + thanbe + as + much + of + a + n + asadj / adv 比较级、最高级用法一些特殊的比较结构①the more…, the more…“越…越”e.g. The harder you study, the more progress you’llmake.②(not) so/as…as“如同…一样，不如…”e.g. It is not so/as good as it looks.③the same…as / the same as “和…一样”e.g. She looks just the same as before.I got the same feeling as you did.④no more A than BA not…any more than B“正如A不能…B也不能”；“和…一样不”A fool can no more see his own folly than he can see his ears.no less…than “不比…差”⑤not A so much as Bnot so much A as Bnot more …A than B“与其说A不如说B”；“是B，而不是A”He is not so much a writer as a reporter.形容词、副词真题练习14年62.Which of the following italicized parts modifies anadverb?A.I rather like my teacher.B.That was a very funny film.C.Do it right now.D.We walked about 6 miles.11年56.Which of the following italicized phrases is INCORRECT?A.The city is now ten times its original size.B.I wish I had two times his strength.C.The seller asked for double the usual price.D.They come here four times every year.09年55.A new laptop costs about _____ of a second-hand one.A.the price of three timesB.three times the priceC.as much as the three times priceD.three times more than the price08年64.The square itself is five hundred yards wide, five times ____ the size of St. Peter's in Rome.A./B.that ofC.which isD.of07年51.There are as good fish in the sea _____ever came out of it.[A]than [B] like [C] as[D]so57.It is not ______much the language as the background that makes the book difficult to understand.[A]that [B] as [C] so [D]very11年57题、99年45题考的一样62.Overpopulation poses a terrible threat to the human race. Yet it is probably ________a threat to the human race than environmental destruction.[A]no more[B]not more[C]even more[D]much more06年64.It was __________ we had hoped.［A］more a success than［B］a success more than［C］as much of a success as［D］ a success as much as05年59.Do you know Tim’s brother? He is ____ than Tim.[A]much more sportsman[B]more of a sportsman[C]more of sportsman[D]more a sportsman04年41.That trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasn’t bothered by his l oudness ________ by his lack of talent.[A]so much as[B]rather than[C]as[D]than01年48.He was ______to tell the truth even to his closest friend.[A]too much of a coward[B]too much the coward[C]a coward enough[D]enough of a coward参考答案：C B B A C C B C B A A非谓语to do / not to do 非谓语 doing / not doingdone形式（时态、语态）注意：①to do 一般式表示动作与主句的谓语动作同时发生。
第一讲：分词独立结构1．分词作状语时的逻辑主语少数情况下，其逻辑主语与句子主语不一致，分词用来修饰全句。
Judging from appearance, he seems to be a strong man. (=If we judge…) Generally speaking, the novel is not very inspiring.上述结构只限于为数不多的几个动词，比如：broadly speaking; considering; talking of; putting it mildly（说得客气一点）; regarding(touching, respecting) the plan（关于这个计划）; including…; pending the trial（在审讯期间）; excluding the captain（不包括船长）; barring accidents（若无意外）; granting that（即使）; strictly speaking; comparatively speaking; roughly speaking; calculating roughly; calculating strictly; taking all things into consideration（从各方面来说）; properly speaking等。
一般情况下，作状语的分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。
2．分词的独立结构作状语的分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致，分词就应有自己的逻辑主语，这就构成了分词的独立结构。
独立结构一般在句首，也可在句尾，表伴随情况常在句尾。
其结构由逻辑主语（名词、代词）+分词构成，可表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况等。
在独立结构中，其逻辑主语可以是分词动作的执行者，也可是承受着；可以是现在分词，也可是过去分词，还可是分词的完成式或被动式。
1）逻辑主语+现在分词：这种结构表示主动意义。
英语专业四级语法专题讲解英语专业四级考试对于语法知识的要求非常高，只有掌握了扎实的语法基础，才能够在考试中取得好成绩。
本文将针对英语专业四级考试中常见的语法问题进行分析和讲解，帮助考生更好地应对考试。
一、时态时态是英语语法中的基础知识，常出现在四级考试的试题中。
英语中常见的时态有一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时等，每种时态都有其特定的用法和表示方式。
1. 一般现在时一般现在时表示经常性或习惯性的动作，也可以表示客观事实等。
例句1：I usually get up at 7 o'clock in the morning.例句2：Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.2. 一般过去时一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
例句1：I watched a movie last night.例句2：He lived in Paris for two years.3. 一般将来时一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语连用。
例句1：I will visit my grandparents next weekend.例句2：She is going to travel around the world after graduation.4. 现在进行时现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作。
例句1：They are studying in the library now.例句2：I am reading a book at the moment.5. 过去进行时过去进行时表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作。
例句1：She was cooking dinner when I arrived home.例句2：I saw him while he was walking in the park.6. 现在完成时现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
大学英语四级考试从句语法知识大学英语四级考试从句语法知识汇总I 定语从句1.先行词为all，anything，something，nothing，everything， much， little， none等不定代词时，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。
在大多数情况下that可以省略.Please tell me everything (that) you know about the matter.That’s all (that) we can do at the moment.2.as引出的限制性定语从句在such … as的结构中as可作关系代词，引出限制性定语从句。
有时和same连用，在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语等。
Such people as were recommended by him were reliable.I’ve never seen such a talented young man as he is.I have the same trouble as you (have)。
3.as引出的非限制性定语从句as可作关系代词引出非限制性定语从句，代替整个主句，通常译为“(正)如…一样”，“(正)象…一样”等。
as引导的从句一般用逗号与主句隔开，可以位于主句的前面、中间或后面.I live a long way from work， as you know.She did not， as her friend had feared， break down.As is generally accepted， economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.4.分隔式定语从句定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但有时会被其他句子成分与先行词隔开，从而构成分隔式定语从句。
The days are gone when power politics worked.A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you French.5.介词+关系代词(which/whom等)引出的定语从句如果关系代词(which/whom等)在定语从句中作介词的宾语，那么这个介词可以提到从句前，构成“介词+关系代词(which/whom 等)+定语从句”。
英语专业四级复合句语法考点材料辅导英语专业四级复合句语法考点材料辅导一、定语从句五大概念：概念一、什么是定语从句?在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。
在定语从句中，被修饰的这一名词或代词叫做先行词。
在定语从句中的引导词叫做关系词。
关系词又分关系代词和关系副词。
概念二、关系词有哪些?1、关系代词：which(指sth 作主语或宾语)，that(指sb 或sth 作主语或宾语)，who(指sb作主语或宾语)，whom(指sb作宾语)，whose(指sb或sth，作定语),as(指sb,sth 作主语或宾语); 注意: 做宾语的时候，关系代词可以省略。
2、关系副词：when(指时间 on which)，where(指地点at which)，why(指原因 for which)概念三、关系词通常有以下三个作用?1.引导定语从句;2.代替先行词;3.在定语从句中担当一个成分。
Eg. The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.概念四、关系代词和关系副词有何区别及方法?主要是它们在从句中所起的作用不同。
关系代词在从句中一般作主语或宾语。
而关系副词在定语从句中作状语。
Focus in：v 方法一：句子成份法：关系代词在句中充当主语、宾语;关系副词在从句中作状语。
v 方法二：句子完好法：关系代词引导的定语从句不完好;关系副词引导的定语从句是完好的。
I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together.I will never forget the days that / which we spent together.概念五、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别A. 限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。
意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句那么失去意义或意思表达不完好。
