西方文明史chapter 1

西方文明史通论朱孝远第一章绪论1。

1略.1.2略。

1.3国民性是：思维方式，文化表象，价值观念，社会伦理，宗教传统。

1.4文明相对立的是本能。

1.5略。

1。

6历史的研究对象是人，研究历史就是研究人的历史，研究历史的方法是学力心得第二章希腊文化的意境和希腊文化的特点2。

1荷马的历史就是一场美人梦；男人都身体健硕,女人都美丽动人,在别的民族都在为水源土地征战不休的时候，他们却因为一个叫海伦的女子在特洛伊耗费了整整十年。

希腊的英雄就是诗歌的主题，为荣誉而战是每个人的信念。

希腊民族的个性特点：者乐水、仁者乐山、知者动、仁者静、知者乐、仁者寿。

—--冯友兰2。

2希腊文化的意境：理想与美：抒情的天才独能感觉到一个画景象征世界从神秘的玄同忘我之境中产生。

-—尼采2。

3希腊文化的特点：(一)希腊文化不同于官方文化,它是来自于民间的一种自发的民族文化。

接近自然贴近人心；（二）心灵性;(三）向善性，追求理性的善,追求真善美；（四)唯美主义；(五）神秘性和悬念(好到极致、神秘性、可望不可及、新的感受）。

2。

4萨福的诗温婉典雅，真情率性,大多以人的爱和欲望为主题—-不同于她以前的诗歌是以神作为歌吟的对象——诗中充满了爱的劝喻、爱中的甜美与痛苦或两者相互交织的情愫，以及弥漫着怜悯和嫉妒的悲鸣之声。

读她的诗歌，犹如冒险去远航。

2.5略。

2。

6诗性美与女性美：男性是生活在逻辑和现实里面的，女性是生活在理性和感性里面的,女性更加接近诗性美.第三章古代希腊的英雄主义3。

1希腊的英雄主义精神；忘我的残忍的战斗精神；天真善良温厚的情感;个人尊严的荣誉的敏感意识；个人本位3。

2荷马史诗的隐喻：奥德修斯情结荷马史诗分为两部分，上部是人们都要当英雄的，可是当了英雄以后都不开心呢。

人们都要被控制,死的死，伤心的伤心，奥德修斯想出了木马计,他是个英雄,可他还是不开心。

在另一部中奥德修斯走了,去做了普通人，不当英雄了，但他找到了自我，不再被控了，这就是荷马史诗中的隐喻3。

智慧树西方文明史导论问题详解-V1作为一门历史学科的入门课程，智慧树西方文明史导论涉及了从古埃及文明、古希腊文明、罗马帝国的盛世到黑暗时期、文艺复兴和近代欧洲的历史发展。

但是，在学习这门课程时，很多学生都会遇到一些问题，下面就来详细解答一下智慧树西方文明史导论中的几个关键问题。

一、为什么古埃及社会中文明得以发展？古埃及文明在全球历史上具有举足轻重的地位。

从早期的红山文化到篝火石器时代，再到中王国时期，古埃及人通过对尼罗河流域的农业开发和掌握了尼罗河航运，建立了强大的国家，培养了许多能够写作的官僚和学者。

此外，古埃及人还推崇人类形象的神明，同时加强了他们与自然和宇宙的联系，形成了强烈的信仰和一种富有特色的文化。

这些都为古埃及文明的繁荣提供了坚实的基础。

二、古希腊为什么被视为人类思想的源头？古希腊文明可以说是人类思维史上的一个重要事件，其对于现代思想、科学和艺术等领域的影响深远。

古希腊城邦的兴起使得前所未有的知识交流变得尤为频繁，加上全民公民制和男子自由，使得自我意识和理性思维变得更为重要。

同时，古希腊人也是众多伟大思想家和哲学家的发源地，例如柏拉图、亚里士多德和苏格拉底等，这些人的思想和理念带来了对自我和人类的思考，为后续的哲学和科学的发展奠定了坚实的基础。

三、文艺复兴为什么是欧洲文明之花？文艺复兴是欧洲文明史上一个浪漫而又富有历史意义的时期，为欧洲的文化、艺术和科学等领域注入了新的活力。

它不仅是欧洲古典文明与基督教文明相互融合的结果，也是意大利城市国家的文化兴盛的产物。

文艺复兴期间欧洲艺术家和思想家的活跃推动了人类思想、社会和经济的进步。

此外，文艺复兴的影响也远远超越欧洲，传递到亚洲和美洲，极大地促进了人文主义、自由思考和美学的发展。

总之，智慧树西方文明史导论作为一门引领着人类思想、文化和艺术的门户课程，深入浅出地介绍了西方文明的起源与发展，让人们能够更好地理解这场历史画卷。

尽管时代在变，但历史的经验和教训却始终为后进之人提供着巨大的帮助和启示，只有了解历史、借鉴历史，才能够更好地迎接未来的挑战和机遇。

第一章古希腊文明一、概述古代希腊的地理范围以爱琴海为中心，包括希腊半岛、爱琴海诸岛和小亚细亚西部沿海地带。

特色：人性的舒展、理性的升华、民主的弘扬、开放的拓展二、文学1、神话古希腊人信奉多神教，并为诸神编制了丰富多彩的神话，而这些神话便成为文学艺术取之不尽的体裁。

希腊神话培养了灿烂的文学艺术，成为后来欧洲文学创作的一个重要源泉。

内容：前奥林帕斯神系特色：神人同形同性(他们认为神是人最完美的体观，神不但具有人的形象，而且具有人的感情和经历。

) 12位提坦巨神：众神之父，雷电之神宙斯；婚姻女神赫拉；海神波塞冬；太阳神阿波罗；智慧女神雅典娜；月亮女神阿尔忒弥斯；爱与美之神阿佛洛狄忒；农业女神徳墨忒尔；战神阿瑞斯；火神赫怀斯托斯；商旅神赫尔墨斯；灶神赫斯提亚。

2、史诗——《荷马史诗》：1）内容：由《伊利亚特》和《奥德塞》组成。

以特洛伊战争为背景。

史诗不仅是希腊人从野蛮过渡到文明这一时代留下的宝贵遗产，也是研究希腊上古史的重要文献。

2）成就：a：人本观念继续升华b：史料价值——政治、经济、文化c：艺术价值——结构：倒叙法人物：人物塑造饱满、成功风格：各具特色语言：优美丰富、比喻奇特3）“荷马问题”：作者是谁的问题。

4）意义：史料价值：史诗中社会关系、铁器、奴隶制情况，表明当时希腊从原始社会过渡为阶级社会文学价值：欧洲最早的文学巨著，用希腊奥尼亚方言写成，艺术性强，欧洲学生文学必修课。

文艺复兴先驱但丁称荷马为“诗人之王”宗教意义：对希腊神话的整理和系统化有重要作用（人神两条线索），反映了希腊宗教从自然崇拜、祖先崇拜和氏族崇拜转向人格崇拜社会意义：对希腊人民族性格的塑造起了重要作用。

5）局限：具有一定的神命论色彩；具有一定的贵族气息3、诗歌与寓言抒情诗——萨福（前612——？）被称为“第十位文艺女神”古希腊最著名的是《伊索寓言》包括《农夫和蛇》《狼和小羊》《狐狸和葡萄》。

文字简练、内容生动，比喻恰当，富有思想性。

西方文明史讲义第一章、绪论：人类文明之大势与泛地中海文明进化论的全球史观：维科、孔多塞、特莱帕。

马克思主义属此。

斯宾格勒、汤因比文化类型史观（文明形态说）：反对文化有优劣并强调诸文明都不能避免“生命周期”。

四阶段：“起源、生长、衰落、解体”。

主要机制：由挑战——应战机制产生文明。

（吴宓书英文本《斯宾格勒之文化论》页边注：“成，住，坏，劫。

生，住，异，灭。

）（《西方的没落》The Decline of the West第2卷举出9个高等文化：（1）埃及文化；（2）巴比伦文化；（3）印度文化；（4）中国文化；（5）希腊罗马文化；（6）阿拉伯文化；（7）墨西哥文化；（8）西欧文化；（9）俄罗斯文化。

其实是八个：古典文化、西方文化、巴比伦文化、中国文化、埃及文化、墨西哥文化、阿拉伯文化、印度文化。

西欧文化，即所谓的“浮士德”文化，也已步入绝境，将来起而代之的是俄罗斯文化。

“文化之灵”的假说。

每一种文化的历史，都只是文化之灵的一个发现、一个化身。

真正的文化之灵都具有宗教性，文化所表露的一切生命的形式，即各种艺术、礼拜、教理、形而上学及数学的形式世界、装饰艺术、诗歌、思想等，都有宗教性。

一切文化的本质是宗教的，因而一切文明的本质，便是伪宗教的。

进而区分“文化”与“文明”两个概念。

文化一发展到老年时代，便入于文明之死亡的绝境，没有哲学、艺术，剩下的只有一群野蛮人，从事于物质的扩张和帝国主义的发展。

）（以中国文化来说，先秦时代是文化时代，汉、唐、宋、明、清时代就是文明时代；以印度文化来说，吠陀时代是文化时代，佛教、印度教时代就是文明时代；以地中海文化来说，希腊时代是文化时代，希腊化、罗马时代就是文明时代；以中东文化来说，早期基督教时代是文化时代，回教时代就是文明时代；以美索布达米亚文化来说，苏美时代是文化时代，巴比伦、亚述时代就是文明时代；以埃及文化来说，古王国、中王国是文化时代，新帝国就是文明时代；以墨西哥文化来说，玛雅时代是文化时代，阿兹提克时代就是文明时代；以秘鲁文化来说，印加帝国以前的时代是文化时代，以后的就是文明时代了。

欧洲文明简史chapter1ci...(1)Mesopotamia:Firstly, the Tigris and Euphrates create many small plains and lowlands, although to the north of Mesopotamia lays the mountainous Iranian plateau and to its south the Syrian desert, thanks to the rivers, Mesopotamia is hot but humid and fertile, it is good for people to live in. Secondly, every year in late spring or early summer, snow melted and it caused the flooding of the rivers, then rich soil down from the mountain to the plain, the rich soil and humid climate provided a wonderful environment for early agriculture, so, this also do well to the civilization development in Mesopotamia. Thirdly, the annual floods between April and June were irregular and the tremendous heat would cause rapid evaporation of the river water, these make farming impossible. In order to solve both problem, people in Mesopotamia built irrigation systems .As systematic agriculture began to provide a consistent food surplus, populations grew and small villages developed into larger town and cities . More complex social structures appeared in these town and cities. The first human civilization was born.(2)Egypt: The historical development of civilization in Egypt was strongly influenced by the geography. Firstly, Egypt is called as “the gift of the Nile”. The Nile was the lifeline of the ancient Egyptian civilization. In some way, all Egyptians depended on the Nile for water, food and transportation. And the Nile helped the ancient Egyptians was in trade. Secondly, Egypt’s unique natural environment played an important role in its peace and stability in its political history. The Nile’s regular flooding made people can produce enough food which provided the economic basic forinternal stability. The Nile’s valley, surrounded by deserts and seas, the Sahara desert, the Mediterranean and the Red sea, all served as excellent natural defenses. All this ensured great continuity in Egyptian civilization.2. What were the similarities and differences in the religious belief of the Sumerians, Egyptians, and Hebrews?Similarities:I just found a general similarity in the religious belief among Sumerians, Egyptians, and Hebrews, that is, they all believed in god or gods. What’s more, the y also believed that god or gods created and governed the nature or the universe.However, I did find some similarities when comparing two of them. Compared with Egyptians and Sumerians, I found three similarities between them. First, they were polytheistic, in other words, they both believed in many gods and goddess. Second, both of them believed in the existence of human souls. Third, they believed that gods had a human body.Differences:(1)As for Hebrews, they believed in only one God, but Sumerians andEgyptians supported polytheistic. Secondly, Hebrews’ monotheistic religion is based on moral principles and rules in the Hebrew Bible, the Tanakh. Thirdly, they thought that Jehovah, the only real God for the Hebrews, was not created above nature. Fourthl y, they saw nature as an example of God’s handiwork; it was no longer supernatural, but natural. Fifthly, they had developed an awareness of self or the “I”men must have the freedom to choose. Sixthly, Hebrew faith is that God had made a special agreement with his people.(2)As for Sumerians, they believed that the earth was a flatdisc andGod created human beings in their own image. Secondly, they believed that man had a soul, but once he died, it would perish. Thirdly, they did not believe in life after death, and their funerals were simple.(3)As for Egyptians, they built temples to worship the gods and they hada thought that the sun god and the lord of the universe were depictedin human form. Secondly, they believed life after death, so they often prevented the bodies of the dead from rotting. Thirdly, they thought that a person’s thoughts and emotions were located in the heart instead of the brain.3. In what ways did civilizations and cultures in the ancient Near East influence the development of European civilization?Civilization and Cultures in the ancient Near East influenced the development of European civilization mainly through Greek Culture which is commonly took as the origin of European civilization. The civilization in the ancient Near East contributed to Greek culture a lot which at last led to an influence on European civilization.The first thing we have to mention is language. Sumerians who live in the area of Mesopotamia plain created the first known writing system in human history which is pictographic. And after that they invented cuneiform which is more abstract. Later, Egyptians invented their own writing system Hieroglyphics which was lately used and improved by Greeks and then became Latin which had been widely used through Europe. The invention of languageprovided a way for the inheritance and development ofEuropean culture. And also made it more possible for the second thing we’re going to talk about to spread and influenced Greek and Europe.That is religion. Religion actually took an important part in European culture and its developments as well as the Near East ones. The religion in Mesopotamia causes the birth of the first mythology. But Egypt religion actually made a bigger influence. Most Greek gods and goddess were named after Egyptian gods or places. However, the only one which was still frequently heard nowadays is Israelite religion Judaism in Hebrew. It developed into the worldwide religion Christianity lately because Jews paid too much attention on tribe. And as we all known Christianity is one of the biggest religions all around the world and most European culture were gave birth and improved depends on this.When it comes to religion, we will come up with the idea that they contributed so much to Western art including literature, painting and so on. Most of the famous masterpieces of master were related to religion and this comment can still make sense nowadays. Arts can be a really important part of a culture, so as we can see, through religion, the civilization of Near East actually does affect the culture of Europe.And also, religions have greatly affected social consciousness and values of modern people which sped up the improvement of European economy and politic.。

《西方文明史导论》作业参考答案要点第一章绪论1、【问答题】(1分)英国前首相丘吉尔说：“大学不仅要传授知识,大学更应当传授智慧。

大学不应满足于培训技术,大学更应致力于锻造人格。

”结合你自己的专业，谈谈你对这段话的理解。

主观发挥题,无标准答案,言之有理、表述清晰有逻辑，能提出自己的观点认识为好。

第二章希腊文化的意境和希腊1、【问答题】(１0分)概述希腊文化的意境。

理想与美:希腊艺术的意境表述;情感交流的方式：直觉、诗语和精神的形象化；玄同忘我之境在理想和现实的交汇点产生。

2、【问答题】(1０分）阐述希腊文化的特点来自民间的自发的民族文化；心灵性,每一件艺术都是用心灵雕刻出的精品；向善性；唯美主义；神秘性和悬念第三章古代希腊的英雄主义1、【问答题】(１0分)《荷马史诗》中的隐喻是什么?《荷马史诗》分成两部，上部《伊利亚特》,下部《奥德赛》。

两部史诗的内容不一样，前一部叫人拼命去当英雄，后一部叫人做一个平常人，游山玩水找到自己。

两个主题、风格、内容完全不一样的史书合在一起叫做《荷马史诗》，遭来很多人的非议。

一种普遍的说法是两部史书不是同一个人写的，因为它们的内容如此不同,所要反映的精神世界也是如此不同。

另一种说法,正是这样一种不同，反而组成一个合体,看到了它的两个面。

为什么这么一部有名的史诗,在主题和情节安排上产生出如此之大的反差？是作者的有意所为,还是一个历史的巧合?现在已无从考证,《荷马史诗》的原稿已经没有了。

姑且不做这样的文献考订，围绕内容来说,看一看这里面有没有被我们称之为大惑不解之谜,或者说是荷马史诗的隐喻,有什么谜语隐藏其中。

2、【问答题】(10分)如何破解《荷马史诗》的隐喻？隐喻的破解：英雄主义隐喻的破解：浪漫主义奥德修斯情结和圆满的结局:从英雄主义转变到浪漫主义;行动的浪漫主义者而不是精神的浪漫主义者；坚定的目标性，找回自己；找到两极之间的最佳点；最后的发现:人与人、家和家、社会和社会之间，是可以取得和谐的。

第三部分《西方文化史》1-4章考点+名词解释第一章第一章西方文化的起源◆最初的奴隶制文明、现代西方文化的源头：爱琴文化◆现代西方文化的“基石”：希腊—罗马古典文化◆西方文化的精神祖先：古代希伯来人、古代希腊人一．一．欧洲史前文化（一）（一）旧石器文化1. 1.早期文化有三个：阿布维利文化、阿舍利文化、克拉克文化2. 2.阿布维利—阿舍利文化代表工具：手斧3. 3.克拉克文化代表工具：石片4. 4.欧洲最早发现的早期智人化石：尼安德特人化石5. 5.尼安德特人创造的文化：莫斯特文化6. 6.欧洲晚期智人：克罗马农人（现代欧洲白种人的祖先）7.7.晚期智人阶段主要文化：奥瑞纳文化、梭鲁特文化、马德林文化8.8.克罗马农人最突出的文化成就：岩画艺术（多以动物为题材）代表作：阿尔塔米拉洞穴岩画（西班牙）拉斯科洞穴岩画（法）最早的雕刻：“持角杯的少女”（也称“洛塞尔的维纳斯”）（二）（二）新石器文化1. 1.欧洲中石器文化的代表：阿齐尔文化（法）、马格尔莫斯文化（北欧）2. 2.阿齐尔文化主要工具：石镞、骨镞、骨质鱼叉3. 3.马格尔莫斯文化：鱼叉、鱼钩------渔猎生活4. 4.新石器文化主要特征：磨制石器和陶器的使用家畜驯养和定居农业的出现5. 5.欧洲最早的农业居民遗址在：南欧6. 6.欧洲最早的奴隶制文明：克里特岛进入青铜时代二．二．爱琴文化—克里特-迈锡尼文化（一）（一）爱琴文化的发现◆发现者：亨利•谢里曼（德）阿瑟•伊文斯（英）：发现米诺斯王宫（二）（二）克里特文化（前2600---前1250）1. 1.早期爱琴海非希腊语居民（创造早期爱琴文化）：皮拉斯吉人、卡里亚人或勒列吉人2. 2.克里特岛最为强大的奴隶制小国：米诺斯王朝3. 3.克里特重要雕刻品：石雕（“斗士杯”和“军官杯”）；克里特人有斗牛的习俗4. 4.米诺斯王朝书写形式：从图形符号发展为线形音节文字（线形文字A）5. 5.克里特人是海上民族，航海业发达；克里特文化兼具海洋性和开放性（三）（三）迈锡尼文化1. 1.迈锡尼文化的创造者：阿该亚人2. 2.阿该亚人创造了另一种泥板文书：线形文字B3. 3.表明迈锡尼社会进入奴隶制阶段的是：线形文字B里有关奴隶的字样4. 4.特洛伊战争时间：前12世纪初5. 5.以爱琴社会为题材的著作：《荷马史诗》，对于希腊精神的塑造产生了巨大的影响三．三．古代近东文化◆古代近东居民：美索不达米亚各族、埃及人、腓尼基人、希伯来人（一）（一）自然环境与古代近东文化1. 1.底格里斯河与幼发拉底河造就美索不达米亚尼罗河孕育埃及2. 2.“尼罗河的赠礼”：埃及“肥沃的新月地带”：两河流域包括巴勒斯坦3. 3.古代埃及与美索布达米亚地区都经历了由城邦走向统一的过程，形成了奴隶制神权统治，王权与法律均来自神授4. 4.埃及文化：单一发展进程5. 5.两河流域最早奴隶制文明创造者：苏美尔人6. 6.古代埃及人发明了：太阳历（二）（二）古代美索不达米亚文化（以苏美尔文化为基础，由阿卡德人、巴比伦人、亚述人等发展而来）1. 1.阿摩利人的古巴比伦王国，亚述人的亚述帝国以及迦勒底人的新巴比伦王国先后统治美索不达米亚地区2. 2.前3000年：苏美尔人开始使用楔形文字3. 3.最初的学校出现在：苏美尔4. 4.亚述学：通过楔形文字来研究两河流域历史文化5. 5.美索不达米亚最著名的史诗：《吉尔伽美什史诗》6. 6.美索不达米亚人的宗教观：多神信仰、神的人格化、灵魂不死观7.7.古巴比伦珍贵遗产：《汉谟拉比法典》（共282条），保留了原始的“同态复仇”习惯法8.8.《汉谟拉比法典》实质是：维护奴隶主阶级统治其进步意义：1）以成文法的形式使古巴比伦社会人人有法可依2）规定了明确的诉讼程序9.9.美索不达米亚建筑杰出代表：“空中花园”（世界七大奇观之一）“七级大庙塔”10.10.几何学：巴比伦人运用勾股定理11.11.代数学：巴比伦人使用十进位与六十进位制12.12.古巴比伦人制定太阴历13.13.今天历法中星期制度的来历：每周七天，即日、月、水、火、木、金、土（三）（三）古代埃及文化1. 1.象形文字的发明者：古代埃及人2. 2.使文字开始具有抽象含义的是：表意符号的出现3. 3.埃及的象形文字由三个部分构成：表形、表意、表音4. 4.字母文字的创造者：腓尼基人5. 5.埃及学诞生的标志：1882年商博良（法）释读象形文字6. 6.古代埃及人最初的宗教信仰：图腾崇拜7.7.埃及法老被视为太阳神的化身，又被称为太阳神之子，其权力来自神授8.8.法老阿蒙霍特普四世创作：《阿顿颂诗》9.9.古代埃及著名诗歌：《打谷歌》《阿顿颂诗》10.10.古代埃及最著名的箴言《伊浦味箴言》11.11.古代埃及著名建筑：金字塔、“迷宫”、底比斯的阿蒙神庙12.12.古代埃及雕塑代表：狮身人面像、涅菲尔提提王后像（阿玛尔纳艺术）13.13.数学成就：埃及人应用十进位法、求出圆周率3.1614.14.天文成就：世界上最早的太阳历（四）（四）古代近东文化对西方文化的影响1. 1.古代近东文化包括：美索不达米亚文化、埃及文化2. 2.西方文化的两大精神祖先：希腊人、希伯来人3. 3.《旧约圣经》中“通天塔”的原型：巴比伦城的七级大庙塔4. 4.古代希腊字母：由腓尼基字母发展而来，腓尼基字母（22个）是世界上第一套拼音字母；希腊字母后来发展成拉丁字母和斯拉夫字母5. 5.希腊雕像考罗斯：具有埃及人的气质6. 6.埃及的《阿顿颂诗》影响了《旧约圣经》的《诗篇》7.7.前45年，朱里亚.凯撒在埃及立法的基础上制定“朱里亚历”（“儒略历”），在罗马推行8.8.16C末，教皇格里高利十三世制定“格里高利历”（今天通行世界的“公历”）9.9.数学方面，希腊数学家欧几里德继承古代埃及几何学四．四．希伯来文化希伯来宗教伦理思想成为现代西方宗教和伦理思想的主要源泉，希伯来人是西方文化的精神始祖之一（一）（一）希伯来人与犹太教1. 1.希伯来人宗教思想的核心内容之一：“摩西十诫”2. 2.所罗门死后，希伯来人国家分裂为：以撒玛利亚为都城的以色列（北部）以耶路撒冷为都城的犹太（南部）3.著名先知以西结极大发展了犹太教，增加了救世主（弥赛亚）4.犹太人宗教与社会生活的中心：犹太会堂5.犹太教分裂出的教派：法利赛派、撒都该派、艾塞尼派6.研究古代希伯来人宗教与历史的珍贵资料：《死海古卷》7.犹太教思想成为基督教主体思想，其经典构成了基督教的《旧约圣经》8.以色列及散居各地的犹太人的名族语言：希伯来语（二）（二）《旧约圣经》（犹太教的经典）1. 1.《旧约圣经》共39卷，由法律书、先知书、圣录三部分组成2. 2.旧约的主题和核心：“法律书”，在旧约中地位最高，包括《创世纪》《出埃及记》《利未记》《名数记》《申命记》（为摩西所传，又称《摩西五经》）3. 3.“先知书”地位次于“法律书”，从希伯来人建国至新巴比伦征服犹太王国这段时间的历史记载和先知言行录4. 4.“圣录”的地位次于“先知书”，内容包括“巴比伦囚徒”至波斯统治时期的犹太历史和诗篇5. 5.《七十子希腊译本》：被翻译成希腊文的旧约，比希伯来文经典多出一部分经卷，人们把没有争议的经卷称为“正典”，有争议的称为“后典”（三）（三）希伯来人的宗教---伦理思想1. 1.犹太教宗教思想的特点：1）坚持一神论，只有雅赫维才是唯一真神2）契约观念3）注重戒律，如摩西十戒4）弥赛亚和天国观念第二章第二章西方古典文化的繁荣理性主义与人文主义，民主与科学的精神，是希腊古典文化的精髓，造就了西方文化中的古典传统。

绪论单元测试1、单选题：One of the founders of Western philosophy once said, “I know one thing that I know nothing.” Who is the man? （）选项：A:CiceroB:AristotelesC:SocratesD:Plato答案: 【Socrates】2、单选题：Who has put forwarded the theory that cultural and religious identities will be the primary sources of conflict in the post-Cold War world, and there would be two major Clashes? （）选项：A:Joseph S. NyeB:John King FairbankC:Samuel HuntingtonD:John Mearsheimer答案: 【Samuel Huntington】第一章单元测试1、判断题：Walking Stick Dependency Syndrome means you rely too much on Chinese to understand English, like walking with a stick. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【对】2、判断题：One of the pillars of Chinese foreign policy today is President Xi’s initiative of Building a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】Dionysus is the son of Zeus, God of wine, festivity, ecstasy and madness, patron god of the art of theatre. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】4、判断题：In 510 bc, “the father of Athenian democracy” Socrates refo rmed the Athenian constitution and made Athens a democratic state. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【错】5、判断题：In 490 BC, Persians invaded Greece but the Athenians defeated the Persians at the Battle of Thermopylae. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【错】6、单选题：Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe, Africa and Asia. It is on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula. What is the name of the sea to the east? （）选项：A:The Mediterranean SeaB:The Sea of CreteC:The Ionian SeaD:The Aegean Sea答案: 【The Aegean Sea】7、单选题：In Delphi, all Greeks go to a temple of a god for oracles and they asked the god for advice or prophecy. A priestess would give an answer on behalf of the god, which called an oracle. Who is the god? （）选项：A:DionysusB:ZeusC:ApolloD:Athena答案: 【Apollo】With population increase and urbanization, Greek polis (city-states) emerged. For purpose of defense, many city-states construct a kind of building to protect the city. What is the building? （）选项：A:necropolisB:MetropolisC:cosmopolisD:Acropolis答案: 【Acropolis】9、单选题：In 594 bc, a merchant _____ was given the right to create a new constitution and his reforms laid the foundations for Athenian democracy. （）选项：A:ThalesB:SolonC:DracoD:Pericles答案: 【Solon】第二章单元测试1、单选题：The 5th century bc of Athens called the Golden Age of Athens when Athens became the super power with political and economic hegemony, and one reason of this was that Athens had a great leader ______. （）选项：A:HerodotusB:PericlesC:CleisthenesD:Solon答案: 【Pericles】2、单选题：Who is the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first school of higher learning in the Western world? （）选项：A:AristotleB:CiceroC:PlatoD:Socrates答案: 【Plato】Sophocles wrote a play named _______, which told us a sad story of the king of Thebes killed his father and married his mother. （）选项：A:Agamemnon the kingB:Oedipus the KingC:Antigone the kingD:Odysseus the king答案: 【Oedipus the King】4、单选题：Alexander the Great died in _____ bc, which marked the end of Classical Greece and the beginning of the Hellenistic Greece. （）选项：A:321B:315C:330D:323答案: 【323】5、判断题：Roman politician Cicero called Herodotus “The Father of History,” and his book The History was the founding work of history in the West. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】6、判断题：In ancient Greece, hegemony means the political and military dominance of acity-state over other city-states rather than a derogatory term in the Chinese translation, which means to bully or to be a tyrant, but in English, it has no negative meaning. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】7、判断题：In the Hellenistic world, Greek culture dominated only in Greece and Macedonia not in Egypt and west Asia. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【错】Alexander the Great was taught by Plato and he is widely considered as one of the most successful military commanders in the history and never lost in battle. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【错】9、判断题：In 371bc, Sparta invaded Thebes but lost the war. Next year Thebes invaded the Peloponnesus. They first took Messenia, the source of Spartan wealth, and then conquered Sparta, destroyed its military power. Sparta never recovered and Thebes filled the power vacuum left by Sparta. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【对】第三章单元测试1、单选题：Roman epic The Aeneid was written by . （）选项：A:CiceroB:OvidC:VirgilD:Horace答案: 【Virgil】2、单选题：The Punic Wars were a series of wars fought between the Roman Republic and Carthage. （）选项：A:twoB:threeC:fiveD:four答案: 【three】3、单选题：Who was declared an enemy of the state by the Second Triumvirate and was executed in 43 bc? （）A:CaesarB:CiceroC:MariusD:Catiline答案: 【Cicero】4、单选题：In the late Republic, there were two factions in the political arena. One faction was a group of politicians called the , meaning “the best ones.” （）选项：A:PlebeiansB:PopularesC:PatriciansD:Optimates答案: 【Optimates】5、判断题：The historical event of Rape of Lucretia marked the end of the Roman Kingdom and the start of the Roman Republic. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【对】6、判断题：The Society of the Roman Republic is highly hierarchical, the ruling class is Plebeians. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【错】7、判断题：Marius allied with the Plebeian Tribune Sulpicius Rufus, forced the Senate passing a bill transferring the command from Sulla to Marius. Sulla refused and marched his six legions of 35,000 men on Rome, and then Marius fled to Afirca. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】8、判断题：The Roman Triumph was a ceremony to celebrate the success of a military commander who had led Roman army to great victory. （）A:错B:对答案: 【对】9、判断题：Optimates wanted to strengthen the power of the Plebeian Assembly and Plebeian Tribune. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【错】第四章单元测试1、单选题：Octavian died in 14 ad at the age of 75. The period he ruled called the ____________ age. （）选项：A:AugustanB:GoldenC:CaesarD:Octavian答案: 【Augustan】2、单选题：Which emperor’s death in 180 ad marked the end of the 200-year Pax Romana? （）选项：A:Marcus AureliusB:NeroC:AugustusD:Commodus答案: 【Marcus Aurelius】3、单选题：was traditionally counted as the first Bishop of Rome or Pope. （）选项：A:Saint AndrewB:Saint PeterC:Saint PaulD:Saint John答案: 【Saint Peter】The Byzantine Empire was the Hellenistic world, from the early 6th century became the official language.（）选项：A:GreekB:ArabicC:RomanD:Latin答案: 【Greek】5、单选题：The Pax Romana in Latin means “_____________.” （）选项：A:Roman peopleB:Roman PeaceC:Roman VictoryD:Roman law答案: 【Roman Peace】6、判断题：The Italian Renaissance political philosopher Machiavelli called the first five emperors of the Nerva–Antonine Dynasty Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius “Five Good Emperors.” （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】7、判断题：On the third day after the death of Jesus Christ came the Crucifixion, he came back to life. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【错】8、判断题：The Bible is the holy book of Christianity. The second part of it is the New Testament, written in the common Roman language, deals with the life and teachings of Jesus Christ as well as events in the first-century Christianity. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【错】The Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople in 1553. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【错】第五章单元测试1、单选题：Who was the first king of the House of Valois? （）选项：A:Philip VIB:Philip IIIC:Edward IIID:Charles IV答案: 【Philip VI】2、单选题：launched the Hundred Years’ War (1346-1453), he was from the House of Plantagenet and he transformed England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe. （）选项：A:Philip IIIB:Philip VIC:Edward IIID:Charles IV答案: 【Edward III】3、单选题：Most historians regard the coronation of in 987 as the beginnings of modern France, and he was the first King of modern France. （）选项：A:CharlemagneB:Otto the GreatC:Hugh CapetD:Henry I the Fowler答案: 【Hugh Capet】4、单选题：Who was the first Norman King of England? （）选项：A:Henry IIB:Richard IC:JohnD:William the Conqueror答案: 【William the Conqueror】5、判断题：Britain was conquered by Romans in 43 ad and it became the Roman province of Britannia until the early 5th century. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】6、判断题：Charlemagne was known as the “Father of Europe.” （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【对】7、判断题：In 1356, Charles IV issued the Golden Bull, explicitly named the seven Prince-electors who were to choose the German King and the future Holy Roman Emperor. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】8、判断题：The English victory marked the end of the Hundred Years’ War. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【错】9、判断题：Charles IV was from the House of Habsburg. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【错】第六章单元测试1、单选题：Who was known as the “Father of Humanism” and the “Father of the Renaissance”? （）选项：A:DonatelloB:PetrarchC:MasaccioD:Brunelleschi答案: 【Petrarch】2、单选题：The motive of the western explorers during the Age of Discovery can be summarized in three words: , God, and Glory. （）选项：A:LandB:PowerC:GoldD:Money答案: 【Gold】3、单选题：Henry IV issued an edict that upheld ’s position as the established religion of France, which ended the war and brought peace to the country. （）选项：A:CatholicismB:ProtestantismC:HuguenotismD:Christianity答案: 【Catholicism】4、单选题：was the center of Renaissance culture, one of the wealthiest cities in Europe. （）选项：A:Kingdom of NaplesB:FlorenceC:VeniceD:Papal states答案: 【Florence】5、判断题：Renaissance means “rebirth” for an Italian cultural movement from 14 to 16th century. （）选项：A:错答案: 【错】6、判断题：Italian Wars were a series of conflicts that involved most of the city-states of Italy, France, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire as well as the Ottoman Empire. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】7、判断题：The English Reformation led Henry VIII became the supreme head of the Church of England and owner of its vast wealth. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】8、判断题：“Bloody Mary” was the last monarch of the House of T udor ruled from 1558 to1603. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【错】9、判断题：In 1576, the mutinous Spanish troops sacked Antwerp, 7,000 people were slaughtered, and one third of the city was burned. This was called “the Spanish Fury.” （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】第七章单元测试1、单选题：The Peace of Augsburg, a treaty that officially granted states within the Holy Roman Empire the right to choose their official religion, was signed in . （）选项：A:1632B:1635D:1648答案: 【1555】2、单选题：The Peace of Westphalia, a series of peace trea ties that ended the Thirty Years’ War, granted each prince the right to determine what of his own state choose. （）选项：A:religionB:lawC:governmentD:boundary答案: 【religion】3、单选题：In 1721, became the first Emperor of the Russian Empire. （）选项：A:Peter the GreatB:Michael RomanovC:Ivan the TerribleD:Ivan the Great答案: 【Peter the Great】4、单选题：is often credited with being the “Father of Modern Philosophy.” （）选项：A:HegelB:René DescartesC:Ludwig FeuerbachD:Immanuel Kant答案: 【René Descartes】5、判断题：Th e Thirty Years’ War ended by the Peace of Westphalia, which recognized the coexistence of the two religions in Europe, Protestant in the south, and Catholic in the north. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【错】6、判断题：The English Civil War, a series of armed conflicts between Parliamentarians and Royalists, started in 1642. （）选项：B:对答案: 【对】7、判断题：Galileo Galilei formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【错】8、判断题：The Dutch Golden Age was a period in history of the Netherlands; the Netherlands became the foremost maritime and economic power in the world. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】9、判断题：In 1632, at the Battle of Lützen in Saxony, the Danish King Gustavus Adolphus was seriously wounded and died. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【错】第八章单元测试1、判断题：During the reign of Anne, Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland, the parliaments of England and Scotland passed the Acts of Union in 1706. The kingdoms of England and Scotland united as a single sovereign state known as Great Britain. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】2、判断题：After the defeat of France in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815), Britain emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century, and by the early of the 20th cent ury, it became the largest empire in history, “the empire on which the sun never sets.” （）A:对B:错答案: 【对】3、判断题：Joseph Haydn was praised as “Father of the Symphony” and “Father of the String Quartet.” （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【对】4、判断题：The United States Congress has the sole power to make laws, and it has only one chamber. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【错】5、单选题：George III was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland from 1760 until the union of the two countries in , and then he became King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death in 1820. （）选项：A:1810B:1812C:1818D:1800答案: 【1800】6、单选题：was both King of Great Britain and Ireland and Elector of Hanover until his death in 1727. （）选项：A:George IB:James IC:George IID:Elizabeth II答案: 【George I】7、单选题：On July 14, , citizens of Paris stormed the Bastille, a fortress used as armory and political prison, in an attempt to secure gunpowder and weapons. （）A:1791B:1789C:1790D:1792答案: 【1789】8、单选题：Beethoven’s symphony, Heroic S ymphony was originally dedicated to Napoleon. However, when he heard Napoleon would be crowned emperor, he scratched the name Bonaparte in the title page; he was so violent that he made a hole in the paper. （）选项：A:fifthB:thirdC:sixthD:fourth答案: 【third】9、单选题：Montesquieu spent 21 years working on which book？（）选项：A:Persian LettersB:The Spirit of the LawC:The ConfessionsD:The Social Contract or Principles of Political Right答案: 【The Spirit of the Law】。