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Unit 8 Women at the management levelNew words: administrativea. 行政的；管理的administrative assistantn. 行政助理attorneyn. 律师employeen. 受雇者；雇员accommodationn. 1 迁就；通融；调和；2 住处；工作场所segmentn. 部分；段；片tolerancen. 1 忍受；容忍；宽容；2 （对痛苦、困难等的）忍受程度，忍耐力disposevt. 1 使（某人）较倾向于；2 丢弃，处理（尤指难以处理的东西）disposed a.有…倾向的sectorn. （尤指商业、贸易等的）部门，行业public sectorn. 公营部门；国营部门precedevt.先于…（发生或存在）mumpsn. 腮腺炎flourishvi. 1 繁荣；兴旺；成功；2 茁壮成长bystandern. 旁观者；局外人；看热闹的人harnessvt. 利用；控制symbolica. 象征的；象征性的plausiblea. 可能正确的；有道理的hierarchicala. 按等级划分的diplomatica. 1 讲究手腕的；灵活变通的；2 外交的；从事外交工作的diplomaticallyad. 讲究手腕地；灵活变通地；外交地discriminationn. 歧视petroleumn. 石油exportn. 出口v. 出口acren. 英亩countyn. （英国的）郡；（美国等国家的）县erecta. 直立的；垂直的vt. 竖起cashiern. 出纳员；收银员auctionn. 拍卖concessionn. 妥协；迎合marinea. 海洋的；海产的；海生的n. 水兵；（英国/美国）海军陆战队士兵extentn. 程度；限度；范围viceprefix 表示“副”（用于高级职位的名称前，表示仅次于这个职位的职位）weaponn. 武器；兵器；凶器infervt. （根据资料）推断，退定violatevt. 1 打扰；侵犯；侵害；2 违背；违反；侵犯valida. 1 有根据的；令人信服的；2 有效的；正式认可的offensen. 得罪；冒犯行为veilvt. 遮盖；掩饰n. 面纱composevt. 1使自己镇静下来；2由…组成composeda. 镇静的；镇定的headquartersn. 部；总公司；总办事处identicala. 完全相同的；非常相似的cooperativea. 合作的contextn. 1 场合；周围情况；环境；背景；2 上下文；语境scanvt. 1 扫描；2 粗略地看；浏览disputen. 争论；辩论；争端；纠纷consultantn. 顾问vaguea. 含糊的；不明确的；不清楚的vaguelyad. 1 模模糊糊地；不明确地；2 稍微；有点Phrases and expressions:be disposed to do sth. 愿意做某事；乐于做某事on both counts 在两个方面take over 接管；接任；接受take a liberty / liberties with sb. 与某人相处时太放肆feel at ease with sb. （与某人在一起）感到放松，不拘束make a concession / concessions to 为对某事或某想法取得一致意见作出妥协to some extent 在某种程度上come down to 归结为burst into 突然迸发（尤指开始唱歌、哭、笑等）take exception to sth. 因某事而生气（烦恼）stem from源于；来自；由于…发生Women at the management level1 When Monica applied for a job as an administrative assistant in 1971, she was asked whether she would rather work for a male or a female attorney. "I immediately said a man," she says. "I felt that a male-boss/female-employee relationship was more natural, needing no personal accommodation whatsoever." But 20 years later, when she was asked the same question, she said, "I was pleasantly surprised that female bosses are much more accessible to their employees; they're much more sensitive and intimate with their employees."2 Female bosses today are still finding they face subtle resistance. There is still a segment of the population, both men and, surprisingly, women who report low tolerance for female bosses. The growing presence of female bosses has also provoked two major questions that revolve around styles: Do men and women manage differently, and, if so, is that a good thing?3 Monica is disposed to think so, on both counts. Now a 40 -year-old mother of four, she is president of a public sector labor union with 45,000 members. "Relations with my employees are probably different from those of male managers preceding me," she says. "I know what it's like to have to call and say my kid got the mumps so I won't be coming in. I have a more flexible style —not soft, just more understanding." The manwho is Monica's assistant agrees, "She tends to delegate more and is always looking for a consensus. People are happy and flourish because they have an input into decisions and they are not mere bystanders; their energies are harnessed. On the other hand, consensus takes longer."4 So, are the differences symbolic or real? Plausible studies suggest that men are typically hierarchical, goal-oriented and feel entitled. Women, by contrast, managediplomatically, and share power. That point of view is often challenged and argued. Some proclaim that men and women of similar backgrounds, experience and aspirations basically manage in the same way. This view is echoed by younger women, especially those who have encountered little gender discrimination. That was certainly the lesson for Nicole. When her father died of a heart attack, she was an employee at a petroleum products export company. She quit and took over her family's 160-acre fruit farm in St. David's County. On her first day in the field, a worker called her "darling". "He was trying to test me. I was shaking with anger," says Nicole, now 34. "I stood erect and said, 'You wouldn't have called my father darling and you're not going to take that liberty with me. If you do, I'll fire you.'"5 When women work for women, a different dynamic often takes over. Susan, a cashier in a Toronto auction house, says that she has explored friendships with some of her female bossesand feels she can rely on them more. While women may feel more at ease with a female boss, men often have to make concessions to the new working styles. Brian, a marine biologist, says, "It took me a couple of years before I felt comfortable enough to relax around a female manager. In fact,my relations with her were much more businesslike."6 To some extent, the male-female differences come down to conflicting styles. One female vice-president discussed the time she burst into tears during a meeting. "Men think that tears are a nuclear weapon in a conventional war. They take exception to a woman crying, inferring that she's feeling unhappy or violated." The men failed to understand that what prompted her tears was not hurt but genuine rage. "When we cry, it's because we have all this valid rage that has no appropriate release," she says. "Women cry; men get relief by going on with the offense or by veiling their feelings to appear composed."7 Deborah, president of a firm with its headquarters in Toronto, says that even if men do understand, they sometimes react differently to the identical information and to her cooperative management style.8 Deborah says that her authority is sometimes undermined by perceptions about her gender. "It stems from the whole social context of traditional roles for men and women," she says. "Mom would tell you to do things, but perhaps you wouldn't take as much notice as when Dad told you to do things. Men also have a stronger urge to control," she says.9 For female bosses,the great expectation of some female employees is one more obstacle. Junior women assume a female boss will promote them more quickly than a man would. But, they also expect female bosses to be more se-lsfufficient. "They ask, 'Why can't you scan your own stuff?' or 'Why can't you do your own filing?'" says one senior female executive.10 On the other hand, there is no dispute that a few decades ago they would rarely have had a female boss in the workplace. Nina, a management consultant says she's vaguely optimistic. "I'm looking forward to the day, before I die, when we recognize that the best management styles will be composed of the best that both genders bring to the table ..." Well, she pauses, maybe not before she dies, perhaps in her daughter's lifetime.当莫妮卡1971 年申请一个行政助理的工作时，有人问她想与男律师共事还是与女律师共事。
Unit 8 T ext A天才的性格1.即使是世界上功能最强大的计算机也不可能是天才，因为它没有性格。
它虽然能快速准确地记忆、运算、和处理大量的信息，但却不能和我们人类一样思考这些信息。
它没有感情，没有思想，也没有疯狂的时刻。
2.仔细研究一下伟大的天才们，你会发现他们的性格中都包含有某些特别的品质。
这些特别的品质促使他们能够超越以往所取得的一切成就。
他们的生命中包含很多如何产生伟大思想并付诸实践的秘密。
要成为天才，你必须:3.—要寻找乐趣。
列奥纳多•达•芬奇就以其所讲的笑话趣事而出名。
伽利略社交生活繁忙，言谈也很诙谐。
4.微软背后的天才比尔•盖茨作为世界首富一直被称为“大男孩”。
他曾说自己最大的爱好之一就是在建筑工地上玩推土机。
5.—要有好奇心。
天才们一生都在对自己周围的事物提出疑问。
6.列奥纳多•达•芬奇在许多笔记本里写满了他想回答的问题。
以下这一段是从他笔记本里摘录下来的：7. “我漫步乡间，寻找我不懂的问题的答案：山顶上为什么会有贝壳，为什么雷声持续的时间会比制造雷声的闪电持续的时间长，石头砸到水面怎么会形成一圈一圈的涟漪，鸟为什么会飞……”8. —要勇敢。
天才不能怕犯错误。
奥维尔•莱特和威尔伯•莱特兄弟俩的飞机坠毁了许多次后才得以飞离地面。
发明家托马斯•爱迪生失败了几千次，才成功地将电转化成光。
他告诉朋友说，因为他知道那么多的方法都行不通，所以他离正确答案的距离比任何别的发明家都要近得多！9.天才也必须准备惊世骇俗。
新的思想会让人感到陌生甚至害怕，伟大的思想家常常被人们描述为古怪和愚蠢。
10.—要坚持不懈。
托马斯•爱迪生曾经说过，天才是“百分之一的灵感加百分之九十九的汗水”。
11.要成为天才，你必须准备在巨大的困难面前长期不懈地勤奋工作。
12.—要富有灵感。
你要寻找的答案也许就在附近，问题是你得知道在哪儿找这些答案。
旅行是产生灵感的一个有效途径。
莫扎特通过旅行积累了许多优秀的音乐思想。
Unit 8 Section A There’s a Lot More to Life than a Job1. Pre-reading1. 1 Background informationHumanities (人文科学) In the context of the reading passage, humanities refers to a broad academic discipline. It includes such areas of study as Philosophy, Literature, Religion, Art, etc. humanities programs at U.S. universities are most often housed in the College of Liberal Arts.在本文中指广义的人文学科，包括哲学\文学\宗教\艺术等。
在美国的大学里，人文学科常包含在文理学院内Associate degree (准学士学位)Associate degree is awarded to a student after he or she finishes a 2-year study at a junior college in the U.S. 美国学生在读完两年制职业专科学校时会被授予准学士学位。
Education in the United Stated (美国的学校制度)It is usually divided into 4 levels: kindergarten / pre-school, elementary, secondary, and higher education. The first is early childhood education, which is to prepare children for school. The second is elementary education, being divided into 6 or 8 grades. The third level is secondary education for junior or senior high school students. Some prepare themselves to go to college, while others take vocational / technical courses to prepare for jobs after graduation. There are many institutions of higher education in the U.S. Students at technical institutes can receive an associate degree after a 2-year program, then they can continue their study at a 4-year college.美国学校分学龄前,小学,初\高中,和高等教育四个程度。
Unit 8 – Section A●Language Focus – Words in Use1. The main task for the troop there is not fighting but (arresting) the progress of the enemy army and waiting for reinforcements (援兵).2. He always anxiously summarizes the concessions which he has made but he almost always (omits) to mention those offered by the other party.3. She was an excellent teacher, whose (optional) courses on women's writing were very popular among the students.4. It will be up to the doctor's judgment whether or not the organ can be successfully (transplanted) to the child who has been waiting for it.5. Teachers can no longer use their past experiences to prepare students for their future career; (hence) , our young people need to rely on themselves.6. Accurate and inaccurate information is mixed so naturally that there are no reliable ways to tell what has been (twisted) and what has not.7. That wealthy lady's demand on a premarital agreement greatly (stung) her future husband's pride, and it ended up with his refusal to get married.8. When I opened the album, I carefully examined every photograph in (minute) detail by wearing my reading glasses so as not to miss anything.9. It seems that James has a talent for acting because he can (imitate) different teachers' speeches perfectly, which really amazes his classmates.10. Smoking is compared to self-poisoning and self-destroying, thus making the (evil) effects of smoking cigarettes truly alarming.●Word Building1.interfere2.thrill3.scarcely4.specifically5.consume6.deceive7.invade8.proceed1.interference2.thriller3.scarce4.specific5.consumption / consumer6.deception7.invasion / invader8.procession1. Multinational corporations protested strongly against any unreasonable (interference) by some countries in the free marketplace.2. At the time a real threat of a(n) (invasion) of the British Isles existed, so the British troops were gathered around the coastline to get ready to fight against an invading fleet.3. (Consumption) is relatively low, and it shows that the economic problem in the country stems from the dangerous side effects of careless politics and widespread poverty.4. The wedding (procession) was of an enormous size and enormous splendor, which was started homeward and followed by a large banquet at a luxury hotel.5. When doing writing exercises for that English course, students should remember that they are writing according to (specific) structures.6. Among close family and good friends, (deception) is the worst part of life, and we believe in practicing good faith and honesty.7. Jobs are (scarce) at the moment, so you should be realistic in your choices about the pay, working hours, medical benefits, bonuses, etc.8. The writer was thinking about writing some kind of (thrillers) because it would help him become popular through making his plot more attractive to the young.●Banked ClozeThe animal rights movement is a social movement which seeks an end to using animals in the research, food, clothing, and entertainment industries, (1) (hence) being called animal liberation. It advocates the idea that the most basic interests of non-human creatures should be (2) (afforded) the same consideration as those of human beings.Advocates (3) (lobby) for animal rights from different aspects, ranging from the focus on animal suffering in laboratories to the argument that (4) (insists) on not casting animals as properties of human beings. Despite the different approaches, advocates broadly (5) (consent) to the opinion that animals should be viewed as non-human members of the moral community and should be (6) (omitted) from being food, clothing, entertainment, or research subjects. The idea of (7) (awarding) rights to animals wins the support of several prominent scholars.However, some critics argue that animals are unable to enter into a social contract or moral (8) (compass) and for that reason cannot be granted rights. Only humans have duties and, therefore, only humans have rights. There is nothing wrong or (9) (evil) about using animals as resources so long as there is no unnecessary suffering. From within the animal rights movement itself, there has also been (10) (criticism) of certain forms of animal rights activism, in particular the destruction of fur farms and animal laboratories.●Language Focus – Expressions in Use1. Some people have (persisted in) a traditional view that language learning is essentially the same as the learning of grammar or language rules.2. Regular review of the teaching material in school ensures that the courses provided (have relevance to) the workplace and what students will do in the future.3. Job opportunities are expanding rapidly, and more and more people are (becoming aware of) online chances that allow them to work at home.4. They have put old women in nursing "homes", (isolated from) human warmth and contact, and then complained that they had lost their mental abilities.5. Some organizations are exploiting local people (in the name of) scientific research: They are collecting genetic material for commercial purposes.6. Day care centers for the elderly (make a contribution) to overall public service; they did a lot to make the life of the old active, valuable and meaningful.7. The policeman has (been occupied with) extra duties, so he would not have the time either for answering questions or being interviewed.8. What the chairman said did not (tip the scales) much to his advantage; his statement can beonly considered as a slim chance for gaining approval.●Translation●➢英译汉The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization working on issues regarding the conservation, research and restoration of the environment. The organization was originally named the World Wildlife Fund in 1961. In 1986, it changed its name to World Wide Fund for Nature to better reflect the scope of its activities. With over five million supporters worldwide, it is the world's largest independent conservation organization, working in more than 100 countries and supporting about 1,300 conservation and environmental projects. Its mission is to stop destroying the planet's natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature. Currently, much of its work focuses on the conservation of oceans and coasts, forests, and freshwater. Among other issues, it is also concerned with endangered species, pollution and climate change. They now need, above all, money to carry out its missions and handle conservation emergencies.世界自然基金会（WWF）是一个致力于有关保护、研究和修复环境议题的国际性非政府组织。
动物还是孩子——一位科学家的选择1 I am the enemy! I am one of those cursed, cruel physician scientists involved in animal research. These rumors sting, for I have never thought of myself as an evil person. I became a children's doctor because of my love for children and my supreme desire to keep them healthy. During medical school and residency, I saw many children die of cancer and bloodshed from injury —circumstances against which medicine has made great progress but still has a long way to go. More importantly, I also saw children healthy thanks to advances in medical science such as infant breathing support, powerful new medicines and surgical techniques and the entire field of organ transplantation. My desire to tip the scales in favor of healthy, happy children drew me to medical research.1 我就是那个敌人！我就是那些被人诅咒的、残忍的、搞动物实验的医生科学家之一。
Unit 8 Women at the management levelNew words:administrativea. 行政的；管理的administrative assistantn. 行政助理attorneyn. 律师employeen. 受雇者；雇员accommodationn. 1 迁就；通融；调和；2 住处；工作场所segmentn. 部分；段；片tolerancen. 1 忍受；容忍；宽容；2 （对痛苦、困难等的）忍受程度，忍耐力disposevt. 1 使（某人）较倾向于；2 丢弃，处理（尤指难以处理的东西）disposeda. 有…倾向的sectorn. （尤指商业、贸易等的）部门，行业public sectorn. 公营部门；国营部门precedevt. 先于…（发生或存在）mumpsn. 腮腺炎flourishvi. 1 繁荣；兴旺；成功；2 茁壮成长bystandern. 旁观者；局外人；看热闹的人harnessvt. 利用；控制symbolica. 象征的；象征性的plausiblea. 可能正确的；有道理的hierarchicala. 按等级划分的diplomatica. 1 讲究手腕的；灵活变通的；2 外交的；从事外交工作的diplomaticallyad. 讲究手腕地；灵活变通地；外交地discriminationn. 歧视petroleumn. 石油exportn. 出口v. 出口acren. 英亩countyn. （英国的）郡；（美国等国家的）县erecta. 直立的；垂直的vt. 竖起cashiern. 出纳员；收银员auctionn. 拍卖concessionn. 妥协；迎合marinea. 海洋的；海产的；海生的n. 水兵；（英国/美国）海军陆战队士兵extentn. 程度；限度；范围vice-prefix 表示“副”（用于高级职位的名称前，表示仅次于这个职位的职位）weaponn. 武器；兵器；凶器infervt. （根据资料）推断，退定violatevt. 1 打扰；侵犯；侵害；2 违背；违反；侵犯valida. 1 有根据的；令人信服的；2 有效的；正式认可的offensen. 得罪；冒犯行为veilvt. 遮盖；掩饰n. 面纱composevt. 1 使自己镇静下来；2 由…组成composeda. 镇静的；镇定的headquartersn. 部；总公司；总办事处identicala. 完全相同的；非常相似的cooperativea. 合作的contextn. 1 场合；周围情况；环境；背景；2 上下文；语境scanvt. 1 扫描；2 粗略地看；浏览disputen. 争论；辩论；争端；纠纷consultantn. 顾问vaguea. 含糊的；不明确的；不清楚的vaguelyad. 1 模模糊糊地；不明确地；2 稍微；有点Phrases and expressions:be disposed to do sth.愿意做某事；乐于做某事on both counts在两个方面take over接管；接任；接受take a liberty / liberties with sb.与某人相处时太放肆feel at ease with sb.（与某人在一起）感到放松，不拘束make a concession / concessions to为对某事或某想法取得一致意见作出妥协to some extent在某种程度上come down to归结为burst into突然迸发（尤指开始唱歌、哭、笑等）take exception to sth.因某事而生气（烦恼）stem from源于；来自；由于…发生Women at the management level1 When Monica applied for a job as an administrative assistant in 1971, she was asked whether she would rather work for a male or a female attorney. "I immediately said a man," she says. "I felt that a male-boss/female-employee relationship was more natural, needing no personal accommodation whatsoever." But 20 years later, when she was asked the same question, she said, "I was pleasantly surprised that female bosses are much more accessible to their employees; they're much more sensitive and intimate with their employees."2 Female bosses today are still finding they face subtle resistance. There is still a segment of the population, both men and, surprisingly, women who report low tolerance for female bosses. The growing presence of female bosses has also provoked two major questions that revolve around styles: Do men and women manage differently, and, if so, is that a good thing?3 Monica is disposed to think so, on both counts. Now a 40-year-old mother of four, she is president of a public sector labor union with 45,000 members. "Relations with my employees are probably different from those of male managers preceding me," she says. "I know what it's like to have to call and say my kid got the mumps so I won't be coming in. I have a more flexible style — not soft, just more understanding." The man who is Monica's assistant agrees, "She tends to delegate more and is always looking for a consensus. People are happy and flourish because they have an input into decisions and they are not mere bystanders; their energies are harnessed. On the other hand, consensus takes longer."4 So, are the differences symbolic or real? Plausible studies suggest that men are typically hierarchical, goal-oriented and feel entitled. Women, by contrast, managediplomatically, and share power. That point of view is often challenged and argued. Some proclaim that men and women of similar backgrounds, experience and aspirations basically manage in the same way. This view is echoed by younger women, especially those who have encountered little gender discrimination. That was certainly the lesson for Nicole. When her father died of a heart attack, she was an employee at a petroleum products export company. She quit and took over her family's 160-acre fruit farm in St. David's County. On her first day in the field, a worker called her "darling". "He was trying to test me. I was shaking with anger," says Nicole, now 34. "I stood erect and said, 'You wouldn't have called my father darling and you're not going to take that liberty with me. If you do, I'll fire you.'"5 When women work for women, a different dynamic often takes over. Susan, a cashier in a Toronto auction house, says that she has explored friendships with some of her female bosses and feels she can rely on them more. While women may feel more at ease with a female boss, men often have to make concessions to the new working styles. Brian, a marine biologist, says, "It took me a couple of years before I felt comfortable enough to relax around a female manager. In fact, my relations with her were much more businesslike."6 To some extent, the male-female differences come down to conflicting styles. One female vice-president discussed the time she burst into tears during a meeting. "Men think that tears are a nuclear weapon in a conventional war. They take exception to a woman crying, inferring that she's feeling unhappy or violated." The men failed to understand that what prompted her tears was not hurt but genuine rage. "When we cry, it's because we have all this valid rage that has no appropriate release," she says. "Women cry; men get relief by going on with the offense or by veiling their feelings to appear composed."7 Deborah, president of a firm with its headquarters in Toronto, says that even if men do understand, they sometimes react differently to the identical information and to her cooperative management style.8 Deborah says that her authority is sometimes undermined by perceptions about her gender. "It stems from the whole social context of traditional roles for men and women," she says. "Mom would tell you to do things, but perhaps you wouldn't take as much notice as when Dad told you to do things. Men also have a stronger urge to control," she says.9 For female bosses, the great expectation of some female employees is one more obstacle. Junior women assume a female boss will promote them more quickly than a man would. But, they also expect female bosses to be more self-sufficient. "They ask, 'Why can't you scan your own stuff?' or 'Why can't you do your own filing?'" says one senior female executive.10 On the other hand, there is no dispute that a few decades ago they would rarely have had a female boss in the workplace. Nina, a management consultant says she's vaguely optimistic. "I'm looking forward to the day, before I die, when we recognize that the best management styles will be composed of the best that both genders bring to the table ..." Well, she pauses, maybe not before she dies, perhaps in her daughter's lifetime.当莫妮卡1971年申请一个行政助理的工作时，有人问她想与男律师共事还是与女律师共事。
Unit81.formal formalness formallyadj.（学校教育或培训）正规的；方式上的；礼仪上的n.<美>须穿礼服的社交集会；<口>夜礼服We were invited to a formal lunch.我们被邀参加一次正式的午宴。
2.poll poller polled polled polling pollsn.1.民意调查，民意测验[C]2.选举投票，计票[C]3.得票数v.1.获得票数[I,T]2.投票，作民意调查Opinion poll show that the public preferred butter to margarine.民意调查表明，公众更喜欢黄油而不是人造奶油。
2.residentn.1.居民，定居者，侨民[C]The resident s of the town are proud of its new library.该镇的居民都为镇上新建的图书馆感到自豪。
I'm not a resident here.我不是本地居民。
2.住院医生[C]3.留鸟，无迁徙习性的动物[C]adj.1.居住的，定居的，常驻的 2.住校的，住院的，住在住所的 3.（鸟类等）无迁徙习性的 4.固有的，内在的pute 词形变化:computed computed computing computesv.1.（用计算机或计算器）计算，估算；推断[I,T]His failure to compute correctly resulted in an explosion.他的计算失误导致了爆炸。
We can compute the circular area with radius我们能用半径计算出圆的面积。
n.1.计算；估算；推断4. consumeristic a. 消费主义的Consume v.1.吃；喝；饮[T]On Superbowl Sunday, Americans hold parties to watch television and consume beer, pizza, and na-chos.举行超级杯赛的星期天，美国人会聚在一起观看比赛，喝啤酒，吃比萨饼和纳克斯。
How we consume it has changed greatly over the centuries.不过人们用什么方法喝咖啡，几个世纪以来已经有很大改变。
2.烧毁；毁灭[T]3.［常用被动语态］使全神贯注，使着迷；使充满（强烈的感情]4.消耗，花费；耗尽[T]5.挥霍，浪费[T]6.购买；消费[T]7.耗尽生命；被毁8.利用商品[5.popular 词形变化:popularity popularly popularizeadj.1.流行的，受大众欢迎的，受喜爱的，受欢迎的，当红的Drinking tea at 4 pm is a popular british institution.下午4点钟吃茶点是英国人很流行的习惯。
He whistled a popular tune.他用口哨吹了一首流行曲调。
2.通俗的，大众（化）的3.普通的；大众的，广泛的6.accounting n.会计学Account 词形变化:accounted accounted accounting accountsn.1.帐，帐目，帐单He that gains well and spends well needs no account book收支正当，无须记帐。
Some mapping between account names and security IDs was not done.帐户名和安全ID间的某些映射未完成。
2.帐户；客户3.记述，描述；报导(+of)4.根据，理由5.估价；价值,重要性7.humanity n.[C]1.人类；【总称】人 2.人性；[humanities]人的属性3.人道；博爱；仁慈；[humanities]仁慈的行为 4.（苏格兰大学里的）拉丁语研究 5.[the humanities]（尤指古希腊和拉丁的）语言文学；人文学科；关于人的学问，人学复 数：humanities词义辨析man，mankind，humanity这些名词均有“人类”之意。
man指各时代的全体人类。
mankind集体名词，语体庄重，泛指过去、现在和未来的人类。
humanity书面用词，集合名词，多用于文学作品中，作人类解时，侧重有同情心、理解力和崇高品质。
Liss says humanity can emulate nature’s garbage-free ways, but it will require innovative technology and a big change in attitude.利斯说人类可以效仿自然界消除垃圾的方法，但这需要创新的科技和态度的重大转变8.ethnic adj.1.民族的，种族的ethnic minorities folkways and customs are closely related to peoples production and life.少数民族的风俗习惯与群众生产生活息息相关。
China is a united country of many ethnic groups.中国是一个统一的多民族国家。
2.具有民族特色的，异国风味的n.1.少数民族成员（尤指保留其语言、社会观点和固有习俗的）[C]2.(ethnics) 种族文化或民族背景，人种学[C]9.enroll 词形变化:enrollee enrolled enrolled enrolling enrolls enrolsv.1.(enrol)（使）加入；注册；登记[I,T]China' s universities and colleges generally enroll only outstanding middle school students or the equivalent.一般说来，中国的大学所录取的只能是高中生以及同等学历中的佼佼者。
To withdraw from one educational institution or course of study and enroll in another.转学退出一个教育机构或一门课程并加入到另一个中去。
10.elementary adj.1.初级的，基础的，基本的Here it refers to the elementary education that starts with learning to read and getting enlightened. 这里指的是从识字启蒙开始的基础教育。
The new laws deprived many people of the most elementary freedoms.新法律剥夺了许多人的最基本的自由。
2.简单的，容易的3.【化】元素的11.secondary 词形变化:secondaries secondariness secondarilyAdj. 1.第二的；第二次的A well-developed secondary mortgage market plays a useful role in channelling long-term funds.发展完善的第二按揭市场，对开辟长期融资有及其重要的作用。
2.次的；次要的；从属的，辅助的，附属的3.（教育、学校等）中等的4.第二手的，间接的5.【医】继发性的；第二期的6.【电】次级的7.【化】仲的；副的；二代的12.specialization n. 特别化,特殊化,专门化Despite the efficiency of specialization, it may also have the effect of making work tedious and without purpose.尽管专业化具有效率，它也可以使得劳动成为可厌而没有意义的事情。
special词形变化:specialness speciallyadj.1.特殊的，特别的This is a special device elevated the stage for the finale.这是一种特殊的装置使舞台上升，以演出最后一幕。
He never drinks except on special occasions. 除非在特别场合，他从不喝酒。
2.专门的，专用的3.增加的，额外的4.具体的；明确的n.1.专列；专车；专机13.maturity n.1.成熟；成熟期；发育完全At maturity the root system is extensively nodulated. 在成熟时，根系普遍具有根瘤。
I think the apples have come to maturity. 我想这些苹果已熟了。
2.（金融）到期3.（人或动植物）成熟；成年；完全长成4.（保险单等）到期（应付款）14. corporation n.1.法人；社团法人[C]2.大公司；企业[C] 3.【美】股份（有限）公司[C]1.Let me introduce Mr.Zhou to you.He is the manager of hub cereal,oil and foodstuffs import and export corporation. 我来给您介绍一下周先生。
他是河北省粮油食品进出口公司的经理。
15. Agency n.1.代理行；经销处The agency is mapping out an advertising campaign for the new product.经销处在给新产品设计广告。
Our company has agencies in major cities of the country.我公司在国内主要城市都设有代理机构。
2.代理业务；代理关系3.中介；代理4.公众服务机构5.专业行政部门；（美国、加拿大政府的）印第安事务处16.confine 词形变化:confiner confinement confinablev.1.限制；使局限[T]I wish the speaker would confine himself to the subject. 我希望演说者不要离题。
We'll confine our discussion to the main issue. 我们将只讨论主要问题。
