二级口语考试等说明2013
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2012—2013年度下学期二年级英语期末考试口语考试方案潍坊锦绣学校宋程程一、指导思想根据《关于积极推进中小学评价与考试制度改革的通知》(教基[2002]26号)、《山东省普通中小学考试管理规定(试行)》(鲁教基字〔2009〕18号)、《潍坊市规范义务教育阶段考试管理九项规定》。
更为了促进孩子的全面发展,能力培养,我们二年级英语组决定2012—2013年度下学期二年级英语期末考试增加英语口语考试。
二、测试目的激发学生英语口语学习的兴趣和动力,创造良性的语言学习氛围,以考促学,以情境促进语言使用,要求学生具备基础的英语交际和表达能力。
三、测试形式及规则1、测试时间定于本学期最后一周,由本班的英语老师完成测试;考察内容已经总结打印出发给学生进行复习。
2、具体测试内容:(测试依据规范的口语考试流程)1)测试以个人形式进行;2) 教师根据个人表现给每位学生打分;3)学生独自进入考场,单独与老师面对面。
进行问答。
4) 每人考试时间:每人2、3分钟左右。
三、评分标准口语总分为100分,评分按总体印象给分,共分五个等级,具体标准如下:1.语言表达清楚、流利,明白提问者的问题,并能根据问题组织有效的回答,能灵活使用交际语言,没有发音、词汇、语法错误,此类学生可打A+;2.语言表达清楚、流利,明白提问者的问题,并能根据问题组织有效的回答,能灵活使用交际语言,语言存在较少的发音、词汇、语法错误,此类学生可打A;3.语言表达基本清楚、基本流利,基本明白提问者的问题,并能根据问题组织基本有效的回答,能基本使用交际语言,但在不影响理解的前提下,语言存在有较多的发音、词汇、语法错误,此类学生可打B;4.语言不够清楚、不够流利,明白提问者的部分意思,部分回答问题,意思不完整,会使用一些交际语言,语言存在大量的发音、词汇、语法错误,此类学生可打C;5.语言不清楚、不流利,不太明白提问者的问题,根据问题组织的回答语言紊乱,意思不明确,不会使用交际语言,语言存在大量的发音、词汇、语法错误,此类学生可打D。
2013年9月二级听力考试真题分析报告百朗时代英语听力与口语研发中心一、总体情况2013年9月的二级听力考试,在题目设置、选项干扰与同义转述方面依旧保持着二级考试的固有风格,材料情景化、口语化,贴近现实生活。
1. 整套试题的材料长度适中,没有出现特别长或者短的段落,信息量适中;字数大约在1000字左右,比3月份考试字数有所增加;2. 本次二级主播是Robert和Laura,美音,平均语速大约在150-155WPM区间内,根据场景的不同,朗读的语速也不是特别均匀,与3月份的语速区别不明显。
3. 材料话题列表如下:从上面的话题情况来看,本次考试的话题都比较常见,没有特别生疏的亮点话题。
4. 本套试卷以考查获取事实细节、推断、主旨大意题为主。
整套试题的难度大约为14个灵活题,能够快速得出答案的题目大约为6个。
其中5个短对话全是灵活题;Text 6与Text 7中各有1个灵活题;Text 8与Text 10中有3个灵活题;Text 9中包含有3个灵活题。
从题目本身的难度上来分析,难度在各题中分布均匀,与2013年3月份相比,整体相差不大。
二、特点分析1. 材料口语化。
我们从话题可以看出,都是学生经常锻炼的话题,那么为什么有的学生还会感觉到题目难度比较大呢?原因在于材料的口语化。
做好听力理解的第一步就是要听懂材料的主旨大意、细节要点。
让我们来看一下的几个例子。
Text 1的对话中出现了口语化的表达 a heavy sleeper;且男士说I want to make sure I can wake up in the morning.要确保早上能起来,反向推断就是他起床有困难。
Text 2中出现了双重否定的句子:Isn’t it pleasant to have dinner with light music, without people sitting around you laughing and talking loudly?这句话较长且结构较复杂,是一个反问句外加一个有without引导的独立主格结构。
2013考研《英语二》小作文范文及解析如下:Section IV Writing47 WritingSuppose your class is to hold a charity sale for kids in need of help. Write your classmates an email to1) inform them about the details and2) encourage them to participate 100 words use Li Ming. Don't write your address.(10 points)【范文及解析】Dear Classmates,I am writing to notify you of a charity sale our class will oganize. The detailed arrangements are as follows.This event will be held in the playground of our university on May 10, 2013, and it will start at 7 and end at 10 o’clock in the evening. At the opening ceremony, our Monitor will make clear that the purpose of the sale is to help children who have dropped out of shool because their family cannot afford their tuitioin.Then is the time for donating activity.Giving your love is a virtue, so I really appeal to all the students to take part in this event and I will be grateful if you come and give your donation.Sincerely yours,Li Ming2013年英语二小作文解析在2012年所有的面授及课中,跨考老师均预测2013年英语(二)小作文80%的可能性是考察书信。
2013年普通话考试
2013年普通话考试是指中国的普通话水平测试,也叫普通话水平测试,是中国国家语言文字工作委员会、国家汉办主办的测试。
每年都会有一次,在全国范围内进行。
根据2013年的考试大纲,考试内容主要包括语音、词汇、语法、阅读理解和口语交际等方面。
考试难度分为初级水平、中级水平和高级水平,考生可根据自己的实际水平参加对应等级的考试。
2013年的考试试题主要包括语音测试(如音节、声调、发音等)、词语辨析、填空、情景对话等。
考生需要在规定的时间内完成试题,并按要求进行朗读或回答问题。
通过普通话考试可以评定考生的普通话水平,对于学习和工作都有一定的指导意义。
考生可以根据测试结果,了解自己的语言表达能力,进一步提高普通话水平。
剑桥二级口语考试重点剑桥二级口语考试一共分为四个部分,分别为:第一部分( Find the Difference):给出两幅图片,这两幅图片会有几处不同,需要考生用英语描述出来,常用句型为 There be 句型;第二部分(Picture Story):有四幅图,要求考生在考官的指导下能够用英语描述出四幅图的故事,描述的时候应该用一般现在进行时和一般现在时的时态;第三部分 (Odd-one-out):考官会给出四组图,每组图有四幅图片,要求考生用英语指出每一组中不同的一项,并说出原因。
考生回答的时候应该注意要分两点来回答,第一点指出哪一项是不同的,第二点说出原因;第四部分:考生会随机给学生提问,考察学生的英语听力、口语、应变能力及常用交际句型的掌握程度。
下面是一些常用的句型:一、考前问候:考生进入考场后,一般考官会和考生简单的做英语交流,考官会提出一下问题: (1) Hello,My name is Bill.(2)How old are you? 这时考生应当回答 (1) Hello,I'm Tom.(2)I'm 9 years old.*注:此时考官还有可能会追问“ Are y ou 9?(你是 9 岁吗)”,考生应当听懂,并回答“Yes,it is . ”二、第一部分 Find the DifferenceExaminer(考官): Look at these pictures.They look the same,but some things are different. What other different things can you see?Students(考生): There is a ............in picture1,but there is a ...........in picture2.三、第二部分 Picture StoryExaminer(考官): These pictures show a story .Look at the picture first.Now you tell the stroy.(考官会提出一些问题引导考生来回答 )Students(考生):考生回答的时候应该用一般现在进行时和一般现在时态。
2012-2013-1 英语2口语考试材料第一部分:课文朗读,5篇。
1. Food and Culture (Unit 6)2. Bridging Cultural Gaps Gracefully (Unit 7)3. Consumer Behavior of the Youth (Unit 9)4. Shopping (Unit 9)5. The Secrets of Good Health (Unit 10)第二部分:句子翻译,均选自课内学习单元的课后练习。
Unit 1 Love1.他走得慢是因为腿有毛病。
He walks slowly because of his bad leg.2.他尽管病得很重,但还是来参加会议了。
He came to the meeting despite his serious illness.3.他确保同样的错误今后不再发生。
He saw to it that the same mistake didn’t happen again.4.现在他们之间的了解多了一些,他们相处得就好些了。
Now tha t they’ve got to know each other a little better, they get along just fine.5. 此时我发现自己被五六个男孩子围住了。
Then I found myself surrounded by half a dozen boys.6.在这幸福的时刻,我向你致以最美好的祝愿。
I send you my best wishes on this happy occasion. Unit 2 Communication Problem7.昨天我去牙科医生那儿将我的一颗蛀牙拔掉了。
I went to the dentist yesterday to have a bad/decayed tooth pulled out.8.事物的发展从根本上讲是由内因决定的。
中国人民大学《大学英语》课程分级教学管理办法(试行)为进一步规范大学英语课程分级教学管理,充分利用学生学习时间,调动学生英语学习积极性,提高英语学习效果,特制定本办法。
一、基本要求根据教育部《大学英语课程教学要求》(2007)及《中国人民大学大学英语课程教学大纲》(2012)文件精神,大学英语课程设置分为基础和高级两个阶段。
学生按照相关规定,完成大学英语课程学习内容并考核合格,即符合大学英语课程结业要求。
此外,按照学校实施“本科人才培养路线图”有关部署,结合提升人才培养国际性,强调学生外语(英语)口语表达能力培养的总体要求,从2013级学生开始,学校全面实施《中国人民大学英语口语能力标准》(试行)(以下简称《口语标准》),实行“中国人民大学英语口语水平测试”(以下简称“口语测试”),并修订完善了大学英语分级教学课程体系。
所有非英语专业本科学生均需参加“口语测试”,通过后可获得2学分口语学习成绩以及口语能力达标证书。
二、分级管理大学英语课程实行分级教学,原则上分为大学英语2级、大学英语3级、大学英语4级三个级别。
大学英语2级是起始级,4级为最高级。
新生入学时,外国语学院统一组织新生进行分级考试,根据学生分级考试成绩,给出学生英语学习的起点建议。
学生可以根据分级建议选择相应级别的课程学习。
被建议到高一级别课程学习的学生,也可以选择低级别的课程学习。
根据学生学习的具体情况,学生也可以跳级学习。
具体办法是:本级别学习期末考试成绩在90分以上的学生,可在下一学期期初第一周提出跳级学习申请,并参加外国语学院组织的跳级考试。
成绩合格者,经任课教师同意,外国语学院跳级学习审核小组审核通过,可调整到高一级别学习。
例如,2级起点学生在第二学期初可申请参加3级水平考试,成绩合格者可跳到4级学习。
分级后进入大学英语3、4级学习的学生不要求补修低级别课程,也不记低级别课程的成绩和学分。
入学时通过考试进入“大学英语国际化拔尖型人才培养实验班”的学生,按《大学英语国际化拔尖型人才培养试点方案》执行。
2013新课标英语考试说明Ⅰ、考试性质普通高等学校招生全国统一考试是由合格的离中华业生和具有同等学力的考生参加的选拔性考试。
高等学校根据考生的成绩,按已确定的招生计划,德、智、体全面衡量,择优录取。
因此.离考应有较高的信度、效度,适当的难度和必要的区分度。
Ⅱ.考试的内容和要求根据普通高等学校对新生文化素质的要球,依据中华人民共和国教育部2003年颁布的《普通高中课程方案(实验)》和《普通高中英语课程标准(实验)》,确定本学科考试内容。
考核目标与要求一、语言知识要求考生掌握并能运用英语语音、词汇、语法基础知识以及所学功能意念和话题(见附录1至附录5),要求词汇量为3500左右.二、语言运用1.听力要求考生能听懂所熟悉话题的简短独白和对话。
考生应能:(1)理解主旨和要义(2)获取具体的、事实性信息(3)对所听内容作出推断(4)理解说话者的意图、观点和态度(5)阅读(6)要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等,并能从中获取相关信息。
考生应能:(7)理解主旨和要义(8)理解文中具体信息(9)根据上下文推断生词的词义(10)做出判断和推理(11)理解文章的基本结构(12)理解作者的意图、观点和态度(13)写作(14)要求考生根据题式进行书面表达。
考生应能:(15)清楚、连贯地传递信息,表达意思(16)有效的运用所学语言知识(17)口语(18)要求考生根据题式进行口头表达。
考生应能:(19)询问或传递实施性信息,表达意思和想法(20)做到语音、语调自然(21)做到语言运用得体(22)使用有效的交际策略、附录1 语音项目表1.基本读音(1)26个字母的读音(2)元音字母在重读音节中的读音(3)元音字母在轻读音节中的读音(4)元音字母组合在重读音节中的读音(5)辅音字母组合的读音。
2013新课标英语第一篇2013新课标英语考试是一场全面评估学生英语水平的重要考试。
这场考试的题目广泛而多样,涵盖了听力、口语、阅读和写作等方面。
这篇文章将为大家介绍一些关于2013新课标英语考试的重要信息。
首先,听力部分是2013新课标英语考试的第一部分。
考生需要在听到录音后回答一些与录音内容相关的问题。
这部分考试主要考察的是考生的听力理解能力和应对能力。
因此,考生在考试前应该多听一些英语录音,培养自己的英语听力技巧。
考生还应该尽量提高自己的注意力,以便更好地理解录音内容。
第二,口语部分是2013新课标英语考试的第二部分。
考生需要在规定的时间内回答一些针对特定话题的问题。
这部分考试主要考察的是考生的口语表达能力和思维能力。
因此,考生在备考口语部分时应该多练习口语,提高自己的口语流利度和表达能力。
考生还应该多思考一些与话题相关的问题,以便更好地回答考试问题。
第三,阅读部分是2013新课标英语考试的第三部分。
考生需要阅读一些英语文章,并回答与文章内容相关的问题。
这部分考试主要考察的是考生的阅读理解能力和分析能力。
因此,考生在备考阅读部分时应该多读一些英语文章,培养自己的阅读能力和理解能力。
考生还应该注意提高自己的分析能力,以便更好地回答考试问题。
最后,写作部分是2013新课标英语考试的最后一部分。
考生需要根据所给的题目和要求,完成一个英语写作任务。
这部分考试主要考察的是考生的写作能力和思维能力。
因此,考生在备考写作部分时应该多练习写作,提高自己的写作水平和表达能力。
考生还应该多思考一些与写作题目相关的问题,以便更好地完成考试任务。
以上是关于2013新课标英语考试的一些重要信息。
希望考生们能够在备考过程中认真准备,取得好成绩。
祝大家顺利通过考试!第二篇2013新课标英语考试在当年举行,考试题目依然广泛而多样,覆盖了听力、阅读、写作等方面。
这篇文章将为大家提供一些备考2013新课标英语考试的建议。
首先,考生应该合理规划备考时间。
2013级大学英语1-口语考试试题-教师版2013级大学英语(1)口语考试试题(教师版)评分标准: 1.讨论小组成员论点鲜明,论证有力.(50%)2.讨论小组成员互动丰富,衔接连贯自然.(30%)3.口语表达符合英语表达习惯,语音清晰正确.(20%)4.小组成员口语考试分数依据个人在小组中的表现差异而给分不同.1.What are your ideas about college education? What's the meaning of it? Howshould you study in the college?2.What is the meaning of learning? Why do human beings need to learn? Doeslearning only occur at school? Why do we have a variety of courses at school?What knowledge and skills are necessary for people to survive in the age of information?3.You are now a freshman in college, what’s the ideal university on youropinion? How did you spend during your college life? What do you think about your college life? Talk about your attitudes towards the current college education in China briefly.4.What preparations should be made for college life? How to adapt to the newcollege life? Do you think you have adapted to the new life here?Are there any difficulties in your present life?5.Where are you from? Why did you choose this university? What’s yourmajor? Why did you choose it? Do you think your major will count for your future career?6.Can you describe the likes and dislikes of your parents? Some people say it isnecessary for a child to celebrate birthdays for his or her parents, but some don't think so, what's your idea?7.In a family, who do you think plays the more important role, the mother orthe father (the wife or the husband)? When there are quarrels between your parents, how will you do with it? Why?8.What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages for a child to growup in a big family? Do you think there are any advantages to having a grandparent living with the family? In general, do you think having old people and young people living together creates conflict (or, problems)?9.Could you tell me something about your family? Who does the most shoppingin your family? Who does the most cooking in your family? Who makes the major decisions in the home? What qualities do you expect from a good father and a good mother respectively?10.In your opinion, which is more important, family or career? Why do youthink so? Suppose in the future your life is busy, then how to balance your family and career?11.Do you think you have true friends? What do you think a true friend shouldbe? What kinds of attributes do you pay attention to when you make friends with others? What are three qualities you want in a good friend? What are three qualities you don’t want in a friend?12.Do you think you are lucky enough to meet good people to make friends with?How do you maintain your friendship? If there is distrust between you and your friend, how will you solve this crisis? If one of your friends did something terrible to you, would you forgive him/her?13.Describe a friend you had when you were a child: how you first met, howlong you were friends, what you used to do together, and explain why you liked this person.14.Have you ever found it difficult to make friends with others? What are theefficient ways to make friends? How to make a longtime true friend? What will you do if one of your friends is having a difficult time?15.Is real friendship only confined within the same sex? Someone said thatchildhood friendship rarely lasts into adulthood. What do you think of the point of view? Will real friendship be influenced or altered by time and distance?16.Have you ever heard of the story “The Wolf Is Coming”?Why did ourparents or grandparents tell us the story in our childhood? What values did you get from the story? If you feel liking telling a lie, will you recall the story?Why or why not? Does this story still have any active influence on your present life? Why or why not?17.What is a white lie? What is your attitude toward white lie? Have you evertold a white lie? Under what circumstances do we tell a white lie?18.How do you define honesty? Why is honesty important? Why is honesty sodifficult at times? When is honesty difficult? What would you do if you were cheated?19.What is the opposite of honesty? Why is dishonesty not good? What kind ofproblems does dishonesty cause? Is there difference between dishonesty and lying? What are some common situations when people are sometimes dishonest? How do you feel when you have been dishonest with someone?How do you feel when someone has been dishonest with you?20.How can you be honest and not hurt someone? Is it ever all right to give onlya partial truth? When might it be all right to give only a partial truth?21.Do you think time is very important? Do you think time management isimportant? Would you say you are good at managing your time? Do you think it a good habit to stay up late before an examination?22.Is punctuality important? What are some examples of occasions when it'simportant to be on time? Have you ever been late? Were there any serious consequences when you were late?How do you feel when you are late? How would you feel if the person you were waiting to meet with was not on time?How do you think about someone who is always late?What are some of the excuses that people always use for being late?23.Are you good at organizing time? How do you usually organize time? Do youthink planning is important for time management? Why do you think some people pay to learn time management? Do you think parents should try to teach their children about time management?24.When do you feel time moves fast?When do you feel time moves slowly?Ifyou could go back in time, what would you do?25.Are you planning to find a part-time job to support yourself through college?What are the advantages and disadvantages of doing a part-time job for a student?26.Which is the festival you like most? When is that? What will you do duringthis festival? What is the history of it? (For example, what’s the history of Dragon Boat Festival?)27.Do you think most students make good use of their summer/winter vacation?Why do you think so? What do you often do on summer vacation or winter holidays? Where do you usually go on summer/winter holidays? Who did you go with?28.How will you celebrate Spring Festival? Who will you spend it with? Whichperformances are you looking forward to on the New Year‟s Eve TV program?What are some of your favorite ones of the past?29.If you were to receive a present (not money) for Spring Festival, what presentwould you like to receive? How does Spring Festival these days compare with how it was when you were a child? Do you like it better now or when you were a child? What do you think Spring Festival will be like in the future?Describe Spring Festival as it is celebrated in your family.30.Pick three adjectives that you feel best describe your relationship with yourparents. Explain why you chose those particular words. On a scale of 1 (being the worst) and 10 (be the best), how well do you think your parents did raising you? If you could change one thing about the way they raised you, what would it be?31.Do you think parents should be strict with their children or lenient? Whatare the consequences of being too strict or too lenient? What are the consequences of not being strict or lenient enough?32.What is your favorite Chinese holiday? Which Western holiday mostinterests you? Do you think holidays are very significant? What meanings are expressed by such holidays as National Day, Mid-Autumn Festival, Christmas, Spring Festival and Thanksgiving?33.Describe what qualities you think the ideal teacher must have. What are somequalities you don’t want in a teacher? In Chinese society, do teachers have a high status or a low status? Do you think being a teacher is a good job? Why or why not?34.If you were a teacher, what kind of teacher would you like to become? Is itthe teacher/school’s or the parents’ responsibility to teach a child good morals and behavior? In your opinion, do men or women make better teachers? 35.Do you like western food or Chinese Food? Can you say something aboutwestern fast food and Chinese food styles? What sort(s) of food do you like?(Why?)How often do you eat that? When was the last time you ate that?36.How does your diet affect your health? Do you want to do something aboutyour diet? Talk about your eating habit. You may refer to the following tips: the meals you have every day, the meal you like the most, the food you usually have for each meal, the food you like the most, etc.37.What food did you like (most) when you were a child? Is there any food thatyou liked when you were a child but you don't like now? What types of food do children generally like to eat?38.Who often cooks in your family? Do you like cooking? (Or, do you know howto cook?) What do you like to cook? When you were young, did you learn how to make a meal (= how to prepare food)? Have you ever thought about learning how to cook? Do you ever make dinner for your family? Do you help to do the food shopping at home? Do you usually help your mother/father cook at home?39.Do you like spicy food? (Or is it OK for you to have spicy food?) Are you on adiet? Describe your favorite healthy food. You should say: what it is, when and how often you eat it, how it is made and explain why it is healthy.40.Do you like western fast food? Why or why not? Do you think it is healthy?Do you like McDonald and KFC? Do you often go there? Why are they so famous in China?41.Do you often exercise? Do you think regular physical exercise is important?Why? How can playing sports help us in other aspects of our lives? Talk about a kind of sport. You should say: what it is, whether it is popular and who likes it.42.Are you a basketball fan? Who is your favorite basketball player? Do youprefer watching a football game on TV or at the stadium? Why? Are you a fan of Chinese football teams? Why?43.What sports do you like best?What sports are most popular in your country?What sports and games did you most enjoy playing when you were a child?What role do sports play in people’s life?What are the differences between men and women when choosing their favorite sports?44.What’s your favorite sport? Talk about it: name of the sport, popularity,special equipment, special training or skill, how to play it, why you like it, how often you play it, when and where you play it, whom you often play with, etc.45.How do people maintain good health? What activity that promotes goodhealth? What would you say is a "healthy lifestyle"? List some healthy and unhealthy living habits.46.Do you have worries? What do you worry the most about? What do youusually do when you have worries? How do you express your worries? How do you reassure yourself and others?47.In what situations do you feel stressed? Does stress affect your health habits?If yes how? Do you know any ways of reducing stress? What are they?48.Do you often go to the hospital? Do you think you are healthy? How can youkeep fit according to your own experience? What do you do to keep healthy?49.Are you thinking about the coming winter holiday? Why? How are youfeeling toward the end of the first semester at college? How are you planning your holidays?50.Which holidays do you celebrate? Talk about your plans for the comingholiday. You may refer to the following tips: what weather you expect it to be, where you would spend the holiday, how you would spend the holiday, what your budget is and how you will control it, etc.。
二级笔试题型基本同一级,其中本部15选10为所讲A篇原文段落(新区10选10)
词汇翻译部分:本部选自新视野网站相应单元A篇和B篇Detailed Reading ——Words and Expressions 部分的4、6级内词汇例句,要求翻译出原词或词组。
新区选自A篇课后原题。
二级口语考试
时间:15、16周随堂
范围:视听说课本第二册1-7单元
内容:
Part 1:Retelling
学生听一个选自听说课本1-7单元第五部分Let’s Talk材料,听两遍同时提醒学生记录要点——准备2分钟——进行复述并录音
Part 2:Answering one question
教师当堂提问一个与1-7单元主题相关的问题, 学生回答至少1分钟,以下话题仅供参考:Unit1:
1, What type of music do you prefer, and why?
2, How can music affect people’s life?
Unit 2:
1, Talk about your favorite movie: Which do you like best, action movies, comedies, horror movies, or cartoons? Chinese movies or foreign movies? contemporary movies or classic movies? Why?
2, Make comments on an impressive movie.
Unit 3:
1, What do you think are the standards for looking for a girlfriend or a boyfriend?
2, The best ways to find your true love.
Unit 4
1, Do you buy things according to what ads say? Why or why not?
2, The influence of ads.
Unit 5
1, Why do people keep pets?
2, Do you/Did you ever raise any pets? Please tell your story.
Unit 6
1, What do you think of wearing very fashionable clothes?
2, How is fashion decided?
Unit 7
1, How to earn money and spend money?
2, Does money talk?
评分原则及分值:
本次评分满分按照25分计算(教师不需再进行折算)。
评分标准见表格:
注意事项:1. 可根据评分标准上下浮动,给整分;
2. 成绩应基本呈正态分布。