An evolutionary approach for improving the quality of automatic summaries

创新思维的重要性及其发展途径英语作文The Importance of Innovative Thinking and Its Development PathwaysInnovation is the cornerstone of progress in our ever-evolving world. It is the driving force behind advancements in technology, science, and various other fields, shaping the way we live, work, and interact with one another. The ability to think innovatively is a crucial skill that not only sets individuals apart but also propels organizations and societies forward. In this essay, we will explore the importance of innovative thinking and the pathways that can foster its development.Firstly, innovative thinking is essential for addressing the complex challenges we face in the modern era. From climate change to global health crises, the problems we encounter often require novel solutions that go beyond traditional approaches. Innovative thinkers are able to step outside the confines of conventional wisdom, challenge existing paradigms, and devise innovative strategies to tackle these pressing issues. By thinking outside the box, they can uncover new opportunities and create transformative change.Moreover, innovative thinking is a key driver of economic growthand competitiveness. In today's rapidly changing business landscape, organizations that embrace innovation are more likely to thrive and maintain a competitive edge. Innovative companies are able to develop new products, services, and business models that cater to evolving customer needs and market demands. This not only allows them to stay ahead of the curve but also opens up new revenue streams and growth opportunities.Furthermore, innovative thinking fosters personal and professional development. Individuals who cultivate their ability to think innovatively are better equipped to adapt to change, solve problems creatively, and seize new opportunities. This mindset can lead to enhanced problem-solving skills, increased creativity, and a greater capacity for risk-taking and entrepreneurship. As a result, innovative thinkers are often more valuable assets in the workplace and are better positioned to advance their careers and contribute to the success of their organizations.To nurture the development of innovative thinking, there are several key pathways that individuals and organizations can explore. One crucial aspect is the cultivation of a supportive and collaborative environment. Organizations that encourage open communication, risk-taking, and the exchange of diverse ideas are more likely to foster innovative thinking among their employees. By creating a culture that celebrates experimentation, acknowledges failures aslearning opportunities, and values interdisciplinary collaboration, organizations can unleash the innovative potential of their workforce.Another important pathway is the promotion of lifelong learning and continuous skill development. Innovative thinkers are often those who are curious, adaptable, and constantly seeking new knowledge and experiences. By engaging in ongoing education, whether through formal training, self-directed learning, or exposure to diverse perspectives, individuals can expand their knowledge, challenge their assumptions, and develop the cognitive flexibility required for innovative thinking.Additionally, the integration of design thinking principles can be a powerful tool for cultivating innovative thinking. Design thinking emphasizes a human-centered approach to problem-solving, encouraging individuals to deeply understand the needs and perspectives of the end-users or stakeholders involved. By applying this iterative process of empathizing, defining, ideating, prototyping, and testing, innovators can develop solutions that are more responsive to real-world challenges and needs.Furthermore, the fostering of interdisciplinary collaboration can be a catalyst for innovative thinking. By bringing together individuals from diverse backgrounds, disciplines, and areas of expertise, organizations can leverage the power of cross-pollination. Thisintegration of different perspectives, skills, and knowledge can lead to the emergence of novel ideas and innovative solutions that would not have been possible through a siloed approach.In conclusion, the importance of innovative thinking cannot be overstated. It is a crucial skill that drives progress, fuels economic growth, and empowers individuals to navigate the complexities of the modern world. By cultivating a supportive environment, promoting lifelong learning, embracing design thinking principles, and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, individuals and organizations can unlock the transformative potential of innovative thinking. As we continue to face unprecedented challenges and opportunities, the ability to think innovatively will be a key determinant of success and the shaping of a better future.。

紧追创新,在时代中展现价值英语作文Embracing Innovation: Navigating the Tides of Time.In an era marked by unprecedented technological advancements and a rapidly evolving global landscape, ithas become imperative for individuals and organizationsalike to embrace the transformative power of innovation. Innovation has emerged as the driving force behind progress, empowering us to overcome challenges, seize opportunities, and shape a more prosperous future.Innovation is not merely the creation of new productsor services; it encompasses a mindset that encourages experimentation, risk-taking, and the relentless pursuit of improvement. It requires a willingness to question thestatus quo and explore uncharted territories. By fosteringa culture of innovation, we can unlock our potential for growth, adaptation, and impact.One of the key benefits of innovation is its ability toaddress complex societal challenges. From climate change to global health crises, the world faces a myriad of interconnected problems that demand innovative solutions. Through collaboration, interdisciplinary research, and the integration of diverse perspectives, we can develop groundbreaking approaches to these pressing issues.Moreover, innovation is essential for economic competitiveness. In a rapidly globalizing marketplace, organizations that fail to innovate risk becoming obsolete. By investing in research and development, adopting emerging technologies, and fostering a culture of continuous improvement, businesses can gain a competitive edge, create new value, and drive economic growth.Innovation also plays a crucial role in individual empowerment. In a society where knowledge and skills are constantly evolving, individuals who embrace lifelong learning and innovation have the potential to thrive. By acquiring new skills, adapting to changing circumstances, and seeking out novel experiences, we can unlock our potential for personal growth and fulfillment.However, embracing innovation also requires a recognition of the challenges it presents. Uncertainty, risk, and the potential for failure are inherent in the pursuit of innovation. It is therefore essential to create an environment that supports experimentation, tolerates failure, and rewards creativity. By fostering an inclusive and collaborative culture, we can encourage individuals to take calculated risks and explore new ideas without fear of reprisal.Furthermore, it is important to balance the pursuit of innovation with a commitment to ethical considerations. As our technological capabilities expand, we must ensure that innovation is aligned with our values and serves the greater good of humanity. By engaging in responsible innovation practices, we can mitigate potential risks and harness the power of technology for positive impact.In conclusion, embracing innovation is essential for navigating the complexities of the 21st century. By fostering a culture of innovation, investing in researchand development, and supporting individual empowerment, we can unlock our potential for progress, adaptation, and societal transformation. As we continue to navigate the ever-changing tides of time, let us remain committed to innovation, driven by a relentless pursuit of betterment and a deep-seated belief in the power of human ingenuity.。

如何为下一个时代做准备作文English Answer：In the face of unprecedented technological advancements and societal shifts, preparing for the next era requires a multifaceted approach that encompasses both individual and collective action.1. Embrace Lifelong Learning:The pace of innovation demands a commitment to continuous learning. Embrace online courses, workshops, and certifications to stay abreast of emerging technologies and industry trends. By investing in knowledge and skills, you empower yourself to navigate the evolving job market and contribute to cutting-edge developments.2. Develop Cognitive Flexibility:The next era will prioritize adaptability and criticalthinking. Cultivate the ability to shift perspectives,solve problems creatively, and embrace ambiguity. Embrace challenges as opportunities for growth and stay open to new ideas and methodologies. Cognitive flexibility will enable you to thrive in an ever-changing world.3. Foster Collaboration:In the interconnected digital age, collaboration is key. Seek out partnerships with individuals and organizationsthat share your vision. Engage in open innovation, share resources, and leverage collective knowledge to drive progress. By working together, you can accelerateinnovation and create lasting impact.4. Embrace Ethical Considerations:As technology advances, it's crucial to consider the ethical implications. Be mindful of the potential consequences of new technologies and advocate for responsible use. Support initiatives that promote data privacy, algorithmic transparency, and the equitabledistribution of benefits.5. Drive Social Impact:The next era offers opportunities to harness technology for social good. Use your skills and resources to create solutions that address global challenges such as climate change, poverty, and inequality. Engage in social entrepreneurship, volunteer your time, or support organizations working towards a more just and equitable world.6. Cultivate Resilience:Amidst rapid change, resilience is essential. Develop coping mechanisms to manage stress and setbacks. Embrace a growth mindset, learn from failures, and seek support when needed. Building resilience will empower you to navigate the challenges and opportunities of the next era.Chinese Answer：如何为下一个时代做准备。

2024考研英语（一）真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)There's nothing more welcoming than a door opening for you.1the need to be touched to open or close,automatic doors are essential in2disabled access to buildings and helping provide general3to commercial buildings.Self-sliding doors began to emerge as a commercial product in1960after being invented six years4by Americans Dee Horton and Lew Hewitl.They5as a novelty feature,but as their use has grown,their6have extended within our technologically advanced world. Particulary7in busy locations or during times of emergency,the doors8crowd management by reducing the obstacles put in people's way.9making access both in and out of buildings easier for people,the difference in the way many of these doors open helps reduce the total area10by them.Automatic doors often open to the side,with the panels sliding across one another.Replacing swing doors,these11smaller buildings to maximise the usable space inside without having to12the way for a large, sticking-out door.There are many different types of automatic door,with each13specific signals to tell them when to open.14these methods differ,the main15remain the same. Each automatic door system16the light,sound weight or movement in their vicinity as a signal to open.Sensor types are chosen to17the different environments they are needed in.18,a busy street migle not19a motion-sensored door,as it would constantly be opening for passers-by.A pressure sensitive mat would be more20to limit the surveyed area.1.A.Through B.Despite C.Besides D.Without2.A.revealing B.demanding C.improving D.tracing3.A.experience B.convenience C.guidance D.reference4.A.previously B.temporarily C.successively D.eventually5.A.held on B.started out C.settled down D.went by6.A.relations B.volumes C.benefits D.sourceseful B.simple C.flexible D.stable8.A.call for B.yield to C.insist on D.act as9.A.As well as B.In terms of C.Thanks to D.Rather than10.A.connected B.shared C.represented D.occupied11.A.allow B.expect C.require D.direct12.A.adopt B.lead C.clear D.change13.A.adapting to B.deriving from C.relying on D.pointing at14.A.Once B.Since C.Unless D.Although15.A.records B.positions C.principles D.reasons16.A.controls B.analyses C.produces D.mixes17.A.decorate pare C.protect plement18.A.In conclusion B.By contrast C.For example D.Above all19.A.identify B.suit C.secure D.include20.A.appropriate B.obvious C.impressive D.delicateSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1Nearly2000years ago,as the Romans began to pull out of Scotland,they left behind a curious treasure:10tons of nails,nearly a million of the things.The nail hoard was discovered in 1960in a four-metre-deep pit covered by two metres of gravel.Why had the Romans buried a million nails?The likely explanation is that the withdrawal was rushed,and they didn't want the local Caledonians getting their hands on10tons of weapon-grade iron.The Romans buried the nails so deep that they would not be discovered for almost two millennia.Later civilisations would value the skilled blacksmith's labour in a nail even more than the raw material.As Roma Agrawal explains in her new delightful book Nuts and Bolts,early 17th-century Virginians would sometimes burn down their homes if they were planning to relocate. This was an attempt to recover the valuable nails,which could be reused after sifting the ashes. The idea that one might burn down an entire house just to reclaim the nails underlines how scarce, costly and valuable the simple-seeming technology was.The price of nails fell by90%between the late1700s and mid-1900s,as economist Daniel Sichel points out in a research paper.According to Sichel,although the falling price of nails was driven partly by cheaper iron and cheaper energy,most of the credit goes to nail manufactures who simply found more efficient ways to turn steel into nails.Nails themselves have changed over the years,but Sichel studied them because they haven't changed much.Roman lamps and Roman chariots are very different from LED strips and sports cars,but Roman nails are still clearly nails.It would be absurd to try to track the changing price of sports cars since1695,but to ask the same question of nails makes perfect sense.I make no apology for being obsessed by a particular feature of these objects:their price.I am an economist,after all.After writing two books about the history of inventions,one thing I've learnt is that while it is the enchantingly sophisticated technologies that get all the hype,it’s the cheap technologies that change the world.The Gutenberg printing press transformed civilisation not by changing the nature of writing but by changing its cost-and it would have achieved little without a parallel collapse in the price of surfaces to write on,thanks to an often-overlooked technology called paper.Solar panels had few niche uses until they became cheap;now they are transforming the global energy system.21.The Romans buried the nails probably for the sake of________.A.saving them for future useB.keeping them from rustingC.letting them grow in valueD.hiding them from the locals22.The example of early17th-century Virginians is used to_____.A.highlight the thriftiness of early American colonistsB.illustrate the high status of blacksmiths in that periodC.contrast the attitudes of different civilisations toward nailsD.show the preciousness of nail-making tecnology at that time23.What played the major role in lowering the price of nails after the late1700s?A.Increased productivity.B.Wider use of new energies.C.Fiercer market competition.D.Reduced cost of raw materials.24.It can be learned from Paragraph5that nails________.A.have undergone many technological improvementsB.have remained basically the same since Roman timesC.are less studied than other everyday productsD.are one of the world's most significant inventions25.Which of the following best summarises the last two paragraphs?A.Cheap technologies bring about revolutionary change.B.Technological innovation is integral to economic success.C.Techconoly defines people's understanding of the world.D.Sophisticated technologies develop from small inventions.Text2Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key to bringing up more contented children,researchers have suggested.The idea is based on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana,where each child is cared for by many adults.Kung children as young as four will help to look after younger ones and“baby-wearing”,in which infants are carried in slings,is considered the norm.According to Dr Nikhil Chaudhary,an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University, these practices,Known as alloparenting,could lead to less anxiety for children and parents.Dr Annie Swanepoel,a child psychiatrist,believes that there are ways to incorporate them into western life.In Germany,one scheme has paired an old people's home with a nursery.The residents help to look after the children,an arrangement akin to alloparenting.Another measure could be encouraging friendships between children indifferent school years to mirror the unsupervised mixed-age playgroups in hunter-gatherer communities.In a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,researchers said that the western nuclear family was a recent invention which family broke with evolutionary history. This abrupt shift to an“intensive mothering narrative”,which suggests that mothers should manage childcare alone,was likely to have been harmful.“Such narratives can lead to maternal exhaustion and have dangerous consequences,“they wrote.By contrast,in hunter-gatherer societies adults other than the parents can provide almost halfof a child's care.One previous study looked at the Efe people of the Democratic Republic of Congo.It found that infants had an average of14alloparents a day by the time they were18 weeks old and were passed between caregivers eight times an hour.Chaudhary said that parents now had less childcare support from family and social networks than during most of humans'evolutionary history,but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and maternal depression,which could have a“knock-on”benefit to a child's wellbeing.An infant born to a hunter-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers-this contrasts starkly to nursery settings in the UK where regulations call for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three.While hunter-gatherer children learnt from observation and imitation in mixed-age playgroups,researchers said that western“instructive teaching”,where pupils are asked to sit still, may contribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Chaudhary said that Britain should explore the possibility that older siblings helping their parents“might also enhance their own social development.”26.According to the first two paragraph,alloparenting refers to the practice of_______.A.sharing child care among community membersB.assigning babies to specific adult caregiversC.teaching parenting details to older childrenD.carrying infants around by their parent27.The scheme in Germany is mentioned to illustrate_______.A.an attempt to facilitate intergenerational communicationB.an approach to integrating alloparenting into western cultureC.the conventional parenting style in western cultureD.the differences between western African ways of living28.According to Paragraph4,the“intensive mothering narrative”_________.A.alleviate parenting pressureB.considerate family relationshipsC.results in the child-centered familyD.departs from the course of evolution29.According to paragraph6,what can we learn about nursery in the UK？A.They tend to fall short of official requirements.B.They have difficulty finding enough caregivers.C.They ought to improve their carer-to-child ratio.D.They should try to prevent parental depression.30.Which of the following would be the best title？A.Instructive teaching:a dilemma for anxious parentsB.For a happier family,learn from the hunter-gatherersC.Mix-aged playgroup,a better choice for lonely childrenD.Tracing the history of parenting:from Africa to EuropeText3Rutkowski is a Polish digital artist who uses classical painting styles to create dreamy fantasy landscapes.He has made illustrations for games such as Sony’s Horizon Forbidden West, Ubisoft’s Anno,Dungeons&Dragons,and Magic:The Gathering.And he’s become a sudden hit in the new world of text-to-image AI generation.His distinctive style is now one of the most commonly used prompts in the new open-source AI art generator Stable Diffusion,which was launched late last month.The tool,along with other popular image-generation AI models,allows anyone to create impressive images based on text prompts.For example,type in“Wizard with sword and a glowing orb of magic fire fights a fierce dragon Greg Rutkowski,”and the system will produce something that looks not a million miles away from works in Rutkowski’s style.But these open-source programs are built by scraping images from the Internet,often without permission and proper attribution to artists.As a result,they are raising tricky questions about ethics and copyright.And artists like Rutkowski have had enough.According to the website Lexica,which tracks over10million images and prompts generated by Stable Diffusion,Rutkowski’s name has been used as a prompt around93,000times.Some of the world’s most famous artists,such as Michelangelo,Pablo Picasso,and Leonardo da Vinci, brought up around2,000prompts each or less.Rutkowski’s name also features as a prompt thousands of times in the Discord of another text-to-image generator,Midjourney.Rutkowski was initially surprised but thought it might be a good way to reach new audiences.Then he tried searching for his name to see if a piece he had worked on had been published.The online search brought back work that had his name attached to it but wasn’t his."It’s been just a month.What about in a year?I probably won’t be able to find my work out there because[the internet]will be flooded with AI art,”Rutkowski says.“That’s concerning.”“There is a coalition growing within artist industries to figure out how to tackle or mitigate this,”says Ortiz.The group is in its early days of mobilization,which could involve pushing for new policies or regulation.One suggestion is that AI models could be trained on images in the public domain,and AI companies could forge partnerships with museums and artists,Ortiz says.31.What can be learned about Rutkowski from the first two paragraphs?A.He is enthusiastic about AI generation painting.B.He is popular with the users of an AI art generator.C.He attracts admiration from other illustrators.D.He specializes in classical painting digitalization.32.The problem with open-source AI art generators is that theyck flexibility in responding to promptsB.produce artworks in unpredictable stylesC.make unauthorized use of online the agesD.cdlect user information with that consent.33.After searching online,Rutkowski found____.A.a unique way to reach audiencesB.a new method to identify Al imagesC.AI-generated work bearing hisnareD.heated disputes regarding his cape copyright34.According to Ortiz,Al companies are advised to_____.A.campaign for new policies or regulationsB.offer their services to public institutionsC.strengthen their relationships with Al usersD.adopt a different strategy for Al model training35.What is the text mainly about?A.Artists'responses to Al art generation.B.Al's expanded role in artistic creation.C.Privacy issues in the application of Al.D.Opposing views on AI development.Text4The miracle of the Chesapeake Bay lies not in its depths,but in the complexity of its natural construction,the interaction of fresh and saline waters,and the mix of land and water.The shallows provide homes for hundreds of species while storing floodwaters,filtering pollutants from water,and protecting nearby communities from potentially destructive storm surges.All this was put at great risk late last month,when the U.S.Supreme Court issued a ruling in an idaho case that provides the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)far less authority to regulate wetlands and waterways.Specifically,a5-4majority decided that wetlands protected by the EPA under its Clean Water Act authority must have a“continuous surface connection”to bodies of water.This narrowing of the regulatory scope was a victory for builders,mining operators and other commercial interests often at odds with environmental rules.And it carries "significant repercussions for water quality and flood control throughout the United States,"as Justice Brett Kavanaugh oberserved.In Maryland,the good news is that there are many state laws in place that provide wetlands protections.But that's a very shortsighted view,particularly when it comes to the Chesapeake Bay. The reality is that water,and the pollutants that so often come with it,don’t respect state boundaries.The Chesapeake draws from a64,000-square-mile watershed that extends into Virginia,Pennsylvania,New York,West Virginia,the District of Columbia and Delaware.Will those jurisdictions extend the same protections now denies under Kavanaugh.EPA?Perhaps some, but all?That seems unlikely.It is too easy,and misleading,to see such court rulings as merely standing up for the rights of land owners when the consequences can be so dire for their neighbors. And it's a reminder that the EPA’s involvement in the Chesapeake Bay Program has long been crucial as the means to transcend the influence of deep-pocketed special interests in neighboring states.Pennsylvania framers,to use one telling example,aren’t thinking about next year’s blue crab harvest in Maryland when they decide whether to spend animal waste on their fields,yet the runoff into nearby creeks can have enormous impact downstream.And so we would call on state lawmakers from Richmond to Albany to consider reviewing their own wetlands protections and see for themselves the enormous stakes involved.We can offerthem a visit to Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge in Chester County where bald eagles fly over tidal marshes so shallow you could not paddle a boat across them but teaming with aquatic life. It’s worth the scenic drive.36.The Chesapeake Bay is described in paragraph l as________.A.a valuable natural environmentB.a contoversial conservation areaC.a place with commercial potentialD.a headache for nearby communities37.The U.S.Supreme Court’s ruing in the Idaho caseA.reinforces water pollution controlB.weakens the EPA’s regulatory powerC.will end conflicts among local residentsD.may face opposition from mining operators38.How doesn't the author fell about future of the chesapenke Bay?_______.A.worriedB.PuzzledC.RelievedD.Encouraged39.What can be inferred about the EPA’s involvement in the chesapeake Bay Program?A.It has restored the balance among neighboring jurisdictions.B.It has triggered a radical reform in commercial fisheries.C.It has set a fine example of respecting state authorities.D.It has ensured the coordination of protection efforts.40.The author holds that the state lawmakers should___.A.be cautious about the influence of landownersB.attach due importance to wetlands protectionsC.recognize the need to expand wildlife refugesD.improve the wellbeing of endangered speciesPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs(41-45).There are two extra subheadings.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)41.HannahSimply,there are people in Nigeria who cannot travel to the Smithsonian Institution to see that par t of their history and culture represented by the Benin Bronzes.These should be available to them as part of their cultural heritage and history and as a source of national pride.There is no good rea son that these artifacts should be beyond the ordinary reach of the educational objectives or inspiration of the generations to which they were left.They serve no purpose in a museum in the United States or elsewhere except as curious objects.They cannot be compared to works of art produced f or sale which can be passed from hand to hand and place to place by purchase.42.BuckWe know very exact reproductions of artwork can be and are regularly produced.Perhaps museum s and governments might explore some role for the use of nearly exact reproductions as a means o f resolving issues relating to returning works of art and antiquities.The context of any exhibit is m ore important to me than whether the object being displayed is2,000years old or2months old.In many cases the experts have a hard time agreeing on what is the real object and what is a forgery. Again,the story an exhibit is trying to tell is what matters.The monetary value of the objects on di splay is a distant second place in importance.43.SaraWhen visiting the Baltimore Museum of Art,I came across a magnificent15th-century Chinese sc ulpture.It inspired me to learn more about the culture that it represented.Artifacts in museums ha ve the power to inspire,and perhaps spark that need to learn and understand the nature of their cre ators.Having said that,I do feel that whatever artifacts find their way to public museums should,i n fact,be sanctioned as having been obtained on loan,legally purchased,or obtained by treaty.Ste aling artifacts from other peoples'cultures is obscene;it robs not only the physical objects,but the dignity and spirit of their creators.44.VictorAncient art that is displaced in foreign countries should be returned…45.JuliaTo those of you in the comments section,by all means,who are having strong feeling about artifac ts being removed from cities in the US and Britain,I would ask you to consider......A.It's clear that the countries of origin have never been compensated for the stolen architects.B.It's a flawed line of reasoning to argue against returning artifacts to their countries of arranging.C.Museum visitors can still learn as much from artifacts copies after the originals are returned.D.Reproductions,even if perfectly made,cannot take the place of the authentic objects.E.The real value of artifacts can only be recognized in their countries of arranging rather than anywhere else.F.Ways to get artifacts from other countries must be decent and lawful.G.Concern over security is no excuse for refusing to return the artifacts of other countries.41-45答案：EDFGBPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)答案（46）它们有时跋涉六十多英里寻找食物或水，并且非常善于寻找其他大象的位置——即使它们不在视线范围内。

让英语作文更高级的方法Elevating the quality of English composition involves a multifaceted approach that includes expanding vocabulary, employing varied sentence structures, and integrating rhetorical devices. The journey to refining one's writing style is both enriching and demanding, requiring attention to detail and a deep understanding of the language's nuances.Expanding Vocabulary:。

A robust vocabulary allows for precise expression of ideas. One method to enhance vocabulary is through the "word a day" approach, where a new word is learned daily, along with its synonyms, antonyms, and usage in sentences. Reading extensively across different genres also exposes one to a wide range of vocabulary.Varied Sentence Structures:。

Monotonous sentences can make an essay dull. To avoid this, one should mix simple, compound, and complex sentences to create rhythm and interest. Starting sentences differently and using transitional phrases can help in maintaining the flow and improving coherence.Rhetorical Devices:。

创新思维重要性和提升方法英语作文The Importance of Innovative Thinking and Ways to Enhance ItIn today's rapidly changing world, the ability to think innovatively has become more important than ever. With technology advancing at an unprecedented rate and competition growing fiercer in the global marketplace, individuals and organizations need to constantly adapt and innovate in order to stay ahead. In this essay, I will discuss the importance of innovative thinking and provide some tips on how to enhance this crucial skill.First and foremost, innovative thinking is crucial for problem-solving. In a world where new challenges and complexities arise every day, the ability to think outside the box and come up with creative solutions is invaluable. Whether it's developing a new product, improving an existing process, or finding a way to stay competitive in a crowded market, innovative thinking is what sets successful individuals and organizations apart from the rest.Moreover, innovative thinking is essential for driving progress and fostering growth. By challenging the status quoand pushing boundaries, innovators have the power to change the world for the better. From groundbreaking scientific discoveries to revolutionary technological advancements, innovation has been the driving force behind some of the greatest achievements in human history.So, how can one enhance their innovative thinking? Here are some tips:1. Embrace curiosity: Curiosity is the driving force behind innovative thinking. By staying curious and asking questions, you can uncover new ideas and opportunities that others may have overlooked.2. Think divergently: Instead of following conventional thinking patterns, try to think in new and different ways. Consider multiple perspectives and explore unconventional solutions to problems.3. Cultivate a growth mindset: A growth mindset is essential for fostering innovation. By believing in your ability to learn and grow, you can overcome challenges and embrace new opportunities for creativity.4. Collaborate with others: Innovation thrives in a collaborative environment. By working with others who bringdiverse perspectives and skills to the table, you can spark new ideas and push the boundaries of what is possible.In conclusion, innovative thinking is a crucial skill that is essential for success in today's fast-paced world. By embracing curiosity, thinking divergently, cultivating a growth mindset, and collaborating with others, you can enhance your ability to innovate and drive positive change in the world. So, let's all strive to think innovatively and push the boundaries of what is possible.。

基于IOS的《糗事百科》App的设计与实现摘要：《糗事百科》App主要目的在于为广大的IOS手机用户提供一款实用的，没有广告的娱乐休闲应用，在工作之余为自己减压。

本文首先对《糗事百科》App进行应用需求分析，其次，针对应用需求进行了应用架构设计，以提高本应用的可复用性和可扩展性。

采用基于同一工程的分层架构设计模式。

然后对应用进行详细设计与实现，运用OC与C语言和IOS开发技术结合及X-Code 的SQLite数据库，设计并实现《糗事百科》 App，最后对本应用进行了功能测试。

《糗事百科》App实现了用户在线浏览各种糗事，查看图片等操作，同时实现了随便逛逛，精华，有图有真相，穿越，我收藏的，我参与的，热门囧图，内涵图片等功能模块。

应用界面简单，用户体验较好。

该应用为广大糗友以及喜爱糗事百科的网友们提供了一个没有广告的轻松的糗百世界。

关键词：App；IOS；OC与C语言Design and Implementation of《Embarrassments Encyclopedia》App Based on IOSAbstract: The \"Embarrassments Encyclopedia\" to an App main purpose is for the majority of IOS mobile phone users to provide a practical, no advertising entertainment applications, and decompression for yourself after work.Firstly, on the \"Embarrassments Encyclopedia\" App to analyze the application’s requirements, and secondly, for the application of the application architecture needs to deliver this application reusability and scalability. Based on a layered architecture design patterns in the same project. Then apply the detailed design and implementation, the use of development technology for IOS combined with OC and C Programming language and X-Code built-in SQLite database to design and implementation \"EmbarrassmentsEncyclopedia\" App, Finally, the functional testing of the application.The \"Embarrassments Encyclopedia\" App implements various embarrassments users online browsing, viewing pictures and other operations, Simultaneously achieving the casual stroll, essence, there are pictures and the truth, through, my favorite, my participation, popular embarrassing figure, content and pictures function module and so on. The interface of application is simple and is better for user experience.The application for the majority of embarrassing friends and loved Embarrassments Encyclopedia netizens did provide a relaxed world of Embarrassments Encyclopedia without advertisting.Key words: App;IOS;OC and C Programming Languages引言进入二十一世纪以来，互联网的飞快发展推动着各行业的进步和发展。

AUTO SPRUCE TRIAL SYSTEM (ASTS)H um a H assan RizviComputer Engineering DepartmentSir Syed University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, (Pakistan)E-mail:SanaSoftware Engineering DepartmentSir Syed University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, (Pakistan)Dr. Sadiq Ali khanDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of Karachi, (Pakistan)E-mail:Muhammad KhurrumDepartment of InformaticsMalaysia university of science & technology, (Malaysia) E-mail:Khalique AhmedComputer Engineering DepartmentSir Syed University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, (Pakistan)E-mail:ABSTRACTAuto Spruce Trial System (ASTS) is designed to provide a platform in which children’s intelligence and cognitive behavior are tested through Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). This test is used for a children assessment and find out their abilities learning and disabilities, as well as a clinical device. ASTS system is an automated testing system which conducts the children test and generates their intelligence result automatically. We automate the system as mentioned above in Pakistan which is taken manually and consumes a lot of time. It does not really matter how much intelligence one has, what makes a difference is the manner by which well one uses his/her intelligence. This test is applicable for th ose children’s whose parents are worried about their mental health’s issues and their learning potential. An intelligence test can encourage guardians and instructors make judgments around an individual child’s educational course, standard, or in need of special education.KEYWORDSWechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC).1. INTRODUCTIONThis testing system as mentioned above, developed by David Wechsler. It’s a separately directed intelligence test for children between the ages of six and sixteen. The original test as mentioned above was developed in 1939, and this test divided into several of the subtests. The subtest was arranged into Verbal and Performance scales. These test scores based on:•Verbal IQ (VIQ)•Performance IQ (PIQ)•Full Scale IQ (FSIQ)The third edition was published in 1991 named as WISC-III. This edition has introduced a new subtest as a measure of processing speed. These four new index scores were introduced to represent more narrow domains of cognitive function: •Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI)•Perceptual Organization Index (POI)•Freedom from Distractibility Index (FDI)•Processing Speed Index (PSI)The WISC-IV and WISC-V are published in the year 2003 and 2014 respectively. The WISC-V has included a total of 21 subtests which based on 15 composite scores [2].In this paper we talk about a sort of use named as ASTS which can assist guardians with making a brilliant and prosperous future for their kids.The application ASTS can be utilized in schools for special children’s. ASTS is used not only as an intelligence test, but it is also used for other indicative purposes. IQ scores detailed by the ASTS and these outcomes can be utilized as a component to diagnose the children mental retardation and specific learning disabilities. But, here in this application we are just focusing on how to find out the cognitive functioning of a child.1.1.PurposeASTS is quite different from others. It is more reliable than any other system and Institutionalized knowledge tests are developed by strict rules to guarantee unwavering quality and legitimacy. This test is reliable when achieved a desired outcome. The main purpose of this system is to provide guidance to the parents who’s really concerned about their children’s mental health issues, s o it will be a good approach to create something new and more reliable.1.2. ScopeSince, we know that it is a fact that everybody wants a new idea or something innovative. Auto Spruce Trial System (ASTS) is designed for the diagnosis of the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) level of a child and will be able to predict the presence of disorder in the children based on the age and number of answered question in a specific time and patterns based on the scaling system. By using ASTS, we can easily determine the cognitive functioning of any child. This testing system as mentioned above is applicable for children from age six to sixteen years. This test is utilized as an intelligence test, as well as a clinical apparatus. This project utilizes all our work, academic skills and our experience to making a remarkable source for us to learn more things and grow more into this field.1.3. Modules of auto spruce trial systemOur system consists of 3 modules, as follows:Module-1: Pre-designed Testing SystemModule-2: ConsultancyModule-3: Bulletin BoardFigure 1. Logo of our application.Module-1: Pre-designed Testing SystemIn this module, we simply automate the testing system as mentioned above it’s allow the physiatrist to identify the stages of mind development. It has four main indexes. These indexes are below:i) Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI)ii) Perceptual Reasoning Index (VRI)iii) Working Memory Index (WMI)iv) Processing Speed Index (PSI)There are a variety of subtests within each of these indexes[3].1.The VCI Score test your child’s intelligence and knowledge. The subtest includes:•Vocabulary, Similarities, Comprehension, Information*, Word Reasoning* 2.The PRI scores is related to intelligence and ability to learn new information. The subtest includes:•Block Design, Matrix Reasoning, Picture Concepts, Picture Completion*3.WMI score is related to short term memory. The subtest includes:•Forward Digit Span, Backward Digit Span, Letter-Number Sequencing, Arithmetic*4.PSI test focuses on mental quickness and task performance, its mainly concerned with concentration and attention. The subtest includes: •Coding, Symbol Search, Cancellation* [3].Module-2: ConsultancyIt provides a consultancy section. Everyone who gives test, do not understand their test result and for their easiness we will provide consultants who will guide them online and evaluate their personality perfectly.Module-3: Bulletin BoardBulletin Board includes a portion where users can view updates about a particular issue or topic. It is a surface intended for the posting of public messages. It displays the daily updates of a website. If anything new happens, will be shown at the bulletin board.2. LITERATURE REVIEWAuto spruce trial system is an automated intelligence testing system which is based on the real and authorized data bank set. Automated System and websites exists, that conduct WISC-IV testing but their data set is not appropriate and according to the measures of testing system as mentioned above credibility. ASTS applies accurate and authenticate data set based on level of WISC-IV. ASTS is quite different from others. ASTS, is more reliable than any other system and standardized intelligence tests. ASTS is built by strict rules to ensure reliability and validity. A test result is considered reliable if we can get the equivalent/comparative outcome over and over.ASTS is designed to overcome the difficulties of psychologists when they take manual tests and generate their result in few days. The difficulties, they face are:1. The test is taken manually.2. The result is generated lately.3. Proper time is not given to individuals.2.1. Old methods usedA Test Sheet Algorithm for AssessmentsA dynamic programming approach is used to solve the problem generated by multiple criteria test-sheet. This utilizes the techniques of clustering and dynamic programming that allows the construction of a possible test sheet in accordance with the specified requirements. In this paper some experimental results and the test-sheet-generating strategy of ITED is discussed to evaluate the efficiency of the approach [5].Fuzzy Logic-based Student Learning Assessment ModelIn this article a diagnosis model based on fuzzy logic has been presented. One of the main advantages of this model is that it sanctions for a representation of interpret able cognizance since it is predicated on rules when the reasoning is well defined as well as when the reasoning is intuitive, as a result of experience. The qualitative and quantitative criteria in student assessment proposed by the teacherscan be easily improved (linguistic variables as well as fuzzy rules) adding a high degree of flexibility [11].In Development of Computer-Assisted Testing System with Genetic Test Sheet technique is followed [12]. They proposed two genetic algorithms: •CLFG•FIFGAbove techniques are used for test sheet-generating problems. In a less time by applying these approaches we can get the test sheets with near-optimal discrimination degrees. The two algorithms have been embedded in a CAI system, Intelligent Tutoring, Evaluation, and Diagnosis that provides the easiness and the more informative tool for the instructors an learners. The (ITED-II) testing sub systems generate the test sheets by accepting the assessment requirements by reading the test items from the item banks. In the end the test results are sending to the tutoring sub system for the arrangements of adaptive subject materials [12]. Generation Algorithm for Test Sheet ResultsThe test sheet generating issues are solved through an adaptive cellular genetic algorithm, which is based on selection strategy. This algorithm is a combination of Adaptive Test Sheet Generation and cellular genetic algorithm. This approach resolves the problems of test sheet generation space, improves the fitness of test sheet and also improves the assessment of child’s. These techniques also improve the accuracy in calculations and convergence speed of calculations in test sheet generation [13].An Evolutionary Intelligent Water Drops Approach for Intelligence Test sheet Results GenerationIn this paper, an intelligence test sheet result generating problems and issues are resolved. The computerized test sheet results with multiples assessments and calculations are one of the major issues in the Computer Assisted Testing System an E-Learning technology. A huge and verity of different tests, questions and task banks with different abilities are involved in the assessments test, even randomized test cannot serve the purpose of assessment and cannot generate an accurate output. The accurate result of the system is based on correct question bank and algorithm. It is difficult to develop the assessment sheet that satisfies the all assessment criteria. Evolutionary Intelligent Water Drops is best and more suitable algorithm which solves all the issues related to test sheet results and also solve the huge amount of question bank assessments test [14].Genetic Algorithm used for assessment testIn this research, genetic algorithm approach is used for genetic assessment test. This method is used for optimized the sequences multiple variety and group of tests which have used for same purpose and it is also use a less amount of hardware resources for optimal solutions. These tests are time consuming and some restrictions are applied. In this approach representative keywords used for a particular test. This approach has three major elements:•Teaching•Learning•EvaluationThe genetic algorithm helps in finding the best appropriate solutions [15].The reference is given below of a report that is a result of testing tool kit as mentioned above of a child it describes all the tables that are used for performance evaluation [1][4].3. METHODOLOGY3.1. Method/TechniqueThe main motive of our development is to produce precise and trustworthy results. We don’t have the right to ruin anyone’s life as it is a matter of very serious problem, therefore the results of the system must be reliable. There have been many approaches that drive different results based on decisions that are made on different states. In every stage, a decision which achieves a reward closer to the total rewards is desirable. The new approach adopts fuzzy logic theory to diagnose the difficulty level of test items, in accordance with the learning status and personal features of each student, and then applies the techniques to the test sheet construction. Clustering and dynamic programming is also an approach to solve such issues. ASTS system is an automated testing system which conducts the children test and generate their intelligence result automatically in which we will apply fuzzy logic instead of clustering techniques and dynamic programming approach. We automate the testing system as mentioned above in Pakistan which is taken manually and consumes a lot of time. [4] ASTS will serve as an intelligent assistance to psychologist. The fuzzy logic will make the system more efficient and time saving and it will also become very helpful for the psychologist.3.2. Product PerspectiveThe system Auto Spruce Trial System (ASTS) is designed for the diagnosis of the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) level of a child and will be able to predict the presence of disorder in the children based on the age and number of answered question in a specific time and patterns based on the scaling system or the implementation of algorithm that are to be decided. The scores are cross matched with the scaled scores, composite scores, percentile rank or algorithm and provide the result in the terms of perfection or disorder. Type, kind, level and seriousness of disorder will be further provided in the consultancy section if required.3.3. System FunctionsThe functions of the system are as follows:•Generation of questions from question bank.•Make record for the answered question.•Compare the answers by the engine and perform calculations.•Predict the IQ level.•Predict disorder in the child if present on behalf of his/her answers.3.4. User View•User must know about this application features and a basic knowledge to operating the internet.•User of this is generally the children that will interact so only their proper attention is required.•This system can also be used by parents/system for the result tracking of the child so; they should have basic knowledge of computer.Figure 2. Abstract view of system.3.5. Operating EnvironmentThis is a web and android based system and hence will require a good GUI for good results. The basic need is the browser version for web users and android version for android user.3.6. Constraint•Expertise of members in the software used can be a constraint for the timely completion of the system.•Inappropriate working of database and interface may be a constraint.•Internet connection is important to run the function of the application.•Database is shared between both web and mobile application it may be forced to queue incoming requests and therefore increase the time it takes to fetch data.3.7. System Assumption•Great amount of memory is required in cell phones to use this system.•If your cell phone is not supporting well in memory and proper hardware resources so you can’t access this system.3.8. User Role•First step is the users register him/her self into the system.•The second step is system provides the access key to users.•The third step is according to the age level of user the system starts to show the test questions in order to take test of user then user start to give the test.•Next step is when user completed the test the system will show the test r esults. The result is in percentage form which determines the level of user’s intelligence and their cognitive abilities.•The last step is the user logout from the system.3.9. Overall System working through DiagramOverall working of the system through diagram is as follows:Figure 3. Web view of system.Figure 4. android view of system.3.10. Hardware and SoftwareHardware•Laptop Mobile•Operating SystemsWindows Android•Databases•MySql SQLiteProgramming Languages•Java PHP•HTML5 CSS3•Bootstrap•JSON4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSWe automate the testing system as mentioned above in Pakistan which is taken manually and consumes a lot of time. Psychologists complete this test in 2/3 days or in an entire week period of time. They cannot take this test continuously because neither they can concentrate on a test after 2 nor 3 hours nor children will be able to give test continuously.The manually system is totally converted into automated system. It stands and outmost the credibility level of all available websites conducting WISC-IV tests. Its output/result will be a score sheet and recommendations paper of child’s intelligence for parents and Psychologists.Comparison:Websites Reliable Correct Usability Authentic [6] No Yes No No[7] No Yes No No[8] No No No No[9] No No No No[10] Yes Yes Yes YesThe comparison can be easily understandable through this chart:Figure 5. Comparison of system.5. CONCLUSIONIn this research, we have presented an application by which psychologists can take their assessment test easily. They don’t have to wait for the entire week for resu lt generation. Even, they don’t have to do calculations on their own. All they have to do is to check the behavior of the children and help them through queries if they are stuck. The rest of the work will be done by the system itself, which includes calculations, displaying questions and results generation. This will help kids in their primary ages, when they are studying. Not only kids but parents who are concerned about their children will get benefit too. The system will let parents know about their child weaknesses and IQ. Not only this, parents can also consult with the consultants about how to increase their children IQ and what should be done and what shouldn’t be done. This will help children to make their future bright and prosperous. In future, this application can be made more user friendly by implementing different GUI. For now, this application is only FYPs demonstration. But, after interacting with superior psychologist if they allow this application to be used for clinical purpose then we will implement it in clinics. And, we will not stop here, sooner it will be implemented in Schools and other educational institutions.6. REFERENCES11.1. Patent[1] A WISC Descriptive and Graphical Report by Michelle C. Rexach, Licensed School Psychologist, Florida Department of Health.11.2. Websites[2] .au/blog/wechslerintelligence-scale-for-children-wisc-iv/[3] https:///overview/the-q-interactive-library/wisc-iv.html11.3. Conference Proceedings[4] Anne-Marie Kimbell, “An Overview of the WISC “, Ph.D. National Training Consultant Pearson, 2015.[5] Gwo-Jen Hwang, “A Test-Sheet-Generating Algorithm for Multiple Assessment Requirements”, ieee transactions on education, vol. 46, no. 3, august 2003.11.4. Websites[6] /[7] /[8] /[9] /[10] /11.5. Research paper[11] Constanza Huapaya1, “ Proposal of Fuzzy Logic-based Students Learning Assessment Model”.[12] Gwo-Jen Hwang, Bertrand M. T. Lin, Hsien-Hao Tseng, and Tsung-Liang Lin, “On the Development of a Computer-Assisted Testing System With Genetic Test Sheet-Generating Approach” , ieee transactions on systems, man, and cybernetics—part c: applications and reviews, vol. 35, no. 4,november 2005.11.1. Journal Article[13] Ankun Huang, Dongmei Li1, Jiajia Hou ,Tao Bi, “An Adaptive Cellular Genetic Algorithm Based on Selection Strategy for Test Sheet Generation”, International Journal of Hybrid Information Technology , Vol.8, No.9 (2015).[14] Kavitha, “Composition of Optimized Assessment Sheet with Multi-criteria using Evolutionary IntelligentWater Drops (EvIWD) Algorithm”, International Journal of Software Engineering and Its Applications, Vol. 10, No. 6 (2016).[15] Doru Popescu Anastasiu, Nicolae Bold, and Daniel Nijloveanu, “A Method Based on Genetic Algorithms for Generating Assessment Tests Used for Learning”,vol. 54, 2016, pp. 53–60.。

当前,计算机技术与网络技术得到了较快发展,计算机软件工程进入到社会各个领域当中,使很多操作实现了自动化,得到了人们的普遍欢迎,解放了大量的人力.为了适应时代的发展,社会各个领域大力引进计算机软件工程.下面是软件工程英文参考文献105个，供大家参考阅读。

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Development of computational models of emotions: A software engineering perspective[J]. Cognitive Systems Research,2020,60(C).[99]Sharifzadeh Bahador,Kalbasi Rasool,Jahangiri Mehdi,Toghraie Davood,Karimipour Arash. Computer modeling of pulsatile blood flow in elastic artery using a software program for application in biomedical engineering[J]. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine,2020.[100]Shen Xiaoning,Guo Yinan,Li Aimin. Cooperative coevolution with an improved resource allocation for large-scale multi-objective software project scheduling[J]. Applied Soft Computing,2020,88(C).[101]Jung Jaesoon,Kook Junghwan,Goo Seongyeol,Wang Semyung. Corrigendum to Sound transmission analysis of plate structures using the finite element method and elementary radiator approach with radiator error index [Advances in Engineering Software 112 (2017 115][J]. Advances in Engineering Software,2020,140(C).[102]Zhang Chenyi,Pang Jun. 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TypeMonkey© Copyright 2013, 2014 Dan Ebberts & Orrin ZuckerAll Rights ReservedWelcome to TypeMonkey!TypeMonkey is an evolutionary new approach to creating kinetic typography for video and film productions. It allows for an endless range of keyframeless, completely customizable solutions in seconds, generated entirely within After Effects. It's intuitive, powerful and even a little bit addicting. Whether used to generate an end product, a head start on a complex assignment, or just for brainstorming, TypeMonkey is an invaluable tool for any AE user.Installation:To install TypeMonkey (CS4 and later) as a dockable panel, place it in After Effects/Scripts/ScriptUI Panels (MAC) or After Effects/Support Files/Scripts/ScriptUI Panels (WINDOWS).Trial Period is 7 days and maximum word count of 10.OverviewTypeMonkey creates random kinetic type layouts based on the parameters entered into the control panel. While the algorithm is very complex, the user interface is easy and intuitive. It was created to be used by both novice and expert alike.To start, select a font in the Character Palette of After Effects,create a composition, then launch TypeMonkey.The simplest way to get up and running is to enter text into the text area, click DO IT!, and watch the Monkey go to work. To generate a different layout Click Undo it and try it again. TypeMonkey will distribute the words evenly over the length of the composition (or Work Area if that is selected). It will also create a parented camera that points to each successive word as it transitions on.Markers are labeled with the corresponding word on the Master Control layer. By sliding the marker, both the timing of the word, and the camera move will adjust with it. Keep in mind, the Type Animation Speed won't change (eg: if you select Fast, when you slide a marker, it won't slow down), it will just make it later in time.Each word is comprised of two layers, a control layer and a text layer. Both are defaulted to shy, but are visible in the building process.TEXT BOX: This is where you either type or paste your copy. An assortment of keyboard commands will help control the layout and the timing of the end result.By clicking the Star button, an info box will pop up listing the key commands.^ - Inserts pauses & gaps in Master Control layer. This is great for inserting beats after keywords. Multiple ^ will insert multiple spaces. Inserting thesewill also leave gaps in the Master Control layer, which will help make organizing a longer project easier.[ ] - Square brackets define horizontal groups. The brackets will group words into a single line with a consistent size. Each word still animated on individually.{ } - Curly brackets define stacked groups. As with the square brackets, the words are a consistent size and animate on individually.{[ ]} -Nesting horizontal into stacked is ok. Use this to create multiple lines of copy.[{ }] - Nesting stacked into horizontal won't work.| - Connects multiple words into single group. This differs from the square bracket command in that the group of words will animate on together, as if they were one word.LAYOUT: This controls the overall layout parameters.Create Text Layers Only: - When selected, TypeMonkey just splits your text into individual layers for each word. The text layers are not arranged, scaled, or animated in any way, and no camera or control layers are generated. You might use this feature to create text layers to be processed by LayerMonkey.All Caps:- When selected, it will override whatever case is used in the text box. Unselected, it will use whatever case you input.Font Size:Random: Defined by the Minimum and Maximum text box Constant: Defined only by the Minimum.Spacing: The space between the linesRotation Probability %: Chance of a 90 degree rotation occurring on the next word or group of words. Note that once a rotation has occurred, there will be a minimum of 4 words per rotation. Otherwise there might be a lot of quick back and forth movements.Color Palette: By default, one color - white- is selected. Up to 5 colors are available by activating each box and/or clicking on the grey square.Kuler: If you click the K button, TypeMonkey will allowyou to load a Kuler (.ase) file into the Color Palette. Youcan download Kuler files from . We haveincluded a few Kuler files in the TypeMonkey downloadfolder for your convenience.TYPE ANIMATIONStyle: This is the area that controls how the text animates on. By default it is random, but you can isolate a specific type of motion by selecting it in the control box. There are eighteen to choose from.Speed: Indicates how fast the transition is. Keep in mind, that since the camera is synched to the transition, this also relates to the camera moves. Roughly speaking, the selections break down like this (in FPS): Fast: 10, Med: 15, Slow: 20, Sloth: 30.Motion Blur: Checking Motion Blur will activate motion blur when TypeMonkey creates text layers in the composition. It doesn't, however, activate the composition's Motion Blur preview switch-so the effect won't be immediately visible. Activating that switch will show you the motion blur, but will also slow down the preview. Whether the preview is selected or not, Motion Blur will automatically be active when you render.MARKERSTime Span: Controls the length over which TypeMonkey will evenly distribute the markers. Comp Duration: Markers will be distributed over the length of the comp Work Area: By adjusting the work area sliders (B/N on the keyboard), and selecting this option, the animation will be distributed over a defined length within the comp. This is particularly convenient for pad at the end.Marker Synch: This will synch up the markers to a guide layer that has markers already applied. For example, an audio layer that has a marker every beat, when selected as the guide layer will place a word at every beat. Two recommended scripts to generate the audio markers are Lloyd Alverez's Audio-to- Markers and MamoWorld's Beat Assistant.MONKEY CAMInclude Camera: If you don't want a Monkey Cam, turn this box off.Movement: Type of interpolation used for the movement of the camera:Smooth Stop & Go : Will ease in and out of each move.* Smooth Constant: Will drift continuously from one word to the next with eases.Linear Stop & Go: No eases, (best for smooth moves thru single lines of text)Linear Constant: Will move continuously from one word to the next without any easing.*Stop & Go might cause skipping if the markers are too close to allow for the move to complete. To fix this, change the movement style, or drag the entire comp into a new comp (Pre-Comping might cause expression errors) and enable time-remapping.Auto Rotate: Will rotate camera with each text rotation.Auto Frame: Will keep each word a consistent size by zooming in or out. There are five options to choose from, Loose, Medium, Tight and Kong. You can also turn it off.Update Cam: This allows for experimentation with the camera once the layout is set. Click update to revise the camera without having to regenerate the layout. To alter the speed of the camera (only), change the speed selection in the Type Animation section after the layout is built, then update thecamera.DO IT!: Tells the TypeMonkey to start kinetic typing.Undo it: Will delete all of the TypeMonkey's hard work. When Clean is selected, the option of saving the existing TypeMonkey marker layer (the Master Control Layer) will pop up. If you have worked on the timing by sliding the markers, we suggest you save the layer. Once the composition has been cleaned, check the Marker Synch box in the Marker Area, then select the saved layer (it will appear with a yellow label in the composition timeline) to synchronize the new marker layer with the old one. If there are not enough markers in the saved marker layer, an error message will appear. TypeMonkey will not know what to do with the extra words in the new composition.Save: Clicking Save will save your current TypeMonkey settings in an xml file to a location of your choice on your hard drive. It saves the text (but not the specific layout of the text), as well as your selections in the TypeMonkey user interface panel. Note that any selection in the Text Mods drop down menu is not saved.Load: Clicking Load allows you to restore settings previously save in an xml preset file. Locate the saved file on your hard drive and click 'Open'.Text Mods: Use this drop down menu to access a third-party text modifier script you have installed within the (TypeMonkey_TextMods) folder. The selected script will modify the text in the Text Box before TypeMonkey creates the text layers. This would typically be used to perform formatting (such as reversing the word order) specific to a particular language. Note that this drop down menu will be disabled if the (TypeMonkey_TextMods) folder doesn't exist on your system. MONKEY TIPS:MANUAL ADJUSTMENTS:Customizing a layout manually is very easy. Just click and move, resize or rotate. It might be easier to unshy all the layers. Keep in mind that each control layers is parented to the one before it, so by adjusting one, everything after will be changed as well. Font & Color: These are functions of the text layer itself. Unlock the layer and make the changes in AE's Character Window. Word Opacity: Also a function of the Text layer. Unlock and adjust.COMPLEX ANIMATIONS:As with any long or complex animation, managing a project takes some forethought. To create long, or fast paced kinetic typography, it's best to consider a few things, no matter what technique you use.1) Edit: Try to eliminate as many unnecessary words as possible.2) Break it up: Is there a way to break the project up into small comps to simplify things?TypeMonkey will handle animation of any length, but there will be a lot of markers and layers to deal with. Unfortunately After Effects doesn't allow you to select multiple markers and drag them around like you can with keyframes, so they need to be shifted one at a time. This could be quite tedious in long comps.3) Pauses: Use the '^' command copiously to help break things up, both visually and temporally on the Master Control layer. 4) Keep it loose: Set up the comp longer than the final project. It's much easier to adjust the markers when they're looser than when they're packed tightly together.5) Sequence: If possible, don't start messing with timing until the layout is set. This part might take the most tweaking on more complex projects, so leave it until the others are set.6) Think Global: Globally change the overall speed by adjusting the Duration or Stretch parameters of the Master Control Layer, just as you would any other layer.CAMERA TWEAKING:Since the camera is moving from the center point of one word to the next, there may be unintended consequences. We've built in a few ways around it, but you might find others. Here are some suggestions:1) Use the | Command: In a situation where a short word is followed by a long word, vice versa, or worst case scenario, a long word is sandwiched between two short ones, the camera is prone to swing wildly from one center point to the next. By combining the words into one group, it will only see one center point.2) Move the short word so it's closer to the center point of the long one. One example would be to manually center the problem words. The closer they get to centered, the less distance thecamera has to travel.3) Allow for more time by increasing the space between the problem markers.4) Play with the Camera controls (Movement, Auto Frame, Speed).DELETING A LAYERDon't. It will break the expressions and parenting. Either re-generate the layout, or make the textlayer invisible.PRE-COMPINGAt this time there seems to be an AE bug when pre-comping. An error message regarding expressions being broken will probably appear. However, by pressing OK it should still work. We're currently looking into this and have filed a bug report. The work- around is to drag the entire comp into another comp... basically manually pre-compose it.WORKING WITH AUDIODealing with lyrics and VO takes a little planning. The more key commands in the Text Box, the less moving of markers you'll have to do....which is a good thing. Insert a lot of pauses (^) after lines and on lyrics that hold.Begin by bringing the audio track into a comp. Set the Time Span to Work Area* in the Marker Section (* Remember to set it back to include the entire comp once you are ready to render, or it will only render the lyric section).Move the beginning of the work area (B) to just before where the typography should begin, and end (N) just after you want the type to end. TypeMonkey will distribute the copy across thelength of the work area. It will start by inserting a space, not a word, and end that way as well. The fewer words to distribute, the bigger spaces between the markers. Try to place the beginning of the Work Area in anticipation of that, so the first lyric will fall into place.Most likely you'll end up fine tuning the markers manually...but use the ^ to get as close as you can.It might be worth cleaning, adjusting the text box and rebuilding a few times to get as close as possible.If there is an instrumental, we suggest splitting the song into multiple comps. An alternative would be to pre-comp (or drag into a new comp) and apply Time-Remap.Congratulations if you made it this far...now we want to encourage you to just jump on and start TypeMonkeying around. Don't worry- it won't bite!Have fun!-Dan Ebberts & Orrin Zucker。

2022年新思路英语作文Title: Embracing New Perspectives: The Journey of Learning English。

In the realm of language acquisition, embracing new perspectives is pivotal for growth and proficiency. As we delve into the realm of English language learning in 2022, it's essential to explore innovative approaches to enhance our skills and deepen our understanding. In this essay,we'll navigate through the avenues of new strategies and methodologies that can elevate our English language proficiency.Firstly, integrating technology into language learning has emerged as a revolutionary approach. With the advent of language learning applications, interactive websites, and online communities, learners now have access to a plethora of resources at their fingertips. These tools offer personalized learning experiences, adaptive exercises, and real-time feedback, thereby catering to individual learningstyles and pacing.Furthermore, immersion plays a crucial role in language acquisition. Engaging in authentic conversations, whether through language exchange programs, online forums, or cultural events, provides invaluable exposure to diverse linguistic nuances and cultural contexts. By immersing ourselves in English-speaking environments, we not only refine our language skills but also develop a deeper appreciation for the cultural richness embedded within the language.Moreover, leveraging multimedia resources can significantly enhance our language learning journey. From watching English films and documentaries to listening to podcasts and songs, multimedia platforms offer immersive experiences that stimulate various senses and reinforce language retention. Additionally, incorporating multimedia content tailored to our interests fosters intrinsic motivation, making the learning process more enjoyable and sustainable.In addition to technological innovations and immersive experiences, embracing a growth mindset is paramount in navigating the complexities of language learning. Viewing challenges as opportunities for growth, embracing mistakes as stepping stones towards proficiency, and maintaining resilience in the face of setbacks are essential components of a growth-oriented approach. By cultivating a positive attitude towards learning and embracing a willingness to experiment with new strategies, we empower ourselves to overcome obstacles and continuously progress on our language learning journey.Furthermore, fostering a sense of community and collaboration can significantly enrich our language learning experience. By engaging in group discussions, collaborative projects, or peer feedback sessions, we create a supportive environment where knowledge sharing and collective learning thrive. Through collaboration, we not only broaden our perspectives but also cultivate empathy and cultural understanding, essential qualities for effective communication in a globalized world.In conclusion, as we embark on the journey of learning English in 2022, embracing new perspectives is paramountfor success. By harnessing the power of technology, immersing ourselves in authentic experiences, leveraging multimedia resources, cultivating a growth mindset, and fostering a sense of community, we can elevate our English language proficiency and embark on a transformative learning journey. Let us embrace the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead, as we continue to expand our linguistic horizons and enrich our lives through the beauty of the English language.。

六级英语作文押题模板英文回答：In the vibrant tapestry of human civilization, technological advancements have played an indispensablerole in shaping our societies and transforming our world. From the dawn of the Industrial Revolution to the advent of the digital age, technological innovations have propelled unprecedented economic growth, improved living standards, and connected people across vast distances. However, as technology continues to advance at an exponential pace, it is imperative for us to consider its potential implications for society and to navigate its complexities with wisdom and foresight.One of the most pressing concerns surrounding technological progress is its impact on the labor market. As automation and artificial intelligence become increasingly sophisticated, it is feared that many jobswill become obsolete, leading to widespread unemploymentand economic displacement. While it is true that some jobs will indeed be lost, it is also likely that new jobs willbe created in fields that require higher levels ofcognitive skills and creativity. The challenge for governments and educational institutions is to equipworkers with the skills and knowledge necessary to thrivein this evolving job market.Another concern is the potential for technology to exacerbate existing inequalities. Access to technology and digital literacy are not equally distributed across society, and this could lead to a widening gap between those who benefit from its advancements and those who are left behind. It is therefore essential to ensure that everyone has equal opportunities to access and leverage technology for their benefit. This includes providing affordable internet access, digital literacy programs, and support for entrepreneurs from underrepresented communities.Furthermore, it is important to consider the ethical implications of technological advancements. As technology becomes more powerful and pervasive, it raises questionsabout privacy, surveillance, and the potential for misuse. Social media platforms, for example, have been criticizedfor their role in spreading misinformation and hate speech. It is crucial to establish clear ethical guidelines and regulatory frameworks to govern the use of technology andto protect the rights and freedoms of individuals.In conclusion, while technological advancements offer immense potential for improving our lives, it is essential for us to approach its development and deployment with a nuanced understanding of its potential consequences. By considering the impact on the labor market, addressing inequalities, and establishing ethical boundaries, we can harness the power of technology to create a more equitable, sustainable, and fulfilling future for all.中文回答：科技进步在人类文明进程中扮演着至关重要的角色，从工业革命的黎明到数字时代的到来，科技创新推动了前所未有的经济增长、提高了生活水平、并将相隔万里的人们联系在一起。

山东省滨州市惠民县第一中学2024-2025学年高三上学期开学考试英语试题一、听力选择题1．What color is Amy’s hair?A．Blonde.B．Brown.C．Black.2．What is the man’s ethnic group?A．Han.B．Miao.C．Tujia.3．Why is Jennifer going to the town?A．She wants to visit someone.B．She is curious about its festival.C．She has something to show there.4．How does Henry find the book?A．Interesting.B．Useful.C．Challenging.5．What are the speakers mainly talking about?A．An Olympic champion.B．An Olympic sports event.C．The origin of Olympic Games.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。

6．What might help the woman most in speaking English?A．Social clubs.B．Foreign bars.C．Language exchange centers.7．What is probably the man?A．A tour guide.B．A businessman.C．A teacher.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。

8．Why is Jason unable to volunteer for the organization now?A．For his inexperience.B．For his busy schoolwork.C．For his young age.9．What area is the woman working on?A．Transportation.B．Marketing.C．Social media.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。

变革要求英语作文In the era of rapid globalization, the demand for English proficiency has become a pivotal skill for individuals to navigate the world stage effectively. The essay "The Call for Change" delves into the imperative for a transformation in the way we approach English language learning, embracing a more inclusive and innovative educational paradigm.The traditional method of rote memorization and grammar drills, while useful to a certain extent, often fails to foster a genuine understanding and appreciation for the language. It is time to shift our focus towards a moreholistic approach that emphasizes communication, cultural awareness, and critical thinking.The Importance of Communication SkillsThe ability to communicate effectively in English is not just about knowing the correct grammar or vocabulary; it's about being able to express oneself clearly and confidently. This requires a shift from passive learning to active engagement. Students should be encouraged to participate in discussions, debates, and presentations to hone their speaking and listening skills.Cultural ImmersionLanguage is deeply intertwined with culture. To truly master English, one must immerse themselves in the culture of English-speaking countries. This can be achieved throughvarious means such as watching English movies, reading literature, and engaging with native speakers. Cultural immersion helps in understanding the nuances of the language and its usage in different contexts.Innovation in Teaching MethodsEducational technology has opened up new avenues for learning English. From language learning apps to virtual classrooms, the possibilities are endless. Teachers should leverage these tools to create interactive and engaging lessons that cater to different learning styles and pique the interest of students.Lifelong LearningThe journey of learning a language is a lifelong commitment. It's not something that can be achieved overnight. Students should be encouraged to view English as a tool for personal and professional growth, rather than just another subject to be studied. This mindset shift can lead to a more profound and lasting engagement with the language.ConclusionThe call for change in English education is a call for a more dynamic, engaging, and inclusive approach. It is a call to empower individuals with the skills to communicate effectively, appreciate cultural diversity, and think critically. By embracing this change, we can prepare our students for the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead in an increasingly interconnected world.。

217中文社会科学引文索引(CSSCI)来源期刊艺术百家2021年第2期总第179期□HUNDRED SCHOOLS IN ARTS文章编号：1003-9104(2021)02-0217-04设计史论研究的“同心圆”—评《设计的故事》吴雨,王弓虽(江南大学设计学院，江苏无锡214122)中图分类号：J50文献标识码:An Concentric Circle0in the Study of Design History Theory:Comment on The Story of DesignWU Yu，WANG Qiang(School of Design,Jiangnan University,Wuxi,Jiangsu214122)英国著名艺术史论家贡布里希(E.H. Gombrich)的《艺术的故事》(The Story of Art)享誉全球艺术界,在出版数十年后的今天仍然在维持着艺术史学界的理论生长，建构着“故事化”的叙述模式。

那么，《设计的故事》可否视作它的异名异姓的姊妹篇呢？当然可以。

夏洛特(Charlotte)与彼得•菲尔(Peter Fiell)夫妇所著《设计的故事》中文译者之一的王小茉同样持此学术立场:“从书名看，《设计的故事》(The Story of Design)很容易IE读者联想到那本经典的艺术史入门读物——贡布里希的《艺术的故事》。

两者确有相通之处。

《设计的故事》同样是一本普及类专业书籍,两位作者在书中发挥了他们的编辑经验，对读者’十分友好全书的逻辑架构清晰，知识化繁为简，语言平实易懂，讲述了从原始时期到21世纪第一个十年，整个设计的发展历程。

二十个篇章体量均衡，富于故事感的叙述让各节环环相扣，不觉堆砌,关于设计发展的线索与对设计的认识也在读者心中潜移默化地形成O，，[1]528从《艺术的故事》到 《设计的故事》，其理论建构形态正如《设计的故事》“前言”所述,并没有按照作品主题撰写，而是采用平铺直叙的编年体手法，在研究影响设计实践的各种艺术风格运动与流派中探寻设计的故事，溯源设计的本质。

PRIA@UniCas:Pattern Recognition and Image Analysisat the University of CassinoC.De Stefano,F.Fontanella,C.Marrocco,M.Molinara,M.T.Ricamato,A.Scotto di Freca,P.Simeone,F.TortorellaDAEIMI,University of Cassino,via Di Biasio43,03043cassino(FR),Italy{destefano,f.fontanella,c.marrocco,m.molinara,mt.ricamato,a.scotto,paolo.simeone,tortorella}@unicas.it Abstract.This paper presents an overview of the research activities ofthe Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis group of the University ofCassino.Key words:Pattern Recognition,Image Analysis,Classification Sys-tems1IntroductionThe Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis research group works mainly in the areas of Statistical Pattern Recognition(Classification),Biomedical Image Analysis,Complex Shape Description and Evolutionary Computation.Within the Classification framework,the group deals with the study and analysis of tech-niques for designing recognition systems with high reliability.Such a task can be extremely complex because the classes to be discriminated could be highly overlapped and/or the training set used to train the system could give an imper-fect representation of the problem.The original methods recently proposed by the group on journals and international conferences include the study and the implementation of:Classification systems made of cooperating classifiers.In many complex problems,a single classifier may not be sufficient to ensure the accuracy and theflexibility required.These objectives can be achieved through the com-bination of multiple classifiers,which exploit the strengths of each classifier [12–16].Classification systems for two-class problems.Among the two-class clas-sification problems fall many particularly critical situations(automatic diag-nosis,authenticity verification of persons,notes and signatures,etc..).These require highly reliable classification system since a wrong decision can run an action exactly opposite to that actually required.In this context,the group2 C.De Stefano et al.has proposed methods based on the use of ROC(Receiver Operating Char-acteristic)curve,which allows a reliable analysis for different distributions of the classes and the cost of classification[17,18].Classification systems for cost-sensitive problems.Such problems deal with situations where different classification errors involve very dissimilar conse-quences.As an example,consider the case of automatic diagnosis systems:to recognize as sick a healthy patient is much less critical than the opposite er-ror.This is true for the correct classifications as well,since the benefit gained from the correct identification of a disease is much greater than that related to the proper recognition of a healthy patient.For this reason,when devel-oping classification systems to be used in such situations one must take into account the different costs and benefits that the different decisions involve [19,20].Medical Image Analysis This kind of applications involves the analysis and the interpretation of medical images for clinical purposes,i.e.,to reveal, diagnose or examine a disease.In this context,the group is mainly active on the design of techniques for the detection of breast cancer in mammographic images,a topic that will be better presented in section2[3,4].Classification systems for cursive handwriting In the framework of ana-lytical approaches to cursive word recognition,many studies have shown that complex movements like handwriting can be seen as a composition of ele-mentary movements,each corresponding to an elementary shape.Following this approach,the decomposition of a word into simpler units can be seen asa hierarchical process:a word is seen as composed of characters,which,inturn,are made of simpler parts corresponding to elementary shapes,which are the basic units used to produce handwriting.According to such a decom-position scheme,our approach to handwriting analysis proceeds bottom-up, byfirstly detecting the shape primitives,or strokes,embedded into the word, then grouping the primitives to form characters and eventually recognizing the whole word[21–23].Feature selection methods for remote sensing applications In this kind of applications,a large number of features belonging to different domains is usually available and the selection of an effective subset of them,i.e.a subset that allows to maximize the performance of the subsequent clustering or classification process,represents a very important task.To face this problem, we have proposed an evolutionary approach in which feature subsets are represented by individuals of an evolving population.Evolution is controlled by afitness function taking into account statistical properties of the input data in the subspace represented by each individual.More specifically,the fitness function evaluates class separability by considering two aspects:(i) the spreading out degree of samples in each class around their mean vector;(ii)distances among class mean vectors[24–26].In the following Sections,two systems dealing with complex classification prob-lems will be presented and discussed.PRIA@UniCas3 2A Method for Detecting Cluster of Microcalcifications on Mammograms2.1The ProblemBreast cancer is the most common cancer among women,excluding cancers of the skin.In2007,breast cancer will account for nearly one out of every four cancer diagnoses in women.In the U.S.,breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among women as a whole(after lung cancer).Mammography is a radiological screening technique capable to detect lesions in the breast using low doses of radiation.It represents the only not invasive diagnostic technique allowing the diagnosis of a breast cancer at a very early stage,when it is still possible to successfully attack the disease with a suitable therapy.For this reason, programs of wide mass screening via mammography for the female population at risk have been carried out in many countries.A visual clue of breast cancer particularly meaningful is the presence of clusters of microcalcifications(seefig.2.1).Microcalcifications are tiny granule-like deposits of calcium that appear on the mammogram as small bright spots.Their size ranges from about0.1mm to0.7mm,while their shape is sometimes irregular.Besides being arranged into clusters,microcalcifications can appear isolated and spread over the breast tissue,but in this case they are not indication of a possible cancer.However, even in the case of clustered microcalcifications their nature is not necessarily malignant,and thus the radiologist must carefully analyze the mammogram to decide if the appearance of the cluster suggests a malignant case.Such decision is taken on the basis of some properties(shape,size,distribution,etc.)related to both the single microcalcifications and the whole cluster.Fig.1.Example of a cluster of microcalcifications.Unfortunately,the low quality of mammographic images and the intrinsic dif-ficulty in detecting likely cancer signs make the analysis particularly fatiguing, especially in a mass screening where a high number of mammograms must be examined by a radiologist in a day.As a consequence,to avoid missed malignant cases,the behavior of the radiologist inclines to be quite cautionary in the case of doubt,prescribing to the patient a further diagnostic procedure much more4 C.De Stefano et al.invasive such as a biopsy.The drawback of such approach is a high number of non productive biopsy examinations,with very high economical and social costs. In this case,a computer aided analysis could be very useful to the radiologist both for prompting suspect cases and for helping in the diagnostic decision as a“second reading”.The goal is twofold:to improve both the sensitivity of the diagnosis,i.e.the accuracy in recognizing all the existing clusters and its speci-ficity,i.e.the ability to avoid erroneous detections which can lead to unnecessary alarms.In recent years there has been a significant development of Computer Aided Detection(CADe)systems for automated detection and classification of micro-calcifications clusters in digitized mammograms.Two recent surveys by Cheng et al.[1]and Nishikawa[12]present a comparative analysis of various algorithms and techniques for the diagnosis of breast cancer on mammograms.Two gen-eral approaches are commonly used[5]:the application of statistical techniques directly to the image data or the segmentation of the image through signal iden-tification followed by a classification phase.2.2CADe:the MethodThe method here presented falls within the second approach described in the previous section.Since the size of the digitized mammographic image in input is greater than the region that contains the breast tissue,thefirst step consists in a pre-processing phase that recovers the region containing the breast tissue and deletes other signs or artifacts present in the image(seefig.2).Fig.2.The original mammogram(left)and the region containing the breast tissue (right).Once the breast region has been found,a segmentation phase is performed to decompose the image in homogeneous regions.In particular,the proposed seg-mentation is based on the MRF model but tries to solve its major drawback,i.e. the high computational complexity,through the use of a tree structured modelPRIA@UniCas5 and therefore,a Tree-Structured Markov Random Field based segmentation(TS-MRF)[2]is employed so obtaining a fast and quite spatially adaptive segmen-tation process.The segmentation step subdivides the mammogram in a huge number of homogeneous elementary regions(Regions of Interest-ROI)which are analyzed in the successive classification phase in order to identify the actual microcalcifications.To this aim,for each ROI,both geometrical and textural fea-tures are extracted according to the characteristics of the microcalcification.The classification phase is made of two steps:in thefirst one a heuristicfilter quickly discards the regions which are clearly non-microcalcifications.In particular,all the regions with size,shape or brightness strongly different from those typical for a microcalcification are classified as artifacts.The regions accepted in the first classification step have admissible characteristics for a microcalcification, but they still contain a large number of false positives.The second classification step aims at locating the actual microcalcifications by means of a more refined (and computationally demanding)classification system(seefig.3).To this aim,Fig.3.The mammogram after segmentation(left)and classification(right).a new approach based on a multiple classifier system has been adopted.In this way,at the end of the whole classification phase each region accepted by the heuristicfilter is labelled with a confidence degree which reflects the likelihood of a microcalcification occurring in that region.The last two steps of the CADe system are the grouping of ROI into clusters and their validation.The clus-tering is accomplished by analyzing the spatial coordinates and the confidence degree associated to each ROI and gives a possible partition in clusters.The cluster-ing algorithm that has been employed is based on a sequential approach called Moving Leader Clustering with Merge[4].Once the candidate clusters have been identified,the validation is made on each whole cluster according to the characteristics of ROIs that it groups.Some further features are extracted according to the spatial and textural characteristics of the clusters and using all these features a decision on each cluster is taken.6 C.De Stefano et al.2.3Experimental ResultsThe system has been tested on a standard database,publicly available on the Internet,provided by courtesy of the National Expert and Training Centre for Breast Cancer Screening and the Department of Radiology at the University of Nijmegen,the Netherlands.It con-tains40digitized mammographic images composed of both oblique and craniocaudal views from21patients.All images have a size of2048x2048pixels and use12bits per pixel for the gray levels.Each mammogram has one or more clusters of microcalcifications marked by radiol-ogists;each cluster is described by the centre and the radius of a circle totally containing it.The total number of clusters is105,76of which are malignant and 29benign.In order to have a training set adequately representative,in all the ex-periments we have adopted a“leave one image out”cross validation.According to this procedure we accomplish40different runs,in each of which39images are used for training and one for testing.In order to assess the performance of the described method,we have considered the number of cluster correctly detected by the system(True Positive,TP)and the number of the erroneous detections (False Positive,FP):these parameters are the most interesting from the diag-nostic point of view.Infig.5some outputs of the system are shown:the white blobs indicate the detected clusters,while the regular circles denote the clusters marked by the radiologists.It is worth noting that all the marked clusters areFig.4.The results obtained on some mammograms:the white blobs indicate the de-tected clusters,while the regular circles denote the clusters marked by the radiologists. detected,while in the rightmost mammogram there are also some false positive. The results obtained on all the set of images show a good behaviour of the de-scribed system in detecting the actual clusters.In particular,the system reachedPRIA@UniCas7 the90%of clusters correctly identified with1FP per image and the98%of TP with2.2FP per image.In summary the method works well in the detection of the clusters(good sensitivity)while it is quite effective in terms of specificity.3Combining single class features for improving performance of a two stage classifier3.1The ProblemWe propose a feature selection–based approach for improving classification per-formance of a two stage classification system in contexts where a high number of features is involved.A problem with a set of N classes is subdivided into a set of N two class problems.In each problem,a GA–based feature selection algorithm is used forfinding the best subset of features.These subsets are then used for training N classifiers.In the classification phase,unknown samples are given in input to each of the trained classifiers by using the corresponding sub-space.In case of conflicting responses,the sample is sent to a suitably trained supplementary classifier.The system architecture we propose is shown in Fig.5.According to our approach,system training is performed in three phases:first a problem with a set of N classes C={Cl1,Cl2,...,Cl N}is divided into a set of N problems.For each problem,the best subset of features F S i,which allows the system to better discriminate the class Cl i(i=1,2,...,N)against all the others(i.e.,C−Cl i) is found by means of a GA.In the second phase,for each class Cl i,a different SVM is trained with samples described using the features of the subspace F S i. Thus,the i–th SVM is able to discriminate the samples of the i–th class from those belonging to any other.In the third phase,a supplementary SVM classifier is trained using the same training set samples used in the second phase,each described according to the following criterion:if the sample was recognized by one or more SVM’s,it is described using the union of the feature subsets relative to those SVM’s;if the sample was not recognized by any SVM,it is described by using the whole set of features.The set of the N SVM’s trained in the second phase,makes up thefirst stage of our classification system.The supplementary SVM classifier is the second classification stage.In the classification phase,an unknown sample is given in input to each of the SVM’s of thefirst stage by using for its description the feature subset associated to that SVM.The box F S i infigure1represents thefilter selecting the proper feature subset for the i–th SVM.Different cases may occur:(i)only the i–th SVM recognizes the sample as belonging to the i–th class;(ii)more that one SVM recognize the sample; (iii)no SVM recognizes the sample.In case(i)the sample is assigned to the i–th class,while in cases(ii)and(iii)the sample is passed to the second stage.In case (ii)the sample is described by using the union of the feature subsets associated to those SVM’s that recognized it;in case(iii),the sample is described by using the whole set of features.In order tofind the i–th subset of features,able to discriminate the i–th class,we used the generational GA already presented in[25].For the sake of8 C.De Stefano et al.Fig.5.The architecture of the proposed methodclarity,the algorithm is summarized in the following.First,a population of P individuals is randomly generated.Each individual is a binary vector encoding a feature subset that represents a solution of the problem.The value of the i-th vector element in the initial population is set to1according to a low probability value,in order to force the early stage of the search towards solutions having a small number of features.At any successive evolution step,thefitness of the individuals in the current population is evaluated and a new population is gen-erated,byfirst copying the best e individuals,in order to implement an elitist strategy.Then,(P−e)/2couples of individuals are selected:the tournament method has been chosen to control loss of diversity and selection intensity.The one point crossover operator is then applied to each of the selected couples,fol-lowed by the application of the mutation operator.Both operators are applied according to given probabilities.Eventually,these individuals are added to the new population.The process just described is repeated for N g generations.In a feature selection problem,thefitness function of an individual should be able to effectively evaluate how well samples belonging to different classes are discriminated in the subspace represented by that individual.In our case, thefitness function is made of two terms:a separability index J and a term W measuring the number of used features.The separability index is based on a generalization of the so-called Fisher Cri-terion used in Multiple Discriminant Analysis.It has been defined by using co-variance matrices,which measure data scattering in the considered space.Given an n−dimensional space,and a set of samples belonging to different classes, the i–th covariance matrixΣi contains information about variability of sam-ples belonging to the i–th class around their mean valueµi.In particular,class information is concentrated in two scatter matricesΣB andΣW:ΣW= i P(ωi)Σi;ΣB= i P(ωi)∆i∆T iwhere P(ωi)andΣi denote respectively the a priori probability and the covari-ance matrix of the i–th class.As regards∆i,it denotes the vector(M i−M0), where M i is the mean vector of the i–th class,and M0denotes the overall mean, computed on all the training set samples.Note thatΣW is a within-class scat-PRIA@UniCas9 ter matrix,as it measures the dispersion of samples within a class,whileΣB is a between-class scatter matrix,since it measures distances between class mean vectors,i.e.centroids.Given an individual I,representing a feature subset X,the separability index J(I),has been defined as follows:J(I)=trace(Σ−1WΣB)(1) High values of the separability index J(I)indicate that the class means are well separated in the subspace represented by the feature subset X and,at the same time,samples are gathered round their mean values.The second term W, making up thefitness function,is defined as:N T−N F(I)W(I)=C10 C.De Stefano et al.Table1.Values of the GA evolutionary parametersparameter symbol valuePRIA@UniCas11 stage that correctly classifies more than65%of them,thus the5.49%of the whole test set.This leads to the shown recognition rate of94.29%and demonstrates the advantage of using a two stage architecture.Table2.Experimental resultsNF1962200329414852662671008994312 C.De Stefano et al.11.W.M.L.Project:Weka.Avalaible at:/ml/weka.12. C.De Stefano,C.D’Elia,A.Marcelli and A.Scotto di Freca:Classifier Combina-tion by Bayesian Networks for Handwriting Recognition,International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence,Vol.23(5),2009,pp.887-905.13. C.De Stefano,F.Fontanella,A.Marcelli,A.Scotto di Freca,Learning BayesianNetworks by Evolution for Classifier Combination,Proc.of the10th Int.Conf.on Document Analysis and Recognition ICDAR2009,Barcelona,Spain,July26-29, 2009,pp.966-970.14. C.De Stefano,A.Della Cioppa and A.Marcelli:Dynamic Selection of Classifiers:When Few Are Better Than All,Proc.of the11th Int.Conf.on Frontiers in Hand-writing Recognition2008(ICFHR2008),Montreal,Quebec,Canada,August19-21, 2008.15.P.Simeone,C.Marrocco and F.Tortorella:A Linear Combination of Classifiersvia Rank Margin Maximization,in Proc.of S+SSPR2010(in press).16.M.T.Ricamato and F.Tortorella:AUC-based combination of dichotomizers:iswhole maximization also effective for partial maximization?,Proc.of the20th In-ternational Conference on Pattern Recognition,2010(in press).17. C.Marrocco,M.Molinara and F.Tortorella:Exploiting AUC for Optimal LinearCombination of Dichotomizers,Pattern Recognition Letters,vol.27,no.8,pp.900-907,2006.18. C.Marrocco,R.P.W.Duin and F.Tortorella:Maximizing the Area under theROC Curve by Pairwise Feature Combination,Pattern Recognition,vol.41,pp.1961-1974,200819.M.T.Ricamato,C.Marrocco and F.Tortorella:MCS-based Balancing Techniquesfor Skewed Classes:an Empirical Comparison,Proc.of the19th Int.Conf.on Pat-tern Recognition,Tampa,Florida,USA,2008.20. C.Marrocco,P.Simeone and F.Tortorella:Embedding Reject Option in ECOCthrough LDPC Codes,in Multiple Classifier Systems,M.Haindl,J.Kittler and F.Roli eds.,LNCS4472,Springer,Berlin,pp.333343,2007.21. A.Clavelli,L.P.Cordella,C.De Stefano and A.Marcelli:Indexing and RetrievingCursive Documents without Recognition,Proc.of the19th International Conference on Pattern Recognition(ICPR2008),Tampa,Florida,USA,December,8-11,2008.22.L.P.Cordella,C.De Stefano,F.Fontanella:Evolutionary Prototyping for Hand-writing Recognition,International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence,vol.21(1),February2007,pp.157-178.23. 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侧支循环英语The Collateral Circulation: A Vital LifelineThe human body is a remarkable and complex system, designed to adapt and respond to various challenges and stresses. One such remarkable feature is the collateral circulation, a network of blood vessels that can provide an alternative route for blood flow when the primary pathway is obstructed or compromised. This intricate system plays a crucial role in maintaining the delicate balance of oxygen and nutrient delivery to our tissues, ensuring the continued well-being of our bodies.At the heart of the collateral circulation is the concept of redundancy. Our circulatory system is not a simple, linear network of arteries and veins, but rather a highly interconnected web of vessels that can reroute blood flow as needed. This redundancy is a testament to the evolutionary ingenuity of our bodies, as it allows us to maintain critical functions even in the face of disruptions to the primary blood supply.The collateral circulation is particularly important in the context of cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, a condition in whichthe buildup of plaque in the arteries can restrict blood flow. In these situations, the collateral vessels can step in and provide an alternative path for the blood to reach the affected tissues, preventing or mitigating the devastating consequences of ischemia, or insufficient blood supply.One of the remarkable aspects of the collateral circulation is its ability to adapt and expand in response to changing needs. When a primary artery becomes blocked or narrowed, the surrounding collateral vessels can actually grow and increase in diameter, a process known as arteriogenesis. This adaptive response is driven by a complex interplay of biochemical signals and mechanical forces, as the body senses the need for increased blood flow and responds accordingly.The collateral circulation is not limited to the cardiovascular system; it can be found in various parts of the body, including the brain, the limbs, and even the gastrointestinal tract. In the brain, for example, the circle of Willis, a network of arteries at the base of the brain, serves as a critical collateral pathway, ensuring that even if one of the major cerebral arteries is blocked, the brain can still receive the necessary blood supply.The importance of the collateral circulation cannot be overstated, as it can mean the difference between life and death in certain medicalemergencies. In the event of a heart attack, for instance, the collateral vessels can provide a vital lifeline, delivering oxygenated blood to the heart muscle and preventing widespread tissue damage. Similarly, in the case of a stroke, the collateral circulation can help minimize the extent of brain damage by rerouting blood flow around the affected area.Interestingly, the development and strength of the collateral circulation can vary among individuals, and this variation can have significant implications for their overall health and resilience. Some people are born with a more robust collateral network, while others may have a less developed system. This genetic and physiological diversity can be a crucial factor in determining an individual's susceptibility to certain cardiovascular and neurological conditions.Researchers and clinicians are actively exploring ways to harness the power of the collateral circulation to improve patient outcomes. For example, therapies that stimulate the growth and expansion of collateral vessels, known as arteriogenic therapies, are being investigated as potential treatments for conditions like peripheral artery disease and coronary artery disease. By enhancing the body's natural ability to reroute blood flow, these interventions hold the promise of improving blood supply and reducing the risk of ischemic events.In conclusion, the collateral circulation is a remarkable and vital component of the human body's circulatory system. Its ability to adapt, expand, and provide alternative pathways for blood flow is a testament to the incredible resilience and adaptability of our biology. As we continue to deepen our understanding of this intricate system, we may unlock new avenues for improving cardiovascular and neurological health, ultimately enhancing the overall well-being of individuals and communities around the world.。

fcme算法流程The FCME algorithm, short for Fuzzy C-Means Evolutionary (FCME) algorithm, is a powerful and efficient clustering algorithm that has been widely used in various fields such as data mining, pattern recognition, and image segmentation. FCME algorithm belongs to the family of unsupervised learning algorithms and is designed to group similar data points into clusters based on their similarities and differences. It is an extension of the traditional Fuzzy C-means (FCM) algorithm which incorporates an evolutionary algorithm for optimizing the cluster centers and membership degrees.FCME算法，全称模糊C均值进化（FCME）算法，是一种强大高效的聚类算法，被广泛应用于数据挖掘、模式识别和图像分割等多个领域。

FCME算法属于无监督学习算法家族，旨在根据数据点之间的相似性和差异性将相似的数据点分组成簇。

它是传统模糊C均值（FCM）算法的扩展，将进化算法用于优化簇中心和成员度。

The FCME algorithm operates by iteratively updating the cluster centers and membership degrees of the data points until a convergence criterion is met. This iterative process involves assigning each data point to the cluster with the closest cluster center basedon a distance measure, and then adjusting the cluster centers and membership degrees based on the new assignments. The use of the evolutionary algorithm in FCME allows for a more flexible and adaptive approach to clustering, as it can effectively handle complex and non-linear cluster structures. As a result, FCME algorithm is capable of producing more accurate and robust clustering results compared to traditional clustering algorithms.FCME算法通过迭代更新数据点的簇中心和成员度，直到满足收敛标准为止。

Approaches for integrating the library and librarians into theteaching/learning processes of the classroomAbstractThe paper discusses the role of the librarian in the life of classrooms. The aim of the discussion is to present ideas that can be applied to support the integration of the librarian and library tools (which are increasingly found online) into the practical and intellectual lives of courses from the elementary school through college. Librarians can be major contributors to courses. In addition to library skills, they are often engaged in other intellectual pursuits that are supportive of courses. Even if librarians may not have specific content knowledge, their broad backgrounds in research, as well as their personal intellectual endeavors and interests, enable them to contribute.Involving librarians as partners and resources is a practice that is gaining currency. Online resources are available but may challenge teachers, and librarians can mediate and help incorporate those resources.Teacher-librarian-class partnerships also make sense in environments in which student expectations continue to rise, and accountability for learning is more exposed to scrutiny. Finally, it is suggested that the librarian’s skill combined with the ubiquity of online tools can createscalable resources that transcend geographical location.IntroductionThis paper discusses approaches to utilizing and integrating the significant skills and resources of librarians within classrooms. The material is intended to serve a broad range of teachers and instructors, and, depending on resources, may be applicable in elementary through college level settings. The writer’s perspective is that of the college level instructor, but the ubiquity of many of the resources discussed here makes the information applicable in courses at nearly all levels.Suggestions here can be considered to be of primary use in core courses, given their importance to any curriculum. Because of that importance, such courses rightfully receive planning attention, and the use of the library and librarians in developing those courses will be of immediate benefit. Lessons learned will naturally apply to other courses in successive iterations.This discussion centers on the activities of a single teacher in a single classroom, working with perhaps one librarian, in creating a working model of integrative activities than will provide visibility and support for subsequent applications in other classes, or perhapsdepartments and schools, or, ideally, institutions.The paper intends to provide a framework that can support greater integration of the library and library staff into the practical and intellectual lives of courses and classrooms.Three types of classrooms are assumed, and one additional opportunity, which is providing training for librarians. One is the traditional face-to-face classroom. Students and the teacher will have access to Internet and Web tools, but they may not be immediately available in the classroom, or may not be widely used in the course.A second type is the face-to-face course that has access to Web tools such that they are be utilized during the course, but may or may not be used in the classroom. At Golden Gate University, () these are called web-enhanced courses. That means that there is an online course shell that houses course information. In this mode, the online shell is not a primary teaching/learning tool, but is used as an information repository.A third mode is the completely online course. At Golden Gate University these courses are housed in what is called Cybercampus (). These are completely online courses that use online lectures, examinations, discussions and homework activities as the primary teaching mode.Additionally, best practices that emerge in practice can be applied in a fourth setting , in planning and delivering online or blended programs that provide training for librarians.The librarian-as-resource and librarian-as-colleague models are assumed here, and the ubiquity of online and related resources can be applied to development for librarians as well as to particular courses and classes.Mediating all of these are World Wide Web/Internet tools, such as file storage,audio/video creation and storage, as well as the now ubiquitous social networking tools such as YouTube, Facebook and LinkedIn. Additionally, users can easily create and publish personal or group weblogs () and wikis ().Taken together these are presenting librarians, teachers and students new opportunities for productive collaboration in ways that can lessen the traditional distance between students’ information needs and in formation resources.In conclusion, the paper further posits that resulting information/resource-sharing models might be used in globally distributed programs and collaborations.Background, settingI am a professor housed in Undergraduate Programs at Golden Gate University in San Francisco, California (). My responsibilities include teaching at all levels from undergraduate through doctorate. As an early adopter of online teaching (from 1991), I’ve also been an active participant in technology-mediated and online teaching/learning, from several perspectives including pedagogy, course design, actual teaching, programdesign for online programs, program/teacher management and assessment.Golden Gate University has traditional degrees and programs featuring face-to-face courses, in addition to a mature online teaching/learning environment, with 15 fully accredited, fully online degrees. The university has a significant history in the San Francisco (USA, California) area as a practitioner-oriented law, business, accounting and tax school.Over time, our university’s library staff has always been highly engaged with us. For some years, the library was considered the best business resource library in San Francisco. With the evolutionary growth of Internet/Web resources over the intervening years, the library has struggled with the role it was to play in the new technology-mediated environment.One outcome of this evolution is that of the library now provides an increasing variety of resource-oriented services, both in terms of the physical library and the role of librarians. We now have more electronic databases, and more online resources, readily available to students and teachers. Many of those resources are available and managed online, although librarians insist on and maintain a highly visible, personal presence. They have taken the responsibility to align themselves with the academic and other disciplines represented in the university, and they are highly proactive in working with instructors and students in any way that is needed (note: a number of annotated web pages from our library website are included at the end of this paper).As a result, our library staff, led by Janice Carter, has changed with the times and has successfully asserted itself as a core intellectual and academic resource in the university.One area of opportunity that remains “under construction” is that of the relationship between librarians, teachers and students. There are still traditional library tours and exhortations fr om the librarians to “come visit us. We’re here for you!”This paper explicates the next step, which is to unite librarians and library resources with the life of specific courses, in such a way that those people and tools can take their rightful place as core resources at the class level, serving both teachers and students.I take an ethnographic-evolving best practices approach to the issues of a progressive library staff and an instructional community in an urban college, as they struggle to utilize online tools and to work together in improving educational outcomes.The Internet/Web dynamicThe dynamic environment of the Internet/Web has created a sea change in how people access and use information, and how people view and manage social interactions. The rapidity of these changes challenge educators to manage, interpret and translate the digital environment, for their students’ educational benefit, as well as for personal and professional survival: teachers have to keep up with the tools students are using.Specific to the educational environment, several phenomena are in play. This change in information availability is driving the evolution of the library from a traditionalpaper-based entity, providing traditional site-based information services, toward the proactive, service-oriented model, characterized by librarians who engage students and teachers by means of a variety of online and in-class tools and interactions, and who actively interpret and use Web tools for both students and teachers.This contin ues to be an “earn while you learn” environment. Instructors simultaneously learn to make effective use of an online teaching/learning environment while integrating Web/Internet tools into courses, in support of content. At the same time, librarians strive to comprehend, interpret, and provide support for use of these tools. In so doing, librarians are outgrowing their traditional passive information provider role, and are poised to become partners in the intellectual life of college classrooms.Social NetworkingSocial networking tools can promote a sense of place in courses, such as online courses that have no physical entity. They can also serve as supplementary tools in face-to-face courses. Having a course Wiki or weblog or perhaps Facebook/LinkedIn page can facilitate interactions between the new triumvirate of librarian, instructor and student. Students are familiar and comfortable with these tools, and already know how to use them. From a course culture perspective, they provide a communicative environment thatcan be complete in and of itself, or that can provide a supplementary (“coffee shop”, or “drop-in lab”) environment, depending on the course structure.Social networking tools in classrooms require purpose and management. It’s easy to se t up a weblog for a course, and have it quickly die from lack of use. A video posted on YouTube may be current for only the length of an assignment, or a course. However, properly managed, such sites can be home to course assignments, meetings and discussions. This characteristic lends itself to something that will be discussed later, that of requiring interactions with librarians as deliverables.Critical ThinkingAn important challenge posed by online resources is the credibility of the informationt hey contain. “Critical Thinking” is a desired skill, in which people come to understand and apply criterion-based thinking in problem solving situations. Nowhere are such skills more important than when using the World Wide Web for information gathering. While the social networking and information tools in themselves are innocuous, their presence tends to level one’s normal senses of discernment. Text that appears on a weblog may be seen as being as credible and meaningful as a well-regarded research article.Given that virtually anyone with computer access can create an attractive presence via a weblog, Wiki or Internet newsletter, one that can be found through the ubiquitous Google search, it is highly important that both students and teachers have some discernment skillsin the use of such content.Web searching was mentioned above. The Web has enabled one of the most fascinating problem/solution environments ever created: online search, epitomized by Google and other search tools. As this is being written in early January 2010, a search for the term “online database” returns 70,800,000 hits. Even with Google’s prioritization algorithms providing a sense of relative importance, those numbers are far above our ability to make sense of all that is available.Similarly, the increasing presence of popular culturally oriented weblogs and business books, many of which are little more than opinion pieces, challenges us to differentiate among these sources for students. So too do the omnipresent video and social networking tools and sites such as YouTube, Facebook, and LinkedIn. While all of these entitles can be uniformly appealing, their content may or may not rise to the level of the credible or even usefulWe teachers, librarians and students now have the interconnected (and real-time) task of unraveling the meaning of “The Internet” and “The World Wide Web” in the intellectual lives of our disciplines and ourselves. It is no longer sufficient to merely assign course projects that have “at least 10 sources”, unless we are able to interpret the notion of credible sources for our students.Here, the librarian’s abilities as mentor, interpreter, content expert and “gateway” cansupport teachers in operationalizing critical thinking skills and activities as people try to navigate the maze of multiple online tools. This function is pedestrian, but necessary.Working with librarians in planning and in real timeIt is said that muddled communication is always a root cause of organizational dysfunction, and is even a characteristic in seemingly healthy organizations. In the new relationships between librarians and teachers, creating new lines of communication is necessary. University-level teachers must be effective communicators by nature, and librarians, too, must be adept at interpreting the needs of students and faculty, and acting on those needs. So the basics of productive communicative relationships can be assumed to exist.Organizational stratification frequently acts against those abilities when it comes time for people to work together. It is hard to overcome the old ways. Teachers still often refer to the library and librarians in their syllabi, and exhort students to visit the library for research and course project assistance, but this traditional approach more often than not results in little or no follow up by any party. But it is at least a basis for further action.Activities that can integrate librarians with the course communityA meaningful step, then, in a “new” relationship is to move past the “one shot” approach, and create co-mingled activities that are integrated into the life of the course. Here areseveral suggestions:* First, the instructor must commit to extending the relationship with the librarian. This is more difficult than it may seem, given that course design is the result of perhaps years of planning and practice. Updating content and changing texts may be seen as far less challenging than inviting another live person into the course.* Continue the practice of inviting librarians to classes, but make that first visit is one of a series.* The librarian should be actively involved in the creation and structuring of course activities and deliverables. This will support the teacher-librarian relationship in the course and enable a productive co-mingling of skills. When this relationship is made visible throughout the course, the librarian becomes a more organic partner.* The availability of video means that such visits can occur in person or online, and that there can be a number of such interactions designed for specific purposes. Here is an instance where a tool such as YouTube can be helpful. Even if your institution is not able to support video use, ad hoc videos can be easily created and made available for institutional and classroom audiences.* The librarian can visit your class for specific purposes and activities, such as to discuss critical thinking and its application in research and research paper formulation, to providevirtual / real library tours, or to be a participant in course panels and presentations.* A second approach is to require evidence of the use of library or other online resources in evaluated course deliverables. For example, it might become a real requirement (that is, points attached) that students interact with librarians in the development of topics, or show evidence of having dialogued with librarians over research processes. If librarians are content experts in some areas, these interactions can supplement a student’s research and learning skills.This approach can be made more substantive if both librarians and the students involved are expected to contribute to a Wiki or weblog on these topics. In this way, theWiki/weblog becomes a knowledge creation and management tool.* Toward the end of the semester, a student(s) can collate and interpret the information from the various course wikis/weblogs and create a report for classmates’ take-away materials.* Assessment activities will involve the teacher and librarian in analyzing any number of factors, depending on need. There is current emphasis on connecting program objectives with course objectives, which are made manifest through various deliverables that can be assessed as learning outcomes. The involved librarian will have played an active role in objectives at the course level, and will be able to contribute in any analysis of student learning outcomes. This is not to say that the librarian’s involvement is limited to specificcourses. Ideally, as a the librarian-teacher-course relationship becomes enculturated, librarians may become involved in design and assessment activities that support programs.These few activities can integrate the librarian into the intellectual life of the course. There is a beginning and end, and beginning/end products that provide takeaways for students, teachers and librarians. A team product based on a common collaborative effort will support the particular course, and can become a model for other teachers and other courses.The next step: using the course model as an exemplar for generating institutional supportCreating large-scale managed change is difficult, and extending the role of the librarian into courses can be an example of such a “disruptive” change. The above discussion has centered on organic approaches that bring together existing people and physical resources in a single course, but with an eye toward applications in other courses.The processes discussed here support scalability. A desirable long-term outcome is that we provide a framework that is implemented by others. A carefully construed use model in a single instance constitutes a type of applied business plan that will be seen as credible to other members of the school community, and that might more easily garner the support of other teachers, managers and administrators.Those who have integrated librarian/library resources in their classrooms can then become faculty development mentors and presenters, interacting with their fellow instructors in applying these approaches into their own classes.ConclusionThis approach has implications for future librarian/instructor/course interactions, as well as for larger entities such as discipline-specific courses, departments and schools.AssessmentAssessment is more naturally supported because of the use of wikis and weblogs as discussion portals and information repositories: the interactions, discussions and materials that comprise the corpus of the class remain available for analysis, revision and re-application.Distance partnershipsLibrarians may have particular skills, and libraries particular resources. Instructors and students will have specific skills that can be complementary in other situations. Given the common electronic framework of Web/Internet tools, it may be that relationships among geographically dispersed courses and people can be supported through the commoninterface of web tools, mediated and modulated by the presence and expertise of librarians who serve the needs of these dispersed entities.As an example, Golden Gate University’s doctoral program is home to students whose interests are business centered. Many of our students are from China, and, like their classmates, they are often interested in business issues from global, Chinese and American perspectives.It might be that in the near future, selected Chinese students, instructors and librarians can be connected with an American counterparts, with activities mediated by video, audio, weblog/Wiki and common document formats such as GoogleDocs. The librarians will be resources in many ways, but two major ones will be as interpreters of local or Chinese culture and as gateways to Chinese or related information resources.Having diverse students, teachers and librarians work together in this way has only recently become possible, and represents a singular opportunity to unite teachers, librarians and instructors in ways that can transcend traditional information and culture boundaries in both local and global settings.Annotated graphicsThe Golden Gate University General Library landing page (). This page is cleanly designed, with clear links to various resources. Note the online catalog, hours, “ask a librarian”, weblog, Facebook, and e-newsletter links at the left, in addition to the library tools found in the center/orange links.Librarian Margot Hanson’s page () demonstrates her work in creating study/research guides for the specific disciplines aligned with her expertise. Note also the information for contacting her, either by chat, phone or email.The Ask-a-Librarian page () provides another venue for communication between clients (alumni are included) and library staff.The Library Weblog () is a venue for general information sharing and dialoguing on topics of interest to the GGU community. Note the subheading, indicating the range of topics modulated “via the GGU university library.”将图书馆和图书馆员融入课堂教学的方法摘要本文讨论了图书馆员在学校教学中的作用。