EPTD Discussion Paper No. 117 AGRI-ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES IN A TRANSITIONAL ECONOMY THE VAL

《聚3-己基噻吩_纳米碳复合薄膜太阳能电池的稳定性研究》篇一聚3-己基噻吩_纳米碳复合薄膜太阳能电池的稳定性研究一、引言随着全球对可再生能源的日益关注，太阳能电池技术已经成为一个热门的研究领域。

聚3-己基噻吩（P3HT）与纳米碳复合薄膜构成的太阳能电池因具有较高的光电转换效率和相对低廉的制造成本，被广泛地研究和应用。

然而，这类太阳能电池的稳定性问题一直制约着其实际应用。

本文旨在探讨聚3-己基噻吩与纳米碳复合薄膜太阳能电池的稳定性研究，为提高其长期使用性能提供理论支持。

二、聚3-己基噻吩与纳米碳复合薄膜聚3-己基噻吩（P3HT）是一种常用的有机半导体材料，其具有良好的光电性能和成膜性能。

纳米碳材料，如碳纳米管（CNTs）和石墨烯，因其出色的导电性和机械强度，常常被用作增强太阳能电池性能的材料。

通过将P3HT与纳米碳材料复合，可以制备出高效、稳定的太阳能电池薄膜。

三、稳定性研究的重要性太阳能电池的稳定性对其长期使用性能至关重要。

环境因素如光照、湿度、温度等都会对太阳能电池的性能产生影响。

因此，研究P3HT与纳米碳复合薄膜太阳能电池的稳定性，对于提高其使用寿命、降低成本、扩大应用范围具有重要意义。

四、研究方法本研究采用实验与理论分析相结合的方法，对P3HT与纳米碳复合薄膜太阳能电池的稳定性进行研究。

首先，通过制备不同配比的P3HT与纳米碳复合薄膜，分析其光电性能。

然后，在不同环境条件下对太阳能电池进行长期测试，观察其性能变化。

最后，运用理论分析方法，探讨影响太阳能电池稳定性的因素及机制。

五、实验结果与分析1. 光电性能分析实验结果表明，P3HT与纳米碳复合薄膜具有较高的光电转换效率。

随着纳米碳材料含量的增加，薄膜的光吸收能力和载流子传输性能得到提高。

2. 稳定性测试与分析在模拟的自然环境条件下，P3HT与纳米碳复合薄膜太阳能电池表现出良好的稳定性。

经过长期测试，其光电转换效率仅出现轻微下降。

通过分析发现，这主要是由于纳米碳材料的优异性能和复合薄膜的优异结构所致。

专利名称：Detection device and detection method发明人：菊地 哲央,畠山 陵申请号：JP2020149838申请日：20200907公开号：JP2022044285A公开日：20220317专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a detection device and a detectionmethod capable of high-precision and high-speed focus detection or depth detection.SOLUTION: A plurality of pixels having a plurality of light receiving units corresponding to a microlens are provided, and the plurality of light receiving units are providedcorresponding to a predetermined plurality of phase difference detection directions, and a plurality of light receiving units are provided according to the phase difference detection direction. It has an image pickup element capable of adding up the output signals of the unit and outputting an addition signal, and a control unit that performs focus detection or depth detection by phase difference detection based on the addition signal of the image pickup element. The image pickup device has different heights of the potential barrier between the light receiving portions according to a plurality of phase difference detection directions (Ptb and Prl). The control unit instructs the image sensor in a specific phase difference detection direction to execute the storage operation of the image sensor, sets different storage judgment levels according to the phase difference detection direction, and is based on the addition signal and the storage judgment level. Controls the accumulation operation of the image sensor. [Selection diagram] Fig. 4申请人：オリンパス株式会社地址：東京都八王子市石川町2951番地国籍：JP代理人：小林 一任更多信息请下载全文后查看。

Nanoparticles have gained significant attention in environmental sensing due to their unique properties and versatile applications. Among them, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have emerged as a promising candidate for various environmental detection purposes. This article provides an overview of the applications of Ag NPs in environmental sensing, focusing on their widespread use in water and air qualitymonitoring.Water Quality Monitoring:1.Detection of Heavy Metals: Ag NPs are widely used for the detection ofheavy metals in water, such as lead, mercury, and cadmium. They offer highsensitivity and selectivity, allowing rapid and accurate assessment of heavymetal contamination levels in water sources.2.Antibacterial Properties: Ag NPs exhibit excellent antibacterialproperties, making them suitable for the detection and control of waterborne pathogens. They can effectively inhibit the growth of bacteria, viruses, andfungi, enabling the detection and removal of waterborne pathogens.3.Detection of Organic Pollutants: Ag NPs can be functionalized orcoated with specific molecules to selectively detect organic pollutants, such as pesticides and pharmaceuticals, in water sources. The unique surfaceproperties of Ag NPs enable the efficient adsorption and detection of thesepollutants.Air Quality Monitoring:1.Detection of Gaseous Pollutants: Ag NPs can be utilized to detectvarious gaseous pollutants, including nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide(SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO). The high surface area-to-volume ratio of Ag NPs allows efficient gas adsorption, leading to sensitive and selective detection.2.Environmental Monitoring Networks: Ag NPs can be immobilized onsubstrates or integrated into sensor devices to create environmentalmonitoring networks. These networks can provide real-time and continuous monitoring of air pollutants, helping to assess air quality and identify pollutant emission sources.3.Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Detection: Ag NPs have beenemployed for the detection of VOCs, which are significant contributors to airpollution. Their high sensitivity and fast response time make them suitable for continuous VOC monitoring, aiding in the identification and mitigation ofpollution sources.Environmental Remediation:1.Water Purification: Ag NPs can be employed in water purificationprocesses to remove contaminants, such as heavy metals and organic pollutants.They can facilitate the adsorption, degradation, or oxidation of thesecontaminants, leading to enhanced water quality.2.Air Filtration: Ag NPs can be incorporated into air filter materials toenhance the removal efficiency of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants.Their high surface area and antibacterial properties contribute to efficient pollutant removal, improving indoor and outdoor air quality.In conclusion, silver nanoparticles have emerged as a promising component in environmental sensing applications. Their unique properties, including high sensitivity, selectivity, antibacterial activity, and catalytic properties, make them valuable tools for water and air quality monitoring, as well as environmental remediation. Future research and development efforts should focus on optimizing their stability, scalability, and cost-effectiveness to enable widespread implementation in environmental sensing systems.。

《聚3-己基噻吩_纳米碳复合薄膜太阳能电池的稳定性研究》篇一聚3-己基噻吩_纳米碳复合薄膜太阳能电池的稳定性研究一、引言随着科技的飞速发展，可再生能源的开发与利用已经成为人类面临的重要课题。

太阳能电池作为一种清洁、高效的能源转换设备，受到了广泛的关注。

聚3-己基噻吩（P3HT）与纳米碳复合薄膜在太阳能电池中的应用，因其在提高光电转换效率和稳定性方面的优异性能，成为研究的热点。

本文将重点探讨聚3-己基噻吩与纳米碳复合薄膜在太阳能电池中的应用及其稳定性研究。

二、聚3-己基噻吩与纳米碳复合薄膜概述聚3-己基噻吩（P3HT）是一种共轭聚合物，因其良好的光电性能和稳定性，在有机太阳能电池中得到了广泛的应用。

而纳米碳复合薄膜具有优异的导电性能、良好的机械性能和化学稳定性，将二者结合起来可以显著提高太阳能电池的性能。

三、聚3-己基噻吩纳米碳复合薄膜太阳能电池的制备制备聚3-己基噻吩纳米碳复合薄膜太阳能电池，首先需要制备出高质量的P3HT纳米碳复合薄膜。

这通常涉及到溶液加工、旋涂、热处理等步骤。

然后，将此薄膜应用于太阳能电池的活性层，通过电极的制备和封装等步骤，完成太阳能电池的制备。

四、稳定性研究稳定性是太阳能电池的重要性能指标之一。

本文从以下几个方面对聚3-己基噻吩纳米碳复合薄膜太阳能电池的稳定性进行研究：1. 光照稳定性：通过长时间的光照实验，观察太阳能电池的性能变化，评估其光照稳定性。

2. 热稳定性：通过高温实验，测试太阳能电池在高温环境下的性能表现，评估其热稳定性。

3. 湿度稳定性：通过湿度实验，观察太阳能电池在湿度环境下的性能变化，评估其湿度稳定性。

4. 循环稳定性：通过多次充放电实验，评估太阳能电池的循环稳定性。

五、实验结果与分析通过上述实验，我们得到了聚3-己基噻吩纳米碳复合薄膜太阳能电池的稳定性数据。

实验结果表明，该太阳能电池具有良好的光照、热、湿度和循环稳定性。

与传统的太阳能电池相比，其稳定性能有了显著的提高。

2024年外研版英语初二上学期复习试题及解答参考一、听力部分（本大题有20小题，每小题1分，共20分）1、Listen to the conversation and choose the best answer to the question you hear. Question: What is the weather like today?A. SunnyB. RainyC. CloudyD. WindyAnswer: AExplanation: The woman says, “It’s a sunny day today,” which indicates that the weather is sunny.2、Listen to the dialogue and complete the following sentence with the missing word you hear.Question: The man is planning to___________this weekend.A. go to the beachB. stay at homeC. visit a friendD. go shoppingAnswer: CExplanation: The man says, “I’m planning to visit a friend this weekend,”which is the missing word in the sentence.3、You are listening to a conversation between two students in the library.A. The man is borrowing a book.B. The woman is returning a book.C. They are discussing a book they recently read.D. The man is asking for help finding a book.Answer: DExplanation: In the conversation, the man says, “Excuse me, could you help me find the book on ancient civi lizations?” This indicates that he is asking for help finding a book, making option D the correct answer.4、You are listening to a short dialogue at a bookstore.A. The woman is looking for a novel.B. The man is recommending a non-fiction book.C. The woman is asking for help with a school project.D. The man is suggesting a book for a gift.Answer: BExplanation: The woman says, “I need a book on environmental issues for my science class.” The man responds by recommending, “How about ‘The Green Planet’? It’s a great overview of environmental science.” This shows that the man is suggesting a non-fiction book, making option B the correct answer.5.You are listening to a conversation between a student and a teacher.Student: Hello, Miss White. How was your weekend?Teacher: Oh, it was quite busy. I went hiking with my friends. How about you? Student: I stayed at home and watched some movies. I watched a comedy and a horror movie. Which one did you like more?Teacher: I preferred the comedy because it was funny and relaxing.Question: What did the teacher prefer to do during the weekend?A) Watch moviesB) Go hikingC) Stay at homeD) Visit a friendAnswer: B) Go hikingExplanation: The teacher mentioned that she went hiking with her friends, so the correct answer is B) Go hiking.6.You are listening to a radio program about healthy eating habits.Host: Today, we’re discussing the importance of eating a balanced diet. Dr. Smith, can you explain why it’s important to include fruits and vegetables in our daily meals?Dr. Smith: Absolutely. Fruits and vegetables are rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. They help boost our immune system, improve digestion, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases like heart disease and cancer.Question: What are the main benefits of eating fruits and vegetables according to Dr. Smith?A) Boosting the immune system and improving digestionB) Losing weight and reducing stressC) Increasing energy levels and improving memoryD) Enhancing physical appearance and reducing the risk of chronic diseasesAnswer: A) Boosting the immune system and improving digestionExplanation: Dr. Smith explained that fruits and vegetables help boost the immune system and improve digestion, so the correct answer is A) Boosting the immune system and improving digestion.7、Listen to the conversation and choose the best answer to complete the sentence.A) They are discussing the weather.B) They are planning a trip.C) They are talking about a book.Question: What are the speakers mainly talking about?Answer: BExplanation: The conversation is about planning a trip, which is indicated by the phrases like “We should go there in the summer” and “It’s a great place to visit.”8、Listen to the dialogue and answer the question.Question: Why does the man suggest visiting the museum?A)He thinks it’s a waste of time.B)He believes it will be an educational experience.C)He doesn’t want to go anywhere else.Answer: BExplanation: The man suggests visiting the museum because he mentions that it will be “a good opportunity to learn something new,” indicating that it’s an educational experience.9、You are listening to a conversation between two friends, Tom and Lily. They are talking about their weekend plans.Tom: Hey Lily, do you have any plans for this weekend?Lily: Well, actually, I’m planning to go hiking with a group of friends. How about you, Tom?Tom: That sounds fun! I was thinking of visiting the city museum. What do you think?Lily: That’s a great idea! Maybe we can go together after your visit to the museum.Question: What is Lily planning to do this weekend?A. Visit the city museum.B. Go hiking with friends.C. Go shopping.D. Watch a movie.Answer: BExplanation: In the conversation, Lily says, “Well, actually, I’m planning to go hiking with a group of friends.” This means that she is planning to go hiking this weekend.10、You are listening to a news report about a new research study.News Anchor: According to a recent research study, scientists have discovered a new way to treat cancer. This new treatment has shown promisingresults in early trials.Interviewer: That’s amazing! Can you tell us more about this new treatment?Scientist: Sure, this new treatment involves using a combination of natural substances to target and destroy cancer cells. It’s a non-toxic approach that has fewer side effects compared to traditional treatments.Question: What is the main topic of the news report?A. A new way to treat cancer.B. The benefits of natural substances.C. The history of cancer research.D. The side effects of traditional treatments.Answer: AExplanation: The news report starts with the statement, “According to a recent research study, scientists have di scovered a new way to treat cancer.” This clearly indicates that the main topic of the report is about a new way to treat cancer.11.W: Hi, John! Are you ready for the English test this week?M: Yeah, I’ve been studying hard for it. I think I’m prepared.Q: What does John think about the English test?A: He thinks he is prepared for the test.B: He is worried about the test.C: He doesn’t think he’s ready for the test.Answer: AExplanation: John says, “I’ve been studying hard for it. I think I’m prepared,”which means he believes he is ready for the test.12.M: Hi, Lily! Have you heard about the school trip next month?W: Yes, I have. We’re going to the countryside. It’s going to be so much fun! Q: Where is the school trip going to be?A: It’s going to be i n the city.B: It’s going to be in the countryside.C: It’s going to be at the beach.Answer: BExplanation: Lily answers, “We’re going to the countryside,” which indicates that the school trip is planned for the countryside.13.Listen to the dialogue and answer the question.W: Hi, John. How was your vacation in Beijing?M: It was great! I visited the Forbidden City and the Summer Palace. The scenery was beautiful, and the people were friendly.Question: What did John visit in Beijing?A) The Great WallB) The Forbidden City and the Summer PalaceC) Tiananmen SquareD) The Beijing ZooAnswer: B) The Forbidden City and the Summer PalaceExplanation: The question asks about the places John visited in Beijing.According to the dialogue, John visited the Forbidden City and the Summer Palace, so the correct answer is B) The Forbidden City and the Summer Palace.14.Listen to the passage and answer the question.The moon is Earth’s only natural satellite. It is about 384,400 kilometers away from Earth. The moon is about one-quarter the size of Earth and it takes about 27 days to complete one orbit around Earth.Question: How long does it take for the moon to complete one orbit around Earth?A) 24 hoursB) 27 daysC) 1 monthD) 365 daysAnswer: B) 27 daysExplanation: The question asks about the time it takes for the moon to complete one orbit around Earth. According to the passage, the moon takes about 27 days to complete one orbit around Earth, so the correct answer is B) 27 days.15.W: Hi, John. How was your science project?M: It was quite challenging, but I learned a lot about renewable energy sources.Q: What did John learn about in his science project?A: Renewable energy sources.B: Chemistry.C: Biology.D: Physics.Answer: AExplanation: The question asks what John learned about in his science project. In the dialogue, John mentions that he learned a lot about renewable energy sources, so the correct answer is A.16.M: Have you seen the new movie “Inception”? I heard it’s really amazing. W: Yes, I saw it last weekend. The story is so intriguing that I couldn’t stop thinking about it even after the movie ended.Q: What did the woman think about the movie “Inception”?A: It was boring.B. It was a waste of time.C. It was intriguing.D. It was predictable.Answer: CExplanation: The question asks what the woman thought about the movie “Inception”. In the dialogue, the woman says the story is so intriguing that she couldn’t stop thinking about it, which means she found it interesting and captivating. Therefore, the correct answer is C.17.You hear a conversation between two students, Alex and Sarah, about their weekend plans.A. Alex is going to visit his grandparents in the country.B. Sarah is planning to go hiking in the mountains.C. Both Alex and Sarah are going to a music festival.Answer: BExplanation: The conversation indicates that Sarah is excited about her hiking trip in the mountains, making option B the correct answer. Alex mentions that he will stay in town, implying that he has other plans.18.You hear a news report about a new eco-friendly initiative in your city.A. The city is implementing a new recycling program.B. The government is offering tax incentives for electric vehicle purchases.C. Local businesses are required to use solar energy.Answer: BExplanation: The news report specifically mentions the government’s tax incentives for electric vehicle purchases, which aligns with option B. The report does not mention a recycling program or the requirement for solar energy use, making options A and C incorrect.19.You are listening to a conversation between two students in a library.Student A: Hey, have you seen the new science book we need for our project? Student B: __________.A. Yes, i t’s right over there on the shelf.B. No, I haven’t, but I saw it on the list.C. I’ve read it, but I don’t think it’s available now.D. It’s not on the list, but I can help you find it.Answer: BExplanation: Student B responds that they haven’t seen the book but saw it on the list, indicating they are aware of the book but haven’t physically seen it in the library. The correct answer is B.20.You are listening to a radio announcement about a local event.Announcer: __________.A. The city park will host a free concert this weekend starting at 6 PM.B. All libraries will be closed next Monday for a staff training day.C. The local museum is offering free entry to students this month.D. The school sports day has been postponed due to the weather.Answer: AExplanation: The radio announcement is about a free concert happening at the city park this weekend. The correct answer is A. The other options refer to different events or announcements.二、阅读理解（30分）Reading ComprehensionPassage:In the small town of Willow Creek, there was a local library that had been a cornerstone of the community for over a century. The library was known for its quaint charm and the friendly atmosphere that made every visitor feel welcome. One of the most beloved features of the library was its old, wooden reading room where people could sit and enjoy a good book in peace.One sunny afternoon, a young girl named Emily entered the library for the first time. She was immediately drawn to the reading room, where she noticed an elderly woman sitting at a table, surrounded by stacks of books. Emily approached the woman, who was named Mrs. Thompson, and struck up a conversation.“Good afternoon, Mrs.Thompson,” Emily said with a smile. “I’ve never been in this room before. It’s so peaceful here.”Mrs. Thompson smiled warmly. “Yes, it is. This room has seen many generations of people come and go. I’ve been coming here since I was a child.”Emily was curious. “Do you have a favorite book from this room?”Mrs. Thompson paused for a moment, then re plied, “Oh, yes. It’s a book called ‘The Timeless Garden.’ It’s a story about a young girl who discovers a magical garden hidden behind her house. The book has taught me so much about life and friendship.”As Emily listened, she felt a sense of wonder. She knew she had to find this book and read it herself. She promised Mrs. Thompson she would return soon to discuss the story with her.Questions:1.What is the main feature of the reading room in the library?A. It has modern technology.B. It is surrounded by books.C. It is very quiet and peaceful.D. It is filled with children’s books.2.Who is the young girl that enters the library for the first time?A. Mrs. ThompsonB. The librarianC. EmilyD. The author3.What is the title of the book that Mrs. Thompson mentioned?A. ‘The Magical Library’B. ‘The Timeless Garden’C. ‘The Library’s Secret’D. ‘Emily’s Adventure’Answers:1.C2.C3.B三、完型填空（15分）Title: A Day in the Life of a TreeLast weekend, I went on a nature walk with my friends. It was a beautiful day, and we decided to go to the nearby forest to observe the plants and animals. While we were walking, one of our friends suggested that we should spend some time observing a single tree to understand how it lives through a day.The tree we chose was a big oak, its branches reaching out like open arms welcoming us. As we sat down at the base of the tree, we noticed that the leaves were rustling softly in the wind. The sun was shining brightly, and we could see how the tree was enjoying the warmth, as if it were drinking up the sunlight with every 1.After a while, we noticed tiny insects crawling up and down the trunk of the tree. They seemed to be collecting sap, which is the tree’s way of providing food for itself and its inhabitants. We realized that the tree is not just standing still; it’s very much alive and 2.As the day progressed, clouds started to gather in the sky, and soon it began to rain lightly. The raindrops fell gently onto the leaves and trickled down to the ground, soaking into the soil. This water would be absorbed by the roots and transported to all parts of the tree, helping it grow stronger and taller. The tree appeared to be drinking the rainwater greedily, as though it were 3 after a long period of drought.By late afternoon, the rain had stopped, and the sun came out again. The leaves glistened with water droplets that sparkled like little diamonds. Birds started to sing their evening songs from the branches, and the air was filled with a sense of peace and calm. Our friend remarked that just like the tree needs water and sunlight to live, we too need nourishment and warmth to grow and thrive. The tree serves as a reminder of the 4cycle of life and the importance of being connected to nature.As we got up to leave, we felt a deep sense of gratitude towards the tree for teaching us so much about itself and life in general. We left the forest feeling more connected to the natural world than ever before. The experience made us realize that even something seemingly static and silent as a tree hasa 5 story to tell.1.__________(A. leaf B. branch C. pore D. root)2.__________(A. dormant B. thriving C. stationary D. sleeping)3.__________(A. blooming B. wilting C. thirsting D. blossoming)4.__________(A. constant B. unchanging C. continuous D. ceaseless)5.__________(A. silent B. vivid C. motionless D. tranquil)Key:1.C. pore2.B. thriving3.C. thirsting4.C. continuous5.B. vividThis exercise aims to test the student s’ vocabulary knowledge, reading comprehension skills, and their ability to deduce contextually appropriate words based on the overall meaning of the passage.四、语法填空题（本大题有10小题，每小题1分，共10分）1、The students were asked to write a short story about their summervacation,_____________they had just experienced.A. whichB. whereC. whenD. what答案：C解析：此题考查定语从句的关系词。

基于变精度粗糙集决策树垃圾邮件过滤
王靖;王兴伟;赵悦
【期刊名称】《系统仿真学报》
【年(卷),期】2016(28)3
【摘要】电子邮件以方便快捷、收费低廉的特点,深受人们青睐,成为最常用的通信手段之一。

近年来,电子邮件被恶意利用,导致网络上垃圾邮件泛滥,浪费了网络资源,干扰邮件系统的正常运行,给用户的日常生活带来影响。

为了过滤垃圾邮件,决策树
算法被引入,根据提取出的邮件头部信息进行分析训练,并构建一棵决策树用于垃圾
邮件的过滤。

为了减少正常邮件被当作垃圾邮件情况的发生,降低给用户造成的损失,变精度粗糙集模型被引入,将少数特定实例或噪声数据分到合适的类别中。

实验
结果表明,该机制可用于垃圾邮件过滤,降低了正常邮件被判定为垃圾邮件的误报率。

【总页数】6页(P705-710)
【作者】王靖;王兴伟;赵悦
【作者单位】东北大学计算机科学与工程学院;东北大学软件学院;辽宁大学信息化
中心
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TP391.9
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4.一种基于变精度粗糙集的C4.5决策树改进算法
5.基于变精度粗糙集理论的决策树生成方法的研究
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science of the total environment的under reviewScience of the Total Environment (STOTEN) is a reputable scientific journal that covers a wide range of topicsrelated to environmental science. The "under review" status refers to the stage in the publication process where submitted manuscripts are being evaluated by expert peer reviewers. During this stage, the reviewers carefullyassess the quality, significance, and originality of the research presented in the manuscript. This critical evaluation helps ensure that only high-quality andimpactful research gets published.《Science of the Total Environment》（STOTEN）是一本有声望的科学期刊，涵盖了与环境科学相关的各种主题。

"under review"状态指的是提交的稿件正在由专家同行评议人员进行评估的出版过程阶段。

在此阶段中，评审人员会仔细评估论文所呈现的研究质量、重要性和独创性。

这种严格评估有助于确保只有高质量和有影响力的研究才能得到发表。

The process of review begins when authors submit theirmanuscripts to STOTEN for consideration. Upon receiving a submission, the editors perform an initial assessment to ensure that it meets the journal's scope and requirements. If deemed suitable, the manuscript is then forwarded to potential reviewers who possess expertise in the specific field covered by the research.审核过程开始于作者将他们的稿件提交给STOTEN进行考虑。

When crafting the introduction of an argumentative essay in English,it is crucial to set the stage for the discussion and engage the readers interest.Here are some strategies and examples to create an effective opening for your argumentative essay:1.Hook the Reader:Begin with a compelling statement or question that grabs the readers attention.Example:Is it time to reconsider the role of technology in our classrooms?With the rapid advancement of digital tools,the traditional educational landscape is undergoing a transformation.2.Provide Background Information:Briefly introduce the topic and its significance.Example:In recent years,the debate over the use of social media has intensified,with proponents praising its connectivity and critics warning of its potential dangers.3.Present the Thesis Statement:Clearly state your position on the issue,which will guide the rest of the essay.Example:This essay argues that while social media offers numerous benefits,its negative impacts on mental health and privacy cannot be ignored.4.Outline the Main Points:Preview the key arguments or points you will discuss in the body of the essay.Example:The following paragraphs will explore the advantages of social media in fostering global communication,the risks it poses to individual privacy,and the measures that can be taken to mitigate these risks.e a Quote or Anecdote:A relevant quote or a brief anecdote can provide a personal touch and add depth to your introduction.Example:As Mark Zuckerberg once said,The question isnt,What do we want to change in the world,but What problems do we need to solve?This essay addresses the problem of social medias influence on our daily lives.6.Present a Shocking Fact or Statistic:A surprising fact can pique the readers curiosity and set the tone for your argument.Example:Did you know that over90%of teenagers report having a social mediaaccount?This widespread use raises questions about the longterm effects on their development and wellbeing.e a Question to Engage the Reader:A thoughtprovoking question can encourage the reader to consider the issue from different perspectives.Example:Should we continue to embrace social media without reservation,or is it time to critically examine its role in our lives?8.Establish Common Ground:Start by acknowledging a shared belief or understanding to build rapport with the reader.Example:We all recognize the convenience and joy that technology brings to our lives. However,it is also essential to consider the potential drawbacks that come with its extensive use.e a Paradox or Irony:Presenting a situation that seems contradictory can intrigue the reader and set up your argument.Example:In an age where we are more connected than ever,social media paradoxically contributes to a sense of isolation and loneliness.10.Make a Bold Assertion:A strong statement can challenge the readers preconceptions and prompt them to read further.Example:Despite its popularity,the unchecked use of social media is a ticking time bomb that could have devastating effects on our society.Remember,the introduction is your opportunity to capture the readers interest and set the stage for the argument you will develop throughout the essay.Keep it concise,engaging, and focused on your thesis.。

《聚3-己基噻吩_纳米碳复合薄膜太阳能电池的稳定性研究》篇一聚3-己基噻吩_纳米碳复合薄膜太阳能电池的稳定性研究一、引言随着全球对可再生能源的日益关注，太阳能电池作为一种清洁、高效的能源转换设备，其发展与应用日益广泛。

聚3-己基噻吩（P3HT）与纳米碳复合薄膜构成的太阳能电池，因其高效率、低成本和良好的可加工性，成为了研究的热点。

然而，太阳能电池的稳定性问题一直是制约其广泛应用的关键因素。

因此，对聚3-己基噻吩与纳米碳复合薄膜太阳能电池的稳定性进行研究，具有重要的理论意义和实际应用价值。

二、聚3-己基噻吩与纳米碳复合薄膜概述聚3-己基噻吩（P3HT）是一种具有共轭结构的有机半导体材料，具有优异的电子传输性能和光吸收性能。

纳米碳材料，如碳纳米管（CNT）和石墨烯等，具有出色的导电性、大的比表面积和良好的机械性能，是提升太阳能电池性能的理想材料。

将P3HT与纳米碳材料复合，形成复合薄膜，可以有效提高太阳能电池的光电转换效率和稳定性。

三、稳定性研究方法及实验设计为了研究聚3-己基噻吩与纳米碳复合薄膜太阳能电池的稳定性，我们采用了多种实验方法和表征手段。

首先，通过制备不同比例的P3HT/纳米碳复合薄膜，探究了复合比例对太阳能电池稳定性的影响。

其次，通过在不同环境条件下进行老化实验，如光照、湿热等环境，观察了太阳能电池的性能变化。

此外，我们还利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）等手段，对复合薄膜的形貌进行了观察和分析。

四、实验结果与讨论实验结果表明，适当比例的P3HT/纳米碳复合薄膜能够有效提高太阳能电池的稳定性。

在光照条件下，复合薄膜能够保持较高的光电转换效率，并且具有较好的抗老化性能。

此外，纳米碳材料的加入还能有效提高薄膜的机械性能和导电性能，从而提升太阳能电池的整体性能。

通过SEM和TEM观察发现，复合薄膜具有均匀的形貌和良好的层间结合力，这有利于提高太阳能电池的稳定性和使用寿命。

《聚3-己基噻吩_纳米碳复合薄膜太阳能电池的稳定性研究》篇一聚3-己基噻吩_纳米碳复合薄膜太阳能电池的稳定性研究一、引言随着科技的进步和人类对可再生能源的追求，太阳能电池技术已经引起了广泛关注。

聚3-己基噻吩（P3HT）和纳米碳复合薄膜材料在太阳能电池中的应用日益增多，特别是在提高电池稳定性和效率方面表现出巨大的潜力。

本文旨在探讨聚3-己基噻吩与纳米碳复合薄膜在太阳能电池中的应用，特别是其稳定性方面的研究。

二、聚3-己基噻吩与纳米碳复合薄膜的基本性质聚3-己基噻吩是一种具有优异光电性能的共轭聚合物，其良好的光电转换能力和环境稳定性使其在太阳能电池领域具有广泛应用。

而纳米碳复合薄膜则以其高导电性、高比表面积和良好的机械性能等优点，为太阳能电池提供了新的可能。

将这两种材料结合，可以进一步提高太阳能电池的性能和稳定性。

三、聚3-己基噻吩纳米碳复合薄膜太阳能电池的稳定性研究（一）研究方法本研究采用实验和模拟相结合的方法，对聚3-己基噻吩纳米碳复合薄膜太阳能电池的稳定性进行研究。

通过制备不同比例的聚3-己基噻吩和纳米碳复合薄膜，分析其光电性能和稳定性。

同时，利用计算机模拟技术，探讨材料结构与性能之间的关系。

（二）实验结果实验结果表明，聚3-己基噻吩与纳米碳复合薄膜的复合比例对太阳能电池的性能和稳定性有显著影响。

适当比例的复合材料可以提高太阳能电池的光电转换效率，同时提高其稳定性。

此外，通过计算机模拟，我们发现材料结构中的某些特定基团对提高太阳能电池的稳定性和效率具有关键作用。

（三）讨论本研究发现，聚3-己基噻吩与纳米碳复合薄膜的复合比例对太阳能电池的稳定性具有重要影响。

适当比例的复合材料可以有效地提高太阳能电池的光电转换效率和稳定性。

这可能是由于两种材料之间的协同效应，使得复合材料具有更好的光电性能和更强的抗环境因素（如光照、湿度等）的能力。

此外，材料结构中的特定基团也对提高太阳能电池的稳定性和效率具有重要作用。

考研专业英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The phrase "break a leg" is commonly used to mean ________.A. To cause someone to fallB. To wish someone good luckC. To cause a failureD. To cause a break in a performance答案：B2. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of academic writing?A. Formal languageB. Clear structureC. Personal opinionsD. Evidence-based arguments答案：C3. In the context of scientific research, "hypothesis" refers to a ________.A. Final conclusionB. Tentative explanationC. Unproven theoryD. Confirmed fact答案：B4. The term "sustainability" in environmental studies usually implies ________.A. The ability to be maintainedB. The ability to be soldC. The ability to be recycledD. The ability to be ignored答案：A5. The word "disseminate" in academic context means to________.A. Spread information or knowledgeB. Gather information or knowledgeC. Hide information or knowledgeD. Analyze information or knowledge答案：A6. Which of the following is the correct way to cite a book in APA format?A. Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the book. Publisher.B. Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the book. Journal.C. Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the book. Website.D. Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the book. Conference.答案：A7. In the field of economics, "opportunity cost" refers to________.A. The cost of the next best alternativeB. The cost of the best alternativeC. The cost of the worst alternativeD. The cost of the same alternative答案：A8. The phrase "pro bono" is used to describe ________.A. Legal services provided at no costB. Legal services provided for free to friendsC. Legal services provided for a reduced feeD. Legal services provided for a profit答案：A9. In the context of literature, "allegory" is a narrative technique that ________.A. Describes a real eventB. Tells a story with a hidden meaningC. Is based on a true storyD. Is a personal account答案：B10. The term "peer review" in academic publishing refers to the process of ________.A. Reviewing by the general publicB. Reviewing by the author's peersC. Reviewing by the author's studentsD. Reviewing by the author's colleagues答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The ________ of a scientific paper typically includes the research question, hypothesis, and methodology.答案：abstract2. In a research study, the ________ is the group that receives the standard treatment or no treatment at all.答案：control group3. The ________ is the process of systematically collecting and analyzing data to answer a research question.答案：research methodology4. A ________ is a type of literature review that synthesizes findings from multiple studies on a topic.答案：meta-analysis5. The ________ is the part of a research paper where the writer discusses the implications of the findings.答案：discussion6. In statistics, the ________ is a measure of the extent to which two variables are linearly related.答案：correlation coefficient7. ________ is the process of making a formal request for permission to use someone else's work.答案：copyright clearance8. A ________ is a formal statement of a problem or question that is to be solved or answered.答案：research problem9. In a research study, the ________ is the group that receives the treatment or intervention being tested.答案：experimental group10. ________ is the process of evaluating the quality of a research study based on established criteria.答案：methodological critique三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. Explain the difference between qualitative andquantitative research methods.答案：Qualitative research methods focus on understanding social phenomena through non-numerical data, such as interviews, observations, and documents. It aims to explore and describe complex social behaviors and experiences. On the other hand, quantitative research methods involve collecting numerical data and using statistical techniques to test hypotheses and make generalizations. It aims to measure and quantify relationships between variables.2. What is the significance of a literature review in a research paper?答案：A literature review in a research paper is significant because it provides a comprehensive overview of existing knowledge on a topic. It helps to establish the context of the research, identifies gaps in the。

An Overview of Recent Progress in the Study of Distributed Multi-agent CoordinationYongcan Cao,Member,IEEE,Wenwu Yu,Member,IEEE,Wei Ren,Member,IEEE,and Guanrong Chen,Fellow,IEEEAbstract—This article reviews some main results and progress in distributed multi-agent coordination,focusing on papers pub-lished in major control systems and robotics journals since 2006.Distributed coordination of multiple vehicles,including unmanned aerial vehicles,unmanned ground vehicles and un-manned underwater vehicles,has been a very active research subject studied extensively by the systems and control community. The recent results in this area are categorized into several directions,such as consensus,formation control,optimization, and estimation.After the review,a short discussion section is included to summarize the existing research and to propose several promising research directions along with some open problems that are deemed important for further investigations.Index Terms—Distributed coordination,formation control,sen-sor networks,multi-agent systemI.I NTRODUCTIONC ONTROL theory and practice may date back to thebeginning of the last century when Wright Brothers attempted theirfirst testflight in1903.Since then,control theory has gradually gained popularity,receiving more and wider attention especially during the World War II when it was developed and applied tofire-control systems,missile nav-igation and guidance,as well as various electronic automation devices.In the past several decades,modern control theory was further advanced due to the booming of aerospace technology based on large-scale engineering systems.During the rapid and sustained development of the modern control theory,technology for controlling a single vehicle, albeit higher-dimensional and complex,has become relatively mature and has produced many effective tools such as PID control,adaptive control,nonlinear control,intelligent control, This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under CAREER Award ECCS-1213291,the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.61104145and61120106010,the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China under Grant No.BK2011581,the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China under Grant No.20110092120024,the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China,and the Hong Kong RGC under GRF Grant CityU1114/11E.The work of Yongcan Cao was supported by a National Research Council Research Associateship Award at AFRL.Y.Cao is with the Control Science Center of Excellence,Air Force Research Laboratory,Wright-Patterson AFB,OH45433,USA.W.Yu is with the Department of Mathematics,Southeast University,Nanjing210096,China and also with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,RMIT University,Melbourne VIC3001,Australia.W.Ren is with the Department of Electrical Engineering,University of California,Riverside,CA92521,USA.G.Chen is with the Department of Electronic Engineering,City University of Hong Kong,Hong Kong SAR,China.Copyright(c)2009IEEE.Personal use of this material is permitted. However,permission to use this material for any other purposes must be obtained from the IEEE by sending a request to pubs-permissions@.and robust control methodologies.In the past two decades in particular,control of multiple vehicles has received increas-ing demands spurred by the fact that many benefits can be obtained when a single complicated vehicle is equivalently replaced by multiple yet simpler vehicles.In this endeavor, two approaches are commonly adopted for controlling multiple vehicles:a centralized approach and a distributed approach. The centralized approach is based on the assumption that a central station is available and powerful enough to control a whole group of vehicles.Essentially,the centralized ap-proach is a direct extension of the traditional single-vehicle-based control philosophy and strategy.On the contrary,the distributed approach does not require a central station for control,at the cost of becoming far more complex in structure and organization.Although both approaches are considered practical depending on the situations and conditions of the real applications,the distributed approach is believed more promising due to many inevitable physical constraints such as limited resources and energy,short wireless communication ranges,narrow bandwidths,and large sizes of vehicles to manage and control.Therefore,the focus of this overview is placed on the distributed approach.In distributed control of a group of autonomous vehicles,the main objective typically is to have the whole group of vehicles working in a cooperative fashion throughout a distributed pro-tocol.Here,cooperative refers to a close relationship among all vehicles in the group where information sharing plays a central role.The distributed approach has many advantages in achieving cooperative group performances,especially with low operational costs,less system requirements,high robustness, strong adaptivity,andflexible scalability,therefore has been widely recognized and appreciated.The study of distributed control of multiple vehicles was perhapsfirst motivated by the work in distributed comput-ing[1],management science[2],and statistical physics[3]. In the control systems society,some pioneering works are generally referred to[4],[5],where an asynchronous agree-ment problem was studied for distributed decision-making problems.Thereafter,some consensus algorithms were studied under various information-flow constraints[6]–[10].There are several journal special issues on the related topics published af-ter2006,including the IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology(vol.15,no.4,2007),Proceedings of the IEEE (vol.94,no.4,2007),ASME Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement,and Control(vol.129,no.5,2007),SIAM Journal of Control and Optimization(vol.48,no.1,2009),and International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control(vol.21,no.12,2011).In addition,there are some recent reviewsand progress reports given in the surveys[11]–[15]and thebooks[16]–[23],among others.This article reviews some main results and recent progressin distributed multi-agent coordination,published in majorcontrol systems and robotics journals since2006.Due to space limitations,we refer the readers to[24]for a more completeversion of the same overview.For results before2006,thereaders are referred to[11]–[14].Specifically,this article reviews the recent research resultsin the following directions,which are not independent but actually may have overlapping to some extent:1.Consensus and the like(synchronization,rendezvous).Consensus refers to the group behavior that all theagents asymptotically reach a certain common agreementthrough a local distributed protocol,with or without predefined common speed and orientation.2.Distributed formation and the like(flocking).Distributedformation refers to the group behavior that all the agents form a pre-designed geometrical configuration throughlocal interactions with or without a common reference.3.Distributed optimization.This refers to algorithmic devel-opments for the analysis and optimization of large-scaledistributed systems.4.Distributed estimation and control.This refers to dis-tributed control design based on local estimation aboutthe needed global information.The rest of this article is organized as follows.In Section II,basic notations of graph theory and stochastic matrices are introduced.Sections III,IV,V,and VI describe the recentresearch results and progress in consensus,formation control, optimization,and estimation.Finally,the article is concludedby a short section of discussions with future perspectives.II.P RELIMINARIESA.Graph TheoryFor a system of n connected agents,its network topology can be modeled as a directed graph denoted by G=(V,W),where V={v1,v2,···,v n}and W⊆V×V are,respectively, the set of agents and the set of edges which directionallyconnect the agents together.Specifically,the directed edgedenoted by an ordered pair(v i,v j)means that agent j can access the state information of agent i.Accordingly,agent i is a neighbor of agent j.A directed path is a sequence of directed edges in the form of(v1,v2),(v2,v3),···,with all v i∈V.A directed graph has a directed spanning tree if there exists at least one agent that has a directed path to every other agent.The union of a set of directed graphs with the same setof agents,{G i1,···,G im},is a directed graph with the sameset of agents and its set of edges is given by the union of the edge sets of all the directed graphs G ij,j=1,···,m.A complete directed graph is a directed graph in which each pair of distinct agents is bidirectionally connected by an edge,thus there is a directed path from any agent to any other agent in the network.Two matrices are used to represent the network topology: the adjacency matrix A=[a ij]∈R n×n with a ij>0if (v j,v i)∈W and a ij=0otherwise,and the Laplacian matrix L=[ℓij]∈R n×n withℓii= n j=1a ij andℓij=−a ij,i=j, which is generally asymmetric for directed graphs.B.Stochastic MatricesA nonnegative square matrix is called(row)stochastic matrix if its every row is summed up to one.The product of two stochastic matrices is still a stochastic matrix.A row stochastic matrix P∈R n×n is called indecomposable and aperiodic if lim k→∞P k=1y T for some y∈R n[25],where 1is a vector with all elements being1.III.C ONSENSUSConsider a group of n agents,each with single-integrator kinematics described by˙x i(t)=u i(t),i=1,···,n,(1) where x i(t)and u i(t)are,respectively,the state and the control input of the i th agent.A typical consensus control algorithm is designed asu i(t)=nj=1a ij(t)[x j(t)−x i(t)],(2)where a ij(t)is the(i,j)th entry of the corresponding ad-jacency matrix at time t.The main idea behind(2)is that each agent moves towards the weighted average of the states of its neighbors.Given the switching network pattern due to the continuous motions of the dynamic agents,coupling coefficients a ij(t)in(2),hence the graph topologies,are generally time-varying.It is shown in[9],[10]that consensus is achieved if the underlying directed graph has a directed spanning tree in some jointly fashion in terms of a union of its time-varying graph topologies.The idea behind consensus serves as a fundamental principle for the design of distributed multi-agent coordination algo-rithms.Therefore,investigating consensus has been a main research direction in the study of distributed multi-agent co-ordination.To bridge the gap between the study of consensus algorithms and many physical properties inherited in practical systems,it is necessary and meaningful to study consensus by considering many practical factors,such as actuation,control, communication,computation,and vehicle dynamics,which characterize some important features of practical systems.This is the main motivation to study consensus.In the following part of the section,an overview of the research progress in the study of consensus is given,regarding stochastic network topologies and dynamics,complex dynamical systems,delay effects,and quantization,mainly after2006.Several milestone results prior to2006can be found in[2],[4]–[6],[8]–[10], [26].A.Stochastic Network Topologies and DynamicsIn multi-agent systems,the network topology among all vehicles plays a crucial role in determining consensus.The objective here is to explicitly identify necessary and/or suffi-cient conditions on the network topology such that consensus can be achieved under properly designed algorithms.It is often reasonable to consider the case when the network topology is deterministic under ideal communication chan-nels.Accordingly,main research on the consensus problem was conducted under a deterministicfixed/switching network topology.That is,the adjacency matrix A(t)is deterministic. Some other times,when considering random communication failures,random packet drops,and communication channel instabilities inherited in physical communication channels,it is necessary and important to study consensus problem in the stochastic setting where a network topology evolves according to some random distributions.That is,the adjacency matrix A(t)is stochastically evolving.In the deterministic setting,consensus is said to be achieved if all agents eventually reach agreement on a common state. In the stochastic setting,consensus is said to be achieved almost surely(respectively,in mean-square or in probability)if all agents reach agreement on a common state almost surely (respectively,in mean-square or with probability one).Note that the problem studied in the stochastic setting is slightly different from that studied in the deterministic setting due to the different assumptions in terms of the network topology. Consensus over a stochastic network topology was perhaps first studied in[27],where some sufficient conditions on the network topology were given to guarantee consensus with probability one for systems with single-integrator kinemat-ics(1),where the rate of convergence was also studied.Further results for consensus under a stochastic network topology were reported in[28]–[30],where research effort was conducted for systems with single-integrator kinematics[28],[29]or double-integrator dynamics[30].Consensus for single-integrator kine-matics under stochastic network topology has been exten-sively studied in particular,where some general conditions for almost-surely consensus was derived[29].Loosely speaking, almost-surely consensus for single-integrator kinematics can be achieved,i.e.,x i(t)−x j(t)→0almost surely,if and only if the expectation of the network topology,namely,the network topology associated with expectation E[A(t)],has a directed spanning tree.It is worth noting that the conditions are analogous to that in[9],[10],but in the stochastic setting. In view of the special structure of the closed-loop systems concerning consensus for single-integrator kinematics,basic properties of the stochastic matrices play a crucial role in the convergence analysis of the associated control algorithms. Consensus for double-integrator dynamics was studied in[30], where the switching network topology is assumed to be driven by a Bernoulli process,and it was shown that consensus can be achieved if the union of all the graphs has a directed spanning tree.Apparently,the requirement on the network topology for double-integrator dynamics is a special case of that for single-integrator kinematics due to the difference nature of thefinal states(constantfinal states for single-integrator kinematics and possible dynamicfinal states for double-integrator dynamics) caused by the substantial dynamical difference.It is still an open question as if some general conditions(corresponding to some specific algorithms)can be found for consensus with double-integrator dynamics.In addition to analyzing the conditions on the network topology such that consensus can be achieved,a special type of consensus algorithm,the so-called gossip algorithm[31],[32], has been used to achieve consensus in the stochastic setting. The gossip algorithm can always guarantee consensus almost surely if the available pairwise communication channels satisfy certain conditions(such as a connected graph).The way of network topology switching does not play any role in the consideration of consensus.The current study on consensus over stochastic network topologies has shown some interesting results regarding:(1) consensus algorithm design for various multi-agent systems,(2)conditions of the network topologies on consensus,and(3)effects of the stochastic network topologies on the con-vergence rate.Future research on this topic includes,but not limited to,the following two directions:(1)when the network topology itself is stochastic,how to determine the probability of reaching consensus almost surely?(2)compared with the deterministic network topology,what are the advantages and disadvantages of the stochastic network topology,regarding such as robustness and convergence rate?As is well known,disturbances and uncertainties often exist in networked systems,for example,channel noise,commu-nication noise,uncertainties in network parameters,etc.In addition to the stochastic network topologies discussed above, the effect of stochastic disturbances[33],[34]and uncertain-ties[35]on the consensus problem also needs investigation. Study has been mainly devoted to analyzing the performance of consensus algorithms subject to disturbances and to present-ing conditions on the uncertainties such that consensus can be achieved.In addition,another interesting direction in dealing with disturbances and uncertainties is to design distributed localfiltering algorithms so as to save energy and improve computational efficiency.Distributed localfiltering algorithms play an important role and are more effective than traditional centralizedfiltering algorithms for multi-agent systems.For example,in[36]–[38]some distributed Kalmanfilters are designed to implement data fusion.In[39],by analyzing consensus and pinning control in synchronization of complex networks,distributed consensusfiltering in sensor networks is addressed.Recently,Kalmanfiltering over a packet-dropping network is designed through a probabilistic approach[40]. Today,it remains a challenging problem to incorporate both dynamics of consensus and probabilistic(Kalman)filtering into a unified framework.plex Dynamical SystemsSince consensus is concerned with the behavior of a group of vehicles,it is natural to consider the system dynamics for practical vehicles in the study of the consensus problem. Although the study of consensus under various system dynam-ics is due to the existence of complex dynamics in practical systems,it is also interesting to observe that system dynamics play an important role in determining thefinal consensus state.For instance,the well-studied consensus of multi-agent systems with single-integrator kinematics often converges to a constantfinal value instead.However,consensus for double-integrator dynamics might admit a dynamicfinal value(i.e.,a time function).These important issues motivate the study of consensus under various system dynamics.As a direct extension of the study of the consensus prob-lem for systems with simple dynamics,for example,with single-integrator kinematics or double-integrator dynamics, consensus with general linear dynamics was also studied recently[41]–[43],where research is mainly devoted tofinding feedback control laws such that consensus(in terms of the output states)can be achieved for general linear systems˙x i=Ax i+Bu i,y i=Cx i,(3) where A,B,and C are constant matrices with compatible sizes.Apparently,the well-studied single-integrator kinematics and double-integrator dynamics are special cases of(3)for properly choosing A,B,and C.As a further extension,consensus for complex systems has also been extensively studied.Here,the term consensus for complex systems is used for the study of consensus problem when the system dynamics are nonlinear[44]–[48]or with nonlinear consensus algorithms[49],[50].Examples of the nonlinear system dynamics include:•Nonlinear oscillators[45].The dynamics are often as-sumed to be governed by the Kuramoto equation˙θi=ωi+Kstability.A well-studied consensus algorithm for(1)is given in(2),where it is now assumed that time delay exists.Two types of time delays,communication delay and input delay, have been considered in the munication delay accounts for the time for transmitting information from origin to destination.More precisely,if it takes time T ij for agent i to receive information from agent j,the closed-loop system of(1)using(2)under afixed network topology becomes˙x i(t)=nj=1a ij(t)[x j(t−T ij)−x i(t)].(7)An interpretation of(7)is that at time t,agent i receives information from agent j and uses data x j(t−T ij)instead of x j(t)due to the time delay.Note that agent i can get its own information instantly,therefore,input delay can be considered as the summation of computation time and execution time. More precisely,if the input delay for agent i is given by T p i, then the closed-loop system of(1)using(2)becomes˙x i(t)=nj=1a ij(t)[x j(t−T p i)−x i(t−T p i)].(8)Clearly,(7)refers to the case when only communication delay is considered while(8)refers to the case when only input delay is considered.It should be emphasized that both communication delay and input delay might be time-varying and they might co-exist at the same time.In addition to time delay,it is also important to consider packet drops in exchanging state information.Fortunately, consensus with packet drops can be considered as a special case of consensus with time delay,because re-sending packets after they were dropped can be easily done but just having time delay in the data transmission channels.Thus,the main problem involved in consensus with time delay is to study the effects of time delay on the convergence and performance of consensus,referred to as consensusabil-ity[52].Because time delay might affect the system stability,it is important to study under what conditions consensus can still be guaranteed even if time delay exists.In other words,can onefind conditions on the time delay such that consensus can be achieved?For this purpose,the effect of time delay on the consensusability of(1)using(2)was investigated.When there exists only(constant)input delay,a sufficient condition on the time delay to guarantee consensus under afixed undirected interaction graph is presented in[8].Specifically,an upper bound for the time delay is derived under which consensus can be achieved.This is a well-expected result because time delay normally degrades the system performance gradually but will not destroy the system stability unless the time delay is above a certain threshold.Further studies can be found in, e.g.,[53],[54],which demonstrate that for(1)using(2),the communication delay does not affect the consensusability but the input delay does.In a similar manner,consensus with time delay was studied for systems with different dynamics, where the dynamics(1)are replaced by other more complex ones,such as double-integrator dynamics[55],[56],complex networks[57],[58],rigid bodies[59],[60],and general nonlinear dynamics[61].In summary,the existing study of consensus with time delay mainly focuses on analyzing the stability of consensus algo-rithms with time delay for various types of system dynamics, including linear and nonlinear dynamics.Generally speaking, consensus with time delay for systems with nonlinear dynam-ics is more challenging.For most consensus algorithms with time delays,the main research question is to determine an upper bound of the time delay under which time delay does not affect the consensusability.For communication delay,it is possible to achieve consensus under a relatively large time delay threshold.A notable phenomenon in this case is that thefinal consensus state is constant.Considering both linear and nonlinear system dynamics in consensus,the main tools for stability analysis of the closed-loop systems include matrix theory[53],Lyapunov functions[57],frequency-domain ap-proach[54],passivity[58],and the contraction principle[62]. Although consensus with time delay has been studied extensively,it is often assumed that time delay is either constant or random.However,time delay itself might obey its own dynamics,which possibly depend on the communication distance,total computation load and computation capability, etc.Therefore,it is more suitable to represent the time delay as another system variable to be considered in the study of the consensus problem.In addition,it is also important to consider time delay and other physical constraints simultaneously in the study of the consensus problem.D.QuantizationQuantized consensus has been studied recently with motiva-tion from digital signal processing.Here,quantized consensus refers to consensus when the measurements are digital rather than analog therefore the information received by each agent is not continuous and might have been truncated due to digital finite precision constraints.Roughly speaking,for an analog signal s,a typical quantizer with an accuracy parameterδ, also referred to as quantization step size,is described by Q(s)=q(s,δ),where Q(s)is the quantized signal and q(·,·) is the associated quantization function.For instance[63],a quantizer rounding a signal s to its nearest integer can be expressed as Q(s)=n,if s∈[(n−1/2)δ,(n+1/2)δ],n∈Z, where Z denotes the integer set.Note that the types of quantizers might be different for different systems,hence Q(s) may differ for different systems.Due to the truncation of the signals received,consensus is now considered achieved if the maximal state difference is not larger than the accuracy level associated with the whole system.A notable feature for consensus with quantization is that the time to reach consensus is usuallyfinite.That is,it often takes afinite period of time for all agents’states to converge to an accuracy interval.Accordingly,the main research is to investigate the convergence time associated with the proposed consensus algorithm.Quantized consensus was probablyfirst studied in[63], where a quantized gossip algorithm was proposed and its convergence was analyzed.In particular,the bound of theconvergence time for a complete graph was shown to be poly-nomial in the network size.In[64],coding/decoding strate-gies were introduced to the quantized consensus algorithms, where it was shown that the convergence rate depends on the accuracy of the quantization but not the coding/decoding schemes.In[65],quantized consensus was studied via the gossip algorithm,with both lower and upper bounds of the expected convergence time in the worst case derived in terms of the principle submatrices of the Laplacian matrix.Further results regarding quantized consensus were reported in[66]–[68],where the main research was also on the convergence time for various proposed quantized consensus algorithms as well as the quantization effects on the convergence time.It is intuitively reasonable that the convergence time depends on both the quantization level and the network topology.It is then natural to ask if and how the quantization methods affect the convergence time.This is an important measure of the robustness of a quantized consensus algorithm(with respect to the quantization method).Note that it is interesting but also more challenging to study consensus for general linear/nonlinear systems with quantiza-tion.Because the difference between the truncated signal and the original signal is bounded,consensus with quantization can be considered as a special case of one without quantization when there exist bounded disturbances.Therefore,if consensus can be achieved for a group of vehicles in the absence of quantization,it might be intuitively correct to say that the differences among the states of all vehicles will be bounded if the quantization precision is small enough.However,it is still an open question to rigorously describe the quantization effects on consensus with general linear/nonlinear systems.E.RemarksIn summary,the existing research on the consensus problem has covered a number of physical properties for practical systems and control performance analysis.However,the study of the consensus problem covering multiple physical properties and/or control performance analysis has been largely ignored. In other words,two or more problems discussed in the above subsections might need to be taken into consideration simul-taneously when studying the consensus problem.In addition, consensus algorithms normally guarantee the agreement of a team of agents on some common states without taking group formation into consideration.To reflect many practical applications where a group of agents are normally required to form some preferred geometric structure,it is desirable to consider a task-oriented formation control problem for a group of mobile agents,which motivates the study of formation control presented in the next section.IV.F ORMATION C ONTROLCompared with the consensus problem where thefinal states of all agents typically reach a singleton,thefinal states of all agents can be more diversified under the formation control scenario.Indeed,formation control is more desirable in many practical applications such as formationflying,co-operative transportation,sensor networks,as well as combat intelligence,surveillance,and reconnaissance.In addition,theperformance of a team of agents working cooperatively oftenexceeds the simple integration of the performances of all individual agents.For its broad applications and advantages,formation control has been a very active research subject inthe control systems community,where a certain geometric pattern is aimed to form with or without a group reference.More precisely,the main objective of formation control is to coordinate a group of agents such that they can achievesome desired formation so that some tasks can befinished bythe collaboration of the agents.Generally speaking,formation control can be categorized according to the group reference.Formation control without a group reference,called formationproducing,refers to the algorithm design for a group of agents to reach some pre-desired geometric pattern in the absenceof a group reference,which can also be considered as the control objective.Formation control with a group reference,called formation tracking,refers to the same task but followingthe predesignated group reference.Due to the existence of the group reference,formation tracking is usually much morechallenging than formation producing and control algorithmsfor the latter might not be useful for the former.As of today, there are still many open questions in solving the formationtracking problem.The following part of the section reviews and discussesrecent research results and progress in formation control, including formation producing and formation tracking,mainlyaccomplished after2006.Several milestone results prior to 2006can be found in[69]–[71].A.Formation ProducingThe existing work in formation control aims at analyzingthe formation behavior under certain control laws,along with stability analysis.1)Matrix Theory Approach:Due to the nature of multi-agent systems,matrix theory has been frequently used in thestability analysis of their distributed coordination.Note that consensus input to each agent(see e.g.,(2))isessentially a weighted average of the differences between the states of the agent’s neighbors and its own.As an extensionof the consensus algorithms,some coupling matrices wereintroduced here to offset the corresponding control inputs by some angles[72],[73].For example,given(1),the controlinput(2)is revised as u i(t)= n j=1a ij(t)C[x j(t)−x i(t)], where C is a coupling matrix with compatible size.If x i∈R3, then C can be viewed as the3-D rotational matrix.The mainidea behind the revised algorithm is that the original controlinput for reaching consensus is now rotated by some angles. The closed-loop system can be expressed in a vector form, whose stability can be determined by studying the distribution of the eigenvalues of a certain transfer matrix.Main research work was conducted in[72],[73]to analyze the collective motions for systems with single-integrator kinematics and double-integrator dynamics,where the network topology,the damping gain,and C were shown to affect the collective motions.Analogously,the collective motions for a team of nonlinear self-propelling agents were shown to be affected by。

基于核酸适配体和阳离子聚合物PAH高效聚集纳米金比色法检测牛奶中四环素罗艳芳;贺兰;詹深山;刘乐;支月娥;周培【摘要】为满足乳制品中四环素快速检测要求,开发了基于核酸适配体(aptamer)和阳离子聚合物PAH高效聚集纳米金比色检测牛奶中四环素(TET)的新方法.本文优化了PAH和适配体的浓度.最优实验条件下,四环素浓度在一定范围内与A520/A650呈现良好的线性关系,最低检测限(LOD)为95 nmol/L,对四环素具有良好的选择性.该方法已成功用于牛奶中四环素的检测,回收率为108％～117％,相对标准偏差为2.9％～3.6％.【期刊名称】《上海交通大学学报（农业科学版）》【年(卷),期】2014(032)006【总页数】6页(P66-70,91)【关键词】四环素;核酸适配体;PAH;纳米金;比色【作者】罗艳芳;贺兰;詹深山;刘乐;支月娥;周培【作者单位】上海交通大学农业与生物学院,上海200240;上海交通大学农业与生物学院,上海200240;上海交通大学农业与生物学院,上海200240;上海交通大学农业与生物学院,上海200240;上海交通大学农业与生物学院,上海200240;上海交通大学农业与生物学院,上海200240【正文语种】中文【中图分类】X83四环素是一种常见的广谱抗生素类药物,被广泛运用于人类细菌感染治疗及添加于畜禽饲料中[1]。

据报道,每年有5 000 t四环素被人类和动物消耗[2]。

随着四环素使用量的增加,其在食品和环境中的残留带来了一系列的问题,如:微生物抗药性增强、超级细菌的产生,食用具有抗生素残留肉制品后导致的过敏现象及某些器官的病变等等[3-4]。

为了保障消费者食品安全,欧盟规定牛奶中四环素最大残留为225 nmol/L[5],美国食品药品监督管理局规定牛奶中四环素最大残留为900 nmol/L[6]。

2002年,我国农业部修订的《动物性食品中兽药最高残留限量》中规定,牛羊奶以及所有动物性食品中四环素类药物残留的最高残留量为225 nmol/L。

《聚3-己基噻吩_纳米碳复合薄膜太阳能电池的稳定性研究》篇一聚3-己基噻吩_纳米碳复合薄膜太阳能电池的稳定性研究一、引言随着科技的发展，可再生能源的研究与开发成为了全球关注的焦点。

其中，太阳能电池以其清洁、无污染、取之不竭等优势成为一种理想的可再生能源形式。

近年来，以聚3-己基噻吩为基础的有机太阳能电池由于其独特性能备受瞩目。

在众多的材料组合中，纳米碳复合薄膜的应用显著提升了太阳能电池的性能，但随之而来的稳定性问题也不容忽视。

因此，本篇论文将对聚3-己基噻吩与纳米碳复合薄膜在太阳能电池中的稳定性进行研究，为后续的研发和应用提供理论支持。

二、聚3-己基噻吩与纳米碳复合薄膜聚3-己基噻吩（P3HT）是一种常见的有机太阳能电池材料，具有优异的电性能和光吸收能力。

而纳米碳复合薄膜因其良好的导电性、较大的比表面积以及优良的电子传输能力被广泛应用于太阳能电池中。

通过将这两种材料相结合，我们可以制备出具有优异光电性能的有机太阳能电池。

三、稳定性研究然而，这种组合的稳定性问题也不容忽视。

首先，材料在长期的光照、热应力等环境因素作用下容易发生光氧化、热降解等反应，导致材料性能下降。

其次，纳米碳复合薄膜与聚3-己基噻吩之间的界面稳定性也会影响整个太阳能电池的稳定性。

因此，对聚3-己基噻吩与纳米碳复合薄膜的稳定性研究显得尤为重要。

为了研究其稳定性，我们采用了多种实验方法。

首先，我们进行了材料的耐光氧化和耐热降解实验，观察在不同光照和温度条件下材料性能的变化。

其次，我们利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察了纳米碳复合薄膜与聚3-己基噻吩之间的界面形态变化。

此外，我们还通过电化学阻抗谱（EIS）等方法研究了材料的电性能变化。

四、实验结果与分析实验结果表明，聚3-己基噻吩与纳米碳复合薄膜在光照和热应力下均表现出良好的稳定性。

然而，随着光照和温度的升高，材料性能还是会出现一定的下降。

这主要是由于光氧化和热降解导致的。

在界面形态方面，纳米碳复合薄膜与聚3-己基噻吩之间保持良好的结合力，但在长期使用过程中仍会出现一定的分离现象。