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2020-2021学年浙江省杭州市学军中学高二年级下学期5月月考英语试卷AWhen I was 6, my elder brother brought me to the local BMX(自行车越野) track to ride in a kids’ race for the first time. The hill out of the starting gate looked so scary and step that I backed off. My parents took me back for another try the next week. I fell almost immediately but still managed to win the second place. I’ve loved racing ever since.I turned pro at 15, which isn’t possible now: You have to be 17 to compete professionally Around the time I went pro, BMX became an Olympic sport and I decided to pursue it after high school. I’m the youngest woman with a professional title in the United States.BMX isn’t judged on tricks or how you handle barriers, but it’s an extreme sport. It’s like horse racing mixed with riding a roller coaster. It starts with a huge burst of speed-I go 40 mph by the time I’m two and a half seconds out of the gate. Then I try to come out in front of seven competitors at the end of the track, which includes 40-foot jumps. I keep chasing the high that comes from prestart nervousness, big jumps, and that feeling of crossing the finish line first.Strength and balance are key in competition, so I work out at least five days a week to prepare. I do tons of resistance and agility(灵活) training, both on and off the bike. I also do mental drills with a sports psychologist to make sure I'm focused and confident going into competition. If I make a mistake on the course, I have to move on. Everyone is out to beat me; I need to concentrate on winning so my competitors can't capitalize on an error and pass me!I was so proud to win a silver medal at the Olympics in Rio, but I felt I was capable of gold, so that will push me to do better. I'm continually working to reach my potential in the sport. UntilI feel completely satisfied, I'll keep coming back.1. What do we know about the author?A. She withdrew from her first BMX race.B. She became the youngest BMX rider in America.C. Her parents forced her to turn BMX professional.D. Her efforts resulted in BMX entering the Olympics.2.To win the BMX race, the author has to _____.A. jump highestB. focus on other competitorsC. play tricksD. keep balanced all the way3.The underlined phrase “capitalize on” in Paragraph 4probably means “_____”.A. make up forB. take advantage ofC. keep an eye onD. take notice of4.What qualities have led to the author's success?A. Proud and serious.B. Ambitious and hard-working.C. Optimistic and generous.D. Independent and cooperative.BWhat about your emotions? How do they help you to understand what you are reading?In Jane Yolan’s Owl Moon, a girl explores with her father on a snowy night. She longs for this special night. And she’s amazed when she sees an owl.Have you felt longing before? Amazement? Well, if you have, it helps you have a sense of agreement. When we can put ourselves inside a story we can understand it better. Our brain tells u s, “Oh, this girl's experience is a bit like mine.” And boom! We can relate to her. But this skill is not born in us. So young kids have to learn it.Pictures and images help young readers to understand and recognize feelings. Readers feel joy when seeing the smiling faces of friends. They feel fear when turning the page to find a scary monster. They are just pictures, but the feelings are real. This skill, to understand the thinking and feeling of others, is what researchers call “theory of mind”.For example, think about the faces of people and animals in stories. The Big Bad Wolf's scary teeth. The ‘o’ shape of a surprised character's mouth. Or big, wide eyes like the girl in Owl Moon. By noticing the faces, readers can start to figure out what it feels like to be that character. And that helps to figure out how people feel and think in real life.But most young readers don’t go into deep, scary woods. And some may not go to the beach or play basketball. In the book Yo! Yes? two kids meet and play ball. The kids start the story on opposite pages. But as the story goes on, they get closer until they are together. Some young readers might not play basketball, but they can read the clues on the page to figure out how thekids are feeling. And some readers might not like the game, but they can feel excited for the characters because of how the characters look and move.1.What can we learn from the second paragraph?A. Owl Moon talks about the exploration of the Moon.B. The feeling of “amazement” is a sense of agreement.C. Readers are blessed with the ability to interpret others.D. Readers with similar experience understand the story better.2.Which of the following might help readers develop “theory of mind”?A. True feelings.B. Smiling faces.C. Picture books.D. Reading skills.3.Young readers can go deeper into a story by _____.A. tracking the plotB. developing new skillsC. sharing similar hobbiesD. analyzing the backgroundCOn a break from his studies in the MIT Media Lab, Anirudh Sharma traveled home to Mumbai, India. While there, he noticed that throughout the day his T-shirts were gradually gathering something that I looked like dirt. “I realized this was air poll ution, or sooty (像煤一样) particulate matter (PM), made of black particles released from exhaust (尾气) of vehicles,” Sharma says. “This is a major health issue.” Soot consists of tiny black particles, about 2.5 micrometers or smaller, made carbon produced by incomplete burning of fossil fuels.Back at MIT, Sharma set out to help solve this air-pollution issue. After years of research and development, Sharma’s startup Graviky Labs has developed technology that attaches to exhaust systems of diesel generators (柴油发电机) to collect particulate matter. Scientists at Graviky then turn it into ink, called Air- Ink, for artists around the world. So far, the startup has collected I.6 billion micrograms of particulate matter. More than 200 gallons of Air-Ink have been harvested for a growing community of more than 1,000 artists, from Bangalore to Boston, Shanghai, and London.Posted all over Graviky Lab’s Facebook page today are photos of art made from the Air-Ink and pant, including street wall paintings, body art and clothing prints. At first, there was still no specific application for the ink. Then the startup decided to find new ways to further spread itsmission. It chose to do so through art. “Art helps us raise awareness about where the ink and paint comes from. Air pollution knows no borders. Our ink sends a message that pollution is one of the resources in our world that's the hardest to collect and use. But it can be done,” Sharma says.1.What struck Sharma most during his break in India?A. Something looking like dirt on his T-shirts.B. Health issue of the locals.C. Coal industry in Mumbai.D. Incomplete burning of fossil fuels.2.What can we infer about Air-Ink from the text?A. It improves artistic effect.B. It makes pollution acceptable.C. It helps Sharma make a profit.D. It raises environmental awareness.3.What might be the best title for the text?A. Arts know no bordersB. Waste has no priceC. Less pollution, more artD. Creative thinking, effective paintingRules for Being the Age You AreIf you have recently entered that period of life known as middle age, the building years of your life are over, and what you are now is pretty much what you are going to be. Soon it will be what you were. You can no longer tell yourself that you might move to Lisbon learn Portuguese, and take up the guitar. 1Do not just give people credits. 2 Here’s a funny thing I’ve learned: No matter how many times you hear them, the words “You are amazing” never go out of style.Give yourself permission to be bad. You know what you’re really good at? Things you’ve done many times before. Mastery is boredom. Unfortunately we enjoy feeling like masters. 3 We keep ourselves bored to protect ourselves from feeling stupid.4 Nine times out of ten, you’ll be bored and go home early. But the tenth time, you will have a worthy experience to meet an interesting person. It will make up for those other wasted hours.Do that ting you want to do right now. I mean literally pause reading this column, pick up the phone, and book that skydiving session. RIGHT Now. Don’t put it off until you have the time to really relax and enjoy it. 5 It’s highly possible you won’t be able to enjoy it. I will never forgive myself for passing up a chance to go to trapeze school(空中飞人学校) in my late20s.A．Always do it later.B．We hate feeling like fools.C．Go home as late as possible.D．Tell them exactly how fantastic they are.E．Go to the party even when you don’t want to.F．That will be approximately three decades from now.G．But a set of simple rules can guide you the rest of the way.第三部分语言运用（共两节，满分30分）第一节（共15小题；每小题1. 5分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
高考英语summary 写作【终极版】写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：1)删除细节。
只保留主要观点。
2)避免重复。
在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。
但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。
应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
3)删除具体例子。
不过，阅读材料本身是由几个具体例子构成的，如阅读材料是谈西方种种节日的，如删除具体例子，则概括很难达到 30 个词，那就选择一至两个例子（即一两个主要节日）。
注：原文中可能包括 5 个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
4)使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：“ She brought homeseveral Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”可以概括为：“She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”5)把文章的对话或直接引语 (的要点 )改成间接引语叙述。
6)把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。
如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
7)压缩长的句子。
如下列两例：“ His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like. ”可以概括为：“He was very brave in battle.”“ He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”8) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。
I：What is a summary?A summary is a brief restatement of the essential thought of a longer composition. It reproduces the theme of the original with as few words as possible.II：Tips on summary writingWhile reading1.Is the passage a narration, exposition, argumentation or a description?2.Are there any topic sentences or key words? If so, underline them and paraphrase them.While writing1. Structure1) Topic sentences 2) Main supporting points/evidence 3) About 60 words2. Language1) To use your own words*2) To be concise (leave out the details; reduce the examples; simplify the descriptions; eliminate all repetitions. )3) To present the information fairly, do not give your own comments4) To use the third person to retell5) Tenses (narration often in the past tense)文体类型一：议论文议论文通常包括论点、论据和结论，因此写议论文的概要主要是找出主题句（the topic sentences)、支撑句（supporting sentences）和结论句（conclusion sentences)。
I：What is a summary?A summary is a brief restatement of the essential thought of a longer composition. It reproduces the theme of the original with as few words as possible.II：Tips on summary writingWhile reading1.Is the passage a narration, exposition, argumentation or a description?2.Are there any topic sentences or key words? If so, underline them and paraphrase them.While writing1. Structure1) Topic sentences 2) Main supporting points/evidence 3) About 60 words2. Language1) To use your own words*2) To be concise (leave out the details; reduce the examples; simplify the descriptions; eliminate all repetitions. )3) To present the information fairly, do not give your own comments4) To use the third person to retell5) Tenses (narration often in the past tense)文体类型一：议论文议论文通常包括论点、论据和结论，因此写议论文的概要主要是找出主题句（the topic sentences)、支撑句（supporting sentences）和结论句（conclusion sentences)。
2020-2021学年浙江省杭州市西湖区学军中学（紫金港校区）高二上学期期末英语试卷第二部分阅读理解（共两节，满分35分）第一节（共10小题；每小题2.5分，满分25分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A, B, C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
AA new coffee shop in Shanghai has gotten a lot of attention online for its creative approach to serving customers.Hinichijou opened on Dec. 3 and has a rather minimalist (简约主义者的) design. With no tables or chairs—or even a door—it is just a grey wall with an uneven hole. After customers place their order by scanning a QR code on the wall, their coffee is served through the hole—by a fury bear claw (爪).Having baristas (咖啡师) wear the bear paw prop (道具) has definitely drawn customers, with many flocking to the business to get videos of this novel approach to customer service. And if they’re lucky, they may even get a pat on the head or handed arose.“Having your coffee handed to you by a fluffy (毛茸茸的) paw is a rather heart-warming experience,” said one satisfied customer.While the concept is indeed endearing (惹人喜爱的), it isn’t the only factor keeping business flowing.The barista s behind the bear claw are actually bearing impaired. Wang Haiqing, one of the café’s three founders, said that they were hired through the China Disabled Persons’ Federation. According to Wang, one of the reasons Hinichijou was founded was to provide more employment opportunities to disabled people. The story behind the shop “has melted the hearts of customers and Chinese internet users,” CGTN noted.Wang hopes that customers feel the love and warmth from the employees, while also supporting the rights of those with disabilities.1. What make Hinichijou a special coffee shop?A. It has gotten a lot of attention online.B. It has a minimalist design.C. It has a creative approach to serve customers.D. It has a QR code on the wall for customers to scan.2. What do we know about the baristas?A. They are the founders of the China Disabled Persons’ Federation.B. They are all with hearing disability.C. They wear the bear paw prop in order to draw customers.D. They offer a pat and hand arose to every customer.3. Which is NOT the reason Hinichijou was founded?A. To provide more jobs to disabled people.B. To support the rights of animals.C. To create heart-warming experience for customers.D. To support the rights of disabled people.【答案】1. C 2. C 3. B【解析】【分析】这是一篇新闻报道。
概要写作(Summary Writing)解析与练习一、概要写作概述：浙江省2018年11月高考中首次出现了概要写作新题型。
全国卷在2021年的高考当中也将采用新高考的形式。
相比传统的写作来说，该题型对考生是一个巨大的挑战，是难度较高的写作形式。
(1)任务要求：提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。
所选材料体裁没有限制，以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。
(2)考查要点：概要写作以语篇为载体，要求考生对所提供的文本进行简要的概括。
考生需要在理解文章、把握文章中心思想的基础上进行信息整合。
故该题型考查学生的综合语言运用能力，即阅读能力、分析查找能力、逻辑思维能力、理解判断能力及概括能力等。
因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达的，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。
(3)评分原则：1．本题总分为25分，按5个档次给分。
2．评分时，先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次，最后给分。
3．词数少于40的和多于80的，从总分中减去2分。
4．评分时，应主要从以下四个方面考虑：(1)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；(2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；(3)上下文的连贯性；(4)对各要点表达的独立性情况。
5．拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面，评分时，应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。
6．如书写较差以致影响交际，可将分数降低一个档次。
(4)各档次的给分范围和要求：第五档(21－25)—理解准确，涵盖全部要点。
—能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇。
—有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑。
—完全使用自己的语言。
第四档(16－20)—理解准确，涵盖绝大部分要点。
—所使用语法结构和词汇可能有些许错误，但完全不影响意义表达。
—比较有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑。
—有个别整句抄自原文。
第三档(11－15)—理解较为准确，涵盖大部分要点。
杭州学军中学上学期期中考试高二英语试题一、听力:（共两节，每小题0.5分，满分10分）第一节（共5小题；每小题0.5分，满分2.5分）请听下面5段对话，选出最佳选项。
1. How does the man feel about his job?A. He doesn’t care much about it.B. He enjoys it very much.C. He hates working overtime.2. What is the woman going to do?A. Ask Tom to send an invitation.B. Get the Johnsons’ address.C. Invite Tom to the party.3. What does the woman mean?A. Jane is looking for a summer job.B. Jane is packing for the summer vacation.C. Jane is eager to go home for the summer vacation.4. Why is the woman excited?A. She has got a driver’s license.B. She has sold a lot of tickets.C. She is going to a foreign country.5. What does the man think of Picasso?A. He thinks that he is the greatest Spanish painter.B. He doesn’t consider him the best Spanish painter.C. He is sure that he can become famous.第二节（共15小题；每小题0.5分，满分7.5分）请听下面5段对话或独白，选出最佳选项。
概要写作（summary），就是要求考生在整体把握原文的前提下，要从一篇350词以内的短文中提炼出60词左右的内容概要，用自己简洁、精练的语言，对原文的主旨大意进行高度的浓缩，写出一篇语义连贯的短文，也可称之为摘要。
这一题型一方面考查学生通过阅读获取文章主旨大意和关键词的能力，另一方面也考查学生的写作能力即用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。
因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达的，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。
从《考试说明》上对概要写作的评分原则以及各档次的给分范围和要求的规定中，我们可以发现概要写作有以下特点：客观性：概要写作其实是一种客观的复述，在正确理解原文的基础上，用自己的语言忠实地再现作者的思想，写作内容要全面，既不能漏掉任何要点，也不能随意增加内容；写作时要尽可能避免使用原文中的字句。
考生应通过释义的方式，用自己的语言呈现原文主要内容。
需要注意的是，考生不能对原文进行解释和评论，也不能掺杂任何个人想法，或做出任何评判，因此不能出现“I believe”, “I think”等字句。
简洁性：简洁是概要写作的一个显著特点。
概要写作是一种对原文“浓缩”后产生的新语篇，通过删除原文中的细节减少例证，简化描述内容以及去除重复来实现语言的简洁性，但是简洁的同时还要做到意义的完整。
连贯性：概要写作并不是写提纲那样只是要点的罗列。
写概要时，必须在各要点之间增加一些体现逻辑的关系词，使概要衔接紧密、脉络清晰。
写出的概要读起来要完整连贯、独立成篇。
我们该如何正确把握概要写作呢？下面以《考试说明》中概要写作的样题为例：首先通过阅读我们知道文章一共有4段，它按照时间的顺序、总-分的方式来陈述人们在不同时期对于“dirt”的不同观点，即Attitudes towards dirt have beenchanging over time。
文章第一段的第二句是全文的主旨，第二、三、四段都是在不同时期人们对于“dirt”的不同看法，基本可以确定attitudes、dirt和time为全文的关键词。
2018-2019学年浙江省杭州市西湖区学军中学高二（下）同步英语试卷（概要写作）副标题一、书面表达（本大题共2小题，共50.0分）1.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要．Taking a shower TAKING a shower is relaxing． You can hum a song， daydream or think about nothing， leaving the real world behind you． But did you know that show ering can also benefit your mind？A piece of research by Scott Barry Kaufman， a psychologist from Yale University in the US interviewed over 3，000 people around the world． It turned out that nearly two-thirds of the interviewees sa id they had experienced new ideas in the shower and were more likely to have them in the shower than at work．So why does a simple shower have such magic power？ Science can explain it．Showering can help to raise our level of dopamine， a hormone closely related to our creativity． "People vary in terms of their level of creativity according to the activity of dopamine"， explained Alice Flaherty， a renowned American neuroscientist． "Taking a warm shower can make us feel relaxed and therefore make the dopamine level rise and bring the "Aha!" moment to us．"Besides the chemical changes， showering may give you a break from what you feel you have been stuck with． Especially when you have thought hard all day about a prob lem， jumping into the shower can keep you from the outside world so that you can foc us on your inner feelings and memories． In this way， according to American psychol ogist Shelley H． Carson， author of Your Creative Brain， "a showering hour may tur n into an ‘incubation （孵化） period' for your ideas"．Compared with sitting in front of a computer， taking a shower is something we do le ss frequently in our daily lives． When showering， we get a fresh experience with the change of location， temperature and humidity． "New and unexpected experiences can lead to positive changes in thinking，" explained Kaufman． "Getting off the couch and jumping in the shower may create a d istance and force you to think from a new point of view"．Showering allows us to enjoy the creative juices of our minds， which makes the bat hroom an alternative where you get your inspiration． So next time you consider ways t o free your mind， count it in．【答案】Showering can relax your body and free your mind as well．【要点一，提出论点】First， relaxation in the shower helps raise the level of dopamine and bring new ideas． Seco nd， showering provides a new， unexpected and fresh experience that can result in positive changes， making it possible to stop thinking about what you are stuck with【高分句型一，that引导定语从句，现在分词making作伴随状语】． Besides， showering can make us think from a new point of view with the change oflocation， temperature and humidity【高分句型二，make后面接宾语补足语】．【要点二，分析原因】【解析】【高分句型一】Second，showering provides a new，unexpected and fresh experience that can result in positive changes，making it possible to stop thinking about what you are stuck with．第二，淋浴提供了一种新的、意想不到的、新鲜的体验，可以带来积极的改变，使人们有可能停止思考你被困在什么地方．that引导定语从句，现在分词making作伴随状语．【高分句型二】Besides，showering can make us think from a new point of view with the change of location，temperature and humidity．此外，淋浴可以使我们从一个新的角度来思考，随着地点、温度和湿度的变化．make后面接宾语补足语．英语写作是一项主观性较强的测试题．它不仅考查学生的写作基础而且还考查学生在写作过程中综合运用语言的能力．在撰写时要注意主谓语一致，时态呼应，用词贴切等．要提高英语写作水平，需要两方面的训练：一是语言基础方面的训练，要有扎实的造句、翻译等基本功，即用词法、句法等知识造出正确无误的句子；二是写作知识和能力方面的训练以掌握写作方面的基本方法和技巧．2.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要．In the United States alone， over 100 million cell-phones are thrown away each year ． Cell-phones are part of a growing mountain of electronic wastelike computers and personal digital assistants． The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole．Electronic devices contain valuable metals such as gold and silver． A Swiss study re ported that while the weight of electronic goods represented by precious metals was relat ively small in comparison to total waste， the concentration （含量） of gold and other precious metals was higher in So-called e-waste than in naturally occurring minerals．Electronic wastes also contain many poisonous metals． Even when the machines are recycled and the harmful metals removed， the recycling process often is carried out in poor countries， in practically uncontrolled ways which allow many poisonous substanc es to escape into the environment．Creating products out of raw materials creates much more waste material， up to 100 times more， than the material contained in the finished products． Consider again the cell-phone， and imagine the mines that produced those metals， the factories needed t o make the box and packaging（包装） it came in． Many wastes produced in the producing process are harmful as well．The U．S． Environmental Protection Agency notes that most waste is dangerous in that "the production， distribution， and use of products - as well as management of the resulting waste - all result in greenhouse gas release．" Individuals can reduce their con tribution by creating less waste at the start - for instance， buying reusable products and recycling．In many countries the concept of extended producer responsibility is being considered or has been put in place as an incentive （动机） for reducing waste． If producers are required to take back packaging they use to s ell their products， would they reduce the packaging in the first place？Governments' incentive to require producers to take responsibility for the packaging t hey produce is usually based on money． Why， they ask， should cities or towns be r esponsible for paying to deal with the bubble wrap （气泡垫） that encased your televisionFrom the governments' point of view， a primary goal of laws requiring extended pro ducer responsibility is to transfer both the costs and the physical responsibility of waste management from the government and tax-payers back to the producers．【答案】Electronic waste are increasing quickly，which contain bothvaluable metals and poisonousmetals．（高分句型一）The recycling process causes harm to the environment．In addіtіоn，harmful waѕtе material is also created during production．（高分句型二）（要点1 阐述电子废物含有贵重金属和有毒金属．回收过程会对环境造成危害，生产过程中也会产生有害物质）Therefore，to reduce greenhouse gas，we should create less waste at the beginning and the responsibility of e-waste treatment should be shifted from government to produce．（要点2 阐述解决办法）【解析】高分句型一Electronic waste are increasing quickly，which contain bothvaluable metals and poisonousmetals．电子垃圾增长迅速，其中既含有贵重金属，也含有有毒金属．本句使用了which引导的非限制性定语从句，增添了文章的色彩．高分句型二The recycling process causes harm to the environment．In addіtіоn，harmful waѕtе material is also created during production．回收过程对环境造成危害．此外，在生产过程中也会产生一些有害物体．本句使用了"recycling process 回收过程"" causes harm to 对…造成伤害"以及" In addіtіоn此外"等高频词汇，是文章的一个亮点．技巧认真审题，找准提示语中的关键词或句，确定中心思想.2．依据关键句，草拟提纲，梳理文章的脉络3．准确定位人称、时态．注意使用高级词汇和高级句型使文章显得更有档次，4．最后还要认真查验是否有漏写情况，有无拼写错误及标点误用等．。
杭州学军中学高二英语新题型写作summary-----1I ：What is a summary?A summary is a brief restatement of the essential thought of a longer composition. It reproduces the theme of the original with as few words as possible.II： Tips on summarywriting While reading1. Is the passage anarration, exposition, argumentation or a description?2.Are there any topic sentences or key words? If so, underline them and paraphrase them.While writing1. Structure1) Topic sentences 2) Main supporting points/evidence 3) About 60 words2. Language1) To use your own words*2) To be concise (leave out the details; reduce the examples; simplify the descriptions; eliminate all repetitions. )3) To present the information fairly, do not give your own comments4)To use the third person to retell5)Tenses (narration often in the past tense)文体类型一：议论文议论文通常包括论点、论据和结论，因此写议论文的概要主要是找出主题句（the topic sentences)、支撑句（supporting sentences）和结论句（ conclusion sentences)。
其中最主要的是找准主题句。
概要模板：论点＋论据（＋结论）Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was, thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did theking of England in 1546.Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.Though the belief in the merit( 好处 ) of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first time parents nervously try to warn their childrenoff touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫学家 ), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system(免疫系统 ). And the latter position is gaining some ground. (302 words)Showering Helps BrainTAKING a shower is relaxing. You can hum a song, daydream or think about nothing, leaving the real worldbehind you. But did you know that showering can also benefit your mind?A piece of research by Scott Barry Kaufman, a psychologist from Yale University in the US interviewed over3,000 people around the world. It turned out that nearly two-thirds of the interviewees said they had experiencednew ideas in the shower and were more likely to have them in the shower than at work.So why does a simple shower have such magic power? Science can explain it.Showering can help to raise our level of dopamine ( 多巴胺 ), a hormone ( 荷尔蒙 ) closely related to ourcreativity.“ Peoplein varyterms of their level of creativity according to the activity of dopamine” , explain Alice Flaherty, a renowned American neuroscientist ( 神经系统科学家 ).“ Taking a warm shower can make us feelrelaxed and therefore make the dopamine level rise and bring the‘ Aha!’ moment to us.”Besides the chemical changes, showering may give you a break from what you feel you have been stuck with.Especially when you have thought hard all day about a problem, jumping into the shower can keep you from theoutside world so that you can focus on your inner feelings and memories. In this way, according to Americanpsychologist Shelley H. Carson, author of Your Creative Brain,“ a showering hour may turn into an(孵化 ) period’ for your ideas”.Compared with sitting in front of a computer, taking a shower is something we do less frequently in our dailylives. When showering, we get a fresh experience with the change of location, temperature and humidity.and unexpected experiences can lead to positive changes in thinking, aufman. ““explainedGettingoffKthe couchand jumping in the shower may create a distance and force you to think from a new point of viewShowering allows us to enjoy the creative juices of our minds, which makes the bathroom analternative where you get your inspiration. So next time you consider ways to free your mind, count it in.A brief outline:Para 1-2：Para 3：Para 7: Para 4 Para 5 Para 6Summary ：（ 40---80 words ） (不得使用原句) （不得发表自己观点）第二节：概要写作：25 分(先做选择，再概要写作（40---80 词）（不分段）（不得抄写原句）In the United States alone, over 100 million cell-phones are thrown away each year. Cell-phones are part of a growingmountain of electronic waste like computers and personal digital assistants. The electronic waste stream is increasing three timesfaster than traditional garbage as a whole.Electronic devices contain valuable metals such as gold and silver. A Swiss study reported that while the weight of electronicgoods represented by precious metals was relatively small in comparison to total waste, the concentration ( 含量 ) of gold and otherprecious metals was higher in So-called e-waste than in naturally occurring minerals.Electronic wastes also contain many poisonous metals. Even when the machines are recycled and the harmful metals removed,the recycling process often is carried out in poor countries, in practically uncontrolled ways which allow many poisonous substances toescape into the environment.Creating products out of raw materials creates much more waste material, up to 100 times more, than the material contained inthe finished products. Consider again the cell-phone, and imagine the mines that produced those metals, the factories needed tomake the box and packaging(包装 ) it came in. Many wastes produced in the producing process are harmful as well.The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency notes th at most waste is dangerous in that“ the production, distribution, and use of products — as well as management of the resulting waste — all result in greenhouse gas release. Individuals” can reduce theircontribution by creating less waste at the start — for instance , buying reusable products and recycling.In many countries the concept of extended producer responsibility is being considered or has been put in place as an incentive(动机 ) for reducing waste. If producers are required to take back packaging they use to sell their products, would they reducethe packaging in the first place ？Governments ’ incentive to require producers to take responsibility for the packaging they produce is usually based on money.Why, they ask, should cities or towns be responsible for paying to deal with the bubble wrap ( 气泡垫 ) that encased your television From the governments’ point of view,a primary goal of laws requiring extended producer responsibility is to transfer both thecosts and the physical responsibility of waste management from the government and tax-payers back to the producers.58. By mentioning the Swiss study, the author intends to tell us that _________ .A. the weight of e-goods is rather smallB. E-waste deserves to be made good use ofC. natural minerals contain more precious metalsD. the percentage of precious metals is heavy in e-waste59. The responsibility of e-waste treatment should be extended _________ .A. from producers to governmentsB. from governments to producersC. from individuals to distributorsD. from distributors to governments60.What does the passage mainly talk aboutA. The increase in e-waste.B. The creation of e-waste.C. The seriousness of e-waste.D. The management of e-waste.杭州学军中学高二英语新题型写作summary 练习一：People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.。
