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广州牛津版八年级下册Unit 3 语法讲解与练习被动语态英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。
在主动语态时，句子的主语是这个动作的执行者；在被动语态时，句子的主语是这个动作的承受者。
如：They built this house. 他们建造了这座房子。
主语they是built这个动作的执行者，动词用主动语态。
The house was built by them. 这座房子是由他们建造的。
主语the house是built这个动作的承受者，动词用被动语态。
1 “be +（及物动词的）过去分词”构成动词被动语态的形式。
be有人称、数和时态的变化。
以动词do为例，几种常用时态的主动语态和被动语态的结构形式如下：The computer was stolen.那台电脑被偷了。
A new road is being built outside my house.我家门口正在修一条新路。
The man was being questioned by the police.这个人当时正在被警察盘问。
Your wallet has been found. 你的钱夹已经找到了。
Your watch will be repaired. 你的表将会被修理好。
2 被动语态的否定句和疑问句。
(1) 被动语态的否定句在be后加not。
如：The song is not liked by young people.这首歌不受年轻人喜爱。
(2) 被动语态的疑问句将be提至主语前。
如：Is Chinese used only in China? 汉语只在中国使用吗？— Are these computers made in the USA?这些电脑是美国制造的吗？— Yes, they are. 是的。
No, they aren’t. 不，不是的。
语法专练（一）单项选择。
1 A lot of trees ______ in the country every year.A. was cut downB. cut downC. are cut downD. will cut down2 —Did you go to Sam’s weekend party?— No, I ______.A. am not invitedB. wasn’t invitedC. haven’t invitedD. didn’t invite3 The letter _______ in French. I can’t read it.A. writesB. wroteC. is writingD. is written4 Look, the young trees ______ by some old people.A. are plantingB. are plantedC. are been plantD. are being planted5 Today Chinese _______ by more and more people around the world.A. is spokenB. was spokenC. spokeD. speaks6 — Computers are very important today.— Yes, they ______ a lot in our daily life.A. are usedB. were usingC. were usedD. are using7 It is said that about 400 cars _____ in the factory next month.A. were producedB. will produceC. are producedD. will be produced8 I wasn’t at home yesterday. I _____ to help my uncle on the farm.A. askedB. was askedC. was askingD. had asked9 This painting ______ to a museum in New York in 1977.A. sellsB. soldC. was soldD. is sold10 The tall building ______ five years ago, but it still looks quite new.A. was builtB. must be builtC. is builtD. built11 The window _____ ten minutes ago, and the room is bright now.A. is cleaningB. can be cleanedC. will be cleanedD. was cleaned12 The brown desk ______ of wood.A. is makingB. is madeC. makeD. makes13 We _____ to close the windows before we left the lab.A. are toldB. tellC. were toldD. told14 A talk on developments in science and technology _____ in the school hall next week.A. will be givenB. is givingC. has been givenD. gives15 The telephone ______ by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876.will be invented B. are inventedC. is inventedD. was invented答案: CBDDA ADBCA DBCAD（二）完成句子。
年级______ 姓名___________七年级Chapter 1 语法讲解及练习一、连词用法（and but or so）英语中，连词是连接单词、短语或者句子的一种虚词，在句中不单独做任何成分。
1.and的用法并列连词and意为“和，又”，表示并列关系，常用来连接表示对等成分的单词、短语或者句子，表示意思的顺延或增补。
例如：（1）Our Maths teacher is kind and heipful.（2）I went to the supermarket and bought some vegetables this morning. （3）Her uncle gave her a new bike as her birthday present and she liked it very much.and用作并列连词有多重含义，除了表示并列关系外，还可以表示目的（and之后）和条件（and之前）等关系。
例如：（4）Come and see my family.来见见我家人。
（see表示目的）（5）Be careful,and you will make fewer mistakes.如果仔细，你犯的错误就少）（Be careful表示条件）2.but的用法并列连词but意为“但是”，表示转折关系，所连接的成分意思相反或相对。
例如：（1）Our school is small but beatiful.我们学校虽然小但很漂亮。
（连接两个形容词，意思相对）（2）The car is very old but it runs very fast.虽然小汽车旧了，但跑得很快。
( 3 ) Every is here but Tom .除了汤姆，其余的都在这里。
（除了的意思）3.or的用法并列连词or意为“或者”，表示选择关系。
例如：（1）Which do you like better ,juice or Coke?接两个名词）（2）Do you often go to school on foot or by bike?（3）You can stay here, or you can leave.另外，在否定句中否定并列成分时，用or，而不用and。
Unit 7 Grammar 祈使句祈使句是用来表示请求、命令、叮嘱、邀请、建议或劝告等的句子。
祈使句的主语一般是第二人称（you),但往往省略。
祈使句常常给人以“命令”他人的感觉，使人觉得唐突或莽撞。
祈使句一般不对比自己年长的人使用。
若使用，应加上please,或:使用相对委婉的语调。
例句：Open the window, please.请把窗户打开。
★祈使句的肯定形式祈使句可以以be动词，实义动词和Let开头，其肯定形式为be动词/实义动词/Let+其他部分。
例如：1. Be quiet，kids.孩子们，安静点。
2. Listen to me carefully, please.请仔细听我说话。
3. Let’s tell her the truth.让我们把实情告诉她吧。
★祈使句的否定形式祈使句的否定形式为Don’t/Do not + be动词/实义动词/let+其他部分。
注意;let的否定形式还可以为Let’s + not+动词原形.例如：1. Don’t / Do not be late again.不要再迟到了。
2. Don’t / Do not eat in the classroom.不要在教室里吃东西。
3. Don’t / Do not let her leave alone.不要让她独自离开。
4. Let’s not say anything about it.对于这件事，咱们什么也不要说了。
★除了以上语法规则之外，还应注意社会规则和礼仪。
1.紧急状况。
例如：A girl fell into the lake. Help! Help!一个女孩掉进湖里了。
救命啊！救命啊！2.欢呼喝彩。
例如：Come on，Peter! Make another goal!加油，彼得！再进一个球！3.提出请求。
例如：Dad, buy me the bike, please!爸爸，请给我买这个自行车吧！【扩展】a. 祈使句是一种具有较强交际功能的句型。
1. grammar n.语法【衍生】阅读reading听力listening口语speaking/spoken English写作writing【考察项目】常规阅读和完形填空英语学习类文章出现【经典例句】①［牛津高阶字典］I find German grammar very difficult.我发现德语语法很难学。
②［牛津高阶字典］His pronunciation is good,but his grammar is terrible.他的发音不错，但他的语法极差。
2.sound n.声音v.听起来【衍生】感官动词总结：feel感觉look看起来smell闻起来taste尝起来listen to=sound【考察项目】辨析词：sound自然声音voice：人声noise：噪音感官动词+adj.sound+adj.【经典例句】①［课文原句］Learn to say the/i:/,/i/,/e/,/p/and/b/sounds.------学习去读/i:/,/i/,/e/,/p/和/b/这些音。
②［2015年沈阳］It sounds similar.这听起来很相似。
plete v.完成adj.完全的，完整的【衍生】pletely完全地complete=finish完成【经典例句】①［课文原句］Complete an email to a new friend.完成一个给新朋友的电子邮件。
②［牛津高阶字典］You can't leave until you complete the work.你们完成工作后才可以离开。
4.hobby n.爱好（hobbies）【衍生】对比：habit习惯学科：subject运动：sport【考察项目】写作题目：Having a good hobby is./My favourite hobby is.【经典例句】①［课文原句］Friends often write to each other about their hobbies.朋友们经常就他们的爱好写信给对方。
最新版深圳牛津七年级英语下册第一单元语法冠词一、定义冠词是一种虚词，不能在句子中作独立成分，要用在名词的前面，帮助说明名词所指的人或事物。
它不能离开名词而单独存在，因此，可以说冠词就是名词的一种标志。
在英语中，冠词分为不定冠词(a和an)和定冠词(the)两种：不定冠词一般用于单数名词前，表示泛指; 定冠词既可修饰可数名词(单复数均可)，又可修饰不可数名词，表示特指。
二、用法分类详解1. 不定冠词a(an)1. 有些单词虽然是以辅音字母开头，但使用不定冠词an。
如：hour和honest 以辅音字母h开头，但h并不发音，因此用an。
2. 有些单词虽然是以元音字母开头，但使用不定冠词a。
如：useful和university以元音字母u开头，但u发/ju:/音，故使用a。
3. 表示成套的东西时，两个并列的名词前只能用一个不定冠词。
如：a knife and fork一套刀叉 a table and chair 一套桌椅4. 不可数名词前一般不用冠词，但如果具体化，表示一个具体的情况、动作或某一类事物时，可以用不定冠词a或an。
如：—Have a smoke？抽支烟吧？—No，thanks. I gave up smoking long time ago.不了，谢谢，我早戒了。
Tom started at a walk but soon broke into a run. 汤姆开始时步行，但一会儿就奔跑起来了。
1. (2015邯郸一模) Come on! You can make it if you have ______try.A. aB. anC. theD. 不填2. (2015保定一模) There is ______ house in the picture. It’s big and nice.A. aB. theC. 不填D. an3. (2015石家庄裕华区模拟)—Look at ______ old desk. Is it still ______ usable one?—Yes. It can be used to store our books.A. an; theB. a; theC. the; anD. the; a4. (2015邯郸二模) Each of us plays ______ important role in our society.A. aB. anC. theD. /5. (2015唐山路北区一模) I am considering buying ______ used car for its lower price.A. anB. aC. theD. /6. (2015张家口一模) His father bought ______ bike for him.A. aB. anC. theD. /7. (2015唐山路北区二模)—What______ heavy rain it was!—Yes, but I love ______ air after it rains. It smells so fresh.A. the; aB. a; theC. the; theD. a; a8. (2015沧州一模) If you read the article for ______ second time，you will have______ betterunderstanding of it.A. a; theB. /; theC. a; aD. /; a2. 定冠词the9. (2015河北) Look at ______ calendar. It’s June 22.A. aB. anC. theD. /10. (2015石家庄毕业班质量检测)—Mum, I want to buy a new toy car.—But ______ old one is still running, isn’t it?A. anB. theC. aD. /11. (2015石家庄藁城区模拟)—Is ______ red bag under the table yours，Jean?—No. I only have ______ yellow bag. Maybe it’s Julia’s.A. a; theB. the; aC. a; aD. the; the12. (2015石家庄43中模拟) Many people like ______ TV play You Who Came From theStars very much.A. aB. anC. theD. /13. (2015河北模拟拔高型) ______ old man behind Mrs.Li is ______ university teacher.A. The; anB. An; aC. An; anD. The; a14. (2015河北结课B卷) Shijiazhuang is ______ capital city of Hebei Province.It isbecomingmore and more beautiful.A. aB. anC. theD. 不填15. (2015河北密卷一) ______ Smiths often go for ______ picnic on weekends in spring.A. The; aB. A; theC. /; theD. The; /16. (2015滦平县二模)—Mary, can you play ______ guitar?—Certainly! It’s a piece of cake for me.A.aB. anC. theD. 不填3. 不用冠词的情况用法例子1. 如果三餐名词之前有定语修饰时，可加不定冠词。
广州牛津版八年级下册Unit 1 语法讲解与练习动词不定式1 动词不定式的基本形式：to+动词原形；否定式：not to+动词原形。
2 动词不定式在句中的作用：（1）作主语。
如：To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
（2）作表语。
如：He seems to be very rich. 他似乎很有钱。
（3）作宾语。
如：She promised to come. 她答应会来。
（4）作宾补。
如：What do you want me to do? 你想要我做什么？（5）作定语。
如：I have some homework to do. 我有一些作业要做。
（6）作状语。
如：He came to borrow some money. 他来借钱。
（表示目的）Glad to meet you. 很高兴见到你。
（表示原因）3 习惯接动词不定式作宾语的动词有：agree, ask, choose, decide, hope, learn, offer, plan, promise, want, wish, would like等。
如：She hopes to study in America in the future. 她希望将来去美国留学。
I want to buy a new camera. 我想买个新相机。
4 “疑问词+to do”结构，相当于相应的从句。
如：I don’t know what to do. = I don’t know what I should do. 我不知道该怎么办。
They are learning how to help disabled people. = They are learning how they can help disabled people. 他们正在学习如何帮助残疾人。
5 常用于"动词+宾语+to do"结构的动词有：advise, allow, ask, encourage, help, invite, order, teach, tell, want, wish等。
【语法专项】—动词不定式动词不定式的基本含义是表示目的或是未来要发生的动作。
基本结构为“to+动词原形”(to 可省略)。
在句中除不能充当谓语外，其他成分都可充当。
如：主语、表语、宾语、状语、宾语补足语、定语等。
本单元主要学习动词不定式作定语、主语和表语。
一、动词不定式作定语①部分表示能力、愿望、决定、计划、原因、方式等抽象名词后可以用不定式进一步说明名词的具体内容，如：ability, effort, need, promise, request, chance, hope, plan, wish , 等。
通常这些名词的同根动词或形容词后也接不定式Einstein ’s attempt _____________(explain) how the universe works made him famous.His ability _________________________ is his chief advantage.他能和人相处是他的主要优势。
I don't trust his promise _____________________.我不相信他来访的诺言。
②不定式可与被修饰词构成逻辑上的主谓、动宾关系。
He is always the first （person ）_______________. （主谓关系）她总是第一个到学校（的人）。
I'm the only man _____________. 我是唯一一个听到这个消息的人。
（主谓关系）I have a letter ___________. 我有封信要回。
（动宾关系）二、动词不定式作主语动词不定式作主语时，常常用it 作形式主语，放在句子的开头；真正的主语—动词不定式短语置于句末，以避免“头重脚轻”。
动词不定式作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
带疑问词的不定式短语作主语常置于句首。
It is necessary to study hard. = To study hard is necessary. 努力学习是有必要的。
卓越个性化教案GFJW0901U3 there be 句型与练There be 句型1. 定义：There be句型表示某处存在某物或某人。
2. 结构：There is+第三人称单数可数/不可数名词+地点状语例：There is a ruler on the desk. 书桌上有一把尺。
There is some water in the bottle. 瓶子里有一些水。
There are+复数名词+地点状语例：There are four apples on the tree.树上有四个苹果。
There are many flowers in the park.公园里有许多花。
there是引导词，在句中不充当任何成分，翻译时也不必译出。
注意：句子的主语是某人或某物，谓语动词be要与主语（某人或某物）的数保持一致。
当主语是两个或两个以上的名词时，谓语动词要与跟它最近的那个名词一致。
eg. ① There is a bird in the tree. 树上有一只鸟。
② There is a teacher and many students in our classroom. 我们教室里有一位老师和许多学生。
③ There are two boys and a girl under the tree. 树下有两个男孩，一个女孩。
3. There be句型与have的区别：(1) There be 句型和have都表示“有”的含义。
区别如下：There be表示“某处存在某物或某人”；have表示“某人拥有某物/某人”，它表示所有、拥有关系。
①He has two sons. 他有两个儿子。
②There are two men in the office. 办公室里有两个男人。
(2)当have表示“包括”、“存在”的含义时，There be 句型与其可互换。
eg. A week has seven days. =There are seven days in a week. 一个星期有七天。
一、选择题1．Nick's brother________the navy in 2011and ________the navy since then.A．joined; has joined B．joined in; has joined inC．joined in; has been in D．joined; has been in D解析：D【解析】【分析】【详解】句意：Nick的兄弟在2011年加入了海军部队，自从那时他就已经在海军部队了。
考查一般过去时和现在完成时。
join加入，加入某一组织并成为其中一员；join in加入，加入活动，根据第一个空后面的the navy可知，应该是join，排除B和C，由since then可知，应该用现在完成时，且动词要用延续性动词，join是瞬间动词，延续性动词是be in，所以应该用has been in，排除A，故选D。
2．Will you go fishing if it ________ tomorrow?A．didn’t rain B．doesn’t rain C．won’t rain B解析：B【解析】【分析】【详解】句意：如果明天不下雨，你会去钓鱼吗？考查if引导的条件状语从句的“主将从现”。
didn’t rain一般过去时；doesn’t rain一般现在时；won’t rain一般将来时。
分析句子可知，此处是if引导的条件状语从句，需满足“主将从现”，从句应使用一般现在时。
故选B。
3．—Surprise! Cindy is singing in the concert.—But she ______.A．will refuse B．refusedC．refuses D．has refuse B解析：B【解析】【分析】【详解】句意：——好意外！辛迪正在音乐会上唱歌。
——但是她（过去）拒绝。
考查一般过去时。
根据句意：好意外！辛迪正在音乐会上唱歌。
卓越个性化教案GFJW0901学生姓名年级七年级授课时间教师姓名课时 2Step 1 U8 语法专项----代词1、代词的分类：英语中代词分为：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、关系代词、疑问代词、连接代词和不定代词等等。
21I often go shopping on Sundays.天我常去购物)/ Are they from Brazil?(他们是巴西人吗？)/ Where havethey gone?(他们上哪儿去了？)/ That’s it.(就那么回事)/ It’s he!(是他！)2、宾格用来作及物动词或者介词的宾语。
如：Who teaches you English thisyear?(今年谁教你们的英语？) / Help me!(救救我！) / We often write lettersto her.(我们常给他写信)3、人称代词作表语或者放在比较状语从句连词than或as之后时,可以用主格形式,也可以用宾格形式,口语中大多用宾格。
如：--Who is it?(是谁？)–It’s I/me.(是我。
)4、三个不同人称同时出现,或者主语中包含―我‖时,按照―you→he→I‖的顺序表达。
如：Both he and I are working at that computer company.(我和他都在那家电脑公司上班) –Who will go there?(谁要去那儿？) –You and me.(你和我)5、人称代词it除了可以指人指物之外,还可以表示―时间、天气、温度、距离、情况‖等含义,此外还可以作―非人称代词‖使用,替代作主语或者宾语的不定式、动名词或者名词性从句。
如：--What’s the weather like today?(今天天气怎样？)—It’sfine.(天气晴好) / --What’s the time?(几点啦？)–It’s 12：00.(12点) / It’s along way to go.(那可要走好长的路) / It took him three days to clean hishouse.(打扫屋子花了他三天的时间) / It is very clear that the public wantto know when these men can go into space.(很显然,公众想知道这些人什么时候能进入太空)/ We found it very difficult to learn a foreignlanguage well.(我们发觉要学好一门外语是非常困难的)3Is that your umbrella?(那是你的伞吗？) / I often go to see my aunt onSundays.(我经常在星期天去看望阿姨) / They are their books.(是他们的书)2、名词性物主代词相当于名词,既代替事物又表明所属关系,在句子中往往独立地作主语、宾语或者表语,后面千万不可以跟名词。
7A Unit2 Daily life语法课Grammar 1 :冠词&零冠词冠词用法讲解：冠词作为一种虚词，在英语中只能和名词一起使用。
英语中的冠词分为不定冠词和定冠词。
1. 不定冠词a / an的用法：1) a 用以辅音音素开头的单词前，an 用以元音音素开头的单词前。
例如：a book, a table, an elephant, an orange2) 表示数量“一”，意思与“one”接近，但数的概念没有one强。
例如：The little girl played a whole day outside.这个小女孩在外面玩了一整天。
3) 用于首次提到的某人或某物前，表泛指。
A teacher from England will teach us English.一位来自英格兰的教师将教我们英语。
4) 用于可数名词的单数前，表示一类人或物。
A tiger is very dangerous. 老虎很危险。
5) 表示某类人或事物当中的任何一个，相当于one。
泛指人或事物的类别。
例如：He is a ball player. 他是一位棒球手。
6) 表示“每一个”，相当于every。
用在表示时间，速度，价格的名词前。
You should take this medicine three times a day.你应该每天服三次药。
7) 表示“某一” 。
A Mr. Wang is waiting for you. 一位姓王的先生在等你。
8)用在某些固定短语中。
比如：a little 一点儿have a good time 玩得开心2. 定冠词the 的用法:1)定冠词是指特定的人或物，用于特指的名词前。
例如：The book is mine. 这本书是我的。
2) 表示上文提到的或说话双方都知道的人或物。
例如：I heard a report. The report was about war.我听了一个报告，这个报告是关于战争的。
8B Unit1 Helping those in need 语法课Grammar：动词不定式动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成，有时可以不带to。
它没有人称和数的变化，其否定式是在to前加上not。
它在句中可作宾语、宾语补足语和状语等。
具体用法见下表：用法例句作宾语offer, plan, hope, choose, refuse, decide, learn,wish等动词之后作宾语：Finally he offered to go shopping with me. 最后他主动提出跟我一起购物。
I have decided not to think about it.我已决定不去想它。
我们也可以在know．decide，learn和remember等动词之后用“疑问词+动词不定式”作宾语I don't want to stay at home, but I don't know where to go.我不想呆在家里，但是我不知道去哪里作宾语补足语teach，ask，allow，invite，order，advise等动词之后用不定式作宾补：You should ask him to turn off the light. 你应该要求他关掉灯。
My parents allow me to play computer games at weekends.我父母允许我周末玩电脑游戏。
let，make和have之后用省略to的不定式：My mother often makes me clean the windows.我妈妈常常让我擦窗户。
作状语动词不定式表示目的。
They are working hard to save the injured tiger.他们正在努力工作营救那只受伤的老虎。
【基础知识巩固训练】1. The workers want us ______ together with them.A. workB. workingC. to workD. worked2. There isn’t any difference between the two. I really don’t know _________.A. where to chooseB. which to chooseC. to choose whatD. to choose which3. The teacher told them ____make so much noise.A. don’tB. notC. will notD. not to4.He gave us some advice on how____ English.A. learning B . learned C. to learn D . learn5.I’m thirsty. Would you please give me something ________.A .drunkB .to drinkC .to be drunkD .for drinking6.Tom is the first _____ to school.A . getB . to get C. getting D . Got7. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ______.A. not toB. not to doC. not do itD. do not to8. I saw him _______ out of the room. A. go B. had gone C. has gone D. goes9.---_______ more about tomorrow’s weather, call 121. ---OK, I will. Thank you.A. KnowB. KnowingC. To knowD. Known10.We must do everything we can ____ waste water from running into rivers.A. keepB. keptC. to keepD. keeping11.Let’s ____ play in the street. Father tells me __ do so.A. not to；not toB. not；not toC. don’t；to notD. not to；don’t12.When I came into the room, he pretended ____ his homework.A. to doB. be doingC. doingD. to be doingCBDC BBAA CCBA二．用括号中动词的适当形式填空。
第一讲语法梳理特殊疑问词特殊疑问句是指以what,who, when, where, why, which, whose, how 等特殊疑问词开头，对句中的某一部分进行提问的句子。
对不同的部分进行提问要用不同的特殊疑问词。
须注意；特殊疑如﹕What book did you read last night?What is Kate’s father?Who is that woman over there?When do you usually get up?Where will you go next week?Why can Jerry speak English so well?Which girl is your cousin?Which skirt does Susan like best?Whose parents work in Shenzhen?How did you go to Shanghai yesterday?How old is your brother?How many students are there in your class?How much does the coat cost?How much homework do they have to do?特殊疑问句的语序1. 当特殊疑问词指代的内容是句子的主语时，其语序为; 特殊疑问词+谓语动词+其他成分如; Who does the work?2.当特殊疑问词指代的内容不是句子的主语时，其语序为；特殊疑问词+be动词/ 助动词/ 情态动词+主语+实义动词+其他成分不定冠词a和an不定冠词a和an用于不可数名词单数前，意为“一个（支、把、只、名…）”。
A 用于辅音音素（注意；不是辅音字母）开头的单词前，an 用于元音音素（注意；不是元音字母）开头的单词前。
巩固练习一、用适当的特殊疑问词填空1.-___________ will go to Beijing with you next week?-My parents.2.-___________do you often get up?-At about 6; 30 a.m.3.-___________ does Joan often go running? - In the park.4.-___________ do you like the Mid-Autumn Festival, Peter?5.-___________ does Jack’s father do? -He is a doctor.6.-___________ apple juice would you like? -Only a little please.7.-___________ does Jason go after school? -To the gym.8.-___________ do you often go to school? - By bike.9.-___________ subject do you like best, Chinese,Maths or English? -English.10.-___________ students are there in your class? -Forty-five.11.-___________ day is it today? -Thursday.12.-___________ is playing the guitar over there? -My brother.13.-___________ is your grandfather? -Eighty-eight years old.14.-___________ do you want to have a Chinese e-friend? -Because I want to practise Chinesewith someone.15.-___________ does your mother get home? -At about 6﹕00 p.m.16.-___________ dictionary is lost? -Tim’s.二、就划线部分提问。
8B Unit2 Body languageGrammar：动名词动名词是非限定动词的一种形式，由动词原形+ing构成。
它既有动词的特征，又有名词的特征, 在句中可以有自己的宾语和状语,可作主语、宾语、表语。
构成规则如下：1)直接加ing(going,being,seeing);2)以不发音的－e结尾的动词，须去掉e再加ing(coming writing taking);3)重读闭音节结尾的动词，末尾只有一个辅音时，辅音字母须双写，然后加ing(sitting beginning running stopping)4)少数几个以－ie结尾的单音节动词，须变i为y，再加ing(dying （die） tying （tie） lying（lie）【同步训练】find-->_______ become-->_______forget-->_______ lie-->_______【具体用法】1.动名词作主语动名词用法之一是可在句中作主语，与不定式作主语一样也可用it作形式主语，例如：1.Learning Chinese is not an easy thing学中文不是一件容易的事。
2.Seeing is believing.眼见为实。
3.It is no use talking without doing．光说不做没有用。
【同步训练】用正确形式填空1.F______（fight）broke out between the South and the North. 南方与北方开战了。
2.P______（paint） is his hobby．绘画是他的爱好。
【典型例题】—What do you think made Mary so upset？— __________ her new bicycle．A．As she lost B．Lost C．Losing D．Because of losing2.动名词作宾语（1）动词后加动名词doing作宾语V. + doing sth ： admit承认 appreciate感激，赞赏avoid避免complete完成consider认为delay耽误 deny否认detest讨厌endure忍受enjoy喜欢escape逃脱prevent阻止 fancy想象finish完成imagine想象mind介意 miss想念 postpone推迟practice训练recall回忆 resent讨厌resist抵抗resume继续risk冒险suggest建议 face面对keep继续include包括stand忍受understand理解forgive宽恕例如：1）Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?请问你介意把收音机音量调小一点吗？2）The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.松鼠刚幸运地躲过了捕捉。
一、选择题1．Wang Lin a watch.A．doesn’t has B．doesn’t haveC．don’t have D．don’t has B解析：B【解析】【分析】【详解】句意“王林没有手表”。
Wang Lin为单数，用does，排除C和D，且助动词后用动词原形，故选B。
2．If it ___________ tomorrow, we will have a barbecue in the park.A．will rain B．rains C．won't rain D．doesn't rain D解析：D【解析】【详解】句意：如果明天不下雨，我们就在公园里烧烤。
A. will rain将下雨；一般将来时；B. rains下雨，第三人称单数；C. won't rain不会下雨，一般将来时的否定形式；D. doesn't rain不下雨，第三人称单数否定形式。
这里是if引导的条件状语从句，遵循主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时态，排除AC；这里是不下雨，否定句，主语是it第三人称单数，否定句要借助助动词does+not+动词原形。
根据题意，故选D。
3．Tigers eat fruits and the camel eat meat .A．don’t ; doesn’t B．doesn’t ; don’tC．don’t ; don’t D．doesn’t ; doesn’t A解析：A【解析】试题分析：在一般现在时态中，当句子中有行为动词时，应该用结构：当句子的主语为非三单形式时，要借助于助动词do,其结构为：主语+don’t 动词原形+其他；主语是三单时，其结构是主语+doesn’t+动词原形。
当句子中没有行为动词时，要在be 动词后面加not。
根据选择项的提示可知eat是行为动词，且主语是tigers和the camel前者要用don’t，后者要用doesn’t，故选A。
新牛津深圳版八年级英语下册Unit1知识点语法精讲精练（1）Wordsraise v. 筹募，增高，增加permission n.准许，不可数名词ask permission报请批准disabled adj.丧失能力的able adj. 有能力的be able to = canoffer v.主动提出offer to do sth.主动提出做某事，serious adj. 严重的–ly adv.organize v. 组织organization n. lonely adj. 孤独的alonedifficulty n.困难difficult adj. 困难的hurt v.伤害hurt oneself 伤了自己(hurt , hurt )pay v. 付费pay for 与take cost spend 的区别（2）Phrasesin need 需要帮助的voluntary work 义务工作ask permission 报请批准suffer from 因…受苦raise one’s spirits 使振奋= cheer up in order to 目的在于so that 为的是与so …that的区别make friends with …与…交朋友look after = take care of = care for 照顾because of 因为与because 的区别talk to / with / about 谈论teach sb. to do sth. 交某人做某事offer to do sth 主动提出做某事take photos of 照相help sb. do / with sth. 帮助某人做某事continue to do sth. 继续做某事need to do sth. 需要做某事in good health 身体健康be afraid of + n. / pron / doing害怕…enjoy oneself / doing 玩的愉快/喜欢做某事decide to do sth. 决定做某事（3）Sentences1 I met a girl called Cindy.我遇见一个叫森迪的女孩。
卓越个性化教案GFJW0901Unit 7 School clubs GrammarStep 1语法讲解：一般过去时一、概念过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,或者是过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
其谓语部分用动词的过去式来表示，实义动词没有人称和数的变化，但be动词有单数was和复数were之分。
二、通常使用一般过去时的时间状语如：yesterday 昨天、the day before yesterday 前天、two days ago…两天前… 、the other day前几天、last night (week 、Sunday 、weekend、month、winter、year、century 世纪）、ago 很久以前（一段时间+ago）、this morning今天早上、just now 刚刚、at the moment 那时、at the age of 8在8岁的时候、one day 、once upon a time 很久以前、in the old days 过去的日子里、long long ago很久以前三、行为动词的一般过去式行为动词是指表示具体动作的动词，如play, watch, eat等，它们的过去式表示这个动作发生在过去的某一时间。
We played basketball yesterday.1、行为动词的过去式的构成：可概括为“直、去、双、改”四字诀。
①一般情况下在动词原形后直接加ed. 如watched, played.②以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，去掉e再加ed.如hoped, lived.③重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母，即“辅＋元＋辅”（w和y除外），须双写最后一个辅音字母，再加ed.如stopped, dragged, dropped, planned, chatted, kidded, begged, regretted, controlled, admitted, occurred, preferred, referred, permitted, equipped等.注意：quarrel, signal, travel中的l可双写（英国英语）也可不双写（美国英语）注：加现在分词时，需要留意以下两种情况。
一、选择题1．Zhang Lan likes English, but she _______ maths.A．isn’t like B．doesn’t like C．aren’t like D．don’t like B解析：B【解析】试题分析：句意：张兰喜欢英语，但是她不喜欢数学。
一般现在时态中，实意动词的否定形式要借助于do和does加not来构成，本句主语she是单数第三人称，故助动词用does，选B。
考点：一般现在时态的构成点评：英语中一般现在时态共有三种形式。
第一种是由be动词构成的系表结构；第二种是由情态动词加动词原形构成；第三种是由主语加实意动词构成，其否定形式及疑问句要借助于助动词do和does来构成。
2．--- Mum, there's no milk in the fridge.一Oh; but there ____________ two bottles of apple juice in it.A．are B．isn't C．aren't D．is A解析：A【解析】【详解】句意：——妈妈，冰箱里没有牛奶了。
——哦;但是里面有两瓶苹果汁。
考查there be结构。
there be结构遵循就近原则，two bottles两瓶，系词需用are；but表转折，根据句意语境，可知本句是肯定句，故选A。
3．Mr. White __________ the blue trousers because __________his shirt well.A．likes; they don't match B．doesn’t like; they don’t match C．likes; it matches D．doesn't like; it matches B解析：B【解析】【详解】句意：怀特先生不喜欢这个蓝色的裤子，因为他们不能和他的衬衫很好地搭配。
名词语法讲义：1．名词复数的规则变化★★★★ 情况构成方法例词一般情况+s 略以s,sh,ch,x 等结尾的词+es buses,watches,boxe（s 对应单选11 题）以辅音字母＋y 结尾的词把y 变i 加es babies,copies 以o 为结尾的词（1）+s photos,pianos,radios,zoos,kangaroos 以o 为结尾的词（2）+es potatoes,tomatoes,heroes 以 f 或fe 为结尾的词（1）+s beliefs,roofs,safes,gulfs以 f 或fe 为结尾的词（2） f 或fe 变为ves halves,knives,leaves,wolves,wives,lives,thieves 2．名词复数的不规则变化★★★1）child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice man-men woman-women （对应填空12 题）2）单复同形：deer, sheep, fish, Chinese, Japanese3）集体名词，谓语用复数：people, police, cattle （a person, a policeman, a head of cattle）4）以s 结尾，但谓语用单数：maths, politics, physics, news, the United States, the United Nations5）最常见的不可数名词有：advice, baggage, cha ngd零钱）,furniture, homework, in formati on, kno wledge,luggage, money, news, progress, traffic （对应单选16 题，39 题）6）既做不可数又做不可数的名词：fish, glass, room, experienee, time, exercise （对应单选50题）3．主要国名，居民，语言★★国家人（单数）人（复数）语言America an American two Americans EnglishAustralia an Australian two Australians English Canada a Canadian two Canadians English/FrenchChina a Chinese two Chinese ChineseEngland an Englishman two Englishmen English France a Frenchman two Frenchmen French Germany a German two Germans GermanIndia an Indian two Indians HindiItaly an Italian two Italians ItalianJapan a Japanese two Japanese JapaneseRussia a Russian two Russians RussianSweden a Swede two Swedes SwedishSwitzerland a Swiss two Swiss French4.名词的格★★★1）+ ' 例: the girl ' s book Lily and Lucy's room Lily's and Lucy's rooms2）名词词尾有s 只加'例：the students ' teacher3）用of 表示例：a friend of mine the title of the composition4）在职业或某人后面+' s表示场所或某人家例：the barber ' s at my uncle s5）名词做定语时，复数通常不变化： a banana tree---some banana trees,但是由man 或woman 做定语时，复数要变化： a woman teacher---some women teachers, a man worker---two men worker(s 对应单选37 题)6) the+ 姓氏s 表示一家人例：the Greens7) 同一人兼职两种职业例：the writer and singer 这位作家兼歌手5．特别记忆的所有格★(1) the key to the door (2) the answer to the question (3) the bridge to the knowledge(4) the way to school (5) the exit to the building (6) the entrance to the building 可记为：钥匙答案桥和路，出入口的所有格用to6. 修饰名词的量词★★★( 1 )修饰可数名词：many, a good many, many a, a large number of, a few, few(2) 修饰不可数名词：much, a great deal of, a large amount of, a little, little(3) 即可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词：a lot of, lots of, some, plenty of, a large quantity of, quantities ofLesson 1 名词一、用所给词的适当形式填空。
1. March 8 is _______________ Da(y. woman)2. It ' s about _____________ walk from here to the cinema. (twenty minutes)3. Whose room is this? It ' s ________________ . (Mike and John)4. I was surprised I met a friend of _______________ and a friend of my ______________ at the same place.(me, father)5. “ Whose biikseit? ” “ It 's ____________________ .” (John)6. The second room is the ______________ office. (teacher)7. ____________ went to France for a holiday. (Smith)8. We are going to the ______________ P alace this morning.(child)9. He is a student of ____________ . (Tom ' s brother)10. The museum isn't far. It ' s only _________________ walk. (half an hour)11. Uncle Wang bought two ______________ yesterday. (watch)12. How many ______________ has the baby got? (tooth)13. --- What can I do for you? ---I ' deliktwo ______________ . (box of apple)14. How many _______________ are there on the table?(bottle of water )15. There are a lot of _______________ down there but hardly any ______________ .(sheep, people)16. Mr. Lin often gives us ______________ by E-mail. (some good information)17. _______________ had a good journey in Kunming last year. (Black)18. Do all the _______________ know English? (German)19. ---Help yourself to _______________ . ---Thanks, Mmm. It tastes good. (some chicken)20. Twelve _______________ were hurt, but no _______________ were lost in that accident. (person, life)二、单选题21. Miss Smith is a friend of __ .A. Mary ' s mother ' sB. Mary 's motherC. Mother 's of MaryD. Mary mother 's22. --- Where is your brother? -- At __________ .A. Mr. Green ' sB. GreensC. the Mr. Green23. He said that two _________ would come to our village the next day. A. women ' s doctorsB. women doctors C. woman doctors D. women doctor 24. In those ______ there is some _______A. plates, meatB. plate, meatC. plate, meatsD. plates, meats 25. Then the began to eat the green ______ of young trees. A. deer, leafs B. deer, leaves C. deer, leaf D. deers, leafs26. The Summer Palace is one of ________ in Beijing.A. beautiful parkB. more beautiful parkC. the most beautiful parkD. the most beautiful parks 27. A group of are talking with two ______ . A.Gemans, Frenchmans B.Frenchmans, Germen C.German, FrenchmanD.Frenchmen, GermansA. lifeB. livesC. liveD. lifes30. Beijing is one of the biggest ______ in the world. A. cityes B. city C. citys D. cities31. ____ are playing tennis on the playground.A. The BrownsB. The Brown 'Cs. Browns D. Brown 's32. Computers cannot completely take the place of _______ . A. peoples B. a man C. people D. humans33. In the meeting-room the scientist was giving a talk on space in ________ A. China ' s B. American C. French D. British 34. Now I want to give you _______ .A. an adviceB. a good adviceC. some adviceD.some advices 35. ______ came that I was wanted at the office. A. A news B. Word C. Talk D. Words36. There is ________ bridge over the river. A. an 800---metre---long B. an 800-metres--- longC. a 800---metre---longD. a 800---metre —s long 37. Both my mother and Mary are _______ .A. woman doctorB. women doctorC. woman doctorsD. women doctors 38. Can you tell me how to go to the _______ ? A. shoe store B. shoes store C. shoes ' store D. shoe ' s store 39. A few __ will be needed in the new room. A. furnitures B. furniture C. pieces of furniture 40. This desk is ________A. Tom 's and John 'sB. Tom and JohnC. Tom and John 'sD. Tom 's and John41. It 's __________ from my home to the school.s D. the Greens 28. Look at the _______ . You can see A. photos, potatoes, tomatoes, radioes C. photos, potatoes, tomatoes, radios 29. Who saved their _____ ?_____ , _______ and _______ . B. photoes, potatoes, tomatoes, radios D. photos, potatos, tomatos, radioesD. bookshelfA. ten minute 's walksB. ten minute 's walkC. ten minutes ' walkD. ten minutes walk42. The villagers keep such _______ for wool.A. sheepsB. a sheepC. many sheepsD. many sheep43. _______ helps me in my English study.A. A friend of my fatherB. A friend of my father 'sC. My father 's one friendD. A my father 's friend44. The ________ of the old houses are covered with ________A. roofs---leafsB. roves ---leavesC. roofs---leavesD. roves---leafs45. Two _______ and three ________ visited our school yesterday.A. Englishmans, GermenB. Englishmen, GermenC. Englishmen, GermansD. Englishmans, Germans46. Lee 's handwriting is better than__ in his class.A. anyone 'sB. anyone elseC. anyone else 'sD. anyone 's else 's47. There are ________ under the table.A. four basket of applesB. four baskets of applesC. four baskets applesD. four basket of apples48. It was ________ that we went camping in the mountains last week.A. such nice weatherB. too nice weatherC. so nice a weatherD. nice weather so49. September 10 is ________ Day.A. TeachersB. Teachers 'C. the Teachers 'D. the Teacher 's50. You should do more _______ . Don 't always sit at the desk busy doing _________ .A. exercise, exercisesB. exercises, exerciseC. exercises, exercisesD. exercise, exercise三、中考真题演练1. __________________________________ —It 's said that you have moved into a new hou（se. 2010 湖南省娄底市）—Yeah，and we need to buy some in the mall nearby.A. foodB. furnitureC. hamburger2. ________________________ —Well, you look so happy! （2010 四川省内江市） --Because I got a good _________________________ .A. workB. newsC. job3. Sandy didn 't tell her parents that she was going home because she wanted to give them a _______ （2010 江苏省宿迁市）A. giftB. callC. surpriseD. note4. You can get much ____ about the World Expo on the Internet. （2010年上海市）A.mapB. pictureC. ticketD. information5. The customers are pleased with the ______ of the restaurant. （2010年上海市）A. balanceB. experienceC. surfaceD. service6. -Lily has a silk _________ 丄isten, she is singing in the next room!（ 2010 福建省晋江市）-- How nice!.A. lookB. noiseC. voiceD. sound7. —Wow,so many beautiful cars! I don 't know which one to20b1u0y. 江苏省扬州市）--Anyway ,you have to make a ______ .A. conclusionB. connectionC. decisionD. presentation8. We need to come up with a/an _______ and make a decision at once.（2010 吉林省通化市）A. informationB. adviceC. ideaD. news9. --Would you like some _____ ?（2010 浙江省湖州市）--No, thank you. I 'm not hungry at all.A. waterB. booksC. clothesD. bread10. --When will the 2010 World Expo come to a close? （2010 湖北省荆州市）--It 'll close at the end of ________ .A. SeptemberB. OctoberC. NovemberD. December四、学校真题演练1. There are ______ on the mountain. （实验学校）A. some deersB. a deerC. deeresD. some little deer2. ______ that pair of new ________ Mary's? （实验学校）A. Is, shoeB. Are, shoeC. Is, shoesD. Are, shoes3. I'm very thirsty. May I have ______ , please?（实验学校）A. two cups of teasB. two cups of teaC. two cup of teasD. two cup of tea4. A group of _____ are talking with two _________ .（实验学校）A. Frenchmen; GermansB. German; FrenchmenC. Frenchmans; GemenD. Germans; Frenchmans5.4000 dollars ______ e n oug h for me. （实验学校）A. areB. isC. doD. does名词参考答案：单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称人称代词（主格） I you he she it we you they人称代词（宾格） me you him her it us you them物主代词（形容词性）my your his her its our your their物主代词（名词性）mine yours his hers its ours yours theirsI .代词表格★★★★对应学校真题第 1 题）1. 需要物主代词的一些短语：all one ' s一生，终生；change one ' s mind变想法/主意；come into one ' s m想起; do/try one' s beS尽力，竭尽全力；do one ' s homewo做家庭作业；follow one ' s exam仿照........... 的榜样；lose one ' s 丧e生；make up one ' s mi下决心，决定；on one ' s wlayme 回家的路上；take one ' stime不急，慢慢干；to one "surprise使某人惊奇的是；with one ' s he在＞（某人）帮助下2. 需要反身代词的一些短语：反身代词myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves指示代词this, that these, thosehelp yourself / yourselves to 请随便吃；enjoy on eself 玩地高兴，过得愉快；leave sb. by on eself 某人单独留下；all by oneself 独自地，孤独地; teach oneself/ learn by oneself 自学；say to oneself 心里想着，自信自语；dress oneself 自己穿上3. 代词it 的特殊用法.（1）有时可指文中不太清楚的那个人，指代child, baby 等性别不太清楚的名词，指代someone 和somebody 等表示人的不定代词。
