火灾消防报警和安全检测(外文文献翻译)

Quality and InspectionAccording to the American Society for Quality Control (ASQC), quality is the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy given needs. The definition implies that the needs of the customer must be identified first because satisfaction of those needs is the “bottom line” of achieving quality. Customer needs should then be transformed into product features and characteristics so that a design and the product specifications can be prepared.In addition to a proper understanding of the term quality, it is important to understand the meaning of the terms quality management, quality assurance, and quality control.Quality management is that aspect of the overall management function that determines and implements the quality policy. The responsibility for quality management belongs to senior management. This activity includes strategic planning, allocation of resources, and related quality program activities.Quality assurance includes all the planned or systematic actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that a product or service will satisfy given needs. These actions are aimed at providing confidence that the quality system is working properly and include evaluating the adequacy of the designs and specifications or auditing the production operations for capability. Internal quality assurance aims at providing confidence to the management of a company, while external quality assurance provides assurance of product quality to those who buy from that company.Quality control companies the operational techniques and activities that sustain a quality of product or service so that the product will satisfy given needs. The quality control function is closest to the product in that various techniques of unsatisfactory sources of quality performance.Many of the quality systems of the past were designed with the objective of sorting good products from bad products during the various processing steps. Those products judged to be bad had to be reworked to meet specifications. If they could not be reworked, they were scrapped. This type of system is known as a “detection correction” system. With this system, problems were not found until the products were inspected or when they were used by the customer. Because of the inherent nature of human inspectors, the effectiveness of the sorting operations was often less than 90%. Quality systems that are preventive in nature are being widely implemented. These systems prevent problems from occurring in the fist place by placing emphasison proper planning and problem prevention in all phases of the product cycle.The final word on how well a product fulfills needs and expectations is given by the customers and users of that product and is influenced by the offering of competitors that may also be available to those customers and users. It is important to recognize that final word is formed over the entire life of the product, not just when it was purchased.Being aware of customers’ needs and expectat ions is very important, as was previously discussed. In addition, focusing the attention of all employees in an enterprise on the customers and users and their needs will result in a more effective quality system. For example, group discussions on product designs and specifications should include specific discussion of the needs to be satisfied.A basic commitment management should be that quality improvement must be relentlessly pursued. Actions should be ingrained in the day-to-day working of the company that recognize that quality is a moving target in today’s marketplace driven by constantly rising customer expectations. Traditional efforts that set a quality level perceived to be right for a product and direct all efforts to only maintain that level will not be successful in the long haul. Rather, management must orient the organization so that once the so--called right quality level for a product has been attained; improvement efforts continue to achieve progressively higher quality levels.To achieve the most effective improvement efforts, management should understand that quality and cost are complementary and not conflicting objectives. Traditionally, recommendations were made to management that a choice had to be made between quality and cost--the so--called tradeoff decision--because better quality inevitably would somehow cost more and make production difficult. Experience throughout the world has shown that this is not true. Good quality fundamentally leads to good resource utilization and consequently means good productivity and low quality costs. Also significant is the higher sales and market penetration result from products that are perceived by customers to have high quality and performance reliability during use.Four basic categories of quality costs are described in the following:（1）Prevention--costs incurred in planning, implementing, and maintaining a quality system that will ensure conformance to quality requirement at economical levels. An example of prevention cost is training in the use of statistical process control.（2）Appraisal—costs incurred in determining the degree of conformance toquality requirements. An example of appraisal cost is inspection.（3）Internal failure—costs arising when products, components, and materials fail to meet quality requirements prior to transfer of ownership to the customer. An example of internal failure cost is scrap.（4）External failure—costs incurred when products fail to meet quality requirements after transfer of ownership to the customer. An example of external failure cost is warranty claims.A problem—solving approach should be followed in seeking quality improvement. The results of any improvement effort will not be permanent unless the root causes of the problems have been found so appropriate (irreversible) corrective action can be implemented.The root cause can be defined as the real cause of a problem. This is often quite different from the apparent cause, which appears after a superficial investigation. A frequently asked question is how to known when the root cause is found and when the investigator is not still being deceived by the apparent cause. A meaning answer is that if the root cause has been found, the problem is able to be turned on and off by adding or removing the cause.Once the root cause has been found, an irreversible corrective action must be implemented so there is no foreseeable situation by which the root cause can return and so permanent improvement results.Although the level of quality control is determined in large part by probability theory and statistical calculations, it is very important that the data collection processes on which these procedures depend be appropriate and accurate. The best statistical procedure is worthless if fed faulty data, and like machining processes, inspection data collection is itself a process with practical limits of accuracy, precision, resolution, and repeatability.All inspection and/or measurement processes can be defined in terms of their accuracy and repeatability, just as a manufacturing process is evaluated for accuracy and repeatability. Controlled experiments can be performed, and statistical measures of the results can be made to determine the performance of a method of inspection relative to the parts to be inspected. Suitability of one or another method can be judged on the basis of standard deviations and confidence levels that apply to each approach as used in a given inspection situation.质量与检测根据美国质量管理协会的定义，质量是产品或服务能够满足规定需求而具有的特性和特征的总和。

中英文对照表--------------消防专业abandonment 离弃（指见死不救的行为）abatement of smoke 消减烟雾（法）ABC extinguisher [消]ABC灭火器（能用来扑灭A、B、C类火灾的灭火器）ABC method 心肺复苏法ABC powder extinguishing agent [消]ABC 干粉灭火剂（适用于扑救A类、B类和C类火灾的干粉灭火剂）ablation characteristics 烧蚀特征ablation of melting body 熔融物体的烧蚀ablation-product radiation 烧蚀生成物的辐射abnormal combustion 异常燃烧（发动机爆震，早燃等不正常的总称）abnormal condition 反常情况，不正常状态，非正常状态absolute temperature 绝对温度absolute temperature scale 绝对温标absorbed gas 吸收状态气体（或瓦斯）absorbent for confining spills 限制溢出物蔓延的吸收性材料Acceptance check and reception systems of plant 设备验收交接制度Acceptance regulation of equipment repair quality 设备修理质量验收制度Accessible Means of Egress 易通行的疏散通道Accident due to quality 质量事故Accident management regulation of plant 设备事故管理制度Accommodation stairway 简易楼梯acousto-optic effect 声光效应Added value rate of plant assets 设备资产增值率Addressable alarm system 可编程（址）报警系统Adjustable piston valve 活动式汽阀Adjustable pressure limiting valve 可调限压阀Adjustable retrictor valve 可调节流阀Aerial extinguisher 航空灭火装置Aerial ladder fire truck 云梯消防车Afterbirth-like crystal 胞状晶Agricultural fire pump 农用消防泵Air inlet 进风口Air lift pump 气泡泵Air pressure balance for fire control 均压防灭火Air－foam fire branch 空气泡沫枪Air-lift pump 气升泵Airport crash fire vehicle 机场消防车Alarm 报警Alarm （in control room）（控制室内）报警Alarm and protection system 报警保护系统Alarm device 报警装置Alarm display panel 报警显示器Alarm for voltage 电压报警器Alarm gamma ray survey 报警器伽玛测量Alarm of fire 火灾警报Alarm pressure 报警压力Alarm signal 报警信号Alarm system 报警系统Alarm unit 报警单元Alcohol resistant foam concentrate 抗溶泡沫液Alert data 报警数据Amino group powder 氨基干粉An1quan2fang1mian4de5wei1xian3 安全方面的危险Analog warning accuracy 模拟报警精度analog warning test 模拟报警试验analogue detection and alarm system 模拟量探测报警系统Ancient and rare trees 古树名木Annular pressure loss 环空泵压损失Anti-burning mechanical draft cooling tower 阻燃型冷却塔Anti-collision warning device 防碰报警装置Appliance carrying fire vehicle 器材消防车Aqueous film forming foam concentrate 水成膜泡沫液arc resistance 耐电弧性Area of Refuge 避难区域Areal （departmental） repair center 地区（部门）修理中心Arson 放火Automatic explosion suppression system 自动抑爆系统Automatic fire a1arm system 火灾自动报警系统Automatic fire alarm system 火灾自动报警系统automatic fire equipment 自动消防设备Automatic fire signa1 自动火灾信号automatic light control 自动光强控制装置Automatic sprinkling fire extinguishing system 自动喷水灭火系统Auxiliary fire vehicle 后援消防车average deviation 平均偏差Average pump pressure 平均泵压a.a.r against all risk 综合险，保一切险，保全险AA auto-alarm 自动报警AAB Aircraft Accident Board 飞行事故调查委员会AAC automat and automatical control 自动装置和自动控制AACC American automatic control council 美国自动控制委员会AACC American Association for Contamination control 美国控制污染协会AAE American Association of Engineers 美国工程师协会AAEC Australian Atomic Energy commission 澳大利亚原子能委员会AAEE American Association of Electrical Engineers 美国电气工程师委员会AAJ Architectural Association of Japan 日本建筑协会AAR aircraft accident report 飞机事故报告AAS American Association for the advancement of Science 美国科学促进协会Ab air-breaker 空气断路器baby Bangor [消]小拉梯〈一种没有绳索和滑轮的拉梯，主要用于建筑物内部〉back flame [消]复燃火焰〈熄灭后再燃的火焰〉back pack [消]背包式灭火器〈背负的五加仑灭火器，内装泵，用于扑救草地和灌木丛〉back pack pump tank 背负式带泵灭火器back pack pump tank fire extinguisher [消]小型背负泵式灭火器back pressure valve 止回阀，背压阀back scattering 反向（后向）散射back stair 后楼梯，辅助楼梯back staircase 后楼梯，辅助楼梯间back step [消]（消防车的）后踏板back stopping [矿]上向梯段回采back strack 由原路退回back stretch [消]反向铺设水带back up 1、备用的，候补的2、倒转，回退back-up battery 备用电源back-up breaker 备用断路器Back-up safety functions 辅助安全功能baffle 1、隔板 2、[消]水箱隔板 3、隔火板 4、缓冲板 5、导流叶片 6、遮护物balanced system 1、[消]均衡系统 2、均衡系统，对称系统Balancing pressure on stopping 均压防灭火ball blanket [消]塑料球覆盖层ball cock 浮球阀ball hydrant [消]球形消防栓ballast tank 1、压载水枪 2、压载舱ball-float liquid-level meter 球形浮子液面计Base injection foam extinguishing system 液下喷射泡沫灭火系统Beat fireproof 建防火带Bell character 报警字符Biological Chip 生物芯片biplane butterfly valve 平板蝶阀Blower extinguishment 风机灭火Blow-off valve seat 放水阀座Boiler safety valve 安全阀Boilor check valve seat 止回阀座Branch crystal 树枝晶Budget of installation 安装预算bulk range 喷射距离Burn （Verb）燃烧（动词）Burning behaviour 燃烧性能Bursting 爆裂butterfly valve 蝴蝶阀by-pass valve 旁通阀Cabinet extinguishing equipment 柜式灭火装置Cabinet foam extinguishing eguipment 柜式泡沫灭火装置cabinet foam extinguishing equipment [消]柜式泡沫灭火装置cabinet type hose washing machine [消]柜式洗水带机cable line-type fixed temperature detector [消]缆式线型定温探测器〈采用缆式线结构的线型定温探测器〉cable tray fire break 电缆槽盒阻火物cable vault 电缆进线室cable-tray penetration 电缆槽盒穿透（度）cable-tray temperature sensor 缆式温度传感器calamity damage insurance 火灾保险calculation of probabilities [林]可能性推算calibration criterion 校准标准call back 1、[消]火灾报警箱 2、[英]公用电话亭 3、[消]召回Calorific potential 潜热能camp boss [林]营地管理员〈负责建立和管理一个消防营地的人〉campaign fire [林]战役火灾〈要花一天以上才能扑灭的森林火灾〉campfire [林]营火camshaft 凸轮轴，分配轴can [口][消]灭火器Canadian Association of fire Chiefs 加拿大消防长官协会Canadian Association of fire Investigators 加拿大火灾调查委员会Canadian Automotive Rescue Society 加拿大汽车救援协会Canadian Centre for Emergency Preparedness 加拿大应急准备中心Candela 坎德拉Capital investment recovery period of plant 设备投资产出比Carbon dioxide extinguishing agent 二氧化碳灭火剂Carbon dioxide extinguishing system 二氧化碳灭火系统Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher 二氧化碳灭火器Carbon dioxide fire vehicle 二氧化碳消防车casting-state structure 铸态组织Catchpit 集流坑Ceiling screen 挡烟垂壁Central alarm station 中央报警站Central fire alarm control unit 集中火灾报警控制器Centralized maintenance 集中维修centrifugal pump 离心泵Centrifugal pump drainage 离心泵排水Centrifugal water pump 离心式水泵Check point 检测点Check valve 止回阀Chemical foam 化学泡沫Chemical reaction extinguisher 化学反应式灭火器Chemical reaction fire extinguisher 化学反应式灭火器Chimney effect 烟囱效应Chip 芯片Chute rail smoke extinguishing system 滑道架式烟雾灭火系统CIF of imported equipment 进口设备到岸价city fire station 城镇消防站city path for fire wehicles 城镇消防通道Claims for equipment 设备索赔Class A A类火Class B B类火Class C C类火Class D D类火class of safety protection 安全防护等级Classified management of plant 设备分级管理CO fire extinguishing system 二氧化碳灭火Cocrystallization 共晶体Coefficient of pump pressure 泵压系数Coercionary service system 强制保养制coercive force 矫顽力Combination of design, manufacturing and operation 设计、制造和使用相结合combination of professional management and mass management 专业管理和群众管理相结合Combination of repair, modernization and renewal 修理、改造和更新相结合Combination of service and planned maintenance 维护和计划检修相结合combination of technical management and economic management 技术管理和经济管理相结合Combination type fire detector 复合式火灾探测器Combined agent extinguishing system 混合灭火系统Combined extinguishing 综合灭火Combined maintenance 混合维修Combined smoke and powder extinguishing system 烟雾干粉联用灭火系统combustibility 可燃性Combustiblc 可燃的Combustion 燃烧Command and communication fire vehicle 通讯指挥消防车Commodity inspection 商检（商品检验）complete discharge 完全喷射Complete set of plant 设备的成套性Complexity coefficient of repair 修理复杂系数Comprehensive utilization ratio of plant 设备综合利用率Compressed air pump drainage 压气泵排水Constitution ratio of plant 设备构成比containment spray system 安全壳喷淋系统[压水堆]contract change and cancellation 合同变更和解除control valve 调节阀Coordinate Bond 配价键Coordination Compound 配位化合物Copper 铜core spray system 堆芯喷淋系统[沸水堆]Corridor 走廊cost for re-building the historical and cultural relics 文物建筑重建费Criticality alarm system 临界报警系统crystal boundary 晶界Crystal particle 晶粒ctric spark 电火花Current consumption at alarm 报警电流current density 电流密度cyindrical plug valve 圆柱形转阀cylindrical crystal 柱状晶cylindrical valve 圆筒阀CAFS compressed air foam system [消]压缩空气泡沫系统dabo 护墙板，墙裙Dahill hoist 达希尔升降机〈一种以压缩气体为动力的升降机〉daily burning cycle [林]日火烧周期〈24小时的燃烧周期，从上午10算起〉daily activity level [林]日常活动等级damage 损害，损失damage area [消]1、烧毁面积 2、受损地区，毁坏地区damage control tender [消]防损车〈用于预防或减少灭火战斗中水渍等损失的消防车〉damage length 烧毁长度〈烧毁面积在特定的方向的最大距离〉damagerous articles package 危险品包装Damkohler number 丹姆克尔数damming 修筑隔墙damp atmosphere 湿大气damp down fire （用沙子灭等）灭火，消火damped 被（瓦斯）窒息的damper control 风门控制装置damposcope 爆炸瓦斯指示器danger index [林]火险指数danger meter [林]火险尺（法）Dangerous Chemical Substances or Hazardous Chemicals 化学危险物品data processing system security 数据处理系统安全性Data security 数据安全Date of residual magnetism 剩磁数据dead air 1、含有大量CO2的空气。

外文文献原稿和译文原稿Multiple single-chip microcomputer approach tofire detection and monitoring systemA.J. AI-Khalili, MSc, PhDD. AI-Khalili, MSc, PhDM.S. Khassem, MScIndexing term : Hazards, Design, Plant condition monitoringAbstract: A complete system for fire detection and alarm monitoring has been proposed for complex plants. The system uses multiple single chip architecture attached to a party line. The control algorithm is based on a two-level hierarchy of decision making, thus the complexity is distributed. A complete circuit diagram is given for the local and the central station with requirements for the software structure. The design is kept in general form such that it can be adapted to a multitude of plant configurations. It is particularly shown how new developments in technology, especially CMOS single chip devices, are incorporated in the system design to reduce the complexity of the overall hardware, e.g. by decomposing the system such that lower levels of hierarchy are able to have some autonomy in decision making, and thus a more complex decision is solved in a simple distributed method.1 Detection and alarm devicesA basic fire detection system consists of two parts, detection and annunciation. An automatic detection device, such as a heat, smoke or flame detector, ultraviolet or infrared detectors or flame flicker, is based on detectingthe byproduct of a combustion. Smoke detectors, of both ionization and optical types, are the most commonly useddetector devices. When a typical detector of this type enters the alarm state its current consumption increasesfrom the pA to the mA range (say, from a mere 15pA in the dormant mode to 60 mA) in the active mode. Inmany detectors the detector output voltage is well defined under various operating conditions, such as thosegiven in Table 1. The more sensitive thedetector, the more susceptible it is to false alarms.In order to control the detector precisely, either of the following methods is used: a coincidence technique can be built into the detector, or a filtering technique such that a logic circuit becomes active only if x alarms are detected within a time period T. The detection technique depends greatly on the location and plant being protected; smoke detectors are used for sleeping areas, infrared or ultraviolet radiation are used when flammable liquids are being handled, heat detectors are used for fire suppression or extinguishing systems. In general, life and property protection have different approaches.Alarm devices, apart from the usual audible or visible alarms, may incorporate solid state sound reproduction and emergency voice communication or printers that record time, date, location and other information required by the standard code of practice for fire protection for complex plants. Heaviside [4] has an excellentreview of all types of detectors and extinguisher systems.1.1 Control philosophy and division of labourOur control philosophy is implemented hierarchically. Three levels of system hierarchy are implemented, with two levels of decision making. There is no communication between equipment on the same level. Interaction between levels occurs by upwards transfer of information regarding the status of the subsystems and downwards transfer of commands. This is shown in Fig. 1 where at level 1 is the central station microcomputer and is the ultimate decision maker (when not in manual mode). At level 2 are the local controllers, which reside in the local stations. At level 3 are the actual detectors and actuators.A manual mode of operation is provided at all levels.Information regarding the status of all detectors is transmitted on a per area basis to the local controllers. Their information is condensed and transmitted upward to the central microcomputer. Transfer of status is always unidirectional and upwards. Transfer of commands is always unidirectional and downwards, with expansion at the local control level. This approach preserves the strict rules of the hierarchy for exact monitoring detection and alarm systems associated with high risk plants.classification of the two layers of controls is based upon layers of decision making, with respect to the facts that(a) When the decision time comes, the making and implementation of a decision cannot be postponed(b) The decisions have uncertainty(c) It will isolate local decisions (e.g. locally we might have an alarm although there may be a fault with the system)2 General hardwareI :Fig. 2 depicts our design in the simplest of forms. The system uses an open party line approach with four conductor cables going in a loop shared by all the remote devices and the control panel. This approach is simple in concept and is economically feasible. However, one major disadvantage is the dependency on a single cable for power and signaling. In cases where reliability is of extreme importance,two or even three cables taking differentroutes throughout the system may be connected in parallel. Fig. 3 gives the driver circuitry required to derive an expandable bus. This design takes advantage of recent advances in the single chip microcomputer technology to reduce the interface between the central station and the local stations.2. 1CentralcontroltaskAcentral unit provides acentralized point tomonitor and controlthe system activities. In the system to be described the central control unit serves a fivefold purpose.(i) It receives information from the local stations and operates the alarms and other output devices.(ii) It notifies the operator in case of system malfunction.(iii) It provides an overall system control manual and automatic.(iu) It provides a system test point of local stations and itself.(u) It provides a central point for observation, learning and adaptation.2.2 Local stationsThe local stations can take local decisions regarding recognition of a risk situation, and act independently on local affairs. In this technique we depend on ‘load-type coordination’, e.g. the lower level units recognize the existence of other decision units on the same level; the central or the top level provides the lower units with a model of the relationship between its action and the response of the system.It is evident that a powerful machine is required at this stage so that all the required functions can be implemented. The availability of the new generation of microchips makes this architecture a feasible solution.A single chip microcomputer was chosen over discrete digital and analogue devices to interface to the field devices and to the central microcomputer. This is the main reason that previously this approach was not feasible.In selecting the microcomputer for the local stations, the criterion was the requirement for a chip which contains the most integration of the analogue and digital ports required for the interface and the utilization of CMOS technology owing to remoteness of the local stations. The choice was the Motorola 68HC11A4, for the following reasons:(a) It is CMOS technology; this reduces power consumption.(b) It has a UART on board; this facilitates serial communication.(e) It has an a/d converter on board; this eliminates an external A/D.(d) It has 4K of ROM, 256 bytes of RAM, 512 bytes of EERROM with 40 1/0 lines and a 16 bit timer; this satisfied all our memory and 1/0 requirements at the local station side.3 System implementationThe local station: Fig. 3 is the block diagram of the circuit used to utilize the MC68HCllA4 as a remote fire detecting circuit while Fig. 4 illustrates the same circuit in an expanded form. It can be seen that the single microcontroller can be used to monitor more than one detector, thus reducing system cost.The loop power supply, which is usually between 28 and 26 V, is further regulated by a 5 V 100 mA monolithic low power voltage regulator to supply power to the microcontroller. The onboard oscillator,coupled with anexternal crystalof 2.4576 MHz,supplies themicrocontrollerwith its timingsignal which isdividedinternally by fourto yield a processor frequency of 614.4 kHz, which is an even multiple of the RS 232 [7] baud rate generator. In this Section the term ‘supervised input or output’ will be used to mean that the function in question is monitored for open- and short-circuit conditions in addition to its other normal functions. More information can be found in Reference 9.4 Main loop5 ConclusionThis paper describes the development of a large scale fire detection and alarm system using multi-single chip microcomputers. The architecture used is a two-level hierarchy of decision making. This architecture is made possible by the new CMOS microcontrollers which represent a high packing density at a low power consumption yet are powerful in data processing and thus in decision making. Each local station could make an autonomous decision if the higher level of hierarchy allows it to do so. It has been tried to keep the system design in general format so it can be adapted to varying situations. A prototype of the described system has been built and tested [10]. The control part of the central station is implemented with a development card based on MC 68000 microprocessor (MEX 68KECB, by Motorola), which has a built-in monitor called Tutor. The application programs were developed using the features provided by this monitor. The local stations’ controllers were designed using the MC 68705R3, single-chip microcontroller.7 References1 ‘Fire protection guidelines for nuclear power plants’, US NRC Regulatory Guide 1.1202 BAGCHI, C.N.: ‘A multi-level distributed microprocessor system for a nuclear power plant fire protection system controls, monitoring, and communication’, IEEE Trans., 19823 PUCILL, P.M.: ‘Fire hazard protection, detection and monitoring systems’, Sea. Con, 2,Proceedings of Symposium on ADV in offshore and terminal measurement and control systems, Brighton, England, March 1979, pp. 353-3634 HEAVISID, L.: ‘Offshore fire and explosion detection and fixed fire’. Offshore Technological Conference, 12th Annual Proceedings, Houston, Texas, May 1980, pp. 509-5225 CELLENTANI, E.N., and HUMPHREY, W.Y.: ‘Coordinated detect ion/communication approach to fire protection’, Specify: Eng.,6 ‘Motorola Microprocessors Data Manual’ (Motorola Semiconductor Products, Austin, Texas, USA)7 Electronic Industries Association : ‘Interface between data terminal equipment and data communic ation equipment employing serial binary data interchange’ (EIA Standard RS-232, Washington, DC, 1969)8 MESAROVIC, M.D., MACKO, D., TAKAHARA, Y.: ‘Theory of hierarchical multilevel systems’ (Academic Press, 1970)9 KASSEM, M.: ‘Fire alarm systems’, MSc. th esis, Dept. of Elec. & Comp. Eng., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 198510 LIE, P., and KOTAMARTI, U.: ‘The design of a fire alarm system using microprocessors’, C481 Project, Dept. of Elec. and Comp. Eng., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 1986译文基于单片机的火灾探测和监控系统A.J. AI-Khalili, MSc, PhDD. AI-Khalili, MSc, PhDM.S. Khassem, MSc关键词：危险，设计，设备状态监测摘要：火灾探测及报警监控已成为一个复杂而完整的体系。

火灾自动报警外文翻译及外文原文(1)-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1淮阴工学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院：电子与电气工程学院专业：电气工程及其自动化姓名：谭森发学号：1081206122外文出处：IEEE/IET(用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文基于单片机的火灾自动报警系统摘要：本文介绍了基于单片机的自动仓库火灾自动报警系统。

该系统主要由ATmega16的，温度传感器，烟雾传感器，EX-1自动拨通报警模块。

在系统，温度信号转换为串行数据，烟雾信号转化为电压信号。

由MCU的所有数据进行处理。

监控系统检查时，在仓库防火，报警信号被打开，同时消息通过EX-1传送到管理者。

该系统的应用是由仓库经理有效地处理火灾。

关键词：火灾报警传感器，烟雾传感器系统; ATmega16的温度传感器，烟雾传感器1 序言火灾自动报警控制系统经历了一个过程，从简单到复杂和情报系统在中国越来越多。

其特点是自动火灾探测报警技术，随着计算机和检测技术的发展有很大的进步。

目前，火灾自动报警控制系统采用大容量的抽水蓄能电站，商场，高层办公楼，酒店和其他地方。

他们被用在一些更高层次的总线型报警控制系统，智能报警控制方法的一个区域集中的集合，在一些居民区和商业楼宇安装了由单一的火灾自动报警检测装置。

这些检测报警装置，有时失败报告，或误传。

它的可靠性不高，因为使用单一传感器。

因此，需要开发具有结构简单，成本低，可靠性高，响应快的火灾自动检测系统。

2 该系统的一般项目硬件框图如图1所示，由温度传感器，烟雾传感器，信号处理模块，MCU模块和自动报警模块的硬件。

非电气量，是通过传感元件传感器（烟雾传感器和成电信号，信号处理以及信号转换成模拟量，数字量，温度传感器）将现场温度，烟雾等非电信号。

最后，对采样数据进行处理，并与单片机系统的限制。

该系统可以产生本地和远程自动报警信号。

..安全防备行业专业英语术语第 1 页安全防备行业专业英语术语第 1 页火灾警报 alarm of fire火灾警报器fire alarm sounder火灾警报装置fire alarm device火灾事故 fire accident火灾探测和报警 fire detection and alarm火灾探测器fire detector火灾探测设备fire detection equipment火灾危害性fire hazard火灾危险 fire danger/fire peril火灾危险性fire risk火灾显示盘fire indicating panel火灾现场 scene of fire火灾寻视器firefinder火灾自动报警系统 automatic fire alarm system火灾自动报警系统功效试验operational test for automatic fire alarm system机器地方的固定低膨胀泡沫灭火系统low-expansion foam fire extinguishing system in machinery space机器地方的固定高膨胀泡沫灭火系统high-expansion foam fire extinguishing system in machinery space机械控烟 mechanical smoke control集中火灾报警控制器 central fire alarm control unit假火警 false alarm of fire间接扑火 indirect fire suppression减光型光电感烟火灾探测器obscuration-type photoelectric smoke detector检烟系统 smoke detection system脚面罩 metatarsal guard截流管嘴 shutoff nozzle紧迫出口 escape exit紧迫信号 emergency signal/urgency signal警报 alarm警报阀 alarm valve警报器 alarm警报信号 alarm signal警报信号器alarm annunciator警报信号系统alarm system警笛alarm whistle/police whistle警铃alarm bell警惕装置vigilance device警钟alarm bellWord 资料 .安全地带safety zone安全度degree of safetysafety margin安全隔绝security isolation安全工程〔学〕safety engineering 安全工程师safety engineer安全工作区area of safe operation 安全管理safety control安全规程safety proceduresafety rules安全方案safety program安全记录safety records安全检查safety inspection安全教育〔学〕safety education 安全距离safe distance安全科学safety science安全靠谱性safe reliability安全控制标记safety control mark 安全联锁装置safety interlock安全帽hard hatway out安全区place of safetysafe areasafety zone安全地区safe region安全塞safety plug安全色safety colo(u)r安全设备safety appliancesafety equipment安全设备safety device安全生产safety in production安全生产率safe productivity安全寿命safe life安全索life line安全条例safety regulationssafety rules安全网safe netsafety net安全问题safety problem安全系数assurance factorWord 资料 .coefficient of safetyfactor of safetysafety coefficientsafety factor安全系统protective system安全系统工程safety system engineering安全信号safety signal安全性剖析safety analysis安全性能safety performance安全性设计security design安全因数safety factor安全要素safety factor安全因子factor of safety安全展望safe prediction安全预防举措safety precaution安全员safety man安全运行safe operation安全运行率safe operation raterate of safe operation安全罩guard安全装置safety device安全状态safe state安全自毁器safety destructor氨基干粉amino group powder保安security保安举措security measures保安规程safety regulations保安控制标记safety control mark保安联锁装置protective interlock保安器protector保安器组件protector block保安装置safety appliancesafeguardprotective tapeprotective jacket保护装置的保护因数protection factor of protective device 保密锁privacy lock保密条例security/safety regulation保险的safe安全防备行业专业英语术语第 4 页Word 资料 .alarm bell警铃警钟alarm clock报警时钟告警装置alarm for oil-gas concentration油气浓度报警器alarm free无报警alarm lamp确认灯alarm of fire火灾警报警报信号警报信号系统alarm valve报警阀警报阀alarm whistle警笛alarm报警报警器告警〔信号〕告警装置警报警报器alarming horn报警喇叭alertor报警器amino group powder氨基干粉灭火器antichemical security对化学戒备防化捍卫〔举措〕重力防备服anti-kickback attachment防反向安全装置antiskid plate防滑板antiskidding防滑防滑的消火花的area of safe operation安全工作区arson纵火assurance factor安全系数audible alarm音响报警设备音响警报auto-alarm自动报警自动报警装置automatic alarm system自动报警系统automatic alarm自动报警Word 资料 .出口方向标记exit direction sign初始整体性破坏initial integrity failure大火控制large fire control大火团mass fire大事故major accidentmajor breakdownserious accident单路火灾报警控制器single loop fire alarm control unit蛋白泡沫液protein foam concentrate地上消火栓post fire hydrant地下消火栓flush fire hydrant点型感温火灾探测器spot-type heat detector点型感烟火灾探测器spot-type smoke detector点型火灾探测器spot-type fire detector电动火灾警报器electrical fire alarm sounder电容式感烟火灾探测器capacitor type smoke detector定温火灾探测器constant temperature fire detectorfixed temperature fire detector断氧灭火smo(u)thering对化学戒备antichemical security多级安全证明multilevel security proof多路火灾报警控制器multiple-loop fire alarm control unit惰化inerting惰化系统inerting system惰性气体灭火inert gas fire-fighting惰性气体灭火系统inert gas fire-fighting system惰性气系统统inert gas system惰性气系统统功效试验 operational test for inert gas system 二氧化碳灭火剂 carbon dioxide extinguishing agent 二氧化碳灭火器 carbon dioxide fire extinguisher二氧化碳灭火系统carbon dioxide extinguishing system防氨面罩kupramite防爆explosion-proof防爆的unexplosive防爆系统explosion protection system防盗prevention of burglary防盗报警装置burglar alarm防盗门burglar-proof door防毒面罩mask防反向安全装置anti-kickback attachmentWord 资料 .安全防备行业专业英语术语第7 页防备guard防备的protected防备帽valve cap防备面具face guard防备面罩face guard防备器件protective device防备设备protection device防备衣protective clothingvestguard防滑antiskiddingnonskid防滑板antiskid plate防滑的antiskidding防化捍卫〔举措〕antichemical security防火fire preventionfire protectionfire safetyprevention of fire防火的fireprooffireproofing防火阀fire resisting damper防火分开fire compartmentation防火分区fire compartment防火科学fire science防火分散路线evacuation route protected防火性fire proofing防火装置fire control unit防窃报警器burglar alarmintrusion alarm防备偶发事故prevention of accident防备不测prevention of accident纵火arson非爆炸危险场所non-hazardous area windbreak氟蛋白泡沫液fluoro-protein foamite复合式火灾探测器combination type fire detector 复火repeated fire干粉灭火剂powder extinguishing agent干粉灭火器dry-chemical fire extinguisherWord 资料 .安全防备行业专业英语术语第8 页powder fire extinguisher干粉灭火系统powder extinguishing system干粉炮powder fire monitor干粉抑爆剂powder suppressant干式喷水灭火系统dry sprinkler system感光火灾探测器optical flame fire detector感温火灾探测器heat fire detector感温火灾探测器响应时间下限值 lower limit of response time of heat detector 感温敏捷度 sensitivity to heat感烟火灾探测器smoke fire detector感烟火灾探测器敏捷度sensitivity of smoke detector感烟敏捷度sensitivity to smoke高空出事high-altitude accident告警〔信号〕alarm告警装置alarmalarm device隔音防火sound-and-fire proof个体防备用品personal protective equipment工程构造事故engineering structural accident工程事故engineering accident工程质量事故engineering qualitative accident工伤事故industrial accident工业安全industrial safetyindustrial security工业事故industrial accident工艺装备事故报告单accident voucher of tooling工作事故operating irregularity供气呼吸器supplied-air respirator供气面罩air-supply mask固定式灭火器fixed fire extinguisher固定式灭火系统fixed extinguishing system故障安全的fail-safe故障安全装置failure-safe device故障保险failure safe光电防盗报警器photoelectric intrusion detector光电感烟火灾探测器photoelectric smoke detector光电式烟雾探测器photoelectric smoke detector光电烟尘计photoelectric smoke meter过滤式口罩filter-type respirator过热警报器temperature alarmWord 资料 ...安全防备行业专业英语术语第9 页海上危险marine peril海损事故marine accident红外火警警报器infrared fire alarm红外火焰探测器infrared flame detector红外热警报器infrared heat alarm呼救脉冲emergency pulse呼救信号emergency pulse化学反应式灭火器chemical reaction fire extinguisher化学灭火inhibition化学灭火器chemical fire extinguisher化学泡沫chemical foam混淆灭火系统combined agent extinguishing system火花息灭装置spark quenching device火警报警器fire alarm火险fire danger火险等级fire size class火险级fire danger rating火险频度fire frequency火险期fire danger season火险区fire danger division火险天气fire danger weatherfire weather火险图fire risk map火险预警仪fire-danger meter火险指标fire danger index火行为fire behavior火旋风fire whirl火旋涡fire whirlthermal flame safeguard火焰期period of flaming火缘fire edge火灾firefire disaster火灾报警控制器fire alarm control unit火灾报警装置fire alarm installation火灾参数fire parameter火灾分类fire classification火灾荷载fire load火灾荷载密度fire load density火灾监测fire monitoringWord 资料 ...安全防备行业专业英语术语第10 页音响警报audible alarm引水消防泵fire priming pump隐患hidden dangerincipient fault隐燃火smo(u)ldering fire应急防备系统safety system应急工程emergency work迎面火back fire油气浓度报警器alarm for oil-gas concentration预警器precaution device云梯scaling ladder云梯消防车aerial ladder fire truck灾害检测calamity detection真空喇叭vacuum horn蒸气发射系统steam projection system蒸汽灭火系统steam fire smothering system重力防备服anti-G suit助燃物oxidizer贮气瓶式灭火器gas cartridge fire extinguisher紫外火焰探测器ultraviolet flame detector自动安全装置automatic safety device自动保护automatic protection自动保护系统automatic protective system自动保护装置automatic safety device自动报火警系统automatic fire detection system自动报警auto-alarmautomatic alarm自动报警系统automatic alarm system自动报警装置autoalarmautomatic alarm自动防备故障危害的fail safe自动火灾信号automatic fire signal自动灭火self-extinguishing自动灭火装置automatic fire extinguisher自动喷水灭火系统water sprinkling system自动喷水系统工作试验 operational test for automatic sprinkler system 自动抑爆系统 automatic explosion suppression system自然控烟natural smoke control阻化防火ignition inhibition for fire prevention阻火器fire barrierWord 资料 .bell救火fire fighting救火防毒面具smoke helmet救生life saving救生包survival kit救生背心life jacket救生袋life pack救生垫jumping cushion救生滑杆life sliding pole救生滑梯life slide救生囊life preserver救生抛绳设备life-throwing appliance救生器life preserver救生设备life-saving appliance救生设备安装installation of life-saving equipment救生设备到位检查 general inspection of lifesaving appliance救生索 life line救生梯emergency escape ladder救生网life net救生衣floatation jacketlife jacketlife vest救生衣灯lifejacket light救生属具life-equipment救援rescue局部应用灭火系统local application extinguishing system绝对紧迫状况absolute urgency可拆式火灾探测器detachable type fire detector可复位火灾探测器resettable fire detectorrunning fire劳保labour insurance劳动安全科学labour safety science劳动保护labour protection劳动保护科学labour protection science劳动保护设备labour safety devices离子感烟火灾探测器ion smoke detector联用消防车universal fire truck临界事故报警器critical accident alarm磷酸盐干粉phosphate powder卤代烃灭火系统halogenated hydrocarbon fire extinguishing system Word 资料 .〔爆炸〕危险场所hazardous area〔摩托车驾驶员等戴的〕护目镜goggles11 extinguishing agent１２１１灭火剂１２１１灭火剂1211 extinguishing agent1 extinguishing agent１３０１灭火剂１３０１灭火剂1301 extinguishing agent异样危险absolute urgency绝对紧迫状况accident analysis report事故检查报告accident analysis事故剖析accident book 不测事故记录册accident control事故控制accident frequeucy 事故频次accident hazard事故危险accident investigation事故检查accident pattern事故种类accident prevention program事故预防方案accident prevention安全举措事故防备事故预防accident probability事故可能性accident rate事故率accident recorder事故记录器accident report事故报告accident spot事故地址accident statistics事故统计accident voucher of tooling工艺装备事故报告单accident有时事故事故不测事故accidental rate analysis事故率剖析accidental report事故报告〔书〕accidental risk事故危险性accidental severity事故严重程度accidental site出事地址aerial ladder fire truck云梯消防车air-supply mask供气面罩alarm and protection system报警保护系统alarm annunciator警报信号器alarm apparatus报警器Word 资料 .卤代烷灭火剂haloalkane extinguishing agent卤代烷灭火器haloalkane fire extinguisher卤代烷灭火系统haloalkane extinguishing system卤代烷克制剂haloalkane suppressant面具facepiece面罩face mask灭火extinguishmentoutfire灭火剂extinguishing agent灭火器annihilatorextinguisherfire extinguisherflame arrester灭火设备fire extinction equipment灭火水龙带fire hose灭火系统fire extinguisher system耐火完好性fire integrity耐火稳固性fire stability耐火装置fireproofing有时事故accident抛射枪救生索等的nmortar泡沫－干粉联用消防车foam-powder universal fire truck 泡沫控制剂foam controller泡沫灭火foam fire-fighting泡沫灭火剂fire-extinguishing foamfoam extinguishing agent泡沫灭火器foam fire extinguisher泡沫灭火系统foam extinguishing systemfoam fire extinguishing system泡沫溶液foam solution泡沫消防车foam fire turck泡沫液foam concentrate喷洒灭火系统fire sprinkling systemsprinkler system喷雾灭火机spraying extinguisher喷雾喷粉机sprayer-duster扑火fire suppression其余事故other accidents气体火灾探测器gas fire detector墙上消防栓wall hydrantWord 资料 ...安全防备行业专业英语术语第14 页抢险工程emergency work清水灭火器plain water fire extinguisher地区火灾报警控制器zone fire alarm control unit全面用火broadcast burning全吞没total flooding全吞没灭火系统total flooding extinguishing system确认灯alarm lamp热电警报器thermoelectric alarm热电偶定温火灾探测器thermocouple-type fixed temperature detector热敏电阻定温火灾探测器 thermistor-type fixed temperature detector 人身安全 personal safety人员安全personal security人员伤亡personal casualty闪光警报warning blinker伤亡人数事故等的ntoll渗毒率toxicant leaching rate生保系统life support system生产事故industrial accident生计性survivability失火fire出事crash出事地址accidental site无效保险系统fail-safe system无效防备fail-safe湿式喷水灭火系统wet sprinkler system示警险区vigia事故accidentcasualtymalfunctionmishap事故报告accident report事故报告〔书〕accidental report事故地址accident spot事故检查accident investigation事故检查报告accident analysis report事故阀self-closing valve事故防备accident prevention事故剖析accident analysis事故记录器accident recorder事故可能性accident probabilityWord 资料 ...安全防备行业专业英语术语第15 页事故控制accident control事故种类accident pattern事故率accident ratepossibility of trouble事故率剖析accidental rate analysis事故频次accident frequeucy事故统计accident statistics事故危险accident hazard事故危险性accidental risk事故信号distress signal事故严重程度accidental severity事故预防accident prevention事故预防方案accident prevention program事後剖析ex post analysisex post facto analysis手动复位火灾探测器manually resettable fire detector手动火灾报警按钮manual fire alarm call point手动火灾警报器manual fire alarm sounder手抬灵活消防泵portable fire pump with engine手提式灭火器portable fire extinguisher分散路线evacuation route分散设备means of evacuation分散时间evacuation time分散信号evacuation signal水罐消防车tanker水龙带fire hose水灭火系统water fire extinguishing system水灭火系统功效试验 operational test for water fire-extinguishing system 水幕系统 water curtain system水银接点定温火灾探测器 mercury contact-type fixed temperature detector 刹时式安全钳装置 instantaneous safety gear 酸碱灭火器 soda-acid extinguishersoda-acid fire extinguisher破坏事故damage accident探测压力detection pressure碳酸氢钾干粉potassium bicarbonate powder碳酸氢钠干粉sodium bicarbonate powder逃生escape逃生人孔escape hatch特别喷水灭火系统special sprinkler systemWord 资料 .通讯指挥消防车command and communication fire vehicle 通用火灾报警控制器general fire alarm control unit头盔helmet推车式灭火器transportable fire extinguisher出险escape完好宽容safety allowance危害物hazard危险dangerhazardperil危险标记danger arrow危险信号danger signal违章操作operation against rules违章事故unprofessional accident温变自动启闭装置报警灭火设备的nthermostat无报警alarm free无危险no risk物理安全性physical security误报false alarm误报率火灾报警系统nrate of false alarm险情dangerous case险性事故dangerous accident线型感温火灾探测器line-type heat detector线型感烟火灾探测器line-type smoke detector线型火灾探测器line-type fire detector互相安全性mutual security消防fire protection消防电梯fire lift消防工程fire engineering消防技术fire technology消防接口fire coupling消防营救器械fire rescue equipments消防控制室fire protection control room消防龙头hydrant消防面具fire mask消防炮fire monitor消防破拆工具fire forcible entry tool消防枪fire branch消防栓fire hydrantfireplug自动报警装置automatic explosion suppression system自动抑爆系统automatic fire alarm system火灾自动报警系统automatic fire detection system自动报火警系统automatic fire extinguisher自动灭火装置automatic fire signal自动火灾信号automatic protection自动保护automatic protective system自动保护系统automatic safety device自动安全装置自动保护装置迎面火bell警钟best orientation最有益方向broadcast burning全面用火burglar alarm防盗报警装置防窃报警器burglar-proof door防盗门calamity detection灾害检测capacitor type smoke detector电容式感烟火灾探测器carbon dioxide extinguishing agent二氧化碳灭火剂carbon dioxide extinguishing system二氧化碳灭火系统carbon dioxide fire extinguisher二氧化碳灭火器carbon monoxide canister一氧化碳滤毒罐casualty 事故一等〔大〕事故central fire alarm control unit集中火灾报警控制器不测事故chemical fire extinguisher化学灭火器chemical foam 化学泡沫chemical reaction fire extinguisher化学反应式灭火器coefficient of safety安全系数collision preventation避碰combination type fire detector复合式火灾探测器combined agent extinguishing system混淆灭火系统command and communication fire vehicle通讯指挥消防车constant temperature fire detector定温火灾探测器不测事故出事critical accident alarm临界事故报警器damage accident破坏事故hydrantplug消防水带fire hose消防水炮fire water monitor消防水总管water fire main line消防梯fire ladder消防吸水管fire suction hose消防系统fire extinguishing system消防系统功效试验proof test for fire-extinguishing system 消防员惯例防备装备fireman general protection equipment 消防员特种防备装备fireman special protection equipment 消火花的antispark消火栓fire hydrant消焰器flame arrester宣传消防车propaganda fire vehicle压力温度安全器pressure-temperature relief device烟火探测fire smoke detection烟炱soot烟雾报警器smoke alarmsmoke detector遥控复位火灾探测器remotely resettable fire detector一般事故ordinary accident一般性消防术语general terms of fire一等〔大〕事故catastrophe一氧化碳滤毒罐carbon monoxide canister挪动式灭火器mobile fire extinguisher移距travel distance异样危险abnormal risk抑爆explosion suppresion抑爆剂explosion suppressant抑爆器explosion suppressor易燃品inflammable易熔塞fusible plug易熔塞座fusible plug boss易于发惹祸故liable to accident不测事故accidentchance failurecontingency不测事故记录册accident book音响报警设备audible alarmWord 资料 .industrial safety工业安全industrial security工业安全inert gas fire-fighting system惰性气体灭火系统inert gas fire-fighting惰性气体灭火inert gas system惰性气系统统inerting system惰化系统inerting惰化易燃品infrared fire alarm红外火警警报器infrared flame detector红外火焰探测器红外热警报器inhibition化学灭火initial integrity failure初始整体性破坏installation of life-saving equipment救生设备安装instantaneous safety gear刹时式安全钳装置intrusion alarm 防窃报警器ion smoke detector离子感烟火灾探测器jumping cushion救生垫kupramite 防氨面罩labour insurance劳保labour protection science劳动保护科学labour protection劳动保护labour safety devices劳动保护设备labour safety science劳动安全科学large fire control大火控制liable to accident易于发惹祸故life jacket救生背心救生衣life line安全索救生索life net救生网life pack救生袋life preserver救生囊救生器life saving救生life slide救生滑梯life sliding pole 救生滑杆life support system生保系统life vest救生衣life-equipment救生属具最不利方向worst orientation最小损失防火理论minimum-damage fire-control theory 最有益方向best orientation最后安全出口final exit安全防备行业专业英语术语第21 页danger arrow 危险标记danger protecting function保险功能danger signal 危险信号danger 危险dangerous accident 险性事故dangerous case险情degree of safety安全度detachable type fire detector可拆式火灾探测器detection pressure 探测压力differential fire detector差温火灾探测器distress signal 事故信号dry sprinkler system干式喷水灭火系统dry-chemical fire extinguisher干粉灭火器electrical fire alarm sounder电动火灾警报器emergency alarm bell报警铃emergency escape ladder救生梯emergency pulse呼救脉冲 / 呼救信号emergency signal紧迫信号emergency work抢险工程 / 应急工程engineering accident工程事故engineering qualitative accident工程质量事故engineering structural accident工程构造事故escape exit 紧迫出口逃生人孔逃生出险evacuation route protected防火分散路线evacuation route分散路线evacuation signal分散信号evacuation time分散时间ex post analysis事後剖析ex post facto analysis事後剖析exit direction sign出口方向标记exit sign 出口标记explosion protection system防爆系统explosion risk indicator爆炸危险指示器explosion suppresion抑爆explosion suppressant抑爆剂安全防备行业专业英语术语第22 页explosion suppressor抑爆器explosion-proof防爆explosive accident爆炸事故exposure hazard裸露危险extinguisher灭火器extinguishing agent灭火剂灭火face guard防备面具防备面罩face mask面罩facepiece面具factor of safety安全系数安全因子fail safe 自动防备故障危害的无效保险系统fail-safe故障安全的无效防备failure safe 故障保险failure-safe device故障安全装置false alarm of fire假火警false alarm 误报filter-type respirator过滤式口罩final exit 最后安全出口fire accident 火灾事故fire alarm control unit火灾报警控制器fire alarm device火灾警报装置fire alarm installation火灾报警装置fire alarm sounder 火灾警报器fire alarm火警报警器阻火器火行为fire branch消防枪fire classification火灾分类fire compartment防火分区fire compartmentation防火分开fire control unit防火装置fire coupling 消防接口fire danger division火险区fire danger index火险指标fire danger rating火险级安全防备行业专业英语术语第23 页lifejacket light 救生衣灯life-saving appliance救生设备life-throwing appliance救生抛绳设备line-type fire detector线型火灾探测器line-type heat detector线型感温火灾探测器line-type smoke detector线型感烟火灾探测器local application extinguishing system局部应用灭火系统lower limit of response time of heat detector感温火灾探测器响应时间下限值low-expansion foam fire extinguishing system in machinery space机器地方的固定低膨胀泡沫灭火系统major accident大事故major breakdown大事故事故manual fire alarm call point手动火灾报警按钮manual fire alarm sounder手动火灾警报器manually resettable fire detector手动复位火灾探测器marginal security不稳固安全海损事故marine peril 海上危险防毒面罩mass fire 大火团means of evacuation分散设备mechanical smoke control机械控烟mercury contact-type fixed temperature detector水银接点定温火灾探测器metatarsal guard脚面罩minimum-damage fire-control theory最小损失防火理论mishap 事故mobile fire extinguisher挪动式灭火器multilevel security proof多级安全证明multiple-loop fire alarm control unit多路火灾报警控制器mutual security互相安全性natural smoke control自然控烟no risk 无危险non-detachable type fire detector不行拆式火灾探测器non-hazardous area 非爆炸危险场所non-resettable fire detector不行复位火灾探测器nonskid 防滑obscuration-type photoelectric smoke detector减光型光电感烟火灾探测器operating area操作地区operating irregularity工作事故operation accident操作事故安全防备行业专业英语术语第24 页fire danger season火险期fire danger weather火险天气fire danger火险火灾危险fire detection and alarm火灾探测和报警fire detection equipment火灾探测设备fire detector火灾探测器fire disaster火灾fire edge火缘fire engineering消防工程fire extinction equipment灭火设备fire extinguisher system灭火系统fire extinguisher灭火器fire extinguishing system消防系统fire fighting救火fire forcible entry tool消防破拆工具fire frequency火险频度fire hazard火灾危害性fire hose灭火水龙带水龙带消防水带fire hydrant消防栓消火栓fire indicating panel火灾显示盘fire integrity耐火完好性fire ladder消防梯fire lift 消防电梯fire load density火灾荷载密度fire load火灾荷载fire mask消防面具fire monitor消防炮fire monitoring火灾监测fire parameter火灾参数fire peril火灾危险fire prevention防火fire priming pump引水消防泵fire proofing防火性fire protection control room消防控制室fire protection防火/消防安全防备行业专业英语术语第25 页fire rescue equipments消防营救器械fire resisting damper防火阀fire risk map 火险图fire risk火灾危险性fire safety防火fire science防火科学fire size class 火险等级fire smoke detection烟火探测fire sprinkling system喷洒灭火系统fire stability耐火稳固性fire suction hose消防吸水管fire suppression扑火fire technology消防技术fire water monitor消防水炮fire weather火险天气fire whirl火旋风火旋涡火灾失火fire-danger meter火险预警仪fire-extinguishing foam泡沫灭火剂firefinder火灾寻视器fireman general protection equipment消防员惯例防备装备fireman special protection equipment消防员特种防备装备fireplug消防栓fireproof防火的fireproofing防火的耐火装置fixed extinguishing system固定式灭火系统fixed fire extinguisher固定式灭火器fixed temperature fire detector定温火灾探测器flame arrester灭火器消焰器floatation jacket救生衣fluoro-protein foamite氟蛋白泡沫液flush fire hydrant地下消火栓foam concentrate泡沫液foam controller泡沫控制剂foam extinguishing agent泡沫灭火剂foam extinguishing system泡沫灭火系统安全防备行业专业英语术语第26 页foam fire extinguisher 泡沫灭火器foam fire extinguishing system泡沫灭火系统foam fire turck泡沫消防车foam fire-fighting泡沫灭火foam solution 泡沫溶液foam-powder universal fire truck泡沫－干粉联用消防车fusible plug boss易熔塞座易熔塞gas cartridge fire extinguisher贮气瓶式灭火器gas fire detector气体火灾探测器general fire alarm control unit通用火灾报警控制器general inspection of lifesaving appliance 救生设备到位检查general terms of fire 一般性消防术语goggles〔摩托车驾驶员等戴的〕护目镜guard安全罩防备防备装置haloalkane extinguishing agent卤代烷灭火剂haloalkane extinguishing system卤代烷灭火系统haloalkane fire extinguisher卤代烷灭火器haloalkane suppressant卤代烷克制剂halogenated hydrocarbon fire extinguishing system卤代烃灭火系统hard hat安全帽hazard危害物危险hazardous area〔爆炸〕危险场所heat fire detector感温火灾探测器头盔hidden danger隐患high-altitude accident高空出事high-expansion foam fire extinguishing system in machinery space机器地方的固定高膨胀泡沫灭火系统horn报警器hydrant消防龙头消防栓ignition inhibition for fire prevention阻化防火incipient fault隐患indirect fire suppression间接扑火工伤事故工业事故生产事故安全防备行业专业英语术语第27 页保险功能danger protecting function保险柜safe case保险靠谱性safety reliability保险系数safety coefficientsafety factorsafety device报警alarmwarning报警保护系统alarm and protection system报警阀alarm valve报警喇叭alarming horn报警铃emergency alarm bell报警器alarmalarm apparatusalertorhorn报警设备warning facilities报警时钟alarm clock报警信号灯warning light报警状态state of alarm裸露危险exposure hazard爆炸事故explosive accident爆炸危险指示器explosion risk indicator避碰collision preventation不〔易〕爆炸的unexplosive不安全unsafety不安全的unsafe不安全温度unsafe temperature不行拆式火灾探测器non-detachable type fire detector 不行复位火灾探测器non-resettable fire detector不稳固安全marginal security操作安全safety of operation操作安全性operational safety操作地区operating area操作事故operation accident差温火灾探测器differential fire detectorrate of rise detector超安全标准设计overdesign超声波火灾探测器ultrasonic wave-type fire detector 出口标记exit sign..安全防备行业专业英语术语第28 页operation against rules违章操作operational safety操作安全性operational test for automatic fire alarm system火灾自动报警系统功效试验operational test for automatic sprinkler system自动喷水系统工作试验operational test for inert gas system惰性气系统统功效试验operational test for water fire-extinguishing system水灭火系统功效试验optical flame fire detector感光火灾探测器ordinary accident一般事故other accidents其余事故outfire 灭火overdesign 超安全标准设计助燃物peril 危险period of flaming火焰期personal casualty人员伤亡personal protective equipment个体防备用品personal safety人身安全personal security人员安全phosphate powder磷酸盐干粉photoelectric intrusion detector光电防盗报警器photoelectric smoke detector光电感烟火灾探测器光电式烟雾探测器photoelectric smoke meter光电烟尘计physical security物理安全性place of safety 安全区plain water fire extinguisher清水灭火器消防栓police whistle 警笛portable fire extinguisher手提式灭火器portable fire pump with engine手抬灵活消防泵possibility of trouble事故率post fire hydrant地上消火栓potassium bicarbonate powder碳酸氢钾干粉powder extinguishing agent干粉灭火剂powder extinguishing system干粉灭火系统powder fire extinguisher干粉灭火器powder fire monitor干粉炮powder suppressant干粉抑爆剂precaution device预警器pressure-temperature relief device压力温度安全器安全防备行业专业英语术语第29 页..prevention of accident防备偶发事故防备不测prevention of burglary防盗prevention of fire防火privacy lock保密锁proof test for fire-extinguishing system消防系统功效试验propaganda fire vehicle宣传消防车防备的protection device防备设备protection factor of protective device保护装置的保护因数protective clothing防备衣防备器件protective interlock保安联锁装置protective jacket保护罩protective measures安全举措protective system安全系统protective tape保护带protector block保安器组件protector保安器protein foam concentrate蛋白泡沫液rate of rise detector差温火灾探测器rate of safe operation安全运行率remotely resettable fire detector遥控复位火灾探测器repeated fire复火救援resettable fire detector可复位火灾探测器running fire 狂燃火safe area 安全区safe case 保险柜safe distance安全距离safe life安全寿命safe net安全网safe operation rate安全运行率safe operation安全操作安全运行safe prediction安全展望safe productivity安全生产率safe region 安全地区safe reliability安全靠谱性safe state 安全状态安全防备行业专业英语术语第30页。

英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法本文关键词：外文，英文，中文，翻译成，文献英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法本文简介：在撰写毕业设计（论文）或科研论文时，需要参考一些相关外文文献，了解国外的最新研究进展，这就需要我们找到最新最具代表性的外文文献，进行翻译整理，以备论文写作时参考，外文文献中英文文献占绝大多数，因此英文论文准确的翻译成中文就显得尤为重要！一、外文文献从哪里下载1、从知网国际文献总库中找英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法本文内容：在撰写毕业设计（论文）或科研论文时，需要参考一些相关外文文献，了解国外的最新研究进展，这就需要我们找到最新最具代表性的外文文献，进行翻译整理，以备论文写作时参考，外文文献中英文文献占绝大多数，因此英文论文准确的翻译成中文就显得尤为重要！一、外文文献从哪里下载1、从知网国际文献总库中找，该数据库中包含14,000多家国外出版社的文献，囊括所有专业的英文文献资料。

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建筑消防安全中英文对照外文翻译文献建筑消防安全中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)建筑消防安全中英文对照外文翻译文献原文：Fire Safety Design of Indoor Pedestrian Streets of Large Commercial BuildingAbstractIndoor pedestrian streets in China developed rapidly in recent years. The current national fire safety standards do not give clear requirements on fire protection design. Fire safety design departments have difficulties in controlling the design, so there are many problems in the fire protection design to be solved. Based on structure characteristics and application status of large-scale commercial buildings, focusing on various existing difficulties in the indoor pedestrian streets fire protection design process, this thesis defines indoor pedestrian streets fire design ideas, and puts forward fire safety measures that should be taken in the interior pedestrian streets in the layout, fire separation, fire facilities, etc.Key words:large-scale commercial buildings; indoor pedestrian streets; fire safety measures 1. IntroductionWith the diversification of market demands and diversity of business modes, the traditional commercial buildings for shopping only are gradually transformed into multifunctional large commercial buildings in various forms, which integrate hopping, dining, entertainment, culture, arts and other consumer functions. While the indoor pedestrian streets can not only improve environment application conditions and climate adaptability, but also integrate the space and functions of connected commercial buildings, which greatly improves space efficiency.Indoor pedestrian streets is shown in Fig.1.However, its unique function and structure brings many problems in fire zone separation, evacuation, smoke exhaust and other aspects in fire protection design. Now there is no domestic specific regulation for indoor pedestrian streets design. It is not only a theoretical topic of academic research, but also an urgent practical problem to solve that how to avoid the blindness in fire design of indoor pedestrian streets, proper handling and solving all the process, and ensuring fire safety of indoor pedestrian streets. Combining the problems encountered in engineering practice, I建筑消防安全中英文对照外文翻译文献make analysis on fire design of indoor pedestrian streets and put forward fire prevention measures that should be taken.Fig. 1.Indoor Pedestrian streets2. Difficulties in fire design of indoor pedestrian streetsAs there are entrances set in shops on both sides of indoor pedestrian streets, the customers can flow in the shops through the pedestrian streets. In addition, the commercial buildings on both sides of indoor pedestrian streets vary in forms, with not only small shops in tight rows, but also large supermarkets and main shops, both enclosed space, and open or semi-open circulated space. Therefore, the fire safety design difficulties mainly exist in the following aspects:(1) In accordance with current fire design specifications, indoor pedestrian streets as a limited interior space, the closed space surrounded by buildings should comply with the relevant provisions of the atrium, and fire compartment area should be calculated by overlying the connected areas of upper and lower floors. If using roller shutters or walls to separate fire compartments, it will undoubtedly undermine the effect of architectural design, but not separating will result in over-large compartment area, exceeding regulatory requirements.(2) Evacuation distance from indoor outdoor pedestrian streets to a safe outdoor place often exceeds the specified safe evacuation distance.(3) Fire escapes of the shops are set in the pedestrian streets, and evacuation must be done through the indoor pedestrian streets.(4) The smoke design of current national fire safety design specifications is not applicable for indoor pedestrian streets. Designers often design natural smoke exhaust by referring to specifications on the requirements of atrium natural smoke exhaust, but there are some problems which can not be overlooked: first, due to "laminarization" phenomenon, for the建筑消防安全中英文对照外文翻译文献ceiling with clearance height greater than 12m, whether natural smoke exhaust windows can produce real effects; second, in many cases, indoor pedestrian streets also burdens safe evacuation of the shops , which meets atrium smoke exhaust design requirements of current fire protection standards. Whether it can ensure the evacuation safety of people in indoor pedestrian streets.(5) Although the indoor pedestrian streets is used for people passage,some problems may appear in the operation of commercial buildings: first, various temporary booths or stands set in the indoor pedestrian streets will not only increase the fire load, but also affect the safe evacuation; second, to protect the shopping environment from the outdoor weather conditions, in the course of business operation some commercial buildings open the smoke exhaust outlets and set doors and windows at the entrances and on the top of the indoor pedestrian streets, which changes the conditions of safe evacuation and smoke exhaust, posing a fire hazard.3.Indoor pedestrian streets fire design ideasThe biggest difference of indoor pedestrian streets from the outdoor one lies in the roof, so it does not have equal safety of outdoor street. The people evacuated from the shops on both sides have to pass the pedestrian streets before reaching a safe location outdoors. So pedestrian streets is a transition area and an additional part of the evacuation passage. Ideally, the people in an indoor pedestrian streets can enjoy equal safety conditions of outdoors during evacuation. Therefore, the question whether indoor pedestrian streets can serve as an evacuation safe zone, will directly affect the business layout and building fire safety design. For this purpose, I put forward the following design ideas:(1) Control the fire within the shops, to avoid it spreading to the indoor pedestrian streetsWhen fire occurs in shops on the side, try to control the fire in a small range as possible, in particular, to avoid fire and smoke spreading to the indoor pedestrian streets. Usually this can be done by taking active and passive fire protection measures.Separate fire compartment reasonably.Separate the shops that face the pedestrian streets using certain fire-resistant dividers to separate the fire, to limit the spread of fire within the shop. In the shops, automatic fire alarm system, smoke exhaust system and建筑消防安全中英文对照外文翻译文献automatic sprinkler systems shall be installed to timely detect the fire, control early fire and smoke spread, and limit the spread of fire from the shops into the pedestrian streets.Indoor pedestrian streetss should have sufficient width, to ensure that even though the fire spreads out of the shops, it will not reach the other side of the pedestrian streets.(2) Avoid the pedestrian streets from being the route of fire spreadIn order to avoid indoor pedestrian streetss from being the route of fire spread, ensure that the floor, wall, and ceiling material will not lead to the spread of the fire. Non-combustible material can be considered; load-bearing structure should have sufficient fire resistance to ensure the safety of evacuation and fire fighting and rescue.Measures should be taken to limit the spread of smoke in the pedestrian streets. The ideal condition of smoke control is that, the smoke exhaust systems in the shops can start in time and exhaust the smoke effectively, to prevent the smoke from spreading into the pedestrian streets. However, considering that the fire in the shops may go out of control, or the smoke exhaust systems in the shops do not start in time or start effectively, or the fire uncontrolled by the fire extinguishing system will soon nullify the indoor exhaust system, etc.there are possibilities that the smoke in the shops spreads to the pedestrian streets. And sometimes unavoidably there are small amounts of combustible that can produce smoke when fire occurs, so it is necessary to install smoke exhaust system in the pedestrian streets.To prevent movable combustible in the pedestrian streets, such as holiday decorations, temporary stands,etc.from causing fire, it should be considered to install automatic sprinkler system or automatic scanning and positioning fire extinguishing system in the corridor and larger atrium of the indoor pedestrian streets.(3) Ensure that people within the indoor pedestrian streets can be quickly evacuated to the outsideThe people detained in the shops and pedestrian streets may not be familiar with building and evacuation routes. Even if the building provides relatively safe evacuation routes and fire exits independent of the pedestrian streets, it should also be considered due to unfamiliarity people may evacuate through the pedestrian streets, resulting in extended time of evacuation. Indoor pedestrian streets, after all, does not have the equal safety of outdoors, so measures should be taken in favor of quick evacuation.建筑消防安全中英文对照外文翻译文献The pedestrian streets should not be used for purposes other than human passage. There should be no arrangement of fixed commercial stalls or obstacles impeding the evacuation, and adequate width should be maintained to meet the evacuation needs and to avoid being overcrowded, which will affect the speed of evacuation.If the exit of shop connects directly to the indoor pedestrian streets, and extends to a safe place outside via the pedestrian streets, the distance from the exit of shop to the exit of the pedestrian streets should be controlled without being too long.As a main channel for safe evacuation, the pedestrian streets should have good emergency lighting and evacuation instructions to ensure smooth evacuation in case of fire. For indoor pedestrian streets with more complex or longer evacuation routes, emergency lighting should be strengthened, intelligent evacuation signs should be set, and fire emergency broadcast system should be allocated, to guide the evacuation in order.(4)Create favorable conditions for external fire fighting and rescueEven if the pedestrian streets is equipped with automatic fire extinguishing system, it does not rule out the case for various reasons fire occurs and spreads, which will need fire fighting service and rescue. Basic fire fighting and rescue measures are:Overall planning and rational setting of commercial building’s fire track create favorable external conditions for the fire brigade to perform rescue, and facilitate quick access for fire engines to the inside or fire site of commercial building.If the indoor pedestrian streets is relatively long, indoor pedestrian streets entrances should be set on the first floor at certain intervals for firefi ghters’ access. Fire rescue operation site should be set on the side of the building more than 24m in height, and window entrance for firefighters should be set on each floor on the wall where fire operation is performed. For the convenience of access to water, in addition to setting the fire hydrant within the shops, the fire hydrant and hose reel should also be set up within the pedestrian streets4.Indoor pedestrian streets fire protection measuresEach layer of indoor pedestrian streets, through the atrium gallery and escalator are connected with each other, creating an open, transparent continuous interior space. This open建筑消防安全中英文对照外文翻译文献and transparent settings,the commercial building shopping personnel can easily recognize direction,on emergency evacuation is very beneficial,but also insightful space indoor pedestrian streets has enough smoke storage space, slowing the smoke sedimentation velocity. But because the evacuation through indoor pedestrian streets to via staircases were evacuated, so need to ensure indoor pedestrian streets fire bining the stated fire safety design ideas, I propose the following fire protection measures:4.1. LayoutRational design of indoor pedestrian streets layout has a positive significance in reducing fire hazards to people and property, reducing economic losses and facilitating fire rescue.To reduce fire risk, commercial buildings should not operate or store commodities with fire risk properties classified as A and B, and no food stands should not be set on the pedestrian streets. To prevent the fire in the shops or in the pedestrian streets from spreading to or along the pedestrian streets, the pedestrian streets width shall meet requirements of fire prevention distance, 8m at least. The pedestrian streets should not be longer than 300m. If it is longer than 300m, open passage with width not less than 6m should be set at places within 300m, in order to facilitate the evacuation, and to delay and prevent the spread of fire, working as a fire barrier.The exits of shops on sides should connect directly to the pedestrian streets, and the exits connecting the shops and the pedestrian streets can be designed as fire escapes. The distance from the shop exit to a nearest outdoor place of safety should not be greater than 60m, in order to facilitate safe evacuationLoop fire engine track should be set around the commercial buildings. If there are difficulties, fire engine tracks with width not less than 6m should be set on two long sides of the building. If the length of the build ing’s outer boundary is greater than 150m or the total length is greater than 220m, a track through the building should be set. To facilitate fire engines’ access, do not set obstacles at the entrance of the street, or set seats, landscape, and other facilities in the street. Do not affect fire fighting or the passage of fire engines. Set fire track signs on the ground, in which there should be no obstacles or open doors & windows or steps, etc.建筑消防安全中英文对照外文翻译文献4.2. Fire separation(1) For non-food shops, shop building area should not exceed 300 m2, and the pedestrian streets and shops should be separated with 1.0h window-type spray cooling system protective tempered glass for fire separation; if the building area is more than 300 m2, 2.0h type one should be used.(2) The shop door that opens to the indoor pedestrian streets should be able to automatically shut down when fire occurs, and it should be sealed well to prevent the smoke entering into the interior pedestrian streets. The door should meet the fire resistance of not less than 1.0h.A space no less than 500mm should be left between the top of the door and the ceiling as smoke accumulating space. It is recommended to use a two-way spring door with electromagnetic absorber, so that the doors automatically close in case of emergency power-off due to fire. And ensure that both sides can be opened and automatically closed after opening.(3) The fire resistance of the walls between the shops with building area less than 300m2 should not be lower than 2.0h; for shops greater than 300m2, use walls with fire resistance not less than 3.0h to separate the adjacent shops; the walls should be built to the bottom of the upper floor. The horizontal distance between the door and window openings on both sides of the walls should be no less than 2.0m.(4) Fire damper which can be automatically closed at 70 should be set in the air conditioner and ventilation pipe through the fire wall of the shop, and smoke damper which can be automatically closed at 280 should be set in the smoke exhaust pipe.4.3. Fire fighting facilities(1) Fire extinguishing system: automatic sprinkler system should be set in the pedestrian streets corridor, and fast response sprinklers should be used. For atrium area fixed fire monitor system should be used. Fire hydrant and hose reel should be set at intervals of 50m in the indoor pedestrian streets.(2) Fire detection and alarm system: point-type smoke detectors should be set in the pedestrian streets corridor; beam line smoke detectors can be set at the top of the pedestrian streets.建筑消防安全中英文对照外文翻译文献(3) Smoke system: natural draft system can be used in the pedestrian streets. Sufficient natural draft windows should be arranged in the ceiling, exhausting the smoke in the street timely by reliable linkage starting. The area of natural draft windows should be no less than 20% of the pedestrian streets surface.(4) The emergency lighting and evacuation signs: centralized power and centralized control type should be used. Light-type evacuation signs which can maintain a visual continuity should be set on the ground the evacuation routes of the pedestrian streets. The evacuation signs should use safe voltage, and the intervals of ground evacuation signs should be no greater than 5m.5.ConclusionIndoor pedestrian streets in China developed rapidly in recent years. The current national fire safety standards do not give clear requirements on fire protection design. Fire safety design departments have difficulties in controlling the design , so there are many problems in the fire protection design to be solved. Basically, the proposed fire safety measures are able to meet the current needs of using indoor pedestrian streets, which are also realistic and can provide new ideas for indoor pedestrian streets fire safety design. Only reasonable measures can reduce fire risk, to ensure fire safety of indoor pedestrian streets.Reference[1] GB50016-2006.Code of design on building fire protection and prevention.[2] Fire Bureau of Ministry of Public Security, Handbook of Fire Protection[M]. Science and Technology Publishing of Shanghai.2007.[3] HUO Ran,YUAN,HongYong Performance based fire prevention analysis and design ofbuildings[M]. Science and Technology Publishing of Anhui,2003.[4] NFPA Life Safety Code, NFPA (Fire) 101, National Fire Protean, Association, 2005.译文：大型商业综合体室内步行街消防安全设计建筑消防安全中英文对照外文翻译文献摘要近几年中国的室内步行街发展迅速。

- 1 -中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文文献外文文献: :Designing Against Fire Of BulidingABSTRACT:This paper considers the design of buildings for fire safety. It is found that fire and the associ- ated effects on buildings is significantly different to other forms of loading such as gravity live loads, wind and earthquakes and their respective effects on the building structure. Fire events are derived from the human activities within buildings or from the malfunction of mechanical and electrical equipment provided within buildings to achieve a serviceable environment. It is therefore possible to directly influence the rate of fire starts within buildings by changing human behaviour, improved maintenance and improved design of mechanical and electricalsystems. Furthermore, should a fire develops, it is possible to directly influence the resulting fire severity by the incorporation of fire safety systems such as sprinklers and to provide measures within the building to enable safer egress from the building. The ability to influence the rate of fire starts and the resulting fire severity is unique to the consideration of fire within buildings since other loads such as wind and earthquakes are directly a function of nature. The possible approaches for designing a building for fire safety are presented using an example of a multi-storey building constructed over a railway line. The design of both the transfer structure supporting the building over the railway and the levels above the transfer structure are consideredin the context of current regulatory requirements. The principles and assumptions associ- ated with various approaches are discussed.1 INTRODUCTIONOther papers presented in this series consider the design of buildings for gravity loads, wind and earthquakes.The design of buildings against such load effects is to a large extent covered by engineering based standards referenced by the building regulations. This is not the case, to nearly the same extent, in the case of fire. Rather, it is building regulations such as the Building Code of Australia (BCA) that directly specify most of the requirements for fire safety of buildings with reference being made to Standards such as AS3600 or AS4100 for methods for determining the fire resistance of structural elements.The purpose of this paper is to consider the design of buildings for fire safety from an engineering perspective (as is currently done for other loads such as wind or earthquakes), whilst at the same time,putting such approaches in the context of the current regulatory requirements.At the outset,it needs to be noted that designing a building for fire safety is far more than simply considering the building structure and whether it has sufficient structural adequacy.This is because fires can have a direct influence on occupants via smoke and heat and can grow in size and severity unlike other effects imposed on the building. Notwithstanding these comments, the focus of this paper will be largely on design issues associated with the building structure.Two situations associated with a building are used for the purpose of discussion. The multi-storey office building shown in Figure 1 is supported by a transfer structure that spans over a set of railway tracks. It is assumed that a wide range of rail traffic utilises these tracks including freight and diesel locomotives. The first situation to be considered from a fire safety perspective is the transfer structure.This is termed Situation 1 and the key questions are: what level of fire resistance is required for this transfer structure and how can this be determined? This situation has been chosen since it clearly falls outside the normal regulatory scope of most build-ing regulations. An engineering solution, rather than a prescriptive one is required. The second fire situation (termed Situation 2) corresponds to a fire within the office levels of the building and is covered by building regulations. This situation is chosen because it will enable a discussion of engineering approaches and how these interface with the building regulations regulations––since both engineering and prescriptive solutions are possible.2 UNIQUENESS OF FIRE2.1 Introduction Wind and earthquakes can be considered to b Wind and earthquakes can be considered to be “natural” phenomena o e “natural” phenomena o e “natural” phenomena over which designers ver which designers have no control except perhaps to choose the location of buildings more carefully on the basis of historical records and to design building to resist sufficiently high loads or accelerations for the particular location. Dead and live loads in buildings are the result of gravity. All of these loads are variable and it is possible (although generally unlikely) that the loads may exceed the resistance of the critical structural members resulting in structural failure.The nature and influence of fires in buildings are quite different to those associated with other“loads” to which a building may be subjected to. The essential differences are described in the following sections.2.2 Origin of FireIn most situations (ignoring bush fires), fire originates from human activities within the building or the malfunction of equipment placed within the building to provide a serviceable environment. It follows therefore that it is possible to influence the rate of fire starts by influencing human behaviour, limiting and monitoring human behaviour and improving the design of equipment and its maintenance. This is not the case for the usual loads applied to a building.2.3 Ability to InfluenceSince wind and earthquake are directly functions of nature, it is not possible to influence such events to any extent. One has to anticipate them and design accordingly. It may be possibleto influence the level of live load in a building by conducting audits and placing restrictions on contents. However, in the case of a fire start, there are many factors that can be brought to bear to influence the ultimate size of the fire and its effect within the building. It is known that occupants within a building will often detect a fire and deal with it before it reaches a sig- nificant size. It is estimated that less than one fire in five (Favre, 1996) results in a call to the fire brigade and for fires reported to the fire brigade, the majority will be limited to the room of fire origin. Inoc- cupied spaces, olfactory cues (smell) provide powerful evidence of the presence of even a small fire. The addition of a functional smoke detection system will further improve the likelihood of detection and of action being taken by the occupants.Fire fighting equipment, such as extinguishers and hose reels, is generally provided within buildings for the use of occupants and many organisations provide training for staff in respect ofthe use of such equipment.The growth of a fire can also be limited by automatic extinguishing systems such as sprinklers, which can be designed to have high levels of effectiveness.Fires can also be limited by the fire brigade depending on the size and location of the fire at the time of arrival.2.4 Effects of FireThe structural elements in the vicinity of the fire will experience the effects of heat. The temperatures within the structural elements will increase with time of exposure to the fire, the rate of temperature rise being dictated by the thermal resistance of the structural element and the severity of the fire. The increase in temperatures within a member will result in both thermal expansion and,eventually,a reduction in the structural resistance of the member. Differential thermal expansion will lead to bowing of a member. Significant axial expansion willbe accommodated in steel members by either overall or local buckling or yielding of local- ised regions. These effects will be detrimental for columns but for beams forming part of a floorsystem may assist in the development of other load resisting mechanisms (see Section 4.3.5).With the exception of the development of forces due to restraint of thermal expansion, fire does not impose loads on the structure but rather reduces stiffness and strength. Such effects are not instantaneous but are a function of time and this is different to the effects of loads such as earthquake and wind that are more or less instantaneous.Heating effects associated with a fire will not be significant or the rate of loss of capacity will be slowed if:(a) the fire is extinguished (e.g. an effective sprinkler system)(b) the fire is of insufficient severity –– insufficient fuel, and/or(b) the fire is of insufficient severity(c)the structural elements have sufficient thermal mass and/or insulation to slow the rise in internal temperatureFire protection measures such as providing sufficient axis distance and dimensions for concrete elements, and sufficient insulation thickness for steel elements are examples of (c). These are illustrated in Figure 2.The two situations described in the introduction are now considered.3 FIRE WITHIN BUILDINGS3.1 Fire Safety ConsiderationsThe implications of fire within the occupied parts of the office building (Figure 1) (Situation 2) are now considered. Fire statistics for office buildings show that about one fatality is expected in an office building for every 1000 fires reported to the fire brigade. This is an orderof magnitude less than the fatality rate associated with apartment buildings. More than two thirdsof fires occur during occupied hours and this is due to the greater human activity and the greater use of services within the building. It is twice as likely that a fire that commences out of normal working hours will extend beyond the enclosure of fire origin.A relatively small fire can generate large quantities of smoke within the floor of fire origin.If the floor is of open-plan construction with few partitions, the presence of a fire during normal occupied hours is almost certain to be detected through the observation of smoke on the floor. The presence of full height partitions across the floor will slow the spread of smoke and possibly also the speed at which the occupants detect the fire. Any measures aimed at improving housekeeping, fire awareness and fire response will be beneficial in reducing the likelihood of major fires during occupied hours.For multi-storey buildings, smoke detection systems and alarms are often provided to give “automatic” detection and warning to the occupants. An alarm signal is also transm itted to the fire brigade.Should the fire not be able to be controlled by the occupants on the fire floor, they will need to leave the floor of fire origin via the stairs. Stair enclosures may be designed to be fire-resistant but this may not be sufficient to keep the smoke out of the stairs. Many buildings incorporate stair pressurisation systems whereby positive airflow is introduced into the stairs upon detection of smoke within the building. However, this increases the forces required to open the stair doors and makes it increasingly difficult to access the stairs. It is quite likely that excessive door opening forces will exist(Fazio et al,2006)From a fire perspective, it is common to consider that a building consists of enclosures formed by the presence of walls and floors.An enclosure that has sufficiently fire-resistant boundaries (i.e. walls and floors) is considered to constitute a fire compartment and to be capableof limiting the spread of fire to an adjacent compartment. However, the ability of such boundariesto restrict the spread of fire can be severely limited by the need to provide natural lighting (windows)and access openings between the adjacent compartments (doors and stairs). Fire spread via the external openings (windows) is a distinct possibility given a fully developed fire. Limit- ing the window sizes and geometry can reduce but not eliminate the possibility of vertical fire spread.By far the most effective measure in limiting fire spread, other than the presence of occupants, is an effective sprinkler system that delivers water to a growing fire rapidly reducing the heat being generated and virtually extinguishing it.3.2 Estimating Fire SeverityIn the absence of measures to extinguish developing fires, or should such systems fail; severe fires can develop within buildings.In fire engineering literature, the term “fire load” refers to the quantity of combustibles within an enclosure and not the loads (forces) applied to the structure during a fire. Similarly, fire load density refers to the quantity of fuel per unit area. It is normally expressed in terms of MJ/m2or kg/m 2of wood equivalent. Surveys of combustibles for various occupancies (i.e offices, retail,hospitals, warehouses, etc)have been undertaken and a good summary of the available data is given in FCRC (1999). As would be expected, the fire load density is highly variable. Publications such as the International Fire Engineering Guidelines (2005) give fire load data in terms of the mean and 80th percentile.The latter level of fire load density is sometimes taken asthe characteristic fire load density and is sometimes taken as being distributed according to a Gumbel distribution (Schleich et al, 1999).The rate at which heat is released within an enclosure is termed the heat release rate (HRR) and normally expressed in megawatts (MW). The application of sufficient heat to a combustible material results in the generation of gases some of which are combustible. This process is called pyrolisation.Upon coming into contact with sufficient oxygen these gases ignite generating heat. The rate of burning(and therefore of heat generation) is therefore dependent on the flow of air to the gases generated by the pyrolising fuel.This flow is influenced by the shape of the enclosure (aspect ratio), and the position and size of any potential openings. It is found from experiments with single openings in approximately cubic enclosures that the rate of burning is directly proportional to A h where A is the area of the opening and h is the opening height. It is known that for deep enclosures with single openings that burning will occur initially closest to the opening moving back into the enclosure once the fuel closest to the opening is consumed (Thomas et al, 2005). Significant temperature variations throughout such enclosures can be expected.The use of the word ‘opening’ in relation to real building enclosures refers to any openings present around the walls including doors that are left open and any windows containing non fire-resistant glass.It is presumed that such glass breaks in the event of development of a significant fire. If the windows could be prevented from breaking and other sources of air to the enclosure limited, then the fire would be prevented from becoming a severe fire.V arious methods have been developed for determining the potential severity of a fire within an enclosure.These are described in SFPE (2004). The predictions of these methods are variable and are mostly based on estimating a representative heat release rate (HRR) and the proportion of total fuel ς likely to be consumed during the primary burning stage (Figure 4). Further studies of enclosure fires are required to assist with the development of improved models,as the behaviour is very complex.3.3 Role of the Building StructureIf the design objectives are to provide an adequate level of safety for the occupants and protection of adjacent properties from damage, then the structural adequacy of the building in fire need only be sufficient to allow the occupants to exit the building and for the building to ultimately deform in a way that does not lead to damage or fire spread to a building located on an adjacent site.These objectives are those associated with most building regulations including the Building Code of Australia (BCA). There could be other objectives including protection of the building against significant damage. In considering these various objectives, the following should be taken into account when considering the fire resistance of the building structure.3.3.1 Non-Structural ConsequencesSince fire can produce smoke and flame, it is important to ask whether these outcomes will threaten life safety within other parts of the building before the building is compromised by a lossof structural adequacy? Is search and rescue by the fire brigade not feasible given the likely extent of smoke? Will the loss of use of the building due to a severe fire result in major property and income loss? If the answer to these questions is in the affirmative, then it may be necessary to minimise the occurrence of a significant fire rather than simply assuming that the building structure needs to be designed for high levels of fire resistance. A low-rise shopping centre with levels interconnected by large voids is an example of such a situation.3.3.2 Other Fire Safety SystemsThe presence of other systems (e.g. sprinklers) within the building to minimise the occurrence of a serious fire can greatly reduce the need for the structural elements to have high levels of fire resistance. In this regard, the uncertainties of all fire-safety systems need to be considered. Irrespective of whether the fire safety system is the sprinkler system, stair pressurisation, compartmentation or the system giving the structure a fire-resistance level (e.g. concrete cover), there is an uncertainty of performance. Uncertainty data is available for sprinkler systems(because it is relatively easy to collect) but is not readily available for the other fire safety systems. This sometimes results in the designers and building regulators considering that only sprinkler systems are subject to uncertainty. In reality, it would appear that sprinklers systems have a high level of performance and can be designed to have very high levels of reliability.3.3.3 Height of BuildingIt takes longer for a tall building to be evacuated than a short building and therefore the structure of a tall building may need to have a higher level of fire resistance. The implications of collapse of tall buildings on adjacent properties are also greater than for buildings of only several storeys.3.3.4 Limited Extent of BurningIf the likely extent of burning is small in comparison with the plan area of the building, then the fire cannot have a significant impact on the overall stability of the building structure. Examples of situations where this is the case are open-deck carparks and very large area building such as shopping complexes where the fire-effected part is likely to be small in relation to area of the building floor plan.3.3.5 Behaviour of Floor ElementsThe effect of real fires on composite and concrete floors continues to be a subject of much research.Experimental testing at Cardington demonstrated that when parts of a composite floor are subject to heating, large displacement behaviour can develop that greatly assists the load carrying capacity of the floor beyond that which would predicted by considering only the behaviour of the beams and slabs in isolation.These situations have been analysed by both yield line methods that take into account the effects of membrane forces (Bailey, 2004) and finite element techniques. In essence, the methods illustrate that it is not necessary to insulate all structural steel elements in a composite floor to achieve high levels of fire resistance.This work also demonstrated that exposure of a composite floor having unprotected steel beams, to a localised fire, will not result in failure of the floor.A similar real fire test on a multistory reinforced concrete building demonstrated that the real structural behaviour in fire was significantly different to that expected using small displacement theory as for normal tempera- ture design (Bailey, 2002) with the performance being superior than that predicted by considering isolated member behaviour.3.4 Prescriptive Approach to DesignThe building regulations of most countries provide prescriptive requirements for the design of buildings for fire.These requirements are generally not subject to interpretation and compliance with them makes for simpler design approvalapproval––although not necessarily the most cost-effective designs.These provisions are often termed deemed-to-satisfy (DTS) provisions. Allcovered––the provision of emergency exits, aspects of designing buildings for fire safety are coveredspacings between buildings, occupant fire fighting measures, detection and alarms, measures for automatic fire suppression, air and smoke handling requirements and last, but not least, requirements for compartmentation and fire resistance levels for structural members. However, there is little evidence that the requirements have been developed from a systematic evaluation of fire safety. Rather it would appear that many of the requirements have been added one to anotherto deal with another fire incident or to incorporate a new form of technology. There does not appear to have been any real attempt to determine which provision have the most significant influence on fire safety and whether some of the former provisions could be modified.The FRL requirements specified in the DTS provisions are traditionally considered to result in member resistances that will only rarely experience failure in the event of a fire.This is why it is acceptable to use the above arbitrary point in time load combination for assessing members in fire. There have been attempts to evaluate the various deemed-to-satisfy provisions (particularly the fire- resistance requirements)from a fire-engineering perspective taking into account the possible variations in enclosure geometry, opening sizes and fire load (see FCRC, 1999).One of the outcomes of this evaluation was the recognition that deemed-to- satisfy provisions necessarily cover the broad range of buildings and thus must, on average, be quite onerous because of the magnitude of the above variations.It should be noted that the DTS provisions assume that compartmentation works and that fire is limited to a single compartment. This means that fire is normally only considered to exist at one level. Thus floors are assumed to be heated from below and columns only over one storey height.3.5 Performance-Based DesignAn approach that offers substantial benefits for individual buildings is the move towards performance-based regulations. This is permitted by regulations such as the BCA which state thata designer must demonstrate that the particular building will achieve the relevant performance requirements. The prescriptive provisions (i.e. the DTS provisions) are presumed to achieve these requirements. It is necessary to show that any building that does not conform to the DTS provisions will achieve the performance requirements.But what are the performance requirements? Most often the specified performance is simplya set of performance statements (such as with the Building Code of Australia)with no quantitative level given. Therefore, although these statements remind the designer of the key elements of design, they do not, in themselves, provide any measure against which to determine whether the design is adequately safe.Possible acceptance criteria are now considered.3.5.1 Acceptance CriteriaSome guidance as to the basis for acceptable designs is given in regulations such as the BCA. These and other possible bases are now considered in principle.(i)compare the levels of safety (with respect to achieving each of the design objectives) of the proposed alternative solution with those asso- ciated with a corresponding DTS solution for the building.This comparison may be done on either a qualitative or qualitative risk basis or perhaps a combination. In this case, the basis for comparison is an acceptable DTS solution. Such an approach requires a “holistic” approach to safety whereby all aspects relevant to safety, including the structure, are considered. This is, by far, the most common basis for acceptance.(ii)undertake a probabilistic risk assessment and show that the risk associated with the proposed design is less than that associated with common societal activities such as using pub lic transport. Undertaking a full probabilistic risk assessment can be very difficult for all but the simplest situations.Assuming that such an assessment is undertaken it will be necessary for the stakeholders to accept the nominated level of acceptable risk. Again, this requires a “holistic” approach to fire safety.(iii) a design is presented where it is demonstrated that all reasonable measures have been adopted to manage the risks and that any possible measures that have not been adopted will have negligible effect on the risk of not achieving the design objectives.(iv) as far as the building structure is concerned,benchmark the acceptable probability of failure in fire against that for normal temperature design. This is similar to the approach used when considering Building Situation 1 but only considers the building structure and not the effects of flame or smoke spread. It is not a holistic approach to fire safety.Finally, the questions of arson and terrorism must be considered. Deliberate acts of fire initiation range from relatively minor incidents to acts of mass destruction.Acts of arson are well within the accepted range of fire events experienced by build- ings(e.g. 8% of fire starts in offices are deemed "suspicious"). The simplest act is to use a small heat source to start a fire. The resulting fire will develop slowly in one location within the building and will most probably be controlled by the various fire- safety systems within the building. The outcome is likely to be the same even if an accelerant is used to assist fire spread.An important illustration of this occurred during the race riots in Los Angeles in 1992 (Hart 1992) when fires were started in many buildings often at multiple locations. In the case of buildings with sprinkler systems,the damage was limited and the fires significantly controlled.Although the intent was to destroy the buildings,the fire-safety systems were able to limit the resulting fires. Security measures are provided with systems such as sprinkler systems and include:- locking of valves- anti-tamper monitoring- location of valves in secure locationsFurthermore, access to significant buildings is often restricted by security measures.The very fact that the above steps have been taken demonstrates that acts of destruction within buildings are considered although most acts of arson do not involve any attempt to disable the fire-safety systems.At the one end of the spectrum is "simple" arson and at the other end, extremely rare acts where attempts are made to destroy the fire-safety systems along with substantial parts of thebuilding.This can be only achieved through massive impact or the use of explosives. The latter may be achieved through explosives being introduced into the building or from outside by missile attack.The former could result from missile attack or from the collision of a large aircraft. The greater the destructiveness of the act,the greater the means and knowledge required. Conversely, the more extreme the act, the less confidence there can be in designing against such an act. This is because the more extreme the event, the harder it is to predict precisely and the less understood will be its effects. The important point to recognise is that if sufficient means can be assembled, then it will always be possible to overcome a particular building design.Thus these acts are completely different to the other loadings to which a building is subjected such as wind,earthquake and gravity loading. This is because such acts of destruction are the work of intelligent beings and take into account the characteristics of the target.Should high-rise buildings be designed for given terrorist activities,then terrorists will simply use greater means to achieve the end result.For example, if buildings were designed to resist the impact effects from a certain size aircraft, then the use of a larger aircraft or more than one aircraft could still achieve destruction of the building. An appropriate strategy is therefore to minimise the likelihood of means of mass destruction getting into the hands of persons intent on such acts. This is not an engineering solution associated with the building structure.It should not be assumed that structural solutions are always the most appropriate, or indeed, possible.In the same way, aircrafts are not designed to survive a major fire or a crash landing but steps are taken to minimise the likelihood of either occurrence.The mobilization of large quantities of fire load (the normal combustibles on the floors) simultaneously on numerous levels throughout a building is well outside fire situations envisaged by current fire test standards and prescriptive regulations. Risk management measures to avoid such a possibility must be considered.4 CONCLUSIONSificantly from other “loads” such as wind, live load and earthquakes in significantlyFire differs signrespect of its origin and its effects.Due to the fact that fire originates from human activities or equipment installed within buildings, it is possible to directly influence the potential effects on the building by reducing the rate of fire starts and providing measures to directly limit fire severity.The design of buildings for fire safety is mostly achieved by following the prescriptive requirements of building codes such as the BCA. For situations that fall outside of the scope of such regulations, or where proposed designs are not in accordance with the prescriptive requirements, it is possible to undertake performance-based fire engineering designs.However,。

可燃气体报警器中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Design of Combustible Gas Detection system using WirelessKeywords:TGS813, AT89S52, DS18B20, nRF905, TC35iAbstract.The detection device of combustible gas are designed in the presented work,using wireless transceiver and GSM network.The system realize the wireless transmission of the gas concentration,and also can send alarm information to user’s mobile when an exception occurs.The system consists of two parts: a master and slave. The function of the slave is to collect data, process data and transffer the data to the master.The taskof the master is to receive data and display it by LED.The signal acquisition is completed by sensor TGS813 and A/D converter TLC2543. Thewireless transmission is achieved through wireless transceiver nRF905. Since the accuracy of thesensor is affected by the environment,using DS18B20 to achieve temperature compensation.And with wireless communication module TC35i and GSM network platform, we can send thealarm information to use r’s mobile promptly.IntroductionGas detection is widely used in petroleum, chemical, metallurgy, family, shopping malls,gas stations and other places. Currently, how to monitor the hazardous gas fast and accuratelyare the important issues. Although the gas detection technology is relatively mature, but mostproducts has many shortcomings, such as single function, operating complex, bulky, expensiveand low sensitivity. Wireless communication technology applied to the gas monitoring field, canresolve the problem of remote monitoring in special environment, such as high temperature, low temperature, toxic gas.and unable to wiring .In the presented work, the combustible gas detectoris fully functional (with wireless transceiver), simple, small size, low cost, and has high sensitivity. The equipment can greatlyimprove the system's detection capability and accuracy with temperature compensation algorithm, and also can send alarm information to the user's mobile phone promptly through theGSM network.System designThe system consists of two parts as shown in Figure 1.Fig. 1 Overall system block diagramThe slave part mainly complete data collection and wireless transmission. The master part mainly complete receiving data, displaying and sending alarm message.The signal of gas concentration is collected by combustible gas sensor which generates a weak electrical signal. The signal can be amplified and stabilized by conditioning circuit. And then A/D circuit converts the analog signal to digital signal which microcontroller can process. In order to improve the measurement accuracy, and reduce the impact of temperature, design a temperature compensation circuit to collect tempreture data. AT89S52 process the collected data and send data to the master by wireless transceiver.The master receives the data and displays it by LED. And if the gas concentration being abnormal,the system will drive speaker for an alarm signal and use TC35i module to send alarm information to user’s mobile.Hardware designSignal acquisition and conditioning circuit. Figure 2 shows data acquisition circuit. TGS813 is a Gas sensing resistive sensor. The conductivity of TGS813 is influenced by the concentration of combustible gases in air, the greater the concentration, the higher conductivity. In system R0, R9, R10 and RS (inTGS813) form a bridge circuit to convert resistance to voltage signal. Operational amplifier A connected as a voltage follower with resistors R7 and regulator D1 make up the voltage regulator circuit to supply power for the bridge. In order to the voltage adapt to the A/D converter, the voltage is amplified by opamp B, and the magnification can be adjusted through resistor R11.Fig. 2 Gas concentration signal acquisition circuitFig. 3 Temperature compensation circuitTemperature compensation circuit. The resistance of Rs is greatly affected by temperature. In order to improve system accuracy, the results must be temperature compensated or temperature correction.In system, using temperature sensor DS1820 to collect temperature signal, and using software method for temperature correction.Wireless transmission module. Wireless transceiver is achieved by a single-chip RF transceiver nRF905. MCU and nRF905 realize data and commands interaction through the SPI interface.The typical application schematic is shown in Figure 4. The antenna part is 50Ω single-ended antenna.The communication frequency is 433MHz, and operating voltage is3.3V. The value of resistors,capacitors and inductor is determined by the datasheet of nRF905. GSM short message unit. The interface circuit of TC35i and MCU is shown in Figure 5. The communication between MCU and TC35i is via serial, and the rate is 9600bps. Communicationsmode is 8-bit asynchronous with a start bit, 8 data bits, and 1 stop bit. But the serial input of TC35i requires CMOS level, and serial output of 89C52 requires TTL level. In order to achieve the voltage conversion the system use the way of resistors sharing voltage. Fig. 4 nRF905 Application SchematicFig. 5 TC35i and MCU interface circuitSoftware DesignThe software system includes data acquisition module, temperature compensation module, and wireless transceiver moduleWireless sending program. NRF905 data sending process is as follows:1) When having data to send, the microcontroller send the receiver's address and the data to nRF905 chronologically by the SPI interface.Then placed the data to be transmitted into TxBuf register, send WTP command to write the data to TX-Payload register, and send WTA command to write TX address to the TX-Address register.2) The microcontroller set TRX_CE=1 and TX_EN=1 to stimulate nRF905 ShockBurstTM sending mode. When data transmission completed, the data ready pin is set high;3) Beacause of AUTO_RETRAN being high, the data of nRF905 is constantly re-issued untilTRX_CE=0.4) when TRX_CE pin is set low, means the data transmission completed and nRF905 enter idlemode.Wireless receiving program. NRF905 data receiving process is as follows:1)When TRX_CE = 1 and TX_EN = 0, nRF905 enters ShockBurstTM receive modechecking constantly and waiting for receiving data.2)When nRF905 detect the carrier having same frequency band, the carrier detect pin will beset high.3)When nRF905 receive a matched address, the address matches pin will be set high.4) When packet correctly received, the word head, address and CRC bits will automatically be removed, and the data ready pin will be set high.5) MCU set TRX_CE to "0", and nRF905 enter to idle mode.6) When all the data received, nRF905 set data ready pin and address matching pin to "0", and nRF905 turn to shutdown mode or ShockBurstTM transmitmode and receive mode.Fig.6 Wireless data transmission flow chartFig.7 Wireless data receiving flow chartSummaryDesigned an equipment to detect the concentration of combustible gas, which has wireless transceiver functions and can send the alarm information to user’s mobile promptly through GSM.Experimental results show that the devices have high precision, stability and reliability. It can meet most applications which need real-time monitoring of combustible gas concentration.References[1] Liu S, Chen Q, Wang H G, eat. Electrical capacitance tomography for gas solids flow measurement for circulating fluidized beds [J].Flow Measurement and Instrumentation，2005，16(2-3):135-144.[2] TGS 813-for the Detection of Combustible Gases [DB/OL].2009-08-12.[3] Liu Wei, Chen HeXin，Zhang JunWei，etc. Intelligent control and alarm system based on TC35i. IEEE.2008 International Symposium on Computer Science and Computational Technology(ISCSCT), Shanghai, 2008:80-83译文:使用无线的可燃气体检测系统的设计关键词：TGS813，AT89S52单片机，DS18B20，nRF905，TC35i摘要；可燃气体检测装置是在所提出的工作设计，使用无线收发器和GSM网络。

火灾报警器中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Automatic fire alarm systemThe traditional electron safe alarm system mainly is through the sensor automatic detection, produces the alarm, sends out the alarm the scene or reports to the police through the special electric near distance, thus causes people's vigilance. Through many years research and the development, the present alarm apparatus may say is the class is multitudinous. As a result of the alarm apparatchik development and the social each domain anxious need, can application domain be more and more many, specially is overdevelops in the civil domain.In recent years, the infrared alarm apparatus already became reports to the police a domain hot spot,because it used was not the obviously infraredacquisition, Hereford the hiding to be good, characteristic and so on security. Infrared sensor is different according to the mechanism may divide into the light survey and the hot survey. The light acquisition sensor is uses the photon effect the acquisition aid. This kind of sensor speed of response quick, sensitive high, the examination characteristic is good, but needs cool, uses not conveniently. Moreover the component examination sensitivity and the infrared wave length concern. The hot acquisition is uses hotly releases the electricity effect the acquisition aid. After receives the goal the infrared misinterpretation increment, the temperature elevates causes the censorial certain physical quantities changes, through examination physical quantity change definite infrared emission. This kind of sensor works under the room temperature condition, examination sensitivity also very high, speed of response also very quick,moreover has nothing to do with with the infrared emission wavelength, may survey the power only to receive the background irradiation limit, the application is very convenient. This article designs atheist passive form hotly releases the electricity infrared acquisition aid. In the article mainly elaborated has hotly released electrician the principle, hotly releases content and so on Malayalam circuit which the electric detector the characteristic,the BISSAU signal processor, 555 timers composed. Finally designed completes has hotly released the electricity infrared detection alarm apparatus the hardware electric circuit.With the modern family use of fire, electricity consumption increases, the frequency of home fires is getting higher and higher. The family of fire, it iseasy to fight does not occur promptly, the lack of fire-fighting equipment and the presence of panic-stricken people, to escape unfavorable factors, such as retardation, which eventually led to a significant loss of life and property. Explore the characteristics of the family of fire and fire prevention measures. For the prevention of domestic fires, reducing the fire losses have practical significance. In the modern urban family, because of lot of people do not understand common sense home security caused by fire, so that the happy family Geog underlined blink of an eye, and some lead to destruction, but the event of household fires, improper disposal, alarm delay is caused so that people should get to know more about the main causes of household fires, master to prevent the fire of knowledge and in case of fire to protect his or her own way, timely elimination of The United Kingdom each year more than 50000 families of serious fires, most of them fire casualties and significant loss of household assets, and some result in the neighbors, more heavy fire losses. Investigate the causes of fire in time, the vast majority of home fires happen parties said that the fire always feel that things are other people with their own far away, did not think this will happen even in the top of his head.Home fires are the main reason for negligent not to take timely preventive measures .In some of our large and medium-sized cities, almost every day family fires, fire prevention is so each family must always pay attention to. If your home based on the actual situation in advance to take simple fire prevention measures, a number of tragedies are entirely avoidable.Automaticfire alarm system is in order to inform the early detection of fire, and t ake effective measures to control and fight fires, and set in a building or other pl ace of an automatic fire facilities, is that people with a powerful tool to fight the fire. Fire alarm system, fire detectors generally, regional centralized alarm alarm and composition; also be required under the project with various fire-fighting fa cilities and communication devices linked to form a central control system. Fro m automatic alarm, automatic fire fighting, evacuation guidance, system process shows that, fire up a complete file management, fire control system. Fire detect ors are fire detection devices, as in the stage of fire will produce smoke with hig h temperature flame cells. The smoke, heat and light into electrical signals throu gh the detector alarm or automatic fire extinguishing system to start fighting the fire in time. Area where the floor of alarm detector can send the signal into soun d and light alarm, and fire on the screen showing the room number; while also m onitoring the concentration of certain floors of alarm (if the monitor is located in the building fire Control Center) output signal or control automatic fire extingui shing system. Concentration of alarm signal is received by way of sound and lig ht show, and the screen also shows the specific fire floor and room number, the plane stopped taking the first alarm clock to record the timing, use of the machin e-specific phones, but also quickly to the fire alarm to give directions and. In ad dition, you can control the fire extinguishing system or signal transmission to th e fire control room.Automatic fire alarm system is by the trigger devices, fire alarm, fire alarm devices and other auxiliary functions of the device with the composition of a bu tton fire alarm system fire alarm system. It can fire early stages of burning smok e, heat and light radiation and other physical quantities, by temperature. Photogr aphic and other smoke and fire detectors into electrical signals, transmitted to th e fire alarm controller, and also shows the site of the fire, the fire record of the ti me. General fire alarm system and automatic sprinkler system, fire hydrant syste ms, smoke control systems, ventilation systems, air conditioning system, fire do ors, fire shutter, smoke screen and other related equipment interaction, automati cally or manually issue commands to start the corresponding device.(A) of the trigger devices in automatic fire alarm system, automatic or man ual fire alarm signal devices generate called trigger conditions, including fire det ectors and manual fire alarm button. Fire detector is able to fire parameters (smo ke, temperature, flame radiation, gas concentration, etc.) response, and automati cally generate a fire alarm signal devices. Fire response parameters according to different fire detectors into heat detectors, smoke detector, sensitive fire detector s, combustible gas detectors and fire detectors five basic types of composite. Dif ferent types of fire detectors for different types of fires and different places. Man ual fire alarm button fire alarm signal generated manually start the automatic fire alarm system devices, automatic fire alarm system is an indispensable compone nt of the.(B) the fire alarm device in automatic fire alarm system to receive, display and transmit fire alarm signals, and can send control signals and control function s with other auxiliary equipment as the fire alarm device instructions. Fire alarm control is one of the most basic kind. Charged with the fire alarm control fire det ectors provide a stable working power; detector and the working status of the sy stem itself; the reception, conversion, processing a warning of fire detectors Shu ck; Jinxing sound and light alarm; Hashish specific location and alarm time; the same time supporting the implementation of appropriate control and many other tasks. Fire alarm system is a core component. In the fire alarm devices, some de vices such as break, regional monitors, fire shows and other functions can not co mplete disc alarm device, which can be regarded as the evolution of fire alarm c ontroller or supplement. Under certain conditions applied, and the fire alarm dev ice fire alarm control belong. The basic function of fire alarm control are: the m ain power, backup power automatically converted, standby power charge functio n, power failure monitoring function, power functions working status indicator, power supply for the detector circuit function, control sensors or system failures, sound and light alarm, fire sound, light alarm, fire alarm and memory function, clock function unit, with priority being given fault function fire alarm, sound ala rm sound audible alarm mute and again.(C) fire alarms in automatic fire alarm system to send different from the e nvironment, sound, light the fire alarm signal device called the fire alarms. It sound, light and sound approach to the issue of fire alarm signals alarm area to warn people to adopt safe evacuation, fire fighting and rescue measures.（D)Fire control equipment in automatic fire alarm system, when receivin g the fire alarm, automatically or manually start the related fire-fighting equipme nt and display devices of their state, known as the fire control equipment. Includ e fire alarm control, automatic fire extinguishing system control device, fire hyd rant system control devices, smoke exhaust system and air conditioning and vent ilation system control device, normally open fire doors, fire shutter control devic e, the lift back down control equipment, and fire emergency radio, fire alarms, fi re communications equipment, fire evacuation signs and emergency lighting con trol devices, control devices in some or all. Fire control equipment normally inst alled in the fire control center to facilitate the implementation of centralized cont rol. While others set fire control equipment, fire fighting equipment is located i n the charged field, but its actions must be returned fire control signal, combined with the implementation of centralization and decentralization of control(E) fire alarm system power supply electrical equipment belonging to the fi re, the main power should be in the fire power, standby power use of battery. In addition to fire alarm system power controller, power supply, but also related to the system for the fire control equipment such as power supply.火灾自动报警系统传统电子安全报警系统主要是通过传感器自动检测，产生报警信号，从现场发出报警信号或通过专门电缆近距离报警，从而引起人们的警觉。

土木工程建筑外文翻译外文文献高层建筑的消防安全设计Fire Safety Design for High-rise BuildingsKeywords: fire safety, high-rise buildings, means of escape, fire resistant materials, fire detection and alarm systems, fire suppression systems, fire risk assessment, emergency plans1. Introduction2. Means of Escape3. Fire Resistant Materials4. Fire Detection and Alarm SystemsEarly detection of a fire is crucial to allow for the safe evacuation of occupants. High-rise buildings should be equipped with fire detection and alarm systems, including smoke detectors, heat detectors, and manual call points. These systems should be interconnected and monitored to ensure prompt notification of a fire.5. Fire Suppression Systems6. Fire Risk AssessmentBefore occupancy, a fire risk assessment should be conducted to identify potential fire hazards and ensure appropriate fire safety measures are in place. This assessment should considerthe building's use, occupant load, and fire resistance ofconstruction materials. Regular fire risk assessments shouldalso be conducted to address any changes in building use or occupancy.7. Emergency PlansHigh-rise buildings should have well-defined emergency plans that outline the actions to be taken in the event of a fire. These plans should include procedures for evacuating occupants, contacting emergency services, and isolating fire-affected areas. Regular drills and training sessions should be conducted to familiarize occupants with the emergency procedures.8. ConclusionFire safety design is critical in high-rise buildings to protect the lives of occupants and minimize property damage. Designers and engineers should consider means of escape, fire resistant materials, fire detection and alarm systems, fire suppression systems, fire risk assessments, and emergency plans when designing a high-rise building. By implementing these measures effectively, the risk of fire-related incidents can be significantly reduced.。

裙房 skirt[skə:t] building建筑高度 building altitude [æltitju:d]耐火极限 duration[djuəreiən] of fire resistance[rizistəns]Fire resistance rating不燃烧体 non–combustible[kəmbʌstəbəl] component[kəmpəunənt]难燃烧体 hard–combustible component Difficult-combustible component 燃烧体 combustible component综合楼 multiple–use building商住楼 business–living building网局级电力调度楼 large–scale power dispatcher[dispætə]’s building 高级旅馆 high–grade hotel高级住宅 high–grade residence半地下室 semi–basement地下室 basement安全出口 safety exit挡烟垂壁 hang wall Ceiling screen商业服务网点 commercial serving cubby/facilities闪点 Flash point爆炸下限 Lower explosion limit重要公共建筑 Important public building明火地点 Open flame site散发火花地点 Sparking site封闭楼梯间 Enclosed staircase防烟楼梯间 Smoke-proof staircase防火分区 Fire compartment防火间距 Fire separation distance防烟分区 Smoke bay充实水柱 Full water spoutAccessible Means of Egress 易通行的疏散通道Accommodation stairway 简易楼梯Alarm (in control room) （控制室内）报警Alarm and protection system 报警保护系统Alarm device 报警装置Alarm display panel 报警显示器Alarm of fire 火灾警报Alarm pressure 报警压力Alarm signal 报警信号Alarm system 报警系统Area of Refuge 避难区域Automatic fire alarm system 火灾自动报警系统automatic fire equipment 自动消防设备Automatic sprinkling fire extinguishing system 自动喷水灭火系统AA auto-alarm 自动报警back stair 后楼梯，辅助楼梯back staircase 后楼梯，辅助楼梯间back up 1、备用的，候补的2、倒转，回退back-up battery 备用电源Burning behavior 燃烧性能call back 1、[消]火灾报警箱 2、[英]公用电话亭 3、[消]召回 Catch pit 集流坑Chimney effect 烟囱效应combustibility 可燃性Dead end 袋形走道（死胡同）dead out [消]熄灭Deluge system 雨淋灭火系统Dry sprinkler system 干式喷水灭火系统effective date 有效期Electroluminescence 席间走道Elevator Evacuation system 电梯疏散系统Elevator Lobby Door 电梯前室门Emergency lighting 事故照明Enclosed staircase 封闭楼梯间escalators 自动扶梯Evacuation 疏散Evacuation Exit 疏散出口Evacuation Guiding Strip 疏散导流标志Evacuation Indicatory Sign 疏散指示标志Evacuation route 疏散路线External stairway 室外楼梯fireproof roofing 防火屋面Fire alarm device 火灾警报装置Fire alarm installations 火灾报警装置Fire bund 防火堤Fire separation 防火分隔Fire damper 防火阀Fire detector 火灾探测器Fire door 防火门Fire Evacuation Lamp 火灾疏散照明灯Fire extinguisher 灭火器fire fighting access 消防通道Fire hose 消防水带Fire hydrant 消火栓Fire ladder 消防梯Fire lift 消防电梯fire pool 消防水池Fire priming pump 引水消防泵Fire protection control room 消防控制室Fire pumps 消防泵Fire resisting beam 耐火粱Fire resisting column 耐火柱Fire resisting damper 防火阀fire resisting door 防火门Fire resisting duct 耐火管道Fire resisting floor 耐火楼板Fire resisting partition 耐火隔墙Fire resisting roof 耐火屋顶Fire resisting shaft 耐火竖井Fire resisting Shutter 防火卷帘Fire resisting suspended ceiling 耐火吊顶Fire resisting window 防火窗Fire retardant coating 防火涂料Fire risk 火灾危险性Fire Safety Evacuation Sign 消防安全疏散标志Fire stability 耐火稳定性Fire vehicles 消防车Fire wall 防火墙Fire water branch 消防水枪Fire water monitor 消防水炮fire water pump 消防泵fire water supply 消防水源fire water tank 消防水箱Fire-proof door 防火层门Fire-proof plate 防火板Flush fire hydrant 地下消火栓FABL fire alarm bell 火警铃FABX fire alarm box 火警箱gallery 1、长廊，走廊 2、阳台gallery over the main hall 走马廊half-space landing 楼梯平台Heat fire detector 感温火灾探测器hose reel 消防卷盘HAD heat-actuated device [消]感温式火灾探测装置，感温式火灾探测器Indoor fire hydrant 室内消火栓Ionization smoke alarm 离子感烟报警器jack lamp 安全灯mall sprinkler [消]手动洒水喷头Means of evacuation 疏散设施Mechanical smoke control 机械控烟Natural smoke control 自然控烟natural smoke extraction [消]自然排烟Outdoor fire hydrant 室外消火栓partial evacuation [消]局部疏散Post fire hydrant 地上消火栓Pre－action system 预作用灭火系统Protected stairway 疏散楼梯Public-fire alarm address system 火警广播系统Roof resisting to external fire exposure 防火屋面Roof screen 闷顶隔板Roof smoke screen 屋顶挡烟隔板Roof vent 屋顶通风Safe distance 安全距离safe egress [消]安全出口safe escape [消] 安全疏散，安全撤离safe evacuation [消]安全疏散。

英文文献一Factor analysis of high-rise building fires reasons and fire protection measuresAbstractHigh-rise building fires have many characteristics, such as the diversity of blazing, factors, various ways of fires spreading, the difficulty of evacuation and saving activities etc. Thus in order to attain a partial event tree whose top event is the direct fire hazard loss, the comprehensive analysis of the factors that can cause high-rise building fires is needed. Establishing high-rise building fire safety system and countermeasure begins from "man-machine-environment" , that is to say technology (hardware) and management (software) which highlight the effect of guiding and coordination of management to technology, with management as outlines and technology as method: establishing and improving the save system, strengthening "Three Simultaneous”, enhancing safety management of the related personnel and cultivating the sense of safety, sounding the fire precautionary emergency program. The study aims at solving fire protection of highrisebuilding and providing some practical value to the design of high-rise building, assessment of fire safety and establishment of precautionary emergency program.1. IntroductionWith the development of urban economy, high-rise buildings and super hig h-rise buildings become more and more because of high population density and land price.Nowadays in our country high-rise buildings develop into the direct ion of modernization, maximization and multi-functions, so it becomes more d ifficult to put out fires from outside and evacuate than one that takes place in ordinary constructions considering the high floors, complex functions and dive rsified devices. Ofcourse it tends to cause great economical loss and personnel casualty accidents easily.The statistics from Ministry of Public Security sugges ts that fires in our urbancommunity rise obviously year by year,especially firesin high-rise buildings whichtake up a great proportion [1]. Fire disasters in hi gh-rise buildings were relativelysevere during 1980s to 1990s, then slightly miti gate in 1990s, but in recent years, it has presented upturn tendency since the r apid development of economic construction, such as one which took place in o ffice building of Wuhan government Hubei Province, April 17th, 2009, two da ys later, one occurring at International Square Building of Nanjing,Jiangsu Prov ince and the recent report about a fire that happened at a high residence buildi ng of Jingan area in Shanghai,November 15th, 2010. The main reasons were a bout hardware which has no sounding fire fighting system, that is to say the f ighting equipments don't match the floors and softwarein another word, management of related personnel and safety sense cultivation arelacked.The fireproof of high-rise building is still a worldwide difficult problem. The author analyses the partial event tree whose top event is the direct fire hazard loss according to the characteristics of high-rise buildings and fires. Establish high-risebuilding fire safety system framework and emphasize four directions of fire safety countermeasure from "man-machineenvironment"that is to say technology (hardware) and management (software). The author aimed at providing some practical value to solve the difficulty.2. The characteristics of high-rise buildings and firesHigh-rise buildings have three characteristics: Construction structure is complicated (its high height, many floors and podium); Functions are complicated and the population density is high (wide functions including residential building,hotel, office building, store and so on); Combustibles is multiple and fire load is large (much combustible decorativematerial, such as ceiling from combustible material, wall cloth of plastic, wallpaper, curtain and so on [2]). Characteristics drawing from above are as following [3-4]: (1) Fire spreads quickly. High-rise building has many staircases, elevator shafts, pipe shafts, air passages, cable shafts and many other vertical shafts. If fire separation is not arranged reasonably, they will become lofty chimneys, in other words,they will become the passages to spread fire, especially in superior hotels, comprehensivebuildings, libraries, office buildings and other high-rise buildings. Because of much existing combustible material, once it catches fire, combustion will spread quickly and be of high intensity. According to determination, owing to air convection, the horizontal velocity ofsmoke diffusion is 0.3 m/s in the initial stage of fire, when in the violent stage of fire, and it may reach at 3-4m /s (Fig 1).Once a high-rise building with the height of 100m catches fire, smoke will diffuse to the top floor through the vertical shafts in 30 seconds and its velocity is more than 10 times of that in the horizontal direction. (2)It is difficult to evacuate. The features of high-rise buildings are as followings: Firstly, there are many floors and thevertical dimension is long, what’s more, it will cost too much time to evacuate. Secondly, population density is concentrated.Thirdly, once it catches fire, air flow is unblocked and fires and smoke spread quickly. All of those increase the difficulty ofevacuation. Some developed cities purchase a few of lift-up fire engines, while the majority cities with high-rise buildingshave no one, besides the height of them can't meet the requirement of safety evacuation and fighting. Generally speaking,ordinary elevators don't work because they can't protect from smoke and fires or power fails. Therefore, it depends on stairsto evacuate in majority high-rise buildings. Of course it is difficult to evacuate, because the staircases are filled of smoke.All above are the main disadvantages to evacuate in high-rise buildings.(3) It is hard to put out the fire. It is fairly difficult to put out fires from outside because the height of high-rise buildingsranges from tens of meters to hundreds of meters. Therefore we have to depend on self-save that are to say we have to putout fires by indoor fire apparatuses. Due to the limitation of economy and technology, the indoor fire apparatuses of highrisebuildings are not perfect, especially for the second class of high-rise buildings. It is more difficult to put out fireshappening in high-rise buildings because of its strong thermal radiation, the speed of fire spreading, and the lack offirewater and so on.3. The analysis to the factors that may cause high-rise building firesIt is an important part of the establishment of fire safety system and fire safetycountermeasure to analyze the factors thatmay cause fires. Thus the comprehensive analysis of the factors is an essential prerequisite to establish fire safety systemand to put forward fire safety countermeasure.The occurrence and development of fires do not happen in twinkling but a series of developing processes. It is a necessary condition for fires to have combustibles, comburent and ignition source together, while enough disaster-deducingfactors (such as building structure strength and material, fire load characteristic and distribute, the formation and strengthof ignition source, fire alarm system, fire equipment, emergency countermeasure, the group and so on) are the sufficientcondition. When the necessary condition mixes with the outside environmental condition, the fire will occur, develop andspread, then results in casualties and property loss. A partial event tree whose top event is the direct fire hazard loss is madeby analyzing fire accident cases and it is shown just as Fig 2.Evidence from Fig 2: the trend of building fire safety is not only related to the life-cycle of building, the sense of firesafety and the carrying out measures but also the related to personnel and the interfaces between systems that are consistedof personnel and buildings. These need to establish perfect fire protection system and strengthen "Three Simultaneous".That is to say fire-fighting facilities must be designed, constructed and put in the production at the same time. It is notdifficult to recognize that the existence of defect events includes elements of safety management. That is to strengthen thesafety management and cultivate related personnel the safety sense of building fire protection after the hardware of building environment is determined.High-rise building fires are a kind of risk events which are threaten to life and property of people. There are aboutthousands of these events every year in our whole country, which have terrible impact on our whole society and takeenormous damages. In order to know and protect fire accidents, the danger level of bursting fire events should be decreasedand the danger should be controlled to lowest extent, besides it needs a perfect precautionary emergency program and awell-trained organization [5-7]. Analysis of the causes of high-rise building fires can not only help the emergency rescue butalso contribute to finding the defaults of precautionary system.If both of them can combine together and supply mutually,then fire safety system of high-rise buildings will be better.4.Fire safety countermeasures of high-rise buildingsSafety is a best situation, where systems of "man-machine-environment" can realize mutual coordination. In order toachieve the goal, it needs to guarantee the safety of personnel and machine-environment. On one hand, some measures should be taken in technology to make the system of machine-environment with ability to ensure safety, on the other hand,the relationship between the personnel and the system of machine-environment in management should be coordinated. Thatis to say we should realize the harmony of system from measures in both technology and management. Fig 3 presentsbuilding fire safety system. The system emphases the timing relevance and the dynamic characteristics of building firesafety trend, which carries out the management based on preliminary hazard analysis. It achieves the change frompassiveness to initiative and the development from steady to trends.High-rise building fire safety activity is consisted of the fire prevention and the control of fire loss. In the view ofcontaining fires, the most important method is to prevent the meeting of the three elements of fire. If the meeting can't avoid,the environment should be controlled well to prevent their interaction or mechanism of action. In the terms of avoiding anddecreasing the loss of building fires, the exposure of life and property in time and space should be controlled firstly, then thedisaster inducement factors in the fire process should be limited. From Fig 3, we can know that if innate fire safety trend ofbuildings is confirmed, which is consisted of buildings, inner equipments, apparatus and other hardware, then the majorityreasons causing fires is the defaults of management [8-9]. So the building fire safety countermeasure should have theprocess property and be made of technology and management. What's more, because of the special properties of personnel,it is a key point to strengthen safety management. Only if after correct plan, organization, supervision, coordination andother activities, technology equipments and other jobs will make some sense and give service to the building fire safety. Interm of the analysis of building fire loss, the majority of basic events that the author puts forward in the existingtechnologyconditions can guarantee the building fire safety by improving and perfecting the safety management in order to control andeliminate hazards.In terms of fire safety, building, owners of building, the inner fire safety equipments, the rules of building andmanagement system is an organic integrity that is correlative and has mutual restriction. In order to achieve building firesafety, fire prevention of many factors, including personnel, building (including the inner equipments, facilities and so on),the related environmental factors, and their interaction should be controlled and coordinated. From the sequence of time(Fig 3), building has different time phases such as design, construction, acceptance inspection, application and so on.Whether fire safety measures are practicable in different phases has a profound influence on the next step. That is to say thejob in different phases is interrelated have mutual restriction. At the same time, in a time of stage in the building and the cross-section of the relevant personnel, job, all kinds of facilities and safety management system is also a connected and c hecked each other organic integrity [10-11]. According to the guiding ideology, in the process of implementation of fireprevention safety countermeasures, first step is to put the fire safety of buildings work as an integral subsystem and definiteorganizational mechanism and target; Then, along the timing investigation buildings in design, construction and acceptance,various stages of fire prevention safety characteristics and working communication and determine the specific safetymanagement of the content and the technical countermeasures are applied to achieve the whole process of fire preventionmanagement; In the specific time sequence of stage cross section (some phase), the technical countermeasures and technicalcountermeasures coordination and management should be implemented, of which the most important is to emphasize theprocess of operation management, especially to emphasize the homework in danger analysis and the dynamic safetymanagement while management measures is regarded as the core. Due to the overlapping of longitudinal and lateraldirection, the vertical should be emphasized as the main line in order to strengthen the manoeuvrability of the workrequirements, while the horizontal is the keypoint.5.ConclusionsThe paper put the "safety and prevention first" as the principle and analyses the features of high-rise buildings fire to gainthe course of accident by understanding high-rise buildings and its fire and attain a partial event tree whose top event is thedirect fire hazard loss, while it combined with the current state of the economy. In view of the high-rise buildings fireproblem, this is a "global" problem, and several points are put forward as followings:(1)Putting forward a new idea that is from "man-machine (content, equipment, etc.) -environment", that is, the twoaspects of the technology (hardware) and management (software) should be take into consideration comprehensively tosolve problems in high-rise buildings fire prevention.(2) Technology can't solve the problem that fire control facilities can't keep up with the increasing of the floor heighteffectively in a short term. In terms of the present economic situation in our country, a high-rise buildings fire preventionsafety system which takes the management as outline should be put forward while technology is a method and outstand theguiding and coordination that that management presents on technology.(3) Our high-rise buildings should emphasize the four high-rise buildings fire safety countermeasures with the realizationof fire prevention safety system at the same time, and achieve technology and the management synchronous development assoon as possible. Besides, high-rise building fire prevention safety system should be perfected.In order to solve the high-rise building fire prevention safety problem, this study hopes to provide some practical value to the design of high-rise building, assessment of fire safety and establishment of precautionary emergency program.英文译文分析高层建筑火灾因素与防火措施摘要高层建筑火灾有很多特点,比如不同的起火方式、因素,火灾的各种蔓延形式,疏散的难度大和扑救困难等。

消防专业词汇英语翻译（F-G）F Fahrenheit 华氏f. fire 火f.a. = fire alarm 火警F.L.P. = FLP =flameproof 隔爆的F.p. = fire plug 消火栓F.P. = flame-proof 防火的f.p. = flash point 闪点F.P. = French patent 法国专利f.p. =freezing point 冰点F1CL = fireman first-class 一级消防员F2CL = fireman second-class 二级消防员F3CL = fireman third-class 三级消防员F= Fluorine 氟FA = fireman apprentice 见习消防队员FA = first aid 急救FA = fuel-air ratio 燃料-空气比FA =flying accident 飞行事故FAA = Federal Aviation Administration 联邦航空局FAA = Federal Aviation Agency 联邦航空署FAA test method FAAFAB = first-aid box 急救箱FABL = fire alarm bell 火警铃fabric rubber lined hose 有橡胶衬里纤维水带fabric 织品fabrication 制作FABX = fire alarm box 火警箱FAC-2 program = Fire And Combustion-2 中国科技大学火灾科学国家重点实验定编制的一套可计算火灾的燃烧过程的二维计算机程序facade 正面face mask 面罩face protector 面部保护用具face shield 面罩face velocity 表面速度face 正面faced wall 饰面墙facepiece 面罩罩faceplate 面板facet 面facility 设备facsimile apparatus 传真机facsimile equipment 传真通讯设备facsimile system 传真系统fact processing 处理事实factor of safety 安全系数factor 因素factory engineer 厂家工程师Factory Insurance Association 工厂保险协会Factory Mutual Laboratory 工厂相互保险研究所Factory Mutual System 工厂相互保险组织factory test pressure 工厂测试压力factory testing 工厂测试fade area 盲区fade indicator 衷减指示器fading signal 衰减信号fading 衰减FAE = fuel-air explosive 油气爆炸物FAEs = fuel air explosive 燃料空气爆炸物fag station 吸烟处Fahrenheit degree 华氏温度Fahrenheit scale 华氏温标Fahrenheit temperature scale 华氏温标Fahrenheit temperature 华氏温度Fahrenheit thermometer 华氏温度计Fahrenheit 华氏温度表Fahrenheits thermometric scale 华氏温标FAIL = Failue 故障fail safe 故障保险fail temperature 破坏温度fail to safety 没有安全fail tree analysis 故障树分析fail-active 故障积极防护的fail-obvious condition 明显故障状态fail-safe system 故障自动防护系统fail-safe 故障自动保护的failure analysis 故障分析failure mode 失效模式failure rate 故障率failure to follow instruction 违反操作程序failure to inspect 疏于检查failure to maintain 疏于保养failure warning indicator 故障警告器failure warning 故障信号fainting 昏厥faintness 虚弱falling main 竖管false alarm of fire 误报的火警false alarm rate 火灾误报率false alarm 错误报<实际上没有发生火灾false assumption 错误假设false call 误调入false ceiling 假平顶false dynamite 低硝甘炸药false fire warning light 假火警信号灯光false floor 假楼板false front 装饰正面false host 假主机false operation 误动作false shelters 微粒掩蔽所false signal 假信号false smoke 假烟<被误认为烟的路上的灰尘false stull 副支柱falsework 脚手架family disaster plan 家庭防灾计划family room 娱乐室fan atomizer 扇式喷雾器fan coil unit 风机盘管机组fan 风扇fanning friction factor 通风管摩擦系数FAP = first-aid post 急救站FAR = Federal Aviation Regulation 联邦航空条例far-infrared detector 远红外探测器farad 法拉Faraday effect 法拉第效应Faraday eguivalent 法拉第当量farm tractor 拖拉机FASBUS - II = Fire Analysis of Steel Building System 钢结构建筑物系统的火灾分析FASIT = Fire Growth and Smoke Movement in Tunnel 由英国AEA技术协会和利兹大学联合编制的一种专用计算隧道火灾的场模拟程序FAST = fire and smoke transport 火和烟迁移fast break 快速断电fast burn 快速燃烧fast neutron 快中子fast powder 快速起爆炸药FAST program 火和烟迁移程序fast response sprinkler 快速反应洒水喷头fast water 大漏水FAST zone model 火和烟迁移的区域模型fast-burning charge 快燃药柱fast-burning coke 易燃焦fast-burning composition 速燃成分fast-burning powder 速燃火药fast-twining coke 易燃焦fastener tape 搭扣带fastener 扣件fat 脂fatal accident 伤亡事故fatal atmosphere 危险空气fatality 死亡fatigue crack 疲劳裂缝fatigue failure 疲劳断裂fatigue limit 疲劳极限fatigue 疲劳fatty acid 脂肪酸fault analysis 故障分析fault avoidance 故障免除fault clearance 故障清除fault control 事故监督fault correct 差错纠正fault coverage 故障覆盖率fault detect 故障检测fault diagnosis 故障诊断fault distinguish 故障区分fault finding 故障探测fault flag 故障标记fault free 无故障的fault frequency rate 故障率fault indication device 故障指示器fault indicator 控伤器fault line 裂纹线fault point 故障点fault rate 故障率fault recording 故障记录fault report 故障报告fault secure circuit 故障保护电路fault signal 故障信号fault state 故障状态fault time 故障时间fault trace 故障跟踪fault treatment 故障处理fault tree analysis 故障树分析fault warning receiving station 故障警报接收站fault warning routing equipment 故障警报发送设备fault warning 故障警报fault 故障faulty line 故障线路faulty operation 过失操作FAX = facsimile 传真FB = fire brigade 消防队FBH = fire brigade hydrant 消火栓FBI = Federal Bureau of Investigation 联邦调查局FBU = Fire Brigades Union 职业消防队联合会fc = fire clay 耐火泥FC = fire cock 消防旋塞FC = fire control 防火FCC = Federal Communications Commission 联邦电信委员会FCC = fire command center 消防指挥中心FCO = fire control order 消防秩序FCS = flame control system 火焰控制系统FCSA = Forest Conservation Society of America 美国森林保护学会feasibility analysis 可行性分析feasibility study 可行性研究Federal Advisory Council 联邦咨询委员会federal agency 联邦机构Federal Aid Highway Act 联邦政府助建公路条例federal aid 联邦政府补救Federal Aviation Administration 联邦航空局Federal Aviation Commission 联邦航空委员会Federal Aviation Regulation 联邦航空条例Federal Bureau of Investigation 联邦调查局Federal Coal Mine Health & Safety Act 联邦政府煤矿保健和安全法令Federal Communications Commission 联邦通信委员会Federal Disaster Assistance Bureau of Investigation 联邦救灾管理局Federal Emergency Management Agency 联邦紧急情况管理署Federal Emergency Relief Law 联邦紧急救济法Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Regulation 联邦环境农药控制条例Federal Fire Council 联邦消防委员会Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act 联邦火灾预防与控制条例federal forest 国有林Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路管理局Federal Housing Act 联邦住宅法Federal Housing Administration 联邦住宅管理局Federal Housing Authority 联邦住宅管理局federal law 联邦法律Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulation 联邦汽车运输安全规程Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 联邦机动车辆安全标准Federal Radiological Monitoring and Assistment Plan 联邦放射学检验和援助计划Federal Railroad Administration 联邦铁路管理局Federal Recreation Commission 联邦娱乐委员会Federal Specifications Executive Committee 联邦规范执行委员会Federal Telecommunications System 联邦电信系统Federal Water Pollution Control Act 联邦水污染控制法Federal-state Fire Control System 联邦及各州联合防火系统Federation of British Fire Organization 英国消防组织联合会Federation of British Industries 英国工联Federation of World Volunteer Firefighters Association 世界义勇消防联盟FED＝fractional effective dose 发挥效应的剂量分数feed main 供水总管feed water pump 给水泵feedback control system 反馈控制系统feedback 反馈feeder gas 流出瓦斯feeder line 进水线feeder loop 反馈电路feeder 馈电线feeding 供料feeling for fire 触摸探火<通过触摸墙壁feigned deafness 精神性聋症felt 毡female coupling 雌接口female swivel 阴转环FEMA＝Failure Modes and Effects Analysis 失效模式与有效性分析FEMA＝Federal Emergency Management Agency 联邦紧急情况管理局联邦应急管理局FEMA＝Fire Equipment Manufacture Association 消防设备制造商协会FEMIC＝Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Institute of Canada 加拿大消防设备制造协会fence 防护装置fender 防护板fertilizer-type explosive 肥料型炸药FETA＝Fire Extinguisher Trade Aassociation 灭火器行业协会FEXT＝fire extinguisher 灭火器FE＝fire escape 安全出口FFBPS＝Forest Fire Behavior Prediction System 由我国北方林业大学编制的一套计算林火行为的程序FFCA＝Forest Fire Control Abstracts ><期刊FFC＝Federal Fire Council 联邦消防委员会FFPA＝Forest Fire Protection Abstract >FFP＝Forest Fires Prevention 森林防火FFRI＝Forest Fire Research Institute 森林消防研究所FF＝firefighter 战斗员FHC＝fire hydrant cabinet 消防柜FHWA＝Federal Highway Administration 联邦供料管理局FHY＝fire hydrant 消防栓FIA＝Factory Insurance Association 工厂保险协会fiber saturation point 纤维饱和点fiber-optic camera 光导纤维摄象机fiber-reinforced plastic product 纤维增强塑料产品fiberboard box 纤维箱fiberboard 纤维板fiberglass insulation 玻璃纤维绝缘fiberglass 玻璃纤维fibrillation 纤维性颤抖fibrosis 纤维变性Fick law 裴克扩散定律FIDOS＝Fire Incident Data Organization System 火灾事件数据组织系统field acceptance test 现场验收试验field engineer 现场工程师field hydraulic 现场水力field intensity 电场〔磁场field observer 现场观察员field of view 现场field operation 现场灭火战斗活动field trial 现场试验field 电场fiery blast 火焰喷射fiery coal 气煤fiery colliery 瓦斯煤矿fiery mine 瓦斯矿井fiery 火的FIFI＝fire information field investigation 消防情报实地调查fifth alarm 五级火警fight a fire 扑救火灾fight fire with fire 以火攻火fight the fire 救火fight 战斗fighting deployment 战斗展开fighting disposition 战斗部署file 档案fill hose 进水管fill-in 代出动filled column 拄状filled dry standpipe system 充填的干管系统filled-type arrester 充填型阻火器filler joist floor 栏棚填料楼板filler 填料filling cabinet 档案柜filling density 填充密度filling pressure 充装压力filling ratio 充装系数film detonation 油料薄膜层爆轰film-forming fluoroprotein agent 成膜氟蛋白泡沫液film-forming fluoroprotein foam fire extinguisher 成膜氟蛋白泡沫液灭火器filter bag 过滤袋filter collector 过滤除尘器filter type BA 过滤式防毒面具filtering respiratory protective devise for self-rescue from fire 消防过滤式自救呼吸器filtrate 滤液filtration ration 过滤速率final exit 最终安全出口final fuel＝fuel 纤细的燃料<干燥时很容易着火并迅速燃耗的可燃物final run 抛撤飞行final 飞行终点financial management system 财务管理系统finder 探测器fine water spray nozzle 细喷雾枪fingers of fire 火舌finish 内部装修材料finished foam＝extinguishing foam 灭火泡沫finished stock storeroom 成品库finishing fire retardant paint 饰面型防火涂料fir partition 耐火隔墙fir-resistant construction 耐火结构fire bell 火警铃fire proof dope 耐火涂料fire proof wood 防火木材fire proofing agent＝fire proofing agent 防火剂fire - retardant agent 阻燃剂fire a hole 炮眼点火放炮fire academy 消防学院fire access 灭火口fire achieves 火灾档案fire administration 消防局fire agent 消防部门fire agriculture 烧荒农业fire airplane 消防飞机fire aisle 阻火通道fire alarm bell 火警铃fire alarm box 火灾报警箱fire alarm call 报火警fire alarm casing 火灾报警盒fire alarm control and indicating equipment 火灾报警控制和显示设备fire alarm control panel 火灾报警控制板fire alarm control system 火灾报警控制系统fire alarm detector of ion type 离子式火灾报警探测器fire alarm detector of thermal type 消防感温式报警探测器fire alarm device 火灾警报装置fire alarm dispatcher 火灾警报调度员fire alarm equipment 火灾警报装置fire alarm evacuation signal 火警疏散信号fire alarm headquarter 消防通讯调动中心fire alarm indication device 火警显示装置fire alarm network 火灾报警网fire alarm receiving station 火警接收站fire alarm remote indicating equipment 火警远距离显示设备fire alarm signal 火灾报警信号fire alarm signaling device 火灾信号发生装置fire alarm sounder 火灾警报器fire alarm system＝fire-alarm system 火灾警报系统fire alarm zone 火灾报警区fire alarm 火灾报警fire analysis of steel building system 钢结构建筑物系统的火灾分析fire analysis 火情分析fire and ambulance station 消防及救护站fire and bilge pump 消防污水两用泵fire and causality insurance 火灾和意外保险Fire and Emergency Manufacturers & Services Association 消防和应急制造商和服务协会fire and explosion safety 防护和防爆安全fire and explosive hazard 火灾和爆炸危险fire and marine insurance 物产水火保险Fire and Material 《火与材料》fire and rescue bill 消防救生部署表fire and smoke transport 火和烟迁移fire and snow melting system 消防及融雪系统fire and theft 火险及盗窃险fire annihilator pipe 消防管fire annihilator＝fire-annihilator 灭火器fire apparatus 消防车fire appliance 消防车fire approach suit 隔热服fire area 避难区域fire assembly 消防设施组件fire atlas 防火图fire attach strategy 灭火战略fire attack line 灭火水带线fire attack 火灾扑救fire avalanche 火山崩流fire ax＝fire axe 消防斧fire back 壁炉背墙fire ball formation 火球的形成fire bank 防火堤fire barrage 防火墙fire barrier sealant 防火墙密封胶fire barrier wall 防火隔墙fire barrier 防火墙fire bat 火拍firebeater 拍火器fire bed 火床fire behavior analyst 火灾行为分析员fire behavior foreast 火灾行为预测fire behavior 火灾特性fire bell 火警fire belt 防火带fire bill 火灾岗位表<指在发生火灾时fire blackout 火基本扑灭fire blanket 灭火毯fire block 防火块fire board＝fireboard 挡炉板fire boat 消防船fire bond 耐火材料粘结剂fire boss 灭火总指挥fire bossed 定期接受防火检查的fire box door 火箱门fire box＝firebox 炉膛fire brake ZB 阻燃剂 ZBfire branch 消防枪fire brand＝firebrand 燃木fire break forest＝firebreak forest 防火林fire breakout 起火fire break＝firebreak 防火墙fire brick arch 耐火砖拱fire brick of colliery waste 烧结煤矸石砖fire bridge 火墙fire brigade access window 消防用窗fire brigade control room 消防队控制室fire brigade hose reel 消防车胶管卷fire brigade responsibilities 消防队的责任<包括救援fire brigade vehicle 消防车fire brigade wagon 救火车fire brigade 企业专职消防队fire broom 灭火帚fire bucket 消防桶fire buff 消防队之友fire building 首先起火的建筑物fire bulkhead 防火隔板fire bund 防火堤<为容纳泄漏或溢出的可燃液体fire bureau 消防处fire burning index 燃烧指数fire button 灭火按钮fire cabinet 消火栓箱fire cache 消防器材贮藏处fire call receiving 消防通讯调度室fire call 火灾报警fire camp 消防营地fire canopy 防火挑棚fire captain 中队长fire casualty 火灾伤亡者fire cause class 火灾类别<分 Afire cause 起火原因fire cement 耐火水泥fire chamber 燃烧室fire check 热裂纹fire chute 避难滑道fire cistern 消防水池fire classification 火灾分类<根据燃料的性质划分以下4类fire clay = fire clay 耐火土fire clay brick = fire-clay brick 火泥砖fire clay chamotte 耐火粘土熟料fire clay insulating refractory 隔热耐火材料fire clay mineral 耐火粘土矿物fire clay mortar 耐火泥灰浆fire clay mould 耐火粘土模fire clay plastic refractory 塑性耐火材料fire clay refractory 粘土质耐火材料fire clay sanitary ware 耐火粘土卫生器fire clay sleeve 火泥油砖fire climate 火险气候fire climax = pyro climax 火烧演替顶极fire clock 火钟fire cloud 火山云fire co-operator 森林消防战斗员;义务护林员fire coal 取暖用煤fire coat 战斗服fire cock 消防栓fire code 消防规范fire coinsurance 火灾共同保险fire college 消防学校fire combat station 消防岗位fire command center 消防指挥中心fire command station 消防指挥站fire command system 消防指挥系统Fire Command >fire commander 火场指挥员fire commissioner 消防委员长fire community 消防界fire company inspection 火灾保险公司的检查fire company 消防队fire compartmentation 防火分隔<用耐火建筑件将建筑物加以分隔fire concentration 火灾集中fire consumption 消防用水量fire containment 遏制火灾fire control car 消防车fire control console 消防控制台<装在消防控制中心室的装有火灾监视接收器装置Fire Control Digest 《消防文摘》fire control equipment 消防设备fire control improvement 消防设施fire control line 防火线fire control operator 消防人员fire control plan 灭火作战计划fire control planning 灭火作战计划Fire Control Regulation 消防条例fire control room 消防控制室fire control 消防fire cover 消防力量fire crack mark 燃烧开裂迹印fire crack 燃烧开裂fire cracking 火裂fire crash truck 消防车fire crash 火灾事故fire crew 灭火作业组fire curtain 防火挡板fire curve 火灾曲线；时间-燃烧温度曲线fire cut 避难间fire cutoff 挡火物fire cycle detector 循环式火灾探测器fire cycle system 自动开关式喷水灭火系统<一种在起火时自动开启fire dam 防火墙fire damage 火灾损失fire damp cap 焰晕fire damp proof machine 沼气式电机fire damp 沼气甲烷fire damper board 挡火板fire damper in vent duct 通风管道中的防火阀fire damper 防火阀<用于管道内fire danger board 火险告示牌fire danger class 火险等级fire danger index 火险指数fire danger meter 火险计算尺fire danger rating area 火险等级区fire danger rating 火险评分<英国森林当局采用0~100制fire danger station =fire weather station 火险观测站fire danger 火灾危险fire data base 火灾数据库fire data 火灾数据fire day 火烧日<24小时的火烧周期fire death 火灾死亡fire deaths 死亡人数fire demand 消防需水量fire department access point 消防队进入点fire department access 消防车出入口fire department access 消防通道fire department communication center 消防部门通信中心fire department connection 水泵接合器fire department data 消防部门数据fire department equipment 消防部门的设备fire department key box 消防队锁匙箱fire department operation 消防部门业务fire department personnel 消防部门工作人员fire department pumper connection 水泵结合器fire department vehicle driver 消防队司机fire department 消防部门fire detecting and extinguishing apparatus 火灾探测和灭火装置fire detecting area 火灾探测区fire detecting arrangement 火灾探测装置fire detecting cabinet 火灾报警箱fire detecting system 火灾探测系统fire detection alarm system 火灾探测报警系统fire detection apparatus 火灾探测装置fire detection coverage 火灾探测覆盖范围fire detection device 火灾探测装置fire detection system test switch 火警探测系统试验开关fire detection system 火灾探测系统fire detection unit火灾探测装置fire detection 火灾探测fire detector element 火灾探测元件fire detector switch 火警探测器开关fire detector system 火警探测系统fire detector unit 火灾探测装置fire detector 火灾探测器<火灾自动探测系统的传感部分fire determination 火灾判断fire development 火灾发展fire devil 火焰旋涡fire disaster 重大火灾fire dispatch 消防调度fire display panel 火灾显示盘fire district 防火区fire division wall 防火墙fire dog 壁炉柴架fire door assembly 防火门组合件fire door 防火门fire drainage 排放瓦斯fire drencher 消防筒fire drill tower 消防练习塔fire drill 消防演习fire duration 燃烧持续时间fire duty 直接的灭火行动fire dynamics 火灾动力学fire ecology 火灾生态学fire edge 火缘fire education 消防教育fire effect modeling 火灾影响模拟fire effect 火烧结果fire effluent 火灾气流<火灾时固体燃烧或热解所产生的气态的fire elevator 消防电梯fire embankment 防火塔fire emergency elevator 消防紧急电梯fire emergency management 消防紧急管理fire emergency services 消防应急服务fire emergency 火灾fire enclosure 火区密封fire end 火端fire endurance calculation 耐火极限的计算fire endurance rating 耐火等级fire endurance 火灾持续性fire engine hose 消防胶管fire engine house 救火车房fire engine pump 车载消防泵fire engine 消防车fire engineer 消防工程师fire engineering 消防工程Fire Engineers Journal 《消防工程师》fire entry suit = fire-entry suit 避火服<用多层玻璃纤维或敷铝玻璃纤维制成的防护服装fire environment 火灾环境<决定火灾行为的周围条件fire equipment cabinet 消防装备箱Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association 消防设备制造商协会Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Institute of Canada 加拿大消防设备制造商协会fire equipment 消防设备fire escape chute = fire-escape chute 救生滑槽Fire Escape Equipment Manufacturers' Association of Japan 日本避难设备工业协会fire escape stair 安全出口楼梯fire escape stair 避难梯fire escape staircase =fire-escape staircase 防火梯fire escape window 太平窗fire escape 安全滑梯fire evaluation test 燃烧评定试验fire evidence 火灾证据fire exception 火灾不在内fire exercise 消防演习fire exit drill 消防疏散训练fire exit 紧急出口fire explosion 瓦斯爆炸fire exposure severity 暴露于火灾的严重程度<可能发生的火灾的严重程度fire exposure test 暴露于火试验fire exposure time 暴露于火的时间fire exposure 暴露于火fire extend 着火范围fire extinction by foam 泡沫灭火fire extinction equipment 灭火设备fire extinction 灭火fire extinguisher switch 灭火器喷射开关fire extinguisher agent 灭火器用灭火剂fire extinguisher bracket 灭火器架fire extinguisher cabinet 灭火器箱fire extinguisher dry chemical 灭火器干粉fire extinguisher symbol 灭火器符号<它分Afire extinguisher system = fire-extinguisher system 灭火系统fire extinguisher transfer switch 灭火器转换开关fire extinguisher trolley 灭火器推车fire extinguisher 灭火器fire extinguishing agent 灭火剂fire extinguishing apparatus 灭火装置fire extinguishing appliance 灭火设备fire extinguishing bullet 灭火弹fire extinguishing cart 灭火手推车fire extinguishing drill 灭火演习fire extinguishing effectiveness 灭火效能fire extinguishing equipment 灭火设备fire extinguishing performance 灭火性能fire extinguishing plant 灭火装置fire extinguishing pump 消防泵fire extinguishing tube 灭火管fire face = fire face 煤尘燃烧面fire factor 火烧因素fire failure 火灾事故fire fall 火烧倒塌fire fan 消防爱好者fire fatality 火灾死亡fire fighter = firefighter 消防战斗员fire fighter helmet 消防头盔fire fighter professional qualification 消防队员专业资格fire fighter's boots 消防靴fire fighter's glove 消防手套fire fighters elevator = fire lift 消防电梯fire fighting agent 灭火剂fire fighting amphibian 水陆两栖消防车fire fighting apparatus 灭火设备fire fighting appliance 消防设备fire fighting boat 消防船fire fighting by equal pressure 均压灭火fire fighting clothing 消防战斗服fire fighting command car 消防指挥车fire fighting device 消防设施fire fighting equipment = fire-fighting equipment 消防设备fire fighting fabric 消防织物fire fighting foam = fire-fighting foam 灭火泡沫fire fighting foam agent 灭火泡沫液fire fighting footwear 消防靴fire fighting force 灭火力量fire fighting halon 灭火用哈龙fire fighting hose 消防水带Fire Fighting in Canada 《加拿大消防》杂志fire fighting method 灭火法fire fighting network 灭火战斗网<在火场上fire fighting service = fire-fighting service 消防勤务fire fighting ship 消防船fire fighting supply 消防供水fire fighting system 消防制度fire fighting tug 消防拖轮fire fighting turnout 消防战斗服fire fighting unit = fire-fighting unit 消防装置fire fighting vehicle = fire-fighting vehicle 消防车fire fighting with fire extinguisher 灭火器灭火fire fighting with inert gas 惰性气体灭火法fire fighting 灭火战斗fire flap 防火挡板fire flapper 防火挡板fire floor 火烧层fire flow 消防给水流量fire foam producing machine 灭火泡沫发生器fire foam 泡沫灭火剂fire fountain 火喷泉fire fringe 瓦斯边界层fire front 火灾前沿fire gas 火灾气体fire gear 消防装置fire generated wind 火成风fire goggles 消防护目镜fire good 易燃物fire grading 建筑物耐火性fire grate bar 炉条fire grate 炉篦fire ground = fire-ground 火炀fire ground announcement 火场广播fire ground command 火场指挥员fire ground communication 火场通讯fire ground factor 火场因素fire ground network 火场指挥网<火场指挥员与参战各消防队指挥员之间组成的消防无线通信网fire ground TV system 火场电视系统<能把火灾现场的实况转变成图像和伴音信号fire growth model 火灾生长模型fire growth 火灾增长fire gun 消防枪fire hall 消防站fire hat 消防头盔fire hazard classification 火险分类<根据建筑物或构筑物内物品和作业的情况fire hazard index 灭险指数fire hazard test 火险试验fire hazard 火灾危害性fire hazardous area 火险地区fire head 火头fire headquarters 火场指挥所fire heat 火热fire hole 火孔fire hook 消防钩fire horse 拉消防车的马fire hose cabinet 消防水带箱fire hose coupling 消防水带接口fire hose fitting 消防水带配件fire hose nozzle 水枪fire hose rack 消防水带架fire hose reel 消防水带卷盘fire hose 消防水带fire house 消防站fire hydrant chamber 消火栓井fire hydrant pillar 地上消火栓fire hydrant 消火栓fire ignition due to spontaneous combustion of coal 煤自燃造成的火灾fire ignition energy 引燃能量fire ignition sequence 着火顺序fire ignition to external heat 外因火灾fire ignition 着火fire in stem 树干火fire in the open 露天火灾fire indemnity 火灾损失赔偿fire indicating lamp 火灾确认灯fire indication 火警信号fire indicator 火警指示器fire information retrieval system techniques 火灾情报检索系统技术fire information 消防信息<与消防有关的语言fire inhibitor 火焰抑制剂fire injury 烧伤fire inspection 防火检查fire inspector 防火检查员fire installation 消防设备fire insurance company 火灾保险公司fire insurance contract 火险契约fire insurance on stock and supply 库存物资火险fire insurance policy 火灾保险单fire insurance premium 火灾保险费fire insurance rate 火灾保险费率fire insurance rating 火灾保险级别fire insurance surveying 火灾保险测定fire insurance tariff rate 火灾保险协定率fire insurance tariff ratio 火灾保险协定率fire insurance tree 火灾保险树fire insurance 火险fire integrity 耐火完整性<在标准耐火试验条件下fire intensity 火灾强度Fire International 《国际消防》fire investigation program 火灾调查计划fire investigation 火灾调查fire investigator 火因调查员fire irons 炉用具<如火钳fire isolation 火区隔离Fire Journal 《消防杂志》fire jump 空降灭火fire knockdown 控火fire ladder 消防梯fire lagging 防火绝缘层fire lamp 火警指示灯fire lane 消防车通道fire layer 沼气聚积层fire less cooker 无火炊具fire life 火灾延续时间fire lift priority switch 消防电梯优先开关fire lift switch 消防电梯开关fire lift 消防电梯<具有耐火时间结构fire lighter = firelighter 点火剂fire lighting 点火fire limit 消防界线防火线fire line force 灭火战斗前线的队伍fire line 灭火战斗前线fire lintel 货物起卸口防火过梁fire load 火灾荷载fire lookout 火警了望员fire loss adjustment 火灾损失调整fire loss as 火灾损失帐户fire loss information 火灾损失资料fire loss insurance 火灾保险fire loss investigation 火灾损失调查fire loss prevention manager 预防火灾损失主任fire loss prevention 预防火灾损失fire loss statistics 火灾损失统计fire loss 火灾损失fire machine 防爆式电机fire main pipe 消防总管fire main system 主消防系统fire main with fire valve 带消火阀的消防总管fire main 消防总管fire maker 打火器fire management area 有消防管理目标的地区fire management notes 消防管理备忘录fire management plan 消防管理计划fire management system 消防管理系统fire management 消防管理fire margin 火缘fire mark 火灾险牌<某些陈旧建筑物上挂的一种金属牌子fire marshal 防火处处长fire marshal's office 防火处fire mask 消防面具Fire master BP6 阻燃剂BP6<六溴联苯fire model 火灾模型fire modeling computational system 火灾模化计算系统fire modeling 火灾模化fire monitor 消防炮Fire Museum Network 消防博物馆网络系统fire nomenclature 林野火灾术语fire nozzle 水枪;水炮;消防炮fire occurrence map 火灾发生图fire office 火灾保险公司fire official 消防官员fire operation 灭火战斗活动fire origin 起火源fire out time 熄灭时间fire out 放火烧除fire pack 森林消防战斗员背包<用于装工具fire pail 太平桶fire pan 火盆fire parameter 火灾参数fire party 消防队fire patrol=fire-patrol 消防巡逻fire patrolman 消防巡逻队队员fire pentration test 燃烧穿透测试fire performance 耐火性能fire performance-based code 以火灾性能为基础的规范fire peril 火灾危险fire perimeter 火线长度fire permit 动火许可fire personnel 消防人员fire picket 驻防消防人员fire pillar 防火矿柱fire pit 火山坑fire place 壁炉fire plan 消防设备布置图fire planning 消防规划fire play 玩火fire plotting map 林野火灾定位图fire plough 防火犁fire plow 太平犁fire plug 消防龙头fire plume above roof 窜出屋顶的火焰fire plume 火羽流fire pocket 隐蔽火点<在灭火进攻后fire point theory 着火点理论fire point 燃点fire policy = fire-policy 火灾保险单fire pool 消防水池fire pot 盛火的罐fire precaution measure 防火措施fire precaution 防火措施fire precautions legislation 防火法规fire presuppression 灭火预备工作fire preventing 防火;防火的fire prevention bureau = fire prevention division = fire marshal's office 防火处Fire Prevention Code Appeals Board 防火法规上诉委员会fire prevention code 防火规范fire prevention district 防火区fire prevention division 防火区域fire prevention education officer 防火教育官员fire prevention education 防火教育fire prevention forest 防火林fire prevention officer 防火官员fire prevention principle 防火原则fire prevention science and technology 防火科学与技术fire prevention supervisor 防火负责人fire prevention system 防火系统Fire Prevention Week 防火周fire prevention zone 消防分区fire procedure plan 消防措施计划fire production manager 消防管理员fire progress map 火场形势图fire proofing finish 防火整理fire proofing ＝ fire-proofing 阻燃材料、阻燃剂fire propagation index 火焰传播指数fire propagation 火焰传播fire protection criteria 消防标准fire protection device 防火装置fire protection district 消防区fire protection engineer 消防工程师fire protection engineering 消防工程fire protection expense 消防费用fire protection flap 防火挡板fire protection industry 消防产业fire protection layer 防火层fire protection map 消防车行程图fire protection measure 消防措施fire protection organization 消防组织fire protection professional 消防专业人员fire protection rating 耐火等级Fire Protection Review 消防周报fire protection rule 消防规范fire protection safety sign 消防安全标志fire protection signaling system 消防信号系统fire protection switch 防火开关fire protection system 消防系统fire protection tree 防火树fire protection wall 防火墙fire protection water tank 消防水罐fire protection water 消防用水fire proximity suit 避火服fire pump station 消防泵站fire pump trailer 带消防水泵的挂车fire pump with drive 带发动机的消防泵fire pump 消防泵fire pumper 泵浦消防车fire radio communication network 消防无线通信网<在一定的通信区域fire raiser 纵火犯fire raising 纵火fire rake 火耙fire rate 消防费fire rated partition 耐火隔板fire rated penetration 防火洞孔<建筑防火构件上用来穿过管子fire rated 耐火的fire rating test 耐火等级试验fire rating 防火等级fire reconstruction 火灾再现fire reel 水带卷筒fire refractory brick 焙烧砖fire refractory 粘土质耐火材料fire regulation 防火规范fire repeater 火警转发机fire report 火灾报告fire reporting telephone 火警电话Fire Research Institute of Japan 日本消防研究所fire research 火灾研究fire reservoir 消防水池fire resistanceclass 耐火等级fire resistance classification 耐火性分级fire resistance grading 耐火性分级fire resistance period 耐火时间fire resistance rating = fire-resistance rating 耐火等级fire resistance rolling shutter door 防火卷帘门fire resistance steel door 钢质防火门fire resistance test 耐火性试验fire resistance 抗燃烧性fire resistant = fire-resistant 抗火的fire resistant building 耐火建筑物fire resistant cable 耐火电缆fire resistant conveyor belt 防火运输带fire resistant coverall 防火服fire resistant hydraulic liquid 耐火液压油fire resistant material engineering 防火材料工程fire resistant paint 耐火油漆fire resistant wall = fire-resistant wall 耐火墙fire resisting bulkhead 耐火舱壁fire resisting concrete = fire-resisting concretefire resisting construction 防火结构fire resisting division 防火分隔fire resisting finish = fire-resisting finish 防火罩面漆fire resisting magazine 防火暗盒。

消防安全知识内容英文版Fire Safety KnowledgeIntroduction:Fire safety is a crucial aspect of maintaining a safe living and working environment. Understanding the basics of fire prevention, evacuation procedures, and fire extinguishing techniques is essential to ensure the safety of yourself and those around you. In this article, we will explore important fire safety knowledge that can help protect lives and property in the event of a fire.Section 1: Fire Prevention1.1) Handling Flammable Materials:- Keep flammable liquids, such as gasoline and propane, in designated containers and store them in well-ventilated areas away from heat sources.- Properly dispose of flammable waste and materials to prevent accidental ignition.1.2) Electrical Safety:- Regularly inspect and maintain electrical appliances, ensuring that cords and plugs are in good condition.- Avoid overloading electrical outlets and use power strips with built-in surge protectors.- Do not use damaged or frayed electrical cords, and keep them away from flammable materials.1.3) Smoking Safety:- Avoid smoking indoors or near flammable materials.- Dispose of cigarette butts in designated ashtrays or containers, ensuring they are fully extinguished.Section 2: Emergency Preparedness2.1) Fire Escape Plans:- Familiarize yourself with the layout of your home or workplace, identifying multiple exit points.- Develop and practice a fire escape plan that includes designated meeting points outside the premises.- Ensure that escape routes are clear from obstructions.2.2) Fire Alarms and Smoke Detectors:- Install smoke detectors in key areas of your home or workplace, including bedrooms and common areas.- Test smoke detectors regularly and replace batteries annually to ensure proper functioning.- Install fire alarms that are interconnected, ensuring that all occupants are alerted in case of a fire.2.3) Emergency Contacts:- Keep a list of emergency numbers, including the local fire department, readily accessible.- Program emergency contact numbers into your mobile phone for quick access during an emergency.Section 3: Fire Extinguishing Techniques3.1) Using a Fire Extinguisher:- Understand the different types of fire extinguishers and their suitable applications (e.g., Class A, B, C, or D fires).- Familiarize yourself with the PASS technique: Pull the pin, Aim at the base of the fire, Squeeze the handle, and Sweep from side to side.3.2) Evacuation Prioritization:- In case of a fire, prioritize the safety of yourself and others by evacuating immediately.- Do not attempt to extinguish a large fire if it poses a threat to your safety. Evacuate and call the fire department.Conclusion:By familiarizing ourselves with fire safety knowledge, we can significantly reduce the risk of fire incidents and mitigate potential damage. Practicing prevention methods, being prepared for emergencies, and understanding fire extinguishing techniques are vital for ensuring the safety and well-being of individuals and communities. Remember, fire safety is everyone's responsibility, and taking proactive measures can save lives and protect property.(Note: The word count of the article is approximately 440 words. To reach the desired 2000-word count, additional information, case studies, orfurther elaborations can be added to each section or new sections can be introduced.)。

消防安全知识英文版Fire Safety KnowledgeIntroduction:Fire safety is a crucial aspect of everyday life, as fires can cause significant damage to property and pose a threat to human life. Therefore, it is essential to be well-informed and educated about fire safety measures to prevent fires, minimize damages, and ensure the safety of individuals in various environments. This article aims to provide comprehensive fire safety knowledge, including prevention, safety precautions, emergency response, and equipment usage.I. Understanding Fire:1. Fire Triangle:Fire is the result of a chemical reaction known as combustion, which requires three essential elements to occur - fuel, heat, and oxygen. These three components are often referred to as the "fire triangle." In order to prevent and control fires effectively, it is crucial to understand and address these elements.a) Fuel: Fire can ignite and spread through various combustible materials, such as wood, paper, fabric, flammable liquids, and gases. Proper storage and handling of flammable materials are vital to prevent accidental fires.b) Heat: Heat is required to raise the temperature of a material toits ignition point, initiating combustion. Heat sources can include open flames, electrical appliances, heating systems, and faulty wiring. Regular maintenance and inspection of these sources are crucial to identify potential fire hazards.c) Oxygen: Fire requires oxygen to sustain itself. An adequate supply of oxygen can be found in the air we breathe. Ensuring proper ventilation and avoiding oxygen enrichment can help prevent rapid fire spread.2. Classes of Fire:Fires can be categorized into different classes based on the type of fuel involved. This classification is crucial for determining the appropriate extinguishing methods and equipment.a) Class A: This class includes fires involving ordinary combustible materials like wood, paper, cloth, and plastics. These fires are usually extinguished using water or water-based extinguishers.b) Class B: This class includes fires involving flammable liquids or gases like gasoline, oil, alcohol, and propane. Carbon dioxide or dry chemical extinguishers are commonly used to suppress these fires.c) Class C: This class includes fires involving energized electrical equipment. It is essential to de-energize the equipment before extinguishing the fire. Carbon dioxide or dry chemical extinguishers are suitable for these types of fires.d) Class D: This class includes fires involving combustible metals like magnesium, titanium, and sodium. Specialized extinguishing agents, such as specific powders or sand, are required to control these fires.e) Class K: This class includes fires involving cooking oils and greases. Specialized wet chemical extinguishers are necessary to extinguish these fires effectively.II. Fire Prevention:1. Housekeeping and Storage:Maintaining a clean and organized environment is crucial to prevent fires. Regularly remove and dispose of any waste or clutter, such as papers, boxes, and broken equipment. Store flammable materials in designated areas that are well-ventilated and away from ignition sources. Properly label and store flammable liquidsin approved containers.2. Electrical Safety:Electrical fires are a common cause of house fires. Adhere to these electrical safety practices to minimize fire hazards:a) Overloading sockets can cause overheating and fires. Avoid using multiple adapters or extension cords on a single socket.b) Regularly inspect and replace damaged or frayed electricalcords. Do not run cords under carpets or rugs.c) Turn off and unplug electrical appliances when not in use.d) Do not attempt to repair faulty electrical equipment yourself. Consult a qualified electrician.e) Install and regularly test smoke detectors and fire alarms.3. Smoking Safety:Smoking is a significant fire hazard, especially indoors. Follow these safety precautions to minimize the risk of fires:a) Avoid smoking indoors, especially in bed or near flammable materials.b) Always use designated ashtrays and ensure cigarettes are fully extinguished before disposal.c) Do not smoke while under the influence of alcohol or any substances that impair coordination.d) Educate children about the dangers of smoking and keep matches and lighters out of their reach.4. Cooking Safety:Cooking fires are a leading cause of home fires. To prevent kitchen fires:a) Avoid leaving cooking unattended.b) Keep flammable materials, like dish towels and oven mitts, away from the stove.c) Regularly clean cooking surfaces and appliances to remove grease buildup.d) Use caution when heating oil and always have a lid nearby to smother potential oil fires.e) Install and regularly maintain a functioning fire extinguisher in the kitchen.5. Heating Safety:Heating equipment, such as fireplaces, furnaces, and space heaters, can be fire hazards if not used and maintained properly. Follow these safety measures:a) Keep flammable materials away from heating sources.b) Ensure proper ventilation and avoid using heating equipment in closed or unventilated spaces.c) Inspect and maintain heating systems regularly to identify and address potential issues.d) Use only approved heating devices and follow themanufacturer's instructions.e) Never leave heating equipment unattended or on while sleeping. III. Fire Safety Precautions:1. Fire Extinguishers:Fire extinguishers are essential tools for controlling and extinguishing fires. Selecting the correct type of fire extinguisher is crucial for effective fire suppression. Key considerations when using a fire extinguisher:a) P.A.S.S. Technique: Follow the P.A.S.S. acronym - Pull the pin, Aim at the base of the fire, Squeeze the handle, and Sweep side to side while applying the extinguishing agent.b) Know the location of fire extinguishers in your surroundings.c) Understand the appropriate type of extinguisher based on the class of fire.d) Regularly inspect and maintain fire extinguishers to ensure they are in good working condition.2. Smoke Detectors and Fire Alarms:Smoke detectors and fire alarms play a crucial role in alerting individuals to the presence of smoke or fire, providing early warning and enabling evacuation. Follow these guidelines:a) Install smoke detectors on each level of your home or building, including bedrooms.b) Test smoke detectors regularly by pressing the test button.c) Replace batteries in smoke detectors at least once a year or as instructed by the manufacturer.d) Replace smoke detectors every ten years.e) In commercial buildings, ensure the presence of fire alarms and conduct regular tests.3. Evacuation Plans:Developing and practicing an effective evacuation plan is vital for everyone's safety during a fire emergency. Consider the following:a) Identify primary and secondary escape routes in your home or workplace.b) Ensure doors and windows are easy to open and not blocked.c) Conduct fire drills regularly to familiarize everyone with evacuation procedures.d) Establish a designated meeting point outside the building to account for all individuals.e) In commercial buildings, appoint individuals responsible for guiding others to safety during an evacuation.IV. Fire Emergency Response:1. R.A.C.E. Protocol:In the event of a fire emergency, follow the R.A.C.E. protocol: a) Rescue: Ensure the immediate safety of individuals in immediate danger, if possible.b) Alarm: Activate the fire alarm system to alert others of the fire.c) Contain: Close doors and windows to limit the fire's spread.d) Extinguish/Evacuate: If it is safe to do so, use the appropriate fire extinguisher to control the fire. Otherwise, evacuate and follow the established evacuation plan.2. Calling Emergency Services:Contact the emergency services (e.g., fire department, police) immediately after ensuring your safety and that of others. Provide accurate information about the situation, location, and any additional relevant details.3. Safe Exiting Techniques:During evacuation, it is essential to follow safe exiting techniques:a) Stay as close to the ground as possible while moving through and exiting smoke-filled areas, as smoke rises and can impair visibility.b) Use alternative routes if the primary route is blocked.c) Test door handles before opening them and close doors behind you to limit the fire's spread.d) Avoid using elevators during a fire emergency.e) Assist individuals with disabilities or those who may require assistance during evacuation.V. Fire Safety in Specific Environments:1. Workplace Fire Safety:In addition to the general fire safety precautions mentioned above, workplaces must consider specific measures, including:a) Conducting regular fire drills and training employees on evacuation procedures.b) Ensuring clear access to emergency exits and keeping them unobstructed.c) Maintaining adequate firefighting equipment and training staff on its usage.d) Establishing a communication system to alert everyone during an emergency.e) Regularly inspecting and maintaining electrical equipment and systems.f) Posting clear and visible evacuation routes and fire safety instructions.2. School Fire Safety:Educational institutions have a significant responsibility to ensure the safety of students and staff. Therefore, schools should prioritize the following measures:a) Conducting regular fire drills and practicing evacuation procedures.b) Educating students and staff about fire safety and prevention.c) Installing fire extinguishers and smoke detectors in relevant areas.d) Designating staff members responsible for guiding and supervising students during an evacuation.e) Regularly inspecting and maintaining electrical systems and equipment.f) Implementing fire safety policies and procedures in line with local regulations.Conclusion:Fire safety is a topic that should not be taken lightly. Understanding fire behavior, practicing prevention measures, and being prepared for emergencies are essential for minimizing fire hazards and protecting lives and property. By following the fire safety knowledge discussed in this article, individuals can create a safer environment for themselves and others. Remember, fire safety is everyone's responsibility, so spread awareness and educate others about these critical measures.。

消防英语专业词汇(英中)fire smothering 窒息灭火fire source 火源fire space plate 火警地区指示牌fire spread index 火势蔓延指数fire spread 火势蔓延fire spreading 火势蔓延fire stability 耐火稳定性<在标准耐火试验条件下fire stage 火灾的阶段fire standpipe 消防竖管fire station 消防队fire statistics 火灾统计fire statute 火灾法规<指美国和英国制订的"火灾法规".法规规定除了预谋或疏息fire stick 打火棒fire stink 烟火气味fire stone 耐火岩石fire stop = firestop 挡火物、防火墙fire stop product 阻火产品fire stopping 安装挡火物fire storage 消防储水fire storm 风暴性大火fire strategy 灭火战略fire stream = firestream 消防射流fire suction hose 消防吸水管fire suit 消防服fire supply 消防给水fire suppressant 灭火剂fire suppression bottle 灭火瓶fire suppression organization 灭火组织fire suppression rating schedule 灭火条件分级制fire suppression 灭火fire suppressor 阻火器fire symbol 消防标志fire system 消防系统fire tactics 灭火战术Fire Technique and Products Information 《消Fire Technology 《消防技术》fire telephone line 消防电话线fire telephone 消防电话fire tender = fire-tender 消防船fire test procedure 燃烧试验程序fire test 着火点测定fire testing 耐火试验fire tetrahedron 燃烧四面体<即温度fire tile 防火瓦fire timed 耐火的fire tool cache 配套贮芷的消防工具fire tower 消防了望塔fire trace 火灾控制线<临时清除可燃物的狭长地带fire trail 防火生土带fire trailer 消防拖车fire training facility 消防训练设施fire training 消防训练fire tray 燃烧盘fire trench 防火壕fire triangle 燃烧三要素<燃料fire trier 沼气检查员fire truck reel 消防车胶管卷fire truck 消防车fire tube test 风洞燃烧试验fire tube 烟管fire tug 消防拖轮fire under control 基本上得到控制的火灾fire underwriter 火灾保险业者fire unsealing 打开火区fire up 生(起fire valve 灭火阀fire vehicle 消防车fire vent 事故排烟口fire vessel 消防船fire victim 火灾受害者fire viewer 沼气检查员fire wagon 消防车fire walking 渡火fire wall = fire-wall 防火墙fire ward 水桶传递队队长fire warden 消防管理员fire warning light test button 火警信号灯检查按钮fire warning light 火警灯fire warning sensor 火警信号传感器fire warning system 火灾报警系统fire warning 火警fire warp 火警电缆<装运危险品船靠码头时将此缆带在浮筒上fire waste 烧损fire watch miner 矿工兼安全检查员fire watch tower 防火了望塔fire watch 火场留守分队fire watch 消防值班fire water box 消防水箱fire water duration 消防供水持续时间fire water line 消防供水线fire water storage tank 消防用水储罐fire water supply = fire water supply 消防水源fire water supply duration 消防供水持续时间fire water tank 消防水箱fire water 消防用水fire weather forecast 火险天气预报fire weather 火险天气fire well 消防水井fire whirl 火焰旋涡fire wind 大火风暴引起的风fire window 防火窗fire wire = firewire 火线fire woman 女消防员fire work 烟火具<如爆竹fire wound 火伤fire zone 防火分区fire zoning 防火分区fire 火fire- resistance cloth 耐火布fire-alarm sounding system 声响火灾报警系统fire-alarm thermostat 火灾热动开关fire-back boiler 橱灶fire-bar 加热条fire-barrier ceiling 防火天花板fire-barrier material 挡火材料fire-box steel 火箱钢fire-breeding 有火灾征兆fire-brick lined 火砖衬砌fire-check beys 高温锥商品名fire-check door 防火门fire-clay lining 耐火粘土衬fire-committal button 灭火按钮fire-control access door 消防设施门fire-crash water tender 救援水罐消防车fire-damp machine 防火式电机fire-damp tester 沼气检定器fire-danger scale 火险计算表fire-danger tables 火险计算表fire-demand rate 消防需水率fire-dike 防火堤fire-escape ladder 太平梯fire-escape trailer 带消防梯的挂车fire-evil 火邪fire-exit bolt = fire exit bolt 安全门闩fire-extinguisher equipment 灭火器设备fire-extinguisher fluid 灭火液fire-extinguisher handle 灭火器手柄fire-extinguishing bottle 灭火剂钢瓶fire-extinguishing foam 灭火泡沫fire-extinguishing gas 灭火气体fire-extinguishing installation 灭火设施fire-extinguishing medium 灭火剂fire-extinguishing sand 灭火沙fire-extinguishing system = fire extinguishing system 灭火系统fire-extinguishing tanker 水罐消防车fire-extinguishing test 灭火试验fire-fighting access lobby 灭火通道大厅<有一定大小fire-fighting access 消防通道fire-fighting behavior 灭火行为fire-fighting bomb 灭火弹fire-fighting crew 消防车fire-fighting efficiency 灭火效率fire-fighting exit staircase 消防出口楼梯fire-fighting grenade 灭火手雷fire-fighting lance 消防水枪fire-fighting line 灭火水带线路fire-fighting monitor 消防炮fire-fighting operation 灭火活动fire-fighting order 灭火规定fire-fighting party 消防队fire-fighting plan 消防设备布置图fire-fighting pool 消防水池fire-fighting powder 灭火干粉fire-fighting rack 消防梯fire-fighting resource 灭火资源fire-fighting safety 灭火安全fire-fighting school 消防学校fire-fighting stairway 消防楼梯<具有足够防火能力fire-fighting strategy 灭火战略fire-fighting suit 防火服fire-fighting tactics 灭火战术fire-fighting team 救火队fire-fighting technique =fire fighting technique 灭火技术fire-fighting train 消防列车fire-fighting truck 消防车fire-fighting tunic 消防战斗服fire-fighting window 消防窗fire-fighting 消防fire-finder map 火灾位图fire-float 消防艇fire-flood cycle 火灾-洪水周期<植被烧掉后fire-gas detector = fire gas detector 火灾气体探测器fire-gas-explosion 爆炸气体爆炸fire-hazard group 易燃类弹药fire-hazardous 易着火fire-leading 引火fire-load density 火灾负荷密度fire-mantle 防火树林fire-prevention bottle 防火瓶fire-prevention pipe 消防水管fire-prone 有火灾危险fire-prone 有火灾危险的、容易发生火灾的fire-proof belt 防火胶带fire-proof box 耐火舱fire-proof building 耐火房屋fire-proof cable＝fireproof cable 防火电缆fire-proof casting 耐火衬套fire-proof cement 耐火水泥fire-proof cloth 防火布fire-proof coating＝fire proof coating 防火涂料fire-proof concrete 耐火混凝土fire-proof covering 防火套fire-proof curtain 防火幕fire-proof dilatation 膨胀防火涂料fire-proof door 防火门fire-proof fiber = fireproof 防火纤维、不燃纤维fire-proof finishing 防火加工fire-proof floor 耐火楼板fire-proof frame 防火构架fire-proof galss 防火玻璃fire-proof gasoline tank 防火油箱fire-proof grease 耐火润滑油fire-proof insulation 防火绝缘fire-proof machine 防火电机fire-proof magazine 防火暗盒fire-proof mat 耐火席子fire-proof paint 耐火漆fire-proof petrol tank 防火汽油桶fire-proof plywood 防火胶合板fire-proof reagent 防燃剂fire-proof roll screen 防火卷帘fire-proof sealing material 防火封堵材料fire-proof spool box 防火片盒fire-proof structure 耐火结构fire-proof tile 耐火砖fire-proof timing 防火支架fire-proof treatment 耐火处理fire-proof trim 防火面饰料fire-proof wall 防火壁fire-proofed coating 耐火涂料fire-proofed 耐火的fire-proofing chemical 耐火剂fire-proofing material 耐火材料fire-protecting wall 防火墙、耐火砖fire-protection clothing 消防服fire-protection equipment 消防设备fire-protection ring 防火圈fire-protection suit 防火衣fire-protective paint 防火漆fire-pump room 消防泵房fire-rated door 标准防火门fire-rated wall 防火墙fire-resistance belting 耐火运输带fire-resistance concrete 耐火混凝土fire-resistance construction 耐火结构fire-resistance coverall 耐火工作服fire-resistance property 耐火特性fire-resistant belt 耐火运输带fire-resistant clamp 耐火卡箍fire-resistant cloth 防火布fire-resistant coating for steel structure 钢结构防火涂料fire-resistant concrete 耐火混凝土fire-resistant fabric 耐火织物fire-resistant finish 耐火整理fire-resistant fuel 防火燃料fire-resistant material 耐火材料fire-resistant oil 抗燃油fire-resistant property 耐火特性fire-resistant shield 耐火屏蔽;耐火隔板fire-resistant tarpaulin 防火帆布fire-resistant wire 耐火导线fire-resisting = fire-resistant 抗火的fire-resisting covering 耐热包皮fire-resisting damper 防火挡板fire-resisting door＝fire resisting door 防火门fire-resisting dope 耐火涂料fire-resisting duct 耐火管道fire-resisting shaft 耐火竖井fire-resisting shutter 耐火卷帘门fire-resisting stair = fire resisting stair 耐火楼梯fire-resisting wood 耐火木材fire-retardant additive 阻燃添加剂fire-retardant preservative 防火防腐剂fire-retardant pressure impregnation 阻燃剂压力浸渍fire-retardant roof covering 阻燃屋面覆盖层fire-retardant sand 阻燃砂fire-retardant shingle stain 板墙防火色浆;板墙防火涂料fire-retardant suit flight 阻燃飞行服fire-retardant textile compound 耐火织物涂饰剂fire-retarding glazing 耐火玻璃fire-retarding paint 阻燃漆fire-safe furniture 防火安全家具fire-safe 无火险的fire-safety building code 防火安全建筑规范fire-service connection 消防泵接水口fire-service detector check meter 消防用检测水表fire-service meter 消防水表fire-slash 火灾迹地fire-smoke detection 烟火探测fire-smothering gear 气体灭火装置fire-sprinkling system 喷水灭火系统fire-suppressant gas 灭火气体fire-suppression ring 灭火圈fire-tank wagon 水罐消防车fire-test exposure-severity 燃烧试验暴露于火的强度fire-to-hydrant lay 反铺设fire-walker = fire walker 消防巡逻员fire-watch 防火检查fire-watcher 消防值班员fire-water pond 消防水池fire-weather station 防火气象站fire-wood = firewood 燃材fireball radius 火球半径fireball 火团firebomb 燃烧弹firebrick aggregate 耐火砖集料firebrick lid 耐火砖盖firebrick lining = fire-brick lining 耐火砖衬里firebrick structure 耐火砖结构firebrick 耐火砖firebug 纵火犯fireclay grog 耐火粘土熟料firecontrol unit 消防设备〔装置firecracker 爆竹fired ceramic coating 烧成陶瓷涂料;烧结陶瓷涂料fired clay 耐火粘土fired fly ash brick 烧结粉煤灰砖fired strength 混凝土耐火强度fired 爆破了的fired-to 有自由面的爆破firedamp accumulation 瓦斯积聚firedamp alarm 沼气警报firedamp content 沼气含量firedamp detector 沼气检定器firedamp drainage 沼气排放firedamp explosion 沼气爆炸firedamp fringe 工作面风流和采空区污浊气体的接触地带firedamp indicator 沼气检定器firedamp limit 瓦斯极限含量firedamp outburst 瓦斯喷出firedamp testing 瓦斯测定firedamp 沼气firefighter uniform 消防员制服Firefighter's International Exchange Program 消防战斗员国际交流程序firefighter's protective clothing 消防战斗服fireflow 火舌fireguard 防火员firehouse dog 消防狗firelight 炉火firemain system 消防管路系统fireman 消防员fireman's axe 消防斧fireman's cabin 井下消防站fireman's carry 抢救背负<营救受伤者的一种背负术fireman's escape 安全梯出口fireman's lift 抢救背负fireman's outfit 消防员装备fireman's red 消防红fireman's switch 消防开关<装在大楼外面fireman's uniform 消防员制服firemanic 消防工作的firemanship 消防实践〔技能Firemaster 100 阻燃剂<六溴环十二烷Firemaster 836 卤化磷酸酯<阻燃剂Firemaster BPAA 阻燃剂BPAAFiremaster CA 阻燃剂CAFiremaster TT 阻燃剂TTFIREMEN = fire resistant material engineering 防火材料工程firemen's boots 消防靴firemen's equipment cabinet 消防员装备橱firemen's lift 消防专用梯Firemen's Memorial Sunday 殉职消防队员纪念日firepath = fire path 火灾蔓延通道fireplace insert 装在壁炉里的火炉fireplace stove 壁炉式火炉fireplace unit 壁炉整套装置firepractice 消防演习fireproof agent 防燃剂fireproof aggregate 耐火集料fireproof bay = fire-proof bay 防火舱fireproof bulkhead = fire-proof bulkhead 防火壁fireproof cast stone 耐火铸石fireproof dying 防火染色法fireproof line 耐火绳fireproof lining 耐火盖层fireproof material = fire-proof material 耐火材料fire-watch 防火检查fire-watcher 消防值班员fire-water pond 消防水池fire-weather station 防火气象站fire-wood = firewood 燃材fireball radius 火球半径fireball 火团firebomb 燃烧弹firebrick aggregate 耐火砖集料firebrick lid 耐火砖盖firebrick lining = fire-brick lining 耐火砖衬里firebrick structure 耐火砖结构firebrick 耐火砖firebug 纵火犯fireclay grog 耐火粘土熟料firecontrol unit 消防设备〔装置firecracker 爆竹fired ceramic coating 烧成陶瓷涂料;烧结陶瓷涂料fired clay 耐火粘土fired fly ash brick 烧结粉煤灰砖fired strength 混凝土耐火强度fired 爆破了的fired-to 有自由面的爆破firedamp accumulation 瓦斯积聚firedamp alarm 沼气警报firedamp content 沼气含量firedamp detector 沼气检定器firedamp drainage 沼气排放firedamp explosion 沼气爆炸firedamp fringe 工作面风流和采空区污浊气体的接触地带firedamp indicator 沼气检定器firedamp limit 瓦斯极限含量firedamp outburst 瓦斯喷出firedamp testing 瓦斯测定firedamp 沼气firefighter uniform 消防员制服Firefighter's International Exchange Program 消防战斗员国际交流程序firefighter's protective clothing 消防战斗服fireflow 火舌fireguard 防火员firehouse dog 消防狗firelight 炉火firemain system 消防管路系统fireman 消防员fireman's axe 消防斧fireman's cabin 井下消防站fireman's carry 抢救背负<营救受伤者的一种背负术fireman's escape 安全梯出口fireman's lift 抢救背负fireman's outfit 消防员装备fireman's red 消防红fireman's switch 消防开关<装在大楼外面fireman's uniform 消防员制服firemanic 消防工作的firemanship 消防实践〔技能Firemaster 100 阻燃剂<六溴环十二烷Firemaster 836 卤化磷酸酯<阻燃剂Firemaster BPAA 阻燃剂BPAAFiremaster CA 阻燃剂CAFiremaster TT 阻燃剂TTFIREMEN = fire resistant material engineering 防火材料工程firemen's boots 消防靴firemen's equipment cabinet 消防员装备橱firemen's lift 消防专用梯Firemen's Memorial Sunday 殉职消防队员纪念日firepath = fire path 火灾蔓延通道fireplace insert 装在壁炉里的火炉fireplace stove 壁炉式火炉fireplace unit 壁炉整套装置firepractice 消防演习fireproof agent 防燃剂fireproof aggregate 耐火集料fireproof bay = fire-proof bay 防火舱fireproof bulkhead = fire-proof bulkhead 防火壁fireproof cast stone 耐火铸石fireproof dying 防火染色法fireproof line 耐火绳fireproof lining 耐火盖层fireproof material = fire-proof material 耐火材料first response district 责任区first unlocked door 太平门first water 一出水first work period 第一工作日first-aid extinguishing 自救灭火first-aid hose 小口径胶管水带first-aid outfit 小型水罐消防车first-aid post 急救站first-aid supply 急救材料first-aid-to-the-injured appliance 伤员急救用品first-degree burn 一度烧伤first-in officer 最先到达火场的消防官员FIRTO = Fire Insurers' Research And Testing Organization 火灾保险商研究与试验组织fish plate 接合板fission fragment 裂变碎片fission material 裂变物质fission product 裂变产物fission yield 裂变产物产额fission 裂变fissionable material 核分裂性物质fissionable 可分裂的fit out 装备fitting 装配fix 定位点fixed air 固定空气;二氧化碳fixed carbon 固定碳fixed dry chemical system 固定式干粉灭火系统fixed extinguishing system 固定式灭火系统<由固定安装的灭火剂供应源fixed fire escape 固定太平梯fixed fire extinguisher 固定式灭火器fixed fire extinguishing system 固定式灭火系统fixed fire suppression system 固定式灭火系统fixed gas 固定气体fixed guide way transit system 有轨快速客运系统fixed ladder 固定梯fixed monitor 固定式消防炮fixed point detection 固定点火灾探测fixed pressure detector 定压式爆炸探测器fixed radio station 固定无线电台fixed sprinkler system 固定喷水灭火系统fixed suction installation 固定吸水设施fixed system 固定系统fixed temperature detector using fusible alloy 易熔合金定温火灾探测器fixed temperature detector using mercury contacts 水银接点定温探测器fixed temperature detector using thermocouple 热电偶定温火灾探测器fixed temperature detector using timetable strips 双金属定温火灾探测器fixed temperature detector with heat sensitive resistance 热敏电阻定温火灾探测器fixed temperature detector 定温探测器fixed temperature heat detector 固定温度感温式火灾探测器fixed water spray system 固定喷雾灭火系统fixed-wing base manager 固定翼飞机基地经理fixture 夹具FI＝fire insurance 火灾保险FL = fire launch 消防船Fl = flame 火焰flag marking the control point 指挥部标志旗flag signal 旗语flagpoles 条状信号flail 扑火器flake 水带的带束叠装flaked hose 带束叠装的水带flame - proof motor 防爆电动机flame ablation 溶化烧蚀flame absorption 火焰的吸收flame accelerator 促燃剂flame adjustment 火焰调节flame analysis 火焰分析flame anchor 火苗flame angle 火焰角flame arc lamp 焰弧灯flame arc 焰弧flame arch 焰弧flame area 火焰面积flame arrester for oil-tanker 油船用阻火器flame arrester for petroleum tank 石油储罐阻火器flame arrester for pipe 管道阻火器flame arrester 阻火器；消焰器flame attenuation 火焰吹拉flame augmentation 火焰加强flame axis 焰轴flame background 火焰背景flame band 火焰带flame base 焰底flame black 炭黑flame blow-off velocity 熄火速度flame blow-off 火焰吹灭flame body 焰体flame break point 火焰断裂点flame breakdown 火焰中断flame breakthrough 烧穿flame bridge 焰桥flame bush 火焰舌flame cap 焰晕flame chamber 火焰室flame characteristics 火焰特性flame checking 阻燃整理flame chemilumine sence detection 火焰化学发光检测flame chilling 火焰熄灭flame chipping 火焰熄灭flame coal 长焰煤flame color 焰色flame coloration 焰色flame combustion 有焰燃烧flame cone 焰心flame contact ignition 火焰接触点火flame contact 火焰控制flame covered area 火焰覆盖面积flame cross - section 火焰横截面flame cutting 火焰切割flame damper 灭火器flame depth 火焰深度flame desiccating 喷焰除鳞flame detection apparatus 火源检测仪flame detection device 火焰探测装置flame detector 火焰探测器flame distribution 火焰分布flame drip 燃烧溶滴flame drop-back 火焰后缩flameproof apparatus 防爆装置flameproof battery loco 防爆蓄电池机车flameproof bulkhead 防火壁flameproof canister 耐燃罐flameproof circuit breaker 防爆断路器flameproof compound 耐燃剂flameproof fabric 防燃织物flameproof fiber 防燃纤维flameproof fluorescent lamp fitting 防爆荧光灯具flameproof glass 防火玻璃flameproof lamp 防爆灯flameproof machine 防爆电动机flameproof mining transformer 矿用隔爆变压器flameproof paint 耐火漆flameproof starter 防爆型起动器flameproof textile 防火布flameproof ware 耐热器皿flameproof wire 耐火绝缘导线flameproofness 防燃flamer 空中被击中起火的飞机flameretardant grade 阻燃剂等级flaming arc 焰弧flaming coal 火焰煤flaming combustion 有焰燃烧flaming front 火头flaming phase 有焰燃烧阶段flaming surface combustion 有焰表面燃烧flaming time 燃烧时间flaming 有焰燃烧flammability classification 易燃性分级flammability fabric 易燃性织物flammability hazard 易燃性危险flammability index 易燃性指数flammability indexing test 易燃性指数试验flammability limit 易燃极限flammability of a dust cloud 煤尘易燃性flammability peak 发火峰值flammability point 燃点flammability range 发火范围flammability rating 易燃性等级flammability resistance 抗着火性flammability standard 易燃性标准flammability temperature limit 发火温度极限flammability test 易燃性试验flammability tester 易燃测定仪flammability testing 易燃性试验flammability 易燃性flammable aerosol 易燃烟雾剂flammable anesthetic atmosphere 易燃麻醉空气flammable anesthetic 易燃麻醉剂flammable cargo 易燃货物flammable compressed gas 易燃压缩气体flammable fabric 易燃性织物Flammable Fabrics Act 易燃织物条例flammable fluid 易燃液体flammable fringe 燃烧态区域flammable gas detector 易燃气体探测器flammable gas fire 易燃气体火灾flammable gas 易燃性气体flammable inhibitor 发火抑制剂flammable limit 易燃极限<有最稀flammable liquid hazard 危险易燃液体flammable liquid 易燃液体<闪点在37.8 0C以下flammable liquids training 易燃液训练flammable material 易燃材料flammable mixture 易燃混合物flammable range 可燃范围flammable roof covering 易燃屋面覆盖层flammable solid 易燃固体flammable solvent 易燃溶剂flammable space 易燃物资储存区flammable storage space 易燃物储藏区flammable storage tank 易燃物贮槽flammable storage warehouse 易燃品储存仓库flammable vapor 易燃性蒸气flammable 易燃的flammation 燃烧flanged fitting 法兰式接头flank fire 侧风火<沿火灾控制线点燃的火允许与风成直角flank of a fire 火灾侧翼flank 侧翼flanking attack 侧击灭火flap 火拍flare back 回火flare point 燃烧点flare stack 废气燃烧烟道flare up fire 火焰信号flare up 骤燃flare 火舌flare-up lamp 闪光灯flare-up light 应急灯flaring 骤燃flash and fire point test 引燃及燃点试验flash and flare triangulation 闪燃光三角测量flash and ground protecting relay 闪燃和接地保护继电器。

火灾自动报警系统毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献nal electronic fire alarm system relies on sensors to automatically detect a fire and trigger an alarm。

which can alert people on the scene or notify the authorities through a special electric cable。

Over the years。

the development of alarm devices has led to a wide range of ns for different ns。

particularly in the civil domain.One popular type of alarm system is the infrared alarm。

which has gained n due to its ability to detect fires without us infrared signals。

making it more secure。

Infrared sensors can be classified into two types: light survey and hot survey。

based on their n mechanisms.To improve the effectiveness of fire alarm systems。

many modern devices also incorporate advanced technologies such as wireless n。

remote monitoring。

and intelligent analysis。

These features enable faster response times and more accurate n。

消防管理外文文献Fire Management Literature ReviewWith the increase in urbanization and technological advancements, the threat of fire has become more pronounced globally. As a result, fire management has become a critical aspect of safety in many countries. This literature review aims to examine the best practices for fire management, and the major challenges faced in fire management.Effective fire management entails planning, implementation, enforcement, and evaluation of fire safety measures. This approach has been adopted in many countries, and it has proven to be effective in minimizing the risks associated with fires. Planning is the starting point for any fire safety program, and it involves risk assessment, identification of potential fire hazards, and measures for their mitigation. Implementation follows planning, and it involves establishing procedures, protocols, and training personnel on the safety measures developed. Enforcement of the established procedures and protocols is critical for the success of the program. Regular evaluation of the fire safety program helps to identify weaknesses and areas for improvement.One of the main challenges in fire management is the lack of awarenessof the risks associated with fires. Studies have shown that most people are not aware of the factors that can cause a fire, and they do not know what to do in case of a fire outbreak. This lack of awareness can lead to untold damages to lives and properties. Therefore, there is a need for increased public education campaigns on the risks of fire and the measures for fire prevention. Training programs for employees and students on fire safety are also important in minimizing fire risks.Another major challenge in fire management is limited resources. Effective fire management requires adequate resources such as personnel, equipment, and funding. However, many organizations, especially in developing countries, lack the resources needed for effective fire management. This leads to inadequate fire prevention measures and delays in responding to fire outbreaks. Therefore, there is a need for increased investment in fire safety infrastructure, training, and equipment to ensure effective fire management.In conclusion, fire management is a critical aspect of safety in many countries. Effective fire management requires planning, implementation, enforcement, and evaluation of fire safety measures. The major challenges in fire management include the lack of awareness of the risksassociated with fires and limited resources. To overcome these challenges, there is a need for increased public education campaigns, training programs for employees and students, and increased investment in fire safety infrastructure, training, and equipment.。