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CAP认证核心：保证和提高实验室质量是CAP认证的宗旨。
保障患者安全、员工安全以及环境安全是CAP质量管理的目标，也是CAP评审检查要点的核心内容。
CAP将保障患者安全列为首位，并制定了五条明确的分析前和分析后的患者安全目标：1.在标本采集、分析和结果传送时要正确识别病人和标本；2.确认危胁生命或改变生活的结果并进行沟通，如肿瘤、HIV或其它感染、细胞遗传学异常和危象值等；3.正确识别、沟通和纠正错误；4.提高医疗机构内各部门（如护理和行政等）与实验室的协调合作性以确保病人安全；5.实验室的质量管理文件中必须着重强调这些目标,并建立相应的质量监测指标.那么,CAP 是如何保障患者安全、员工安全以及环境安全的呢？一、要建立标准化的操作规程（SOP）和完善的实验室管理制度（GOP）所有试验和仪器设备（显微镜和离心机等也包括在内）都需要编写SOP，可以参照当前所使用的试剂或仪器说明书来编写。
SOP内容应包括:实验名称、书写/生效日期、概述、原理、试剂、标本要求、仪器校正程序、质量控制程序、操作步骤、计算、结果分析、干扰、影响因素及局限性、正常参考范围、危象值、试验的特异性和敏感度、注意事项、参考文献和审核日期及签名。
除SOP文件外，还要依据CAP要求、医院和政府法律、法规编写GOP。
GOP内容要涵盖实验室一般要求的所有内容，如实验室质量管理制度、生物安全防护制度、意外事故处理制度、文件管理制度和结核暴露预案等等。
另外在编写文件时还要创建相关记录表格,如仪器状态记录表、试剂新旧批号/批次比对记录表、仪器维护保养记录表、员工培训记录表、消毒记录表、纠正措施表、文件学习记录表、专业技能测试表和技能改进措施表等等.无论是GOP还是SOP,其编写的基本原则是“写你所做的，做你所写的”.也就是说，书写的内容要与实际操作保持一致。
科室负责人必须对所有文件进行审核批准且每位实验室人员均学习签字后才能生效.任何生效的文件如需修改，均须填写文件修改记录表,从而确保了当前所使用的文件是最新版本。
CAP-XX 超级电容器汽车功能说明CAP-XX 超级电容器——先进的电源解决方案创新奖被世界经济论坛授予技术进步奖超级电容器纳米技术被评为年度技术创新奖CAP-XX 圆柱型超级电容器超级电容器功率为传统电池的100倍超级电容器储存的能量是普通电容器的1000倍超级电容器到底特殊在哪？·高能量、高功率、体积小并且质量轻；·通过将介于电池和传统电容器之间的功率联系起来，解决了设备中的功率问题；·可依据负荷的要求以平均功率源支持来传递脉冲功率。
质量轻的特点CAP-XX超级电容器融入了专有技术，使得集成后的电容量大于1F，并具有较低的等效串联电阻（小于100毫欧），这种产品具有很高的能量密度和功率密度，但质量、体积却很小（体积为：17×28.5×0.7mm，0.6克）。
特点概括·通过最大限度地减少在高电流脉冲中的电压降延长运行时间；·可以使电器及噪音产生的电流脉冲最小化；·使用温度范围宽泛（-30℃~+85℃）；·适用于质量及体积均较小的电子产品；·能满足复杂环境的要求CAP-XX超级电容器能满足电子产品较大范围的功率要求CAP-XX超级电容器在设计过程中利用纳米技术，制造的碳电极体积比一张邮票还要小，但获得的面积能达到几百平方米。
由于其比表面积大的特性，所以超级电容器在较小的尺寸范围内就可以获得较大的比能量和比功率。
第三页翻译：为消费性电子产品提供能量CAP-XX超级电容器在消费类电子产品中解决了电池功率及其它性能的限制，用其特有的功能可以快速储存和释放大量能量，超电容器在设备功率需求和电池有限功率之间架起了一道桥梁。
我们已经看到了有和没有超级电容器驱动的LED卡两种情况下智能手机的差异。
多达10个摄像头的照相机在超级电容器驱动下可以很好地工作，而没有超级电容器则难以实现。
第四页翻译：商务型电子产品在商务型电子设备中，超电容器具有大容量、低内阻特性，这能更好的满足消费类产品的需求，并且具有较好的价格竞争性。
欣姿伴侣保健品新产品介绍一、柏泰软胶囊 (零售价格86元/瓶)1、产品特点：又名护肝宝、醒酒灵、运用进口工艺和生产设备，提取多种保肝护肝有效成份精制而成的特殊保健食品；有效降低酒精及有害物质对肝脏的伤害。
2、保健功能：辅助治疗化学性肝。
3、适宜人群：经常饮酒的人群；经常熬夜、作息不规律的人群；肝功能受损的人群；经常在有污染环境下工作的人群。
4、服用方法：每日2次，每次2粒。
5、规格：60粒/瓶。
二、柏舒软胶囊（零售价格138元/瓶）1、产品特点：本品采用超临界二氧化碳萃取的技术，提取菊花、三七、杜仲叶等天然植物的有效成份，经特殊工艺精制而成，全国独创的科学配方，各种营养物质的合理搭配，是市场上独一无二的预防高血压的营养保健食品。
2、保健功能：辅助降血压。
3、适宜人群：高血压的人群；有脑出血风险的患者；需预防心脑血管疾病的人群。
4、服用方法：每日2次，每次2粒。
5、规格：60粒/瓶。
三、柏康（大豆异黄酮）软胶囊（零售价格86元/瓶）1、采用超临界技术从非转基因大豆中萃取有效成分，保存了其全部生理活性。
改善了钙在体内的吸收，大大增强了钙的生物活性，效果更加明显。
具有增强骨密度，加强骨的坚硬度，补钙不沉淀的特性。
针对人群：2、保健功能：增加骨密度缓解更年期综合症、保持人体雌激素平衡3、适宜人群：缓解更年期综合症、保持人体雌激素平衡；防治骨质疏松症，预防心脑血管疾病、调节血压、降低胆固醇；抗癌症；抗氧化作用。
3、服用方法：每日2次，每次2粒。
6、规格：60粒/瓶。
四、柏健软胶囊（零售价格118元/瓶）1、产品特点：本品以西北高原野生沙棘为主要原料，经二氧化碳超临界萃取技术，提取有效成分。
具有超强抗氧化作用，抗癌活性，并有明显的辅助治疗作用。
同时能有效抗辐射、抗炎生肌、同时沙棘油对口腔溃疡、胃溃疡的治疗作用非常明显。
2、保健功能：抗氧化3、适宜人群：高血脂及相关倾向的亚健康者；体弱多病、免疫能力低下者；心血管疾病患者；胃肠功能紊乱者；需降低血脂和血液黏度者；需调节人体免疫功能者。
武汉生之源生物科技股份有限公司WUHAN LIFE ORIGIN BIOTECH JOINT STOCK CO., LTD.电话：+86-027-******** 传真：+86-27-87196320 武汉生之源生物科技股份有限公司WUHAN LIFE ORIGIN BIOTECH JOINT STOCK CO., LTD.生化类｜POCT类发光类｜PRODUCT RECOMMENDATIONS重点产品推荐手册武汉生之源生物科技股份有限公司（以下简称“生之源”或“该公司”）是一家集研发，生产和销售于一体的国家高科技企业。
作为科技驱动型企业，公司拥有国内领先的生化产品研发平台、胶乳增强免疫比浊平台、POCT产品研发平台、化学发光产品研发平台和参考实验室平台，形成由产品研发到成品销售的完整产品链。
生之源已成为在中国拥有完整IVD试剂产业链的极少数IVD试剂公司之一。
作为体外诊断试剂和科学试剂的制造商，目前，已有80多种体外诊断试剂产品关于生之源公司介绍COMPANYPROFILE 通过了CFDA注册和CE认证。
产品主要涉及的临床应用包括：肾功能，葡萄糖代谢，胰腺，肝功能，电解质，血脂，心血管，特殊蛋白质和无机离子。
生之源的目标是提供最高质量的体外诊断试剂和科研试剂，通过与优秀团队的良好合作以及高端技术人才的吸收，公司不断完善自身技术领域的技术平台，优化产品性能，以更好地满足客户的各种需求。
限公司的全资子公司，是一家专业从事体外诊断试剂研发，生产、技术服务于一体的高新技术企业，公司坐落于位于长沙——山和医药健康产业园。
公司秉持着“用生物技术为人类服务，让人类生活更美好”的美好愿景，重视产品技术实验、技术创新以及产品升级研发，致力于为诊断客户提供性能卓越的体外诊断试剂产品。
盖肝功能，肾功能，心脑血管，代谢疾病，免疫功能及炎症等多个临床应用方向，其中包括了多个前沿的创新诊疗项目，致力于为患者提供全方位的诊断服务。
CAP-XX超级电容常见问题解答作者：必威尔科技What is a supercapacitor?Supercapacitors utilize high surface area carbon as the energy storage medium, resulting in an energy density much higher than conventional capacitors, and a power density surpassing all known types of batteries. Supercapacitors have been in production for many years but most products were designed for applications such as memory backup that need very low currents and these products have very high internal resistance, 100 ohms in many cases. CAP-XX’s proprietary technology enables supercapacitors with very low ESR or internal resistance to enable applications requiring high pulse currents. Pulse power is a particular strength of supercapacitors and the consequent markets are very broad, including mobile phones, PDAs, PCMCIA and flash cards, medical devices, PCs, digital cameras, and AMRs.How do supercapacitors and capacitors differ?A traditional capacitor has three essential parts: two electrical conductors, which are usually metal plates, separated and insulated by the third part called the "dielectric". The plates are charged with equal amounts of positive and negative electrical charge, respectively. The greater the area for storing charge (plate surface area), and the thinner the dielectric (distance separating the charged plates) the greater the capacitance. This is a "physical" storage of electricity as compared with the "chemical" storage in a battery.A supercapacitor has a very large storage area because it utilizes highly porous carbo n materials which can have greater than 2000 square meters of surface area per gram. The separation distance between the charged areas is also much less due to the use of an electrolyte to conduct the charged ions, which can butt against the porous carbon, and as such the separation distance is measured in angstroms. CAP-XX adds very low ESR through patented technology to enable many new application areas.What is the difference between power and energy?Energy is the amount of work that can be done. Power is the amount of work that is done over a specific time period. In other words, power measures how fast energy is transferred. Power is measured in watts (W), energy in Joules (J). A low ESR supercapacitor can deliver much higher power than traditional memory back up product such as Panasonic's Gold Caps.Are your supercapacitors surface mountable?CAP-XX supercapacitors are a prismatic surface mountable design. Due to the nature of the materials used special handling is needed for attachment to a PCB. A post wave solder or post IR reflow process is necessary using a soldering iron for attachment. More information on handling can be found in the ―CAP-XX Assembly Notes‖ (PDF, 53KB).Are CAP-XX supercapacitors environmentally friendly?Yes, CAP-XX supercapacitors are lead-free and contain no toxic substances, as opposed to most types of batteries, so products containing supercapacitors can be recycled without their removal. Supercapacitors have no heavy metals such as cobalt or cadmium. CAP-XX super capacitors have received Sony’s Green Partner Certification.What is the difference between an ultracapacitor, supercapacitor, and an electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC)?These are all basically the same concept as they use carbon and an electrolyte as their charge storage media and have no dielectric. EDLC is the generic name used for super- and ultra-capacitors. However there are technology and physical differences that affect operating voltage, ESR, etc.What is operating life of a supercapacitor versus a battery?The operating life of a supercapacitor is between 10 and 100 times the operational life of conventional secondary batteries.What is the failure mode of a supercapacitor?If a supercapacitor is exposed to excessive voltage or temperature for extended periods it gradually degrades to essentially an open circuit. The time taken for this to occur depends on how much over voltage or over temperature is applied. Other than physically puncturing the supercapacitor there are no short circuit failure modes. There are no catastrophic failure modes.Why do CAP-XX supercapacitors require external balancing resistors?The balancing requirements for a supercapacitor vary with application and product type so CAP-XX elected not to add internal balancing but to instead work with customers to determine the optimum solution for each system. These solutions range from a simple resistor that is suitable for most systems to an active balance circuit for more demanding applications.What temperature ranges do you offer?CAP-XX offers -30°C to +75°C and a -40°C to +85°C series of products. The higher temperature product is derived from our standard GW/GS family on a customer need basis so please contact our sales team for further information.Can CAP-XX supercapacitors be connected in series to achieve higher voltage?Yes, the GW2 and GS2 devices are essentially two of the respective devices connected in series to achieve a higher voltage. Please contact our sales team with your requirements.What is the difference between cylindrical and prismatic supercapacitors?A prismatic supercapacitor such as CAP-XX produces, consists of a number of layers that are connected in parallel. This results in a flat, very low-ESR device. A cylindrical supercapacitor is ―wound‖ into a roll and while cost effective for larger devices acylindrical device typically is larger and has higher ESR and inductance.What is the self discharge or leakage of your supercapacitors?A fully charged CAP-XX supercapacitor will typically have leakage current of under 1 micro amp. For a multi-cell devices such as the GS2/GW1 series the balance resistors will determine the total leakage rate as the resistors are typically sized such that they have a about 10 times the leakage of the supercapacitor itself. For applications requiring very low leakage CAP-XX’s application team has several active balancing circuits that can cut the total leakage current from the supercapacitor and balance circuit to less than 2 micro amps.What is the frequency response of your supercapacitors?Typically supercapacitors are used for low-frequency, less than 100Hz, applications but this is not true of all supercapacitors. CAP-XX supercapacitors can be used in pulsed applications such as GPRS and GSM with pulses= 500 µS. In fact, our supercapacitors are still very effective at pulse widths down to 100 µS. CAP-XX has found that a term we call effective capacitance or Ceff is a much better indication than a traditional frequency response plot of supercapacitor behavior in pulse power applications. Ceff reflects the percentage of DC capacitance available at a given pulse width and can be thought of the time domain representation of the frequency response curve. For a 1 millisecond pulse a typical CAP-XX supercapacitor will have approximately 50% of the DC capacitance. Ceff varies with device type and temperature so contact CAP-XX for more information.What are the key applications for CAP-XX supercapacitors?Applications which have periodic or occasional pulsed loads which draw greater power than the voltage source (battery or voltage rail such as PCMCIA/CF/USB) can comfortably deliver:GSM/GPRS from PCMCIA/CF/USB — refer to Application Briefs AB1009 (PDF, 139KB) , AB1010 (PDF, 141KB), AB1011 (PDF, 138KB)GSM/GPRS for battery operated devices such as mobile phones or PDAs, refer Application Brief AB1004 (PDF, 161KB)Pulsed loads such as GSM/GPRS for mini PCI cards, refer Application Brief AB1014 (PDF, 141KB)Pulsed loads at low temperatures where batteries have difficulty delivering the required current, refer Application Brief AB1004 (PDF, 161KB)Pulsed loads using long life batteries such as Lithium Thionyl Chloride that can only deliver low currents. Examples include Automatic Meter Reading, Toll Tags, Location Tracking DevicesDigital Still Cameras, refer Application Brief AB1012 (PDF, 117KB)Pulse power for white LEDs such as a camera flashPulse power for displays, such as screen refresh of an Organic Electroluminescent Display (OELD)Battery life extension for pulsed loads with alkaline batteriesWhat are the key parameters for measuring supercapacitors?DC CapacitanceEffective capacitance for a given pulse widthESR (Equivalent Series Resistance)Leakage currentDo I need to de-rate a supercapacitor?No. Supercapacitors are inherently safe. A minor over-voltage event that lasts a few milliseconds will not affect the supercapacitor performance. For example, if a CAP-XX supercapacitor rated at 4.5V was subjected to 5V for a few seconds, there would be no effect on the supercapacitor. You can operate a supercapacitor continuously at its rated voltage.Do your supercapacitors change size when they are charged or discharged?No, unlike a battery there are no chemical reactions that can cause our part to change size.What happens if I reverse bias a supercapacitor?Even though CAP-XX marks a polarity on our supercapacitors they are inherently anon-polarized device. However, once they have been charged the ions in the electrolyte migrate to the positive and negative electrodes. Reversing polarity causes these ions to migrate across the device and will result in an increase in ESR. There are no safety issues if a supercapacitor is reverse biased, there will be no explosion, fire, smoke, or swelling. All of our supercapacitors go though extensive testing and burn-in at voltage and as part of this process they are polarized in the manner indicated on the part.What happens if I apply excessive voltage to a supercapacitor?Supercapacitors are inherently safe. They do not contain any chemicals (such as Li) that may explode. If excessive voltage is applied to a supercapacitor all that will happen is the ESR will increase and the device may swell as a result of the electrolyte breaking down and forming gasses. There will be no explosion, fire or smoke.Are your parts shipped uncharged?Yes, the parts are discharged prior to shipment.Will static electricity damage CAP-XX supercapacitors?No. The reason for this is that even though static electricity discharges are at thousands of volts there is very little current and thus the effective energy in Joules is very low and will not damage the device. CAP-XX does ship our supercapacitors in anti-static packaging. However, this is not to protect our parts but to eliminate the possibility of our packaging materials generating static electricity when handled at the customer.How are your parts shipped to customers?CAP-XX supercapacitors are shipped in stackable anti-static trays, each tray holding 10 devices nested within cavities molded in the tray. These trays are designed so that thedevices can be removed from the tray by hand or by vacuum pens.What should I consider when using a supercapacitor in a circuit?The main issue when using a supercapacitor is inrush current when charging a discharged supercapacitor Assume you are using a CAP-XX GW201 supercapacitor (typical ESR = 80mΩ, typical C = 0.3F), and a battery pack at 3.8V with an output impedance = 150m W (typical for a Lithium-ion battery pack with protection circuit). At the instant you connect the supercapacitor across the battery pack the inrush current =3.8V/(150mΩ + 80mΩ) = 16.5A! The battery protection circuit will shut the battery pack down. After 100msecs the current would have decayed to 3.9A. CAP-XX Application Note 1002 (PDF, 312KB) has some current limiting solutions.Can CAP-XX supercapacitors be damaged by charging too fast?No. We rate out parts at 30 amps of pulse current so they can be charged at that rate. We do have charge current limit circuits available, but those are to protect the system or battery from excessive current in charging a supercapacitor. For more information, please refer to the previous question (using a supercapacitor in a circuit).How long does it take to charge a supercapacitor? Are they too big to charge between load pulses?Supercapacitors average the load as seen by the source, and average the source voltage as seen by the load. The bigger the supercapacitor, the better the averaging. It is a misconception that a supercapacitor is ―too big‖ to charge between pulses. The bigger the supercapacitor, the less it is discharged during the pulse and the less it needs to be charged between pulses. In this case, the supercapacitor acts as a low pass filter. In the case of a pulse train with an ideal supercapacitor with infinite capacitance and zero mΩ ESR, the source will see a DC current = average load current, and the Load will see a DC voltage = Source voltage at no load – source impedance x average load current.Can CAP-XX supercapacitors be bent or compressed?The supercapacitor device is hermetically sealed and bending or applying too much pressure on the device may damage the seals leading to device failure. CAP-XX supercapacitors should not be exposed to 400kPa pressure across flat surface of device (10 kg or 22lb max). CAP-XX has worked w ith customers developing ―wearable‖ devices where some flexing of the device was needed. If you have such a requirement, please contact us.Does CAP-XX offer engineering services?Yes, CAP-XX has a seasoned applications team that can assist customers in selection and application of our supercapacitors. There are also many application notes in the resources section of this Web site. Contact us about our engineering services. (end)。
