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第33卷第6期高校化学工程学报No.6 V ol.33 2019 年12月 Journal of Chemical Engineering of Chinese Universities Dec. 2019文章编号：1003-9015(2019)06-1509-07溶剂挥发法制备大孔聚合物微球冯子雄, 徐建昌, 章莉娟(华南理工大学化学与化工学院, 广东省绿色化学产品技术重点实验室, 广东广州 510640)Ⅳ为原料，通过溶剂挥发法制备大孔聚合物微球。
摘要：以乙基纤维素(EC)和具有pH敏感性的聚丙烯酸树脂(PAR)聚合物浓度和乳化剂聚乙烯醇(PVA)的浓度影响聚合物微球的粒径大小，聚合物浓度减小或乳化剂浓度增大有利于形成较小的微球。
研究了pH和PAR/EC质量比对微球孔结构、比表面积的影响，分析了微球多孔结构形成的机理。
溶液的pH可改变PAR的亲疏水性，影响微球的孔结构：酸性环境中得到的微球表面出现致密的大孔，内部是复杂的多孔网络结构，碱性环境中则得到表面无孔的微球。
因此，可通过调节溶液PAR/EC质量比和pH来调控微球的孔结构。
关键词：聚丙烯酸树脂IV；聚合物微球；溶剂挥发法；大孔；pH敏感性中图分类号：TQ031 文献标志码：A DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1003-9015.2019.06.028 Preparation of macroporous polymer microspheres by a solvent evaporation methodFENG Zi-xiong, XU Jian-chang, ZHANG Li-juan(School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China)Abstract: Macroporous polymer microspheres were prepared using ethyl cellulose (EC) and pH-sensitive polyacrylic resin Ⅳ(PAR) by a solvent evaporation method. The particle size of polymer microspheres was affected by the concentrations of polymers and emulsifier polyvinyl alcohol (PV A). The reduction of polymer concentration or the increase of emulsifier concentration was beneficial for the formation of microspheres with smaller size. The effects of pH and PAR/EC mass ratio on the pore structure and specific surface area of microspheres were studied. The results show that the change of solution pH affects the hydrophilicity of PAR, which results in different pore structures of microspheres. The microspheres synthesized in acidic solution have dense surface macropores and complex inner porous network structures, while nonporous microspheres can be obtained in alkaline environment. Therefore, the pore structure of microspheres can be regulated by adjusting PAR/EC mass ratios and solution pH.Key words: polyacrylic resin IV; polymer microspheres; solvent evaporation; macroporous;pH-sensitive1 前言大孔材料(孔径大于50 nm)相较于微孔与介孔具有许多独特的性能，例如良好的通透性、材质选择的广泛性、高效的吸附和分离性能，以及易于化学改性[1-2]。
ph敏感的聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶的制备方法英文、Preparation Method of pH-Sensitive Polyacrylamide HydrogelPolyacrylamide hydrogel is a versatile material that has many applications in biomedical engineering, drug delivery, and tissue engineering. In this study, we present a method for preparing pH-sensitive polyacrylamide hydrogel using a crosslinker and a pH-responsive monomer.Materials:- Acrylamide (AAm)- N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBAA)- N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED)- Ammonium persulfate (APS)- N-(3-aminopropyl) methacrylamide hydrochloride (APMA) - Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)- Hydrochloric acid (HCl)Method:1. Preparation of monomer solution: Dissolve APMA in deionized water (DI water) at a concentration of 1 M.2. Preparation of crosslinker solution: Dissolve MBAA in DI water at a concentration of 1% (w/v).3. Preparation of initiator solution: Dissolve APS in DIwater at a concentration of 10% (w/v).4. Preparation of gelation buffer: Dissolve NaOH in DI water to obtain a 0.1 M solution. Adjust the pH to 7.4 using HCl.5. Preparation of hydrogel: Mix AAm, APMA, and MBAA at a ratio of 99:1:0.1 (w/w/w). Add TEMED and APS to the mixture to initiate polymerization. Pour the mixture into a mold and allow it to polymerize at room temperature for 2 hours.6. pH sensitivity test: Cut the hydrogel into small pieces and place them in different pH solutions (pH 2, 4, 6,7.4, 8, and 10). Observe the swelling behavior of the hydrogel at different pH values.Results:The resulting hydrogel exhibited pH sensitivity, as evidenced by its swelling behavior in different pH solutions. The hydrogel swelled more in alkaline solutions than in acidic solutions. This can be attributed to the presence of thepH-responsive monomer APMA, which undergoes protonation and deprotonation at different pH values.Conclusion:In conclusion, we have developed a simple method for preparing pH-sensitive polyacrylamide hydrogel using acrosslinker and a pH-responsive monomer. The resulting hydrogel exhibited pH sensitivity and may have potential applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering.。
印染废水排放量大、有机污染物含量高、水质变化大、有毒有害物质含量高，对水环境污染日益加剧。
太阳能光催化被认为是解决日益严重的水污染问题最有前途的方法［1-2］。
二氧化钛（TiO 2）因成本低、光化学稳定性好、无毒等优点，是最具吸引力的光催化剂［3-4］。
因此，利用TiO 2进行环境修复（包括对水、空气和土壤进行净化）得到广泛研究［5-8］。
然而，TiO 2半导体能隙为3.2eV ，只能被波长不超过387nm 的光波激发，吸收的太阳光不足5%，利用率低［9-10］。
为了将TiO 2的应用范围拓宽到可见光区域，对其进行适当的掺杂或表面改性。
常用方法有表面光敏化、复合半导体、贵金属沉积、离子掺杂修饰、导电高聚物掺杂等［11-12］。
导电共轭聚合物在可见光区吸收效率高、易于制备及掺杂，引起科研人员的广泛关注［13-16］。
本研究采用具有共轭环状结构、类似导电聚合物的预氧化PAN 对纳米TiO 2进行改性，减少光生电子-空穴张杰（衡水学院应用化学系，河北衡水053000）摘要：采用水相沉淀法合成聚丙烯腈（PAN ），并将其复合到纳米二氧化钛（TiO 2）表面，制备PAN/TiO 2复合微粒。
PAN/TiO 2经预氧化得到共轭结构的复合微粒，拓宽了纳米TiO 2的光响应范围。
采用FTIR 和DTA-TG 对PAN/TiO 2进行表征，结果表明，纳米TiO 2上附着有预氧化的PAN ，PAN/TiO 2热稳定性较好。
改变n （AN ）∶n （TiO 2）制备不同的PAN/TiO 2，并用于太阳光下罗丹明B 的降解。
结果表明，n （AN ）∶n （TiO 2）为1∶120时，PAN/TiO 2光催化性能较好。
关键词：二氧化钛；聚丙烯腈；复合微粒中图分类号:X791文献标志码:B文章编号:1004-0439（2021）04-0037-03Photocatalytic activity of preoxidized PAN/TiO 2composite particles under sunlightZHANG Jie(Department of Applied Chemistry,Hengshui University,Hengshui 053000,China)Abstract:Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)was prepared by precipitation method,and PAN/TiO 2composite particleswere prepared by compounding PAN onto the surface of nano-TiO 2.PAN/TiO 2composite particles were preox⁃idized to obtain composite particles with conjugated structure,so as to broaden the light response range of na⁃no-TiO 2.PAN/TiO 2were characterized by FTIR and DTA-TG.The results showed that the preoxidized polyacry⁃lonitrile attached to nano-titanium dioxide,and the thermal stability of PAN/TiO 2was good.PAN/TiO 2of differ⁃ent ratio were prepared by changing the molar ratio of AN and TiO 2,and it was applied to the degradation of Rhodamine B under sunlight.When the molar ratio of AN and TiO 2was 1∶120,the photocatalytic properties were better.Key words:TiO 2;PAN;composite particles收稿日期：2020-09-21基金项目：2021年河北省高等学校科学技术研究项目（ZC2021238）；衡水市科技局项目（2020011008Z ）；衡水学院校级科研课题（2020ZR21）作者简介：张杰（1982—），女，河北人，讲师，硕士，E-mail ：********************。
Preparation and characterization of Ag-TiO2 hybrid clusters powders[1]（Ag-TiO2混合团簇粉末的制备和表征）Abstract：液相电弧放电法被用于制备纳米Ag-TiO2复合超细粉末。
XRD和TEM图表明颗粒呈葫芦状形态，分布狭窄。
我们讨论了实验条件对产品的影响，比较了这种方法制备的粉末和其他γ射线辐照法制备的粉末。
Introduction：材料合成技术，提高了研究特定电子和光学特性的能力。
这也导致了设备和不同效应的快速发展，如集成光学型偏振器[1]和量子霍耳效应。
所需的长度尺度对于这些结构的控制是在纳米级别的[ 2 ]。
科学家面临的一个新的挑战是半导体量子点的生长，它具有新的光学响应，引起了对其基础物理方面和三阶非线性光致发光的应用等的研究兴趣。
这方面的一个例子是Ag-TiO2复合材料通过胶体方法合成[ 3 ]或由γ射线辐照法合成[ 4 ]。
对比其他制备超细金属颗粒的方法，γ射线辐照法能在室温的环境压力下产生粉末。
在这封信中，我们开发了一种新的方法，即液相电弧放电法，用以制备纳米复合材料，当它经水热处理可以得到纳米级别的超细粉。
Preparation and photocatalytic activity of immobilized composite photocatalyst (titania nanoparticle/activated carbon)[2]固定化复合光催化剂（TiO2纳米颗粒/活性炭）的制备和光催化活性研究Abstract：制备了一种固定化复合光催化剂——TiO2纳米颗粒/活性炭（AC），并研究了它在降解纺织染料的光催化活性。
AC通过油菜籽壳制备。
碱性红18（BR18）和碱性红46（BR46）被用来作为模型染料。
并采用了傅里叶变换红外（FTIR），波长色散X射线光谱（WDX），扫描电子显微镜（SEM），紫外可见分光光度法，化学需氧量（COD）和离子色谱（IC）分析。
第三章Polymer StructureThis chapter is concerned with aspects of the structure of polymeric materials outside those of simple chemical composition. The main topics covered are polymer stereochemistry, crystallinity, and the character of amorphous polymers including the glass transition. These may be thought of as arising from the primary structure of the constituent molecules in ways that will become clearer as the chapter progresses.本章所关注的这些简单的化学成分之外的高分子材料的结构方面。
主要内容包括：聚合物立体化学，结晶，包括无定形聚合物的玻璃化转变的特征。
这些可能被认为是章进展变得更为清晰的方式，将组成分子的一级结构所产生的。
Before proceeding, a word on nomenclature is necessary. Polymer chemists, following the example of P.J. Flory, have tended to use the words configuration and conformation in a sense that differs from that conventionally employed within organic chemistry. In this book, by contrast, I intend to go along with F. W. Billmeyer, and use these words in the way that they apply more widely throughout chemistry. Thus configuration is the term given to an arrangement of atoms that cannot be altered except by breaking chemical bonds, while conformation is the term applied to the individual, recognisable arrangement of atoms that can be altered by simple rotation around a single bond. Configurations include head-to-tail arrangements, described in the previous chapter, conformations include trans versus gauche arrangements of successive carbon-carbon bonds along the backbone of an individual macromolecule.在继续之前，一个命名的话是必要的。
Preparation of Nonylphenyl polyethyleneglycol ether filmsPurposes1. To master the basic methods of water-soluble film preparation2. To understand the function of films-forming materials such as polyvinyl alcoholIntroductionFilms refer to the film-like preparations which are made by dissolving or dispersing the drug to the film-forming materials uniformly. Mass production of films is through flow casting method. The procedure of this method is as follows: First, preparing the slurry of the film-forming material. Then drugs, colorants etc. are added. After defoaming the slurry, painting and dying it, we can detach it and get the product which is ready to be packed. However, coating method is used when small amount production is needed. There are two concrete methods to achieve this.1. casting/pouring method pouring the slurry to the dish, dying it at proper temperature and at last detach it. The thickness of the film can be controlled by the amount of the slurry. Besides, aluminum alloy plate with a little square groove can be used in the process. For example, a aluminum alloy plate with the dimension of 165mm×135mm×15mm is manufactured by milling and adding 100 little square groove with the dimension of 15mm×12mm×0.3mm. After pouring the slurry, scraping the plate to the flat condition. Films prepared by this method have accurate drug content, regular shape, good appearance and can be easily split.2. scraping method choosing appropriate clean glass or stainless steel plate, washing and drying it, spreading some talc powder on it and then wiping it with a clean gauze. Pouring the slurry on it, scraping it to flat using a scraper with a definite distance and then dying it in the oven. By doing so, we can get the films.Besides the talc powder, we can use some release agent such as liquid paraffin to make the detachment easier. Also, polyethylene film can be used as a cushion material to get better effect. The process of this method is as follows: wiping the glass plate with 75% alcohol, putting a piece of plastic film on the glass when it is still wet.(the film should be wider than the glass on both sides), expelling the remaining bubble to make the film stick on the glass tightly and the process of film-making can be started. This method not only has the advantage of detaching the films easily but also can prevent the mutual adherence between the drug films and the package because the drug films can be cut together with the plastic films. It is convenient for us to split the film just before the use.Equipments and Materials1. EquipmentsSmooth and purity glass plate (30×45cm), circle copper stick (1×45cm), beaker(50ml, 100ml), volumetric flask (50ml), seconds-counter, little iron folder, haustorial tube (5ml), thickness tester, nylon sieve (100 mesh), analytic balance, 751 type spectrophotometer, etc.2. MaterialsPolyvinyl alcohol 0486, nona phenyl polyglycol ether, glycerol, distilled water, etc.Procedures1. Formulationnona phenyl polyglycol ether 5gpolyvinyl alcohol 0486 7.5gglycerol 1gdistilled water about 20g2. Preparationweigh 5g nonylphenyl polyethyleneglycol ether, 1g glycerol, 20g water, and put them into a beaker of 50 ml, heat for a while and stir until it dissolves. Add polyvinyl alcohol 0486 after it cools down and keep it still overnight. After polyvinyl alcohol 0486 is completely wetted and expanded, heat it under the water bath of 70℃until it totally dissolves. Filter when it is still hot if necessary with a nylon mesh of #100, keep its temperature under 50℃standing for a certain length of time or defoam it by ultrasonic wave. Then pour the film material to the lower edge of the glass plate with the same temperature, push the material forward with a push rod, put it in the oven of 70-80℃for 5-10 min and detach the film immediately. After cooling, cut it into small films of 5cm×5cm. The finished product can be got after package.3. Usagethe product can kill sperms as an external drug for contraception. It can dissolve within 50 seconds after it is administrated into the deep part of vagina. It has larger contact area comparing with suppository and has an apparent and instant effect.4. Quality Control of Films(1) dissolution timetake a piece of film, immerge it into a distilled water bath of 37±0.5℃with its upper side fixed by a little iron clamp. At the same time open the stopwatch. Record the time when the film falls off the clamp. The time should not exceed 30 seconds.(2) thicknessit is determined by thickness gage. Usually the thickness should be 0.065 ± 0.015 mm.(3) weight variation testtake 20 pieces of films (except for special regulations), weigh accurately the total weight and calculate the mean weight, then weigh accurately every piece, comparing the results with the mean weight. There should be less than 2 pieces of films whose weight are beyond the limitation of weight variation and at the same time none of them could exceed twice the limitation of weight variation.Weight variation requirement of films: a) ≤0.02g: ±15%; b) 0.02g-0.2g: ±10%; c) ≥0.2g: ±7.5%.(4) Content determinationput a piece of film into a beaker of 50ml, add some distilled water to dissolve it and transfer it to a volumetric flask of 50ml, add water to scale and shake evenly. Accurately measure 5ml to a volumetric flask of 50ml, add water to scale and determine its absorbance at wavelength of 273nm. The content can be got by calculationExperimental InstructionsRequirements for preview1. Review the quality requirements for film-forming material and the properties of PV A.2. Review the preparation process of films3. Write down the procedures of the experiment according to the notes and main points of operation.Procedures and Precautions1. polyvinyl alcohol is a kind of ideal and common film-forming material. It is a water-soluble multi-hydroxyl polymer which is got by the alcoholysis of polyvinyl acetate. The alcoholysis degree is affected by the solubility of the product(Table1).Table 1 The alcoholysis degree and the solubility of PVAAlcoholysis degree, % Residual acetate, % Solubility>99.5 <0.5 Only soluble in water with T 95℃95-99.5 0.5-5 Soluble in water with T 65-70℃88 12 Having the maximum solubility50 50 Can not dissolve in waterThe dissolving process of polyvinyl alcohol in water is similar to that of hydrophilic colloid. It must go through several stages which include：affinity with water , wetting, permeation, expansion and dissolving.The time for PVA to swell should be enough or it will not dissolve completely.2. During the process of arranging the ingredients, spreading the slurry and drying, the temperature should not be too high and the time should not be too long. If temperature is higher than 70℃ when preparing the slurry , the hydrogen bonds between the polyethenyl and water are easily broken which may lead to non-uniformity of the drug in the film. If temperature is too high when spreading the slurry, bubbles can be found in the film which makes the process of film-forming and detachment difficult and the product would be brittle and have a low drug load.3. When keeping the slurry still, try to wait until the bubbles completely disappear. In order to avoid the formation of the bubbles, do not stir before spreading the slurry.4. Try to control the temperature and time of drying after the film is formed. Less or over drying will both lead to detaching difficulty.5. The glass should be clean and smooth. Spread some liquid paraffin before heating to avoid detaching difficulty. Different film-forming materials show different degrees of affinity to the glass plate. Too little affinity would make the spreading process hard to perform and the film uneven. Too much affinity would make the detachment difficult. Usually it can be improved by changing the plate or cushion layer or lubricant.surfactant. Its structural formula is:The polymerization degree of polyethylene is about 9-10%, the clouding point is 65-70℃, hydroxyl value is 84, HLB value is 13.2, and ultraviolet absorption coefficient at wavelength of 275nm is 23.7±1.Questions1. What relationships between the characteristics and the alcoholysis degree or molecular weight of PVA?2. What is the meaning of the polymerization degree and the alcoholysis degree? What is the polymerization degree and the alcoholysis degree of PV A 05-88,17-88, respectively?3. Besides PV A, how many kinds of film-forming materials commonly used are there?。
注射用盐酸吡硫醇制备流程英文回答：Preparation of Pyrithione Hydrochloride for Injection.Introduction:Pyrithione hydrochloride is a broad-spectrum antifungal and antibacterial agent that is used to treat a variety of infections. It is a synthetic compound that is prepared by the reaction of pyrithione sodium with hydrochloric acid. The resulting product is a white or off-white powder that is soluble in water.Materials:Pyrithione sodium.Hydrochloric acid.Water.Activated carbon.Equipment:Reaction vessel.Stirrer.Thermometer.Vacuum filter.Drying oven.Procedure:1. Dissolve pyrithione sodium in water in the reaction vessel.2. Add hydrochloric acid to the solution and stir untilthe reaction is complete.3. Filter the solution through activated carbon to remove impurities.4. Vacuum filter the solution to remove the solvent.5. Dry the product in a drying oven.Quality Control:The product should meet the following specifications:Appearance: White or off-white powder.Assay: 98.0% to 102.0%。
Preparation of polypyrrole/polyvinylalcohol (PPy/PV A)composite foam electrode materialXin Yi Wang a ,b ,Li Ping Heng b ,Nai Liang Yang b ,Qiang Xie a ,*,Jin Zhai b ,ca School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering,China University of Mining &Technology,Beijing 100083,Chinab Institute of Chemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100190,Chinac School of Chemistry and Environment,Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,Beijing 100081,ChinaReceived 23October 2009AbstractPolypyrrole/polyvinylalcohol (PPy/PV A)foam was prepared by direct foam polymerization in water and then it was coated on the indium-tin oxide transparent conductive glass (ITO)to form conventional three-electrode cell.FTIR and UV–vis spectra were adopted to characterize the molecular structure and the absorption spectra of foam material,respectively.The porous structure of PPy/PV A foams and their photoelectric conversion behaviors were studied.The dimension of the pores is bigger than 100m m in pared with the smooth film,the V oc and I sc of the foam film enhanced by 1.58-fold and 5.59-fold,respectively.#2010Qiang Xie.Published by Elsevier B.V .on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society.All rights reserved.Keywords:Conjugated polymers;Foams;Photoelectric conversion;PolymerizationThe conductive polymer (CP)performs not only the functions of metals,semiconductors and ferromagnets,but also has the activity of electrochemical oxidation–reduction and the flexibility of the mechanical properties and processability,which suggests that CP materials play an important role in the development of organic optoelectronic devices and electrochemical devices in the future [1–3].CP-based foams have many advantages,such as varied structure design,high chemical stability,and so on [4–7].Although the preparation of the foam polymer by conventional way needs a high-pressure vessel,a direct foam polymerization method was established and the foam materials utilizing conducting PANI were fabricated [8].So far,some representative conductive polymer electrode materials have been synthesized [9,10].PPy has been regarded as the material that takes on the prospect of industrial application,because it not only shares common characters with other conductive polymers,but also has good air stability and strong electrochemical reversibility [11–13].The composite membrane of PPy has attractive application prospects in wide fields [14–16].CP-based electrodes are well structured and have high surface area.Besides,its electrical conductivity can tune over a wide range [3,8,17–19].Up to present,PPy has been employed to PPy/TiO 2anode or solid electrolyte for dye-sensitized solar cells [20–22].Because of all those advantages mentioned above,PPy is promising in fabricating CP-based solar /locate/ccletAvailable online at Chinese Chemical Letters 21(2010)884–887*Corresponding author.E-mail address:dr-xieq@ (Q.Xie).1001-8417/$–see front matter #2010Qiang Xie.Published by Elsevier B.V .on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/let.2010.01.005Herein,we prepared conductive PPy/PV A composite foam film based on the method reported previously [8].Then the photoelectric conversion behavior was studied in details,finding that the improvement of photoelectric conversion efficiency is achieved.1.ExperimentalAt room temperature,3.5g PV A was dissolved into 45mL saturated ferric chloride (the oxidant)solution under mechanical stirring at 1000rpm for one hour [8].Then 600m L pyrrole was added slowly with microinjector and stirred for 8h.The smooth thin film electrode was prepared for comparison.The scanning electron microscopy (SEM)images were obtained using a JEOL JSM-6700F scanning electron microscope at 3.0kV .UV–vis spectrum was measured with a Hitachi U-3010UV–vis spectrometer.Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR)was measured on a Bruker Tensor 27spectrophotometer.The photoelectric conversion behaviors of the films were measured by conventional three-electrode cell at AM 1.5simulated solar light (100mW/cm 2).2.Results and discussionsFrom Fig.1,the characteristic vibrations are the symmetry stretching vibration peak of pyrrole central at 1559cm À1and the asymmetric stretching vibration peak of pyrrole at 1426cm À1.PPy’s steady-state is the p-type doping conductive state at room temperature.The characteristic absorption peaks at 1207cm À1and 837cm À1are ascribed to the miscellaneous doped states of PPy [23,24].The UV–vis absorption spectrum of the foam film is shown in Fig.2.The band at 494nm is due to the p –p *absorption peak of long conjugated chain in polymer main chain,which also proves the presence of PPy [25].The morphology of foam film can be seen in Fig.3.The dimension of the pores is bigger than 100m m in diameter but the defects indicate the destruction of porous network structure.Fig.3(a)shows the surface of smooth film.Obviously,the foam wall forms a continuous network structure,which ensures the overall conductivity.In addition,the density and the porosity of the as-prepared PPy/PV A composite foam are 0.2847g/mL and 85.57%,respectively,being obtained with nitrogen adsorption experiments.This kind of foam will have the potential applications in the photovoltaic devices.Fig.4(a)shows the photocurrent generation at the foam film and the smooth film.It can be observed that the introduction of the foam will increase the photo-generated current density from 0.41m A/cm 2to 2.91m A/cm 2.As shown in Fig.4(b),a short-circuit current density (I sc )of 5.76m A/cm 2and an open-circuit voltage (V oc )0.054V for the foam film were obtained.As compared,an I sc and a V oc were 1.03m A/cm 2and 0.034V ,respectively for the smooth film.The V oc of the foam film was increased by 1.58-fold,and I sc by about 5.59-fold.This result indicates that the foam structures of PPy/PV A composite increase the photoelectric properties more efficiently than the PANI/PV A composite foam reported before [8].X.Y.Wang et al./Chinese Chemical Letters 21(2010)884–887885Fig.1.FTIR spectrum of the porous foam.The relationship between photocurrent and bias voltage of the foam is shown in Fig.4(c).It is 12.23m A/cm 2under a bias voltage of À180mV .Anodic photocurrent generation is achieved when the applied bias voltage is larger than 30mV;and it is À13.40m A/cm 2when the bias voltage is 180mV .This shows that when a negative bias voltage is applied,this electric field promotes the separation of the electron and hole and hence electron transfers in this pathway.On the contrary,when a positive bias voltage is applied,the electric field depresses the electron transfer from ITO electrode to electrolyte,and hence the cathodic photocurrent decreases.In this case,when the positive bias potential is higher than 30mV ,the electrons are transferred from electrolyte to ITO electrode through the film,which changes the photocurrent direction from cathodic to anodic.3.ConclusionsPPy can be foamed directly by means of polymerization of pyrrole in water using PV A foam as a template,which broadens the application scope of the foaming-polymerization method reported previously.Moreover,the porousX.Y.Wang et al./Chinese Chemical Letters 21(2010)884–887886Fig.2.UV/vis absorption spectra of the porousfoam.Fig.3.(a)and (b)top and section views of the prepared foam film,(c)top view of prepared smooth film,(d)optical photo of the preparedelectrode.Fig.4.Photoelectric conversion properties of PPy/PV A foams and smooth films:(a)Photocurrent generation of the films,(b)I–V characteristics of the foam and smooth films,(c)Photocurrent response of the foam film in applied electric fields.X.Y.Wang et al./Chinese Chemical Letters21(2010)884–887887 foamy PPy enhances the photoelectric conversion behavior of the porous materials by improving the light capture ability.It shows the evidence for using different conductive polymer to fabricating CP-based solar cells.AcknowledgmentsThis work was supported by the National Natural Science 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