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Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. 1.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2. 2.the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3. 3.Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see thathuman beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。
4. 4.Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the Englishhumanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
5. 5.Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。
自考《英美文学选读》（英）现代文学时期（3）-1Ⅱ。
John Galsworthy (1867-1933)一。
一般识记His life：John Galsworthy was born into an upper-middle class family. He was educated first at Harrow and then at Oxford. After practising the law for a short time，he turned to literature.二。
识记His major works：He published his first book，From the Four Winds (a volume of short stories)，in 1897 under the pseudonym of John Sinjohn. The experiences of his wife’s unhappy life of the first marriage were reflected in The Man of Property (1906)，which，together with his first p1ay，The Silver Box (1906)，established him as a prominent novelist and playwright in the public mind. After the First Wor1d War he completed The Forsyte Saga，his first trilogy：The Man of Property，In Chancery (1920) and To Let (1921)。
His second Forsyte trilogy，A Modern Comedy，appeared in 1929，and the third，End of the Chapter，posthumous1y in 1934.三。
第三章I.Multiple choice1.In the history of literature, Romanticism is generally regarded as the thoughtthat designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to seethe individual as the very center of all life and all experience在文學歷史上，浪漫主義認為個人應是生命及實踐的中心。
我們還可以說浪漫主義是將人們的注意力從外部世界---社會文明移到內部世界---人類自已的精神文明的實質2.The Romantic Period is an age of poetry. Blake ,wordsworth,coleridge,Byron, Shelley and Keats are the marjor poets. Theystarted a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regardas the peotic revolution浪漫主義是詩歌的時代，代表詩人有布萊克，華茲華斯，科勒律治，拜倫，雪萊及濟慈. 他們發起了對新古典主義的反判，這便是後世所稱“詩人革命”3.In the romantic period, Poetry is the most prosperous 繁榮literary form浪漫主義時代也是詩歌的時代4.in the following writings by William Blake, which marks his entry intomaturity?Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂與地獄的結合一詩標志著威廉布萊克創作上的成熟, 該詩創作於法國大革命高潮期間，並擔負諷喻與革命預言的兩重角色，在這首詩中，布萊克探索了對立事物之間的關系，吸引與排拆，理智與精力，愛與恨等對立事物都對人類生存有著舉足輕重的作用，布萊克認為生活就是不斷的對立沖突，如給與和索取，善與惡，天真純樸與經驗世故，肉體與精神等，他認為沒有對立的矛盾，就不會有社會與個人的進步，婚姻對布萊克意味著矛盾的調和，並非一方從屬另一方5.The declaration that “ I know that This World is a World ofImagination&Vision” and that “ the Nature of my work is visionary orimaginative” belong to which of the following writingWilliam Blake生活在革命啟示光輝中的布萊克熱切的宣布：“我認為人世凡塵是一個充滿想象與幻想的世界，我的作品也如人世凡塵一樣充滿想象與幻象6.In William Blake’s peotry, the father (and any other in whose he saw theimage of the father such as God&his Priest, &King) was usually a figure oftyranny 專治7.the Lone of literature in “Songs of Experience” by William Blake is doleful經驗之歌描寫了一個充滿苦難，貧窮，疾病與戰爭的世界而天真之歌描寫了一個愉快而純潔的世界，盡管著這世界偶有苦難與罪惡8.William Wordsworth is reagrades as a “worshipper of nature”華爾華茲從少年時代，他就對大自然充滿愛戀, 被稱為“大自然的膜拜者”，我如行雲獨自遊“一詩是英國詩中的奇葩，把我們帶入華茲華斯詩歌宗旨的核心9.Which of the following writings is not created by William Wordsworth?A.I wandered lonely as a cloud 我如行雲獨自遊posed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3,1802 威斯敏斯特橋上有感C.The Solitary Reaper 孤獨的收割者D.The Chimney Sweeper 掃煙窗的孩子william black10.Wordsworth’s short poems can be classified into two groups: poems aboutnature and poems about human life按照主題，華的短詩可以分為兩大類，關於自然的關於人類生活的11.Which of the following poems is a landmark in English Poetry?Iyrical Ballads(抒情歌謠集) by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and WilliamWordsworth科勒律治合作的抒情歌謠集, 革命與獨立則成為抒情歌謠集中成功的結論，這在英國詩歌歷史上也是第一次12.Coleridge’s peoms”the rime of the ancient mariner, christabel and kublakhan are known as Demonic group包括他的三部代表作古航海家之歌，克麗斯特貝爾以及忽必烈汗這些詩歌的顯著特點，便是神秘與想象，詩歌的背景都設在詩人的記憶與夢幻之中，故事的發生，發展與絲毫不受理性的羈絆，這類詩歌的他作目的是將詩人自覺的意識與神的寬恕相調和13.Place me on Sumium’s marbled steep 讓我登上蘇尼姆大理石般的懸崖Where nothingSave the waves and I 那裡隻有海浪與我May hear our mutual murmurs sweep 能聽彼此的喃喃低語掠過There,swan like, let me sing and die 在那裡，象天鵝一樣，讓我歌唱後死亡A land of slaves shall ne’er be mine 一個奴棣的國家永遠不是我的國家Dash down you cup of Samian wine 把那杯薩莫斯的酒摔下These lines are taken fromThe Isles of Greece Byron拜爾的西臘島, 節選自唐璜14.“Don Juan” is Byron’s masterpiece, a great comic epic of the early 19thcentury唐璜是19世紀初斯的著名諷刺史詩15.In his lyrics 抒情詩such as “Ode 頌to Liberty”” Ode to Naples”, PercyBysshe Shelley expressed his love for freedom and his hatred towardtyranny 專治，暴政雪萊對自由的渴望及對暴政的憎惡都體現在詩作中，如自由頌，那不勒斯頌16.Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere 狂野的精靈，你吹遍四方Destroyer and preserver 毀滅者和保存者，Hear, O hear! 聽啊聽Two lines are found inOde to the west wind by shelley 西風頌，雪萊17.In Shelley’s “ To a Skylark”致雲雀the bird , suspended between realityand poetic image, pours forth an exultant song which suggests to the Poet Both celestial rapture and human limitation18.Shelley’s greatest achievement is his four-act poetic dramaPrometheus Unbound雪萊最有造詣的作品是他的四幕詩劇—解放了的普羅米修斯, 詩劇源於希臘神話及古希臘悲劇家埃斯庫羅斯的劇作“被縛的普羅米修斯”，普羅米修斯為人類的生存盜取天火，被刀神之王宙斯拴縛在高加索山上，飽受折磨，雪萊在序言中指出，他雖然沿用埃斯庫羅斯的情節，卻改變了普羅米修斯與宙斯和解的結局，而是將暴君趕下寶座，換來新生的宇宙天地，詩中普羅修斯與天帝的鬥爭表現了法國大革命失敗後，英國與歐洲資產階級革命家對封建反動勢力的不滿與反抗情緒。
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自考英语：英美文学选读要点总结精心整理下载版[3] 英国】Chapter3 The Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主义1.This urgency was provoked by two important revolutions: the French Revolution of 1789-1794 and the English Industrial Revolution which happened more slowly, but with Astonishing consequences.英国面临着新的发展动力:是1789-1794年的法国资产阶级大革命,是同时期英国内部的工业革命.2.In 1832, the Reform Bill was enacted, which brought the Industrial capitalists into power.1832年“改革法案”在议会通过并实施。
3.The Romantic Movement, whether in England, Germany or France, expressed a more or less negative forward the existing social.浪漫主义运动,无论是在英国,德国还是法国,都表现相互对工业革命时期现存的社会经济制度及城市资产阶级的上升的否定态度。
4. The Romantics demonstrated a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers and philosophers. Where their predecessors saw man as a social animal, the Romantics saw him essentially as an individual in the solitary state.文学家摒弃了18 世纪盛行的文学及哲学基调---理性,古典主义文学家认为人是社会性的动物,浪漫主义文学家认为人应该是独立自由的个体.5. Thus, we can say that Romanticism actually constitutes a changeof direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit.因此,们还可以说浪漫主义其实是将人们的注意力从外部世界—社会文明转移到内部世界---人类自己的精神实质。
第三章文艺复兴时期文学第一节概述文艺复兴：从１４－１７世纪初欧洲许多国家先后发生的文化和思想上的深刻变革。
意大利是文艺复兴的发源地。
文艺复兴的核心思想是人文主义特征：主要在于它的世俗性，与封建文化的宗教性质截然相反。
人文主义肯定人是生活的创造者和主人，他们要求文学艺术表现人的思想和感情，科学对人生谋福利，教育要发展人的个性，即要求把思想、感情、智慧都从神学的束缚中解放出来。
因此，人文主义的学者和艺术家提倡了人性以反对神性，提倡人权以反对神权，提倡个性自由以反对人身依附。
他们反对宗教禁欲主义和来世观念，歌颂世俗生活，蔑视天堂；主张个性解放，宣扬个人现世幸福高于一切。
同时人文主义者蔑视贵族的世家出身，嘲笑僧侣的愚昧无知，痛斥经院哲学和神秘主义，提倡理性、探索自然，追求科学知识。
另外人文主义者还拥护国家集权以利发展经济，反对分裂和外来干涉，要求民族独立统一。
人文主义文学的特征：以人文主义思想为内容,更具民族特点；创作方法上注重写实体裁上，出现十四行诗体、短篇小说、长篇小说、打破悲喜剧界限的的戏剧、随笔式的散文等。
意大利文学文艺复兴早期的文学“三杰”：但丁、彼特拉克、薄伽丘彼特拉克：被成为“文艺复兴之父”“诗圣”代表作：《歌集》以新的手法和新的观念开创了人文主义的新型抒情诗薄伽丘及《十日谈》艺术成就：１、是欧洲文学史上第一部现实主义巨著，塑造了社会各阶层人物的群像，宣扬了人文主义思想。
２、开创短篇小说的完整形式并使用独特的框型结构。
３、运用讽刺手法。
４、用方言写成，语言新鲜活泼。
法国文学“七星诗社”杜•贝雷、龙沙散文家蒙田：《随笔集》第二节拉伯雷及其《巨人传》主人公：高康大、庞大固埃艺术成就：１、文风洒脱，突破了民间故事和史诗的格局，为长篇小说这一新的艺术形式奠定了基础。
２、率先塑造了近代小说中的“个性化”人物。
如巴奴日，是法国文学中的第一个市民典型。
３、讽刺艺术的一代宗师，善于运用漫画式的艺术夸张。
４、全部采用民间语言。
Chapter Three The Age of EnlightenmentI. An Outline of the literature of this period Literary TermsBrief description The Enlightenment Movement （启蒙运动） Neoclassicism （新古典主义） The Graveyard School （墓地派诗歌） The Heroic Couplet （英雄对偶句） Elegy （挽歌） Satire （讽刺） Sentimentalism （感伤主义文学） Didactic （说教的） Farce （闹剧／滑稽剧） Aside （旁白） Denouement （戏剧）结局 (1) Enlightenment Movement was a progressiveintellectual movement that flourished in France and sweptthrough Western Europe in the 18th century. (2) Themovement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14thcentury to the mid-17th century. (3) Its purpose was toenlighten the whole world with the light of modernphilosophical and artistic ideas. (4) It celebrated reason orrationality, equality and science. It advocated universaleducation. Literature at the time became a very popularmeans of public education. (5) Famous among the greatenlighteners in England were those great writers like JohnDryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir RichardSteele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, JonathanSwift ， Richard Bringsley Sheridan, Daniel Defoe, HenryFielding and Samuel Johnson.(1) In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movementbrought about a revival of interest in the old classicalworks. (2) This tendency is known as Neoclassicism . Theneoclassicists held that forms of literature were to bemodeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek andRoman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of thecontemporary French ones. (3) They believed that theartistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotionand accuracy, and that literature should be judged in termsof its service to humanity.(1) The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets ofthe 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to asentimental lamentation or meditation on life, past andpresent, with death and graveyard as themes. (2) ThomasGray is considered to be the leading figure of this schooland his “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” is itsmost representative work.The Heroic Couplet means a pair of lines of a type oncecommon in English poetry, in other words, it meansiambic pentameter rhymed in two lines.(1) Elegy has typically been used to refer to reflectivepoems that lament the loss of something or someone. (2)In Memoriam by Alfred Tennyson is a famous elegy.(1) Satire means a kind of writing that holds up to ridiculeor contempt the weakness and wrongdoings of individuals,groups, institutions, or humanity in general. (2) The aim ofsatirists is to set a moral standard for society, and theyattempt to persuade the reader to see their point of viewthrough the force of laughter. (3) Swift’s “Gulliver’sTravels” is a great satire of the then English society fromdifferent aspects.(1) Sentimentalism is a pejorative term to describe falseor superficial emotion, assumed feeling, self-regardingpostures of grief and pain. (2) In literature it denotesovermuch use of pathetic effects and attempts to arousefeeling by “pathetic” indulgence. (3) The Vicar ofWakefield by Oliver Goldsmith is a case in point.(1) Didactic literature is said to be didactic if itdeliberately teachessome moral lesson. The use of literature for such teachingis one of its traditional justifications. (2) Most modernliterary works during the Enlightenment period tended tobe didactic.Farce refers to a play full of ridiculous happenings, absurdactions, and unreal situations, meant to be very funny.(1) Aside refers to words spoken by an actor which theother actors are supposed not to hear. (2) An actor’s asidesare usually spoken to the audience. (3) Hamlet’s very firstline is an aside.Denouement, pronounced Dee-noo-ma, is that part of adrama which follows the climax and leads to theresolution.Name of the Writer Works Brief descriptionAlexander Pope (1688-1744)（亚历山大·蒲柏） (1) He is a representative of the Enlightenment and the greatest poet of theNeoclassical period.(2) He is the first tointroduce rationalismto England. Hestrongly advocatedeoclassicism,emphasizing thatliterary works shouldbe judged by classicalrules of order, reason,logic, restrainedemotion, good tasteand decorum. An Essay on Criticism《论批评》The Rape of the Lock《夺发记》The Dunciad《群愚史诗》(1) An Essay on Criticism is his masterpiece. It is a didactic poem written in heroic couplets. (2) It consists of 744 lines and is divided into three parts. (3) It sums up the art of poetry as upheld and practiced by the ancients like Aristotle, and the 18th-century European classicists. (4) Pope first laments the dearth of true taste in poetic criticism of his day and calls on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance. (5) It helped spread the neoclassicist tradition in England. In The Dunciad Pope writes a scathing exposé of the bad writers and pseudo-intellectualsof his day.John Dryden (1631-1700)（约翰·德莱顿） He is called “the father of English Criticism”. (2) An Essay of Dramatic Poesy is his masterpiece.An Essay of Dramatic Poesy 《论戏剧诗歌》 All for Love 《一切为了爱》 Alexander’s Feast 《亚历山大的宴会》 (1) An Essay of Dramatic Poesyis John Dryden’s best work. (2)In it he discusses the works ofthe great playwrights of Greeceand Rome, the EnglishRenaissance, and contemporary France. (3) Hewas called “the father of EnglishCriticism”.Thomas Gray Thomas Gray (1716-1771)（托马斯·格雷） He was the leading figure of the Graveyard School. Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 《写在乡村教堂墓地的挽歌》 (1) Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is the most representative work. of the Graveyard School. (2) In this poem, Gray reflects on death, the sorrows of life, and themysteries of human life with atouch of his personalmelancholy. (3) The poetcompares the common folk withthe great ones, wondering whatthe commons could haveachieved if they had had thechance. Here he reveals hissympathy for the poor and theunknown, but mocks the greatones who despise the poor andbring havoc on them.Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)（丹尼尔·笛福） Robinson Crusoe 《鲁滨逊漂流记》 Moll Flanders 《摩尔·弗兰德斯》 A Journal of the Plague Year 《大疫年的回忆》 (1) Robinson Crusoe is Defoe’s masterpiece. (2) In the novel, Defoe traces the growth of Robinson from a naïve andartless youth into a shrewd andhardened man, tempered bynumerous trials in his eventfullife. (3) He is portrayed as thevery prototype of the empirebuilder and the pioneer colonist.(4) The novel eulogizes the heroof the hard-working class, andshows his sympathy for the poorand the unfortunate in hissociety.(1) Moll Flanders is consideredone of the great English novels.The book follows Moll Flandersas she struggles to avoid thedeadly poverty of 17th-centuryEngland. From a prison-birth tofinal prosperity, Moll reckonslove, theft and prostitution interms of profit and loss andemerges as an extraordinarycharacter. (3) This vivid saga ofan irresistible and notorious heroine --- her high misdemeanors and delinquencies, her varied careersas a prostitute, a charming andfaithful wife, a thief, and aconvict --- endures today as oneof the liveliest, most candidrecords of a woman's progressthrough the hypercriticallabyrinth of society everrecorded.Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) （乔纳森·斯威夫特） (1) He is a master satirist. (2) He is almost unsurpassed in the writing of simple, direct, precise prose. He defined a good style as “proper words in proper places.” Gulliver's Travels 《格列佛游记》 A Modest Proposal 《一个温和的建议》 A Tale of a Tub 《一个桶子的故事》 The Battle of the Books 《书籍的战斗》 The Drapier’s Letters 《德莱皮尔的信》 (1) Gulliver’s Travels is Swift’s masterpiece. (2) It contains four parts, each about one particularvoyage during which Gulliver has extraordinary adventures on some remote island after he has met with shipwreck or piracy or some other misfortune. The four places Gulliver visits are: Lilliput, Brobdingnag, the Flying Land and the Houyhnhnm land,where he meets the Yahoos,hairy, wild, low and despicablebrutes, who resemble humanbeings not only in appearancebut also in almost every otherway. (3) As a whole, the novelis a bitter satire and harshcriticism of all aspects in thethen English and European lifephilosophically, socially,politically, scientifically,religiously, and morally.Henry Fielding (1707-1754)（亨利·菲尔丁） (1) Of all the 18th-century novelists he was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write a “comic epic in prose”. The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling 《汤姆·琼斯》 Joseph Andrews 《约瑟夫·安德鲁斯》The History of Jonathan Wild the Great 《伟大的乔纳森·王(1) Tom Jones is Henry Fielding’s masterpiece. It brings him the name of the “ProseHomer.” (2) The novel presents apanoramic view of the 18th-century English country and city life. (3) In the novel Tom Jones stands for a drifting Everyman who is expelled from(2) He was the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. He, therefore, has been regarded as “Father of the English Novel”. 尔德》 the paradise and has to undergo hard experiences to gain some knowledge of himself to approach perfection.Samuel Johnson (1709-1784) （塞缪尔·约翰逊） He was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the late eighteenth century. He was England 's greatest literary figures: a poet, essayist, biographer, and often considered the finest critic of English literature. He was also a great wit and prose stylist whose bon mots are still frequently quoted in print today. "To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield" 《致切斯菲尔德伯爵的一封信》 A Dictionary of the English Language 《英语大辞典》 (1) To the Right Honorable The Earl of Chesterfield is Samuel Johnson’s famous letter to the fame-fishing Chesterfield who offered Johnson nothing while he compiled A Dictionary of the English Language. (2) The letter is written in a refined and very polite language, with a bitter undertone of defiance and anger. (3) The letter reveals Johnson’s indignation at the lord’s fame-fishing and his firm resolution not to be reconciled to the hypocritical lord. (4) It expresses explicitly the author’s assertion of his independence, signifying the opening of a newera in the development ofliterature.He compiled the first Englishdictionary by an Englishman ---A Dictionary of the EnglishLanguage.Richard Bringsley Sheridan (1751-1816) （理查德·比·谢立丹） (1) He is the only important English dramatist of the eighteenth century. (2) His plays, especially The Rivals and The School for Scandal, are generally considered asimportant linksThe School for Scandal 《造谣学校》 The Rivals 《情敌》 (1) The School for Scandal is Sheridan’s masterpiece. It mainly tells about two brothers, the hypocritical Joseph Surfaceand the good-natured, imprudent, spendthrift Charles Surface. (2) It bitterly satires the moral degeneracy, vanity, greed and hypocrisy of the upper-class society in the eighteenth-century England.between themasterpieces of Shakespeare and thoseof Bernard Shaw.Samuel Richardson (1689-1761)（塞谬尔·理查森） He is often regarded as the founder of theEnglish domesticnovel.Pamela《帕米拉》Clarissa《克拉丽莎》(1) Pamela or Virtue Rewarded is Richardson’s masterpiece. (2) It is a series of letters written by a beautiful young damsel Pamela to her parents. (3) Pamela suffers with dignity, but is rewarded at last. Oliver Goldsmith (1730-1774)（奥利弗·格尔斯密） He is the outstanding representative of theEnglish sentimentalistschool.The Vicar of Wakefield《威克菲尔德牧师》She Stoops to Conquer《屈身求爱》(1) The Vicar of Wakefield is Goldsmith’s masterpiece. (2) It is about the ups and downs of Dr. Primerose, the vicar, and his family. (3) It is a typical novel of sentimentalist school.。
