Chapter 15 – Social Psychology

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组织行为(英语)

别人来完成工作。他们做出决策、分配资源、指导别人的活动从而实现工作目标。)
Managers do their work in an organization, which is a consciously coordinated social unit, composed of two or more people ,that functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals.(组织是一种人们有目的地组合起来的社
(4) Management Skills Robert Katz has identified three essential management skills: technical , human, and conceptual.(罗伯特卡茨提出了三种基本 I. II. III. Technical Skills Human Skills Conceptual Skills
Gender Nearly half of the U.S. Workforce is now women, and women are a growing percentage of the workforce in most other counties throughout the world. Organizations need to ensure that hiring and employment policies create equal access and opportunities to individuals, regardless of gender. Race The percentage of Hispanics, blacks, and Asians in the U.S. workforce continues to increase. Organizations need to ensure that polices provide equal access and opportunities, regardless of race. National Origin A growing percentage of U.S. workers are immigrants or come from homes where English is not the primary language spoken. Because employers in the United States have the right to demand that English be spoken at the workplace on jobrelated activities, communication problems can occur when employees’ Englishlanguage skills are weak.

心理学专业英语

《心理学专业英语》教学大纲王国芳编写应用心理学专业课程教学大纲958 目录前言 (960)chapter 1 PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGY (961)1.1 Approaches to psychology (961)1.2 Controversies in psychology (963)1.3 Ethical issues in psychology (964)Reviews and exercises(Answer the following questions in English): (964)Extension readings: (964)Chapter 2 RESEARCH METHODS (965)2. What do psychologists investigate? (965)Reviews and exercises(Answer the following questions in English): (967)Extension readings: (967)Chapter3 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY (968)3.1 Perception (968)3.2 Attention (969)3.3 Memory (969)Reviews and exercises(Answer the following questions in English): (971)Extension readings: (971)Chapter 4 Developmental Psychology (972)4.1 Early socialization (972)4.2 Cognitive development (973)4.3 Later Socialisation (974)Reviews and exercises(Answer the following questions in English): (975)Extension readings: (975)Chapter5 Social Psychology (976)5.1 Social influence (976)5.2 Pro- and anti- social behaviour (977)5.3 Social relationships (978)Reviews and exercises(Answer the following questions in English): (979)Extension readings: (979)Chapter 6 Comparative Psychology (980)6.1 Reproductive Strategies (980)6.2 Kinship and social behaviour (981)6.3 Behaviour analysis (982)Reviews and exercises(Answer the following questions in English): (982)Extension readings: (983)Chapter7 Biopsychology (984)7.1 Cortical functions (984)7.2 Awareness (985)7.3 Motivation and emotion (986)Reviews and exercises(Answer the following questions in English): (987)心理学专业英语Extension readings: (987)Chapter8 Abnormal psychology (988)8.1 Conceptions of abnormality (988)8.2 Psychopathologies (989)8.3 Therapeutic approaches (990)Reviews and exercises(Answer the following questions in English): (991)Extension readings: (991)959应用心理学专业课程教学大纲960前言《心理学专业英语》是应用心理学专业的一门专业方向必修课，授课时间为一个学期 36 学时，修 2 学分。

《社会心理学》作者：戴维迈尔斯(全本)

第一章社会心理学导论社会心理学是心理学的基础分支之一。

按照著名心理学家杨国枢先生的观点，当今世界的心理学可分为两大领域：一是人格与社会心理学，二是实验与认知心理学，人格、社会、实验、认知也因此成为了心理学的四个支柱。

其它的心理学分支都是在这四个基础上建立起来的。

人格心理学从人本身出发，探讨个体内在的特征对个体的行为与心理有什么样的影响；社会心理学除了考虑个体本身的特性，而且也把个体与社会的种种关系加以考虑，它的目的在于了解各种社会因素对个体及群体行为的影响；实验心理学解决的是研究方法问题，所有的心理学研究都是以它所提供的方法为基础；认知心理学则解决的是过程和机制问题，它使我们能够更好地了解心理现象发生的规律。

第一节什么是社会心理学1、社会心理学的定义对于社会心理学的定义，不同的心理学家有不同的观点。

美国著名的社会心理学家弗里德曼（J.L.Freedman）从行为主义的思路出发，认为社会心理学是系统研究社会行为的科学。

它涉及到我们如何认识他人，如何对别人作出反应，别人如何对我们作出反应，以及我们怎样受所处社会环境影响等。

总之，社会心理学研究人与人之间相互作用的所有领域，包括与社会现象直接相关的各种行为。

与弗里德曼的观点不同，迈尔斯（D.Myers）则从社会认知的思路出发，认为社会心理学是研究人们怎样想、怎样相互影响以及怎样与别人相联系的科学。

正是由于这一点，在迈尔斯编著的《社会心理学》教科书中，我们可以看到在其它书中看不到的一些内容，比如社会信念等，他的书中也用较多的篇幅讨论了社会认知与社会影响。

国内学者也有人对社会心理学做了定义。

比如我国著名的心理学家吴江霖教授就认为“社会心理学是研究个体或若干个体在特定社会生活条件下心理活动的变化发展的科学”。

但他的定义明显是以个体为主，尽管也提到了若干个体，但若干个体并不等于集体。

实际上吴教授的观点和他对心理学框架的看法有关，在他看来心理学的基础有两个：生理心理学和社会心理学。

社会心理学英文版

• We construct our social reality • Our social intuitions are often powerful but sometimes perilous • Social influences shape our behavior • Personal attitudes and dispositions also shape behavior • Social behavior is also biological behavior • Social psychology’s principles are applicable to everyday life and other disciplines
Introduction to Social Psychology
What is Social Psychology?
• What is the difference between sociology and social psychology? • How do our Values enter into the study of Social Psychology? • What are the main areas of research today?
• Social psychology in three worlds
Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Is Social Psychology Just “Common Sense”?
• Hindsight bias
– The tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one’s ability to have foreseen it – the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon

心理学Psycholog英文版(15人格)PPT课件

▪ in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious
▪ person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
▪ Oedipus Complex
▪ a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
Personality Development
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 15
Personality
What is Personality?
▪ Personality
▪ an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
▪ basic perspectives
Personality Structure
▪ Ego
▪ the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality
▪ mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality
▪ operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

心理学Psycholog英文版(18社会心理学)PPT课件

Participant rubs face
Confederate rubs face
Participant shakes foot
Confederate shakes foot
Social Influence
▪ Asch’s conformity experiments
Social Influence
Social Thinking
▪ Fundamental Attribution Error
▪ tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
▪ tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
▪ Role
▪ set of expectations about a social position
Internal attitudes
External influences
Behavior
Social Thinking
▪ Attitudes follow behavior
▪ Cooperative actions feed mutual liking
Social Thinking
▪ Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
▪ example- when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

01 Introduction to Psychology

Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology
The Subfields of Psychology
Understanding change and individual differences
– Developmental psychology
• Changes in behavior over the life span (womb to tomb)
The Subfields of Psychology
Physical and mental health
– Health psychology
• Explores relationship between psychological factors and physical ailments or disease
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology
Module 1: Psychologist at Work
外显行为反应的一门学科
心理学是系统地研究心理过程和行为的科学
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF INTERGROUP RELATIONS

ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
CONTENTS
INDIVIDUAL PROCESSES IN INTERGROUP BEHAVIOR ................................ From Individual to Group Impressions ...................................................................... GROUP MEMBERSHIP ANDINTERGROUP BEHAVIOR .................................. The Scope and Range of Ethnocentrism .................................................................... TheDevelopment of Ethnocentrism .......................................................................... Intergroup Conflict and Competition ........................................................................ Interpersonal and intergroup behavior ........................................................................ Intergroup conflict and group cohesion ........................................................................ Power and status in intergroup behavior ...................................................................... Social Categorization and Intergroup Behavior ........................................................ Social categorization: cognitions, values, and groups ...................................................... Social categorization and intergroup discrimination ...................................................... Social identity and social comparison .......................................................................... THE REDUCTION OFINTERGROUP DISCRIMINATION ................................ " Intergroup Cooperation and Superordinate Goals Intergroup Contact. ..................................................................................................... Multigroup Membership and"lndividualizat~’on"of the Outgroup .......................... SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... 3 3 7 8 9 12 13 15 16 20 20 23 24 27 28 28 29 30

【精品】社会心理学(Social Psychology)PPT课件

社会认知取向——信息加工应用研究的加强国际合作研究的开展（文化差异）
（二）、国内
1、20S --1949 评介阶段
陆志韦《社心新论》(1924) 1948年社会学者孙本文著《社会心理学》上下册,全书六编、30章,内容自成一较完整体系,理论与实用并重,是我国第一本较全面的社心著作
二、社会化的内容--文化
文化（culture）：人类群体或社会共享的成果，是人类在社会历史实践中创造的社会遗产。物质文化精神文化知识、技能与经验价值观（value）人生追求的目标是否有价值规范（norm）在具体情境下如何思考、体验、行动的期望
法律、道德、风俗等
社会化内容的另一种分类
态度 Attitudes
人际关系 Interpersonal relationship
四、社会心理学发展简史
（一）、西方 1、孕育阶段（1908年以前）

古希腊哲学中孕育着社会心理学思想
苏格拉底、柏拉图------------亚里斯多德环境塑造（理想国）本能

2、诞生（1908年）
2、解放后到1980年停顿阶段 3、1981--重建与复兴阶段
1981年夏,在北大召开了第一次社心座谈会
82年10月成立了中国社会心理学研究会(后改为中国社会心理学会)。
第二章社会化
Socialization
一、什么是社会化
是个体通过与社会的相互作用, 适应并吸收社会的文化，成为合格的社会成员的过程。
2、社会对每一角色规定了一系列责任与义务

医生：救死扶伤
教师：教书育人
职业道德
3、个人承担一定的社会角色，就要学习并符合相应的角色期望

《社会学英语》课程教学大纲

《社会学英语》课程教学大纲课程名称：《社会学英语》课程类型：专业选修课适用专业：社会学考核方式：考查总学时、学分：32学时 2学分其中实验学时 0 学时一、课程教学目的《社会学英语》是社会学专业的重要课程，社会学在我国起步较晚，但在国外却有较长的历史，我国的社会学理论基本上是从国外引进并在结合我国具体情况的基础上发展起来的，因此,了解西方国家社会学的理论对于我国社会学专业和学科的发展建设尤为重要。

《社会学英语》选取社会学方面的英文材料，对西方社会学的有关理论进行解读，这对于社会学专业本身的发展具有重要意义。

《社会学英语》课程的开设具有多重目的，概而言之，有以下几个方面：1.拓宽学生的专业视野；2.学习并了解西方社会学的研究状况，加深学生对社会学的专业认知；3.提高社会学专业学生的专业外语水平；4.加深社会学专业学生对西方社会学理论的理解；5.学习西方社会学的研究方法。

二、课程教学要求1.教师要注意选取的材料难易适中，材料太难，学生不易理解，会增加学习难度，影响教学效果，因此，材料的选择十分重要。

2.在课程的讲授上，教师要做到深入浅出，注意英语讲解和汉语讲解相结合，使教师的“讲”和学生的“学”能有效衔接。

3.本课程的学习，要求学生做好课前预习和课后复习，以更好地掌握所学知识。

三、先修课程《社会学概论》、《社会学研究方法》、《社会心理学》、《西方社会学理论》四、课程教学重、难点Chapter I Social Forces in the Development of Sociological 、Theory Chapter II History of SociologyChapter III Positivism and Anti-positivismChapter IV Theoretical frameworksChapter VI Research and Methodology五、课程教学方法与教学手段讲授法、双语教学、多媒体教学法六、课程教学内容Preface The Discipline of Sociology(2 hours)1．教学内容(1)Sociology；(2)The Discipline of Sociology2．重、难点提示(1)The Discipline of SociologyChapter I Social Forces in the Development of Sociological Theory (3hours)1．教学内容(1)Political Revolutions(2)The Industrial Revolution and the Rise of Capitalism(3)The Rise of Socialism(4)Feminism(5)Urbanization(6)Religious Change2．重、难点提示(1)Political Revolutions(2)The Industrial Revolution and the Rise of Capitalism(3)The Rise of Socialism(4)Feminism(5)Religious ChangeChapter II History of Sociology (5 hours)1．教学内容(1)Origins(2)Foundations of the Academic Discipline2．重难点提示(1)Foundations of the Academic DisciplineChapter III Positivism and Anti-positivism (3 hours) 1．教学内容(1)Positivism(2)Anti-positivism2．重难点提示(1)Positivism(2)Anti-positivismChapter IV Theoretical frameworks (6 hours) 1．教学内容(1)Functionalism(2)Conflict theory(3)Contemporary social theory2．重、难点提示(1)Functionalism(2)Conflict theoryChapter V Research and Methodology (5 hours) 1．教学内容:(1)Sampling(2)Methods(3)Computational sociology(4)Practical applications of social research 2．重、难点提示(1)Sampling(2)Methods(3)Computational sociologyChapter VI Scope and Topics (8 hours) 1．教学内容(1)Culture(2)Criminality, deviance, law and punishment(3)Economic sociology(4)Environment(5)Education(6)Family, gender, and sexuality(7)Health and illness(8)Internet(9)Knowledge and science(10)Media(11)Military(12)Political sociology(13)Race and ethnic relations(14)Religion(15)Social networks(16)Social psychology(17)Stratification(18)Urban and rural sociology(19)Work and industry2．重、难点提示(1)Culture(2)Criminality, deviance, law and punishment(3)Economic sociology(4)Education(5)Family, gender, and sexuality(6)Knowledge and science(7)Political sociology(8)Race and ethnic relations(9)Religion(10)Social networks(11)Social psychology(12)Stratification(13)Urban and rural sociology七、学时分配八、课程考核方式1.考核方式：口试或笔试；开卷2.成绩构成平时成绩+期末考查成绩九、选用教材和参考书目［1］《社会学基础读本》(影印第一版)，(美)卡尔甘等编，北京大学出版社，2005年;［2］《当代社会学读本》(影印第一版)，(美)帕特里夏.A.阿德勒，彼得.阿德勒编，北京大学出版社，2005年;［3］《社会问题读本》(影印第一版)，(美)卡龙编，北京大学出版社，2005年;［4］《后现代社会理论》(影印第一版)，(美)George Ritzer著，北京大学出版社，2004;［5］《社会研究方法读本》(影印第一版)，D.K. Wysocki编，北京大学出版社，2004。

社会心理学主要内容

社会心理学笔记导学学习社会心理学的意义基础心理学1、基础性。

咨询师答辩中，我经常会问考生一个问题：你看过印象比较深的心理学专业书籍是什么？答案千奇百怪。

《女心理师》，大众心理学、青年心理等杂志。

2、实用性。

在心理咨询中，最常遇到的问题就是人际关系问题。

与家庭的关系、夫妻关系、同事关系、上下级关系等等。

社会心理学很重要的研究内容就是人与人之间的关系。

课程框架第一节社会心理学概述——对象、范围、简史、研究方法、理论流派第二节社会化与自我——社会化、社会角色及其理论、自我、身份与自尊第三节社会知觉与归因——社会知觉、印象形成与印象管理、归因第四节社会动机与社交情绪——概述、主要的社会动机、社交情绪第五节态度——态度形成、转变与测量第六节沟通与人际关系——沟通的结构与功能、体语沟通、人际关系的原则和理论、人际吸引、人际互动第七节社会影响——从众、社会促进与社会惰化、模仿、暗示和社会感染第八节爱情、婚姻与家庭——爱情、婚姻、离婚、家庭1908年，美国的社会学家罗斯出版了《社会心理学：大纲和参考书》，同年，英国的心理学家麦独孤出版了《社会心理学导论》，这两本社会心理学教科书的出版，标志着社会心理学的诞生。

第一单元研究对象和范围社会心理学的定义1、心理学的社会心理学（PSP）：G·奥尔波特：社会心理学是设法了解与解释个人的思想、情感和行为是怎样受到他人存在的影响；这个他人的存在包括实际的存在、想象中的存在或隐含的存在。

F·奥尔波特：社会心理学主要研究个人的社会行为与社会意识。

社会心理学是个体心理学的一部分，心理学的所有分支都是研究个体的科学。

强调对个体的研究，受传统心理学的影响较大。

2、社会学的社会心理学（SSP）：产生于社会学的，以社会学的研究取向为主导的社会心理学，叫社会学的社会心理学，即Sociological Social Psychology,简称SSP。

美国社会学家斯特克：社会心理学“是由社会和个体的相互关系来界定的”，任务是“解释社会互动”艾尔乌德：社会心理学是关于社会互动的研究，以群体生活的心理为基础。

社会心理学 social psychology

社会心理学social psychology Chapter 1♐社会心理学是一门就人们如何看待他人，如何影响他人，又如何互相关联的种种问题进行科学研究的学科♐我们的社会行为取决于客观情境、主观建构。

♐社交信念可以变成自我实现的预言。

♐研究人们如何看待彼此，如何影响彼此。

社会心理学家研究态度与信念、从众与独立、爱与恨。

♐第一个社会心理学实验1924♐社会心理学称为学科第二次世界大战♐当他人的行为具有一致性并且与众不同时，我们会把其行为归因于他们的人格。

♐我们的直觉影响我们的恐惧心理、印象、人际关系。

♐即时情绪、非语言交流都体现了我们的直觉能力。

♐思维、记忆、和态度都是同时在两个水平上运行：一个是有意识和有意图的；另一个是无意识和自动的。

称为双重加工。

♐我们判断事物发生可能性取决于进入我们脑海中例子的可利用程度。

♐当准确性变得重要时，最好用批判性的思维来抑制直觉冲动。

♐我们所说所想均学自他人。

关系对人类非常重要。

♐作为社会性动物，我们会对周围环境做出反应。

♐我们的文化有助于定义我们的情境。

外在的社会影响力塑造着我们的态度和行为。

♐内在态度影响着我们的行为。

性格倾向也会影响行为。

我们的世界建立在情境与人的交互作用中。

♐生物性与生活经验造就了我们。

♐了解爱与恨，我们要考虑皮下的（生物）与皮间的（社会）影响。

♐我们是生物、心理、社会的产物。

♐社会心理学家研究个体——个体在某个特定时间对他人的看法，个体之间的相互影响及其关系。

♐社会心理学家关注社会因素，人格心理学家关注个体内部功能以及个体间的差异。

♐解释的不同层面-我们不需要假设，因为在不同层面的解释中必定隐含某一个真理。

♐社会表征（social representation）——的共同信念-我们理所当然地认为的那些东西。

圈外人会引发我们关注这些假设。

♐价值观会影响概念。

我们在给形容词时其实在做价值判断。

有关心理咨询方面的意见同样反映了咨询者个人价值观。

《社会心理学》精华版

社会心理学一、什么是社会心理学1.Social psychology的意义“social”来源于拉丁文“socius”,源意义为“结交”，引申为“社交”“psychology”在词源上由两个词“Psyche”和“logy”组成“Psyche”心灵或精神的意思“logy”词源意是“逻辑”Social psychology的词源意义是：对人类社会交往过程中心灵（心理）逻辑（规律）的研究2.学术界定义西方学者的经典定义：社会心理学是一门研究我们周围情景力量（社会影响）的科学，尤其关注个人的思想、情感和行为如何受他人实际的、想象的和隐含的存在的影响。

3.中国人的语言如何表述“社会心理学”思考：传统的中国人如何理解“社会”（social）与”心理学”（psychology）对于传统的中国人来说：社会=世道；心理学=人心，因此社会心理学按照传统的中国话表述为“世道人心”中国话表述：社会心理学是主要研究“世道”对于人心理（“人心”）产生的影响。

二、社会心理学研究的主要问题社会思维：我们如何知觉自我和他人我们的信念是什么我们的判断我们的态度社会影响：文化与社会从众的压力说服团体社会关系：偏见攻击吸引力赫尔亲密关系助人三、社会心理学的学科性质1.心理学取向麦独孤强调社会心理学应该研究个体行为的机制和先天倾向。

2.社会学的取向罗斯强调社会心理学应该研究集群行为等群体行为。

3.文化人类学取向通过比较不同文化来研究文化环境对人类行为的影响，从而揭示存在于不同文化中的心理特质的差异。

4.生物学的取向人类存在的大量社会心理机制来源于人类的生物进化例：合作行为5.认知神经科学的取向认知神经科学主要研究一系列社会行为所对应的认知加工过程和大脑神经区域的反应。

四、社会心理学的解释层次（综合层面的解释）神学哲学社会学社会心理学心理学生物学化学物理学（基础层面的解释）树立科学的思维方式：任何一个问题的解释都应该是多层次的，各种层次的解释是互补的，而非相互排斥的。

心理学专业英语总结材料(完整)

心理学专业英语总结——HXY随意传阅·顺颂试安注释：1.“*”在书上是黑体字，但感觉不重要背了也没什么卵用2.“”背景色项表示答案恰好有三项，可能出选择3. 人名已加黑，可能连线或选择4. 每章节的末尾有方便记忆的单词表（只包括这篇总结中出现的关键单词）5. 方便理解记忆，已在各项下方注明中文释义6.“,”大部分都是作为点之间的分割，类似于逗号，前后不连成句子Chapter 1——Perspectives in psychology 心理学纵览Section 1: Approaches to psychology 心理学入门●What is psychology? 心理学是什么Definitions: The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes.定义：对行为和心理过程的科学研究Psychology come from: ① philosophy, ② biology ③ physics.心理学来源于：哲学、生物学和医学When: 1879 as a separate scientific discipline.形成于：1879年，作为独立学科History (develop): structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviourism, cognitive psychology, humanistic approach, biological approach.历史发展：结构主义，机能主义，精神分析，行为主义，认知，人本主义，生理。

●The psychoanalytic approach to psychology 精神分析理论Origins & history: Sigmund Freud, unconscious mental causes, treat as the causes of mental disorders, built up an theory.历史来源：弗洛伊德提出潜意识心理动机，把它视为心理疾病的原因，并建立理论。

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Social Psychology
What if I told you that the guy who cut you off doing 90mph was racing to the hospital because his wife was in labor with their first child?? Did anyone even wonder if he might have had a good reason for going so fast? Is he still an &*(%#!?
Chapter 15 – Social Psychology
Stanley Milgram performed a series of studies on the Obedience to Authority to answer this exact question. Milgram's experiments on which his initial research was based were conducted at Yale from 1961-1962.
Chapter 15 – Social
Apply your learning. If your car breaks down, where do you think you would be more likely to get help? 1. on the LIE during rush - or 2. on route 12 in NY where you might not see another car for several hours at a time. The bystander effect illustrates why common sense and psychology do not often go hand in hand.
Chapter 15 – Social Psychology
The Milgram Studies: Obedience to Authority. During the Nuremberg trials after WWII, Herman Eichmann, a high ranking official of the Nazi Party, was on trial for war crimes and crimes against humanity. The questions is, "Could it be that Eichmann, was just following orders?" Are individuals responsible for their actions during a time of war if they were following orders? Thoughts??
Chapter 15 – Social Psychology
The Bystander Effect.
The Case of Kitty Genovese At approximately 3:20 on the morning of March 13, 1964, twentyeight-year-old Kitty Genovese was returning to her home in a nice middle-class area of Queens, NY, from her job as a bar manager. She parked her red Fiat in a nearby parking lot, turned-off the lights and started the walk to her second floor apartment on Austin St. some 35 yards away. She got as far as a streetlight when a man grabbed her. She screamed. Lights went on in the 10-floor apartment building nearby. She yelled, “Oh, my God, he stabbed me! Please help me!” Windows opened in the apartment building and a man’s voice shouted, “Let that girl alone.” The attacker looked up, shrugged and walked-off down the street. Ms Genovese struggled to get to her feet.
Chapter 15 – Social
How We Think About Others. Attributions: our explanations for “Why?” another person behaves or acts a certain way
Two types of attributions: 1. Internal: it was something about the person. Part of their personality, something within them. 2. External: it was something about the situation or context. Not due to the individual’s personality! Something outside the person.
Most of us automatically think like a personality psychologist and make internal attributions for other people’s behavior.
For example: If a brand new red Corvette cuts you off on the LIE and zips way ahead of you at about 90mph even though you are keeping up with traffic [in the middle lane], what do you automatically think about that person? Why did they do that? Would it make a difference if the car was a 1985 Chevy Chevette? [OK, think hypothetically here!]
Hale Waihona Puke ocialFundamental Attribution Error: the tendency to automatically make an internal attribution for another person’s behavior, and not adjust our thinking enough to account for external factors.
Chapter 15 – Social Psychology
Lights went back off in the apartments. The attacker came back and stabbed her again. She again cried out, “I’m dying! I’m dying!” And again the lights came on and windows opened in many of the nearby apartments. The assailant again left and got into his car and drove away. Ms Genovese staggered to her feet as a city bus drove by. It was now 3:35 a.m. The attacker returned once again. He found her in a doorway at the foot of the stairs and he stabbed her a third time--this time with a fatal consequence. It was 3:50 when the police received the first call. They responded quickly and within two minutes were at the scene. Ms Genovese was already dead. The only person to call, a neighbor of Ms Genovese, revealed that he had phoned only after much thought and an earlier phone call to a friend. He said, “I didn’t want to get involved.”
Chapter 15 – Social Psychology
38 people witnessed the attack against Kitty The attack lasted for almost 45 minutes Why didn’t anyone call the police or try to help her? The bystander effect: the more people that are present during an emergency or crisis situation, the less likely it is that someone will help due to diffusion of responsibility. Diffusion of responsibility: this phenomenon occurs when an individual knows that others are present in a crisis situation, and therefore they do not feel solely responsible for intervening. They make the assumption that someone else must be taking care of the crisis. In the case of Kitty Genovese witnesses reported thinking “surely someone must have done something by now”.