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解剖学试题2011年局部解剖学⼤题：1.会阴浅隙的边界及构成2.乳腺的淋巴回流3.腹前壁的结构层次4.垂体的位置及毗邻5.腘窝的境界及内容2011-11-27/⼭东⼤学/医学院/2011级硕⼠/腹部应⽤解剖学1、腹膜腔探查时的解剖解剖，并举例说明其临床意义2、画简图标识胆汁的产⽣及排泄途径（要求有肝脏、⼗⼆指肠、胰腺的简图）3、⼄状结肠癌⼿术时需要具备哪些解剖学知识4、通过本次解剖课的操作，你弄清楚了哪些不明⽩的问题⼭东⼤学医学院2005年解剖学（博⼠）⼀、名词解释（全英⽂）1、胸腰筋膜2、腕管3、⼼包斜窦4、terminal cistern5、lower motor neurous⼆、肝蒂肺根和肾蒂内各结构排列三、腮腺位置传经结构四、肺肝肾段的分段依据五、颈动脉鞘和股鞘形成及结构，及排列顺序六、阴部管和腕管和踝管的通过结构七、腹前壁层次结构与阴囊精索被膜层次关系⼋、桡神经⽀配肌⾁名称最易损伤部位及表现九、头⾯部痛温觉和触压觉传导通路⼗、⼤脑动脉环的构成定义⼗⼀、⼼脏神经⽀配⼗⼆、⼦宫和乳房的淋巴引流【考博】⼭东⼤学医学院2006年解剖学考博试题1、名词解释①suspensory muscle of duodenum②pyramidal tract③arterial ligament④saphenous hiatus⑤oblique sinus of pericardium2、海绵窦的位置、毗邻，交通关系及穿经其内侧与外侧壁的结构？3、甲状腺的位置与毗邻？4、乳房的动脉⾎供、静脉回流及淋巴引流？5、何谓肺根？肺根内的组织结构排列规律及肺根的毗邻？6、隔下间隙分区以及各分区之间的交通？7、前列腺的形态、位置与毗邻？8、迷⾛神经的神经核团组成，其神经纤维分布规律？9、交感神经与副交感神经的区别？10、四肢躯⼲的本体觉及精细触觉传导通路？11、肝门静脉与腔静脉系之间的吻合？12、腋窝的淋巴结分群及各群的流注关系？13、腘窝的境界及其内部结构？⼭东⼤学2007年博⼠⼊学考试外科学专业基础(⼈体解剖学)名词解释（全英⽂）2'×5帽状腱膜腹股沟镰⽀⽓管肺段腰下三⾓踝管问答10'×91、脊髓内上⾏传导束的名称、起⽌和功能。
山东大学医学院1998年解剖学（博士）
1.简述
肱桡肌的神经纤维支配
腓骨长肌的神经纤维支配
耳神经节性质
腹腔神经节性质
运动性语言中枢
听觉性语言中枢
内囊膝的血供
下丘脑的血供
边缘系
外？交感干
基底核
2.脑神经穿颅底的沟、孔、裂。
特异性中继核的名称与纤维联系，拇指掌侧痛觉传导通路。
3.试述延髓橄榄中部断面。
山东大学医学院1999年解剖学（博士）
1 epidura space;黑质；视觉传导通路。
2 脑的动脉来源、分支、行程、分布、分段；视觉语言中枢、内囊、中央前后回具体供血
3 脑神经运动核及其支配的肌肉、特异性内脏运动神经核的命名依据
4 垂体毗邻、下丘脑-垂体联系及新发现
5 Brown-sequard临床表现、解剖学基础
第1页共1页。
2015年全国医学博士入学统一考试英语真题及答案解析Part I: Listening comprehension(略)Part II: Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four word or phrases marked A,B,C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word the word or phrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Despite his doctor’s note of caution, he never____from dring and smorking.A. retainedB. dissuadedC. alleviatedD. abstained32. people with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likely to____their hearing.A. rehabilitateB. jeopardizeC. tranquilizeD. supplement33. impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to____larry in any way in his success.A. refuteB. ratifyC. facilitateD. impede34. when the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their plan______.A. accordinglyB. alternativelyC. considerablyD. relatively35. it is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can_____ future adults with appreciation of music.A. acquaintB. familiarizedC. endowD. amuse36. if the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy prices_____A. level outB. stand outC. come offD. wear off37. heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate_____ from qualified medical personnel.A. prescriptionB. palpationC. interventionD. interposition38. asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and_____ of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.A. offsetB. intakeC. outletD. onset39. ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine,______ and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.A. salineB. salivaC. scabiesD. scrabs40. the newly designed system is ____ to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.A. comparableB. transmissibleC. translatableD. amenable Section BDirections: each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it issubstituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41. every year more than 1000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.A. propellingB. prolongingC. puzzlingD. promising42. improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS.A. disgraceB. discriminationC. harassmentD. segregation43. surviviors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude.A. depletionB. dehydrationC. exhaustionD. handicap44. scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine.A. negativeB. confusingC. eloquentD. indistinct45. top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.A. anticipateB. clarifyC. examineD. verify46. his imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.A. challengingB. solemnC. hostileD. demanding47. the discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.A. erasedB. triggeredC. shadowedD. suspended48. faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger, so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench it.A. nurtureB. eliminateC. assimilateD. puncture49. some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.A. unpredictableB. unconventionalC. unparalleledD. unexpected50. a veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating touchy situation.A. estimatingB. handlingC. rectifyingD. anticipatingPart III Cloze(10%)Direction: in this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases 51 a new case report published in PNAS this week.According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth 52 tumors were discovered in her daughter’s cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby’s cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cellsof the mother. But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father 53 would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cell made it into the unborn child’s body across the placental barrier.The Guardian claimed this to be the fires 54 case of cells crossing the placental barrier. But this is not the case----microchimerism 55 cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 70 percent of cases and to go the other way about half,56.As the BBC pointed out, the greater 57 in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer, in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancer cells, which led to the 58 of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack against the invaders was launched.59, according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of “cancer danger”. Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined 60 of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby’s immune system is extremely low.51. A. suggests B. suggesting C. having suggested D. suggested52. A. since B. although C. whereas D. when53. A. what B. whom C. who D. as54. A. predicted B. notorious C. proven D. detailed55. A. where B. when C. if D. whatever56. A. as many B. as much C. as well D. as often57. A. threat B. puzzle C. obstacle D. dilemma58. A. detection B. deletion C. amplification D. addition59. A. therefore B. furthermore C. nevertheless D. conclusively60. A. likelihood B. function C. influence D. flexibilityPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions: in this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneThe American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish byhalf.First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-first-all approach to drug development and embracing the long cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group.Pfizer announced that one such drug it’s pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug initial tests, and 9 out of ten is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent?Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In a test of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent response to a cancer drug(or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would’ve been two competing companies hadn’t sat down and put their heads together.Are there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by competitive interest and proprietary information? Who’s to say, but it seems like with the amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the outcome pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology’s favorite four-letter word: cure.61. which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Competition and CooperationB.Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC. The promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD. Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug62. in cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals now ____A. are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB. are moving towards individualized and targeted treatmentsC. are investing the lion’s shares of their moneyD. care only about their profits63. from the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer that____A. the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB. it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC. other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD. the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy64. from the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question___A. is nowhere to be foundB. can drive one crazyC. can be multipleD. is conditional65. the tone of the author of this passage seems to be_____A. neutralB. criticalC. negativeD. potimistPassage TwoLiver disease is the 12th leading cause of death in the US, chiefly because once it’s determined that a patient needs a new liver it’s difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there’s guarantee a transplant will be successful. But researchers Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-grown livers into rats.The livers aren’t grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically.With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold(支架) with liver cells isolated from health livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days.The team also translated some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rat’s vascular systems. However, the current method isn’t perfect and can not seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can’t keep functioning for more than about 24 hours(hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat thansplant).But the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic, but if nothing goes horribly wrong—and especially if stem-cell research established a reliable way to create health liver cells from the every patients who need transplants-lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.66. it can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended to____A. investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the labB. explore the unknown functions of the human liverC. reduce the incidence of liver disease in the US.D. address the source of liver transplants67. what does the author mean when he says that the livers aren’t grown from scratch?A. the making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architectureB. a huge step toward building functioning livers in the labC. the building of the infrastructure of a donor liverD. growing liver cells in the donor organ68. the biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab until____A. duplicated syntheticallyB. isolated from the healthy liverC. repopulated with the healthy cellsD. the addition of some man-made blood vessels69. what seems to be the problem in the planted liver?A. the rats as wrong recipientsB. the time point of the transplantationC. the short period of the recellularizationD. the insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels70. the research team holds high hopes of_____A. creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB. the timetable for generating human livers in the labC. stem-cell research as the future of medicineD. building a fully functioning liver into ratsPassage ThreePatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical bums typically experience severe damage to the cornea—the thin, transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye’s focusing ability. In a long-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study, the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, the restored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea.Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful on several patients whose bum injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery.Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient’s healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however, stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient’s own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring blindness, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves.Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries.The result of the study, based at Italy’s University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journalof Medicine.71. what is the main idea of this passage?A. stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by bums.B. the vision in the eyes blinded by bums for 10 years can be restoredC. the restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for10 yearsD. the burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons72. the Italian technique reported in this passage_____A. can repair damaged retinasB. is able to treat damaged optic nervesC. is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD. shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea73. which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye bums?A. the places in which people workB. the accidents that involve using household cleaning productsC. the mishaps that involved vehicles batteriesD. the disasters caused by battery explosion at home74. what is one of the requirements for the current approach?A. the stem cells taken from a healthy eyeB. the patient physically healthyC. the damaged eye with partial visionD. the blindness due to damaged optic nerves75. which of the following words can best describe the author’s attitude towards the new method?A. sarcasticB. indifferentC. criticalD. positivePassage FourHere is a charming statistic: divide the us by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday, a typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that.America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies—and are only party explained by access to healthcare.But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail(开创), after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city’s black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively.We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London. What’s exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies that it both probes the mechanisms invlilved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation. Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health , similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health, in populations ranging from urban black men to while poor women in rural Appalachia.To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a “soft science” with little that’s serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle—fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicine.It’s time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society’s most deprived members. More important, it’s time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor.76. as shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects______.A. injustice everywhereB. racial discriminationC. a growing life spanD. health inequalities77. which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-based project?A. where to liveB. which race to belong toC. how to adjust environmentallyD. what medical problem to suffer78. the Chicago-based project focuses its management on_____A. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment79. which of the following can most probably neglected by sociologists?A. the racial perspectiveB. the environmental aspectC. the biological dimensionD. the psychological angel80. the author is a big fan of______A. the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB. the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC. the mutual understanding and respect between racesD. public education and health promotionPassage FiveAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine, according to a report published online Thursday, July 8,2010, in the journal Science.One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains, more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered, according to a report on the findings published in the Wall Street Journal. The antibodies were discovered in the cells of a 60-year-old African-American gay man whose body produced them naturally. One antibody in particular is substantially different from its precursors, the Science study says.The antibodies could be tried as a treatment for people already infected with HIV, the WSJ reports. At the very least, they might boost the efficacy of current antiretroviral drugs.It is welcome news for the 33 million people the United Nations estimated were living with AIDS at the end of 2008.The WSJ outlines the painstaking method the team used to find the antibody amid the cells of the African—American man, known as Donor 45. First they designed a probe that looks just like a spot on a particular molecule on the cells that HIV infects. They used the probe to attract only the antibodies that efficiently attack that spot. They screened 25 million of Donor 45’s cell to find just 12 cells that produced the antibodies.Scientists have already discovered plenty of antibodies that either don’t work at all or only work on a couple of HIV strains. Last year marked the first time that researchers found ”broadly neutralizing antibodies”, which knock out many HIV strains. But none of those antibodies neutralized more than about 40 percent of them, the WSJ says. The newest antibody, at 91 percent neutralization , is a marked improvement.Still, more work needs to be done to ensure the antibodies would activate the immune system to produce natural defenses against AIDS, the study authors say. They suggest there test methods that blend the three new antibodies together—in raw form to prevent transmission of the virus, such as from mother to child; in a microbicide gel that women or gay men could use before sex to prevent infection; or as a treatment for HIV/AIDS, combined with antiretroviral drug.If the scientists can find the right way to stimulate production of the antibodies, they think most people could produce then, the WSJ says.81. we can learn from the beginning of the passage that_______A. a newly discovered antibody defeats 91% of the HIV strainsB. a new antiretroviral drug has just come on the marketC. American researchers have developed a new vaccine for HIVD. the African—American gay man was cured of this HIV infection82. what is the implication of the antibodies discovered in the cells of the African—American gay man?A. they can cure the 33 million AIDS patients in the worldB. they may strengthen the effects of the existing antiretroviral drugsC. they will kill all the HIV virusesD. they will help make a quick diagnosis of an HIV infection83. the newest antibody found in Donor 45 reflects a dramatic advance in terms of_____.A. pathologyB. pharmacologyC. HIV neutralizationD. HIV epidemiology84. according to the study authors, the three test methods are intended to____.A. advance the technology in condom production to prevent HIV infectionB. facilitate the natural immune defense against AIDSC. develop more effective antiretroviral drugs85. the passage is most likely_____.A. a news reportB. a paper in ScienceC. an excerpt from an Immunology TextbookD. an episode in a science fiction novel.Passage SixWhitening the world's roofs would offset the emissions of the world's cars for 20 years, according to a new study from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.Overall, installing lighter-colored roofs and pavement can cancel the heat effect of two years of global carbon dioxide emissions, Berkeley Lab says. It's the first roof-cooling study to use a global model to examine the issue.Lightening-up roofs and pavement can offset 57 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide, about double the amount the world emitted in 2006, the study found. It was published in the journalEnvironmental Research Letters.Researchers used a conservative estimate of increased albedo, or solar reflection, suggesting that purely white roofs would be even better. They increased the albedo of all roofs by 0.25 and pavement by 0.15. That means a black roof, which has an albedo of zero, would only need to be replaced by a roof of a cooler color -- which might be more feasible to implement than a snowy white roof, Berkeley Lab says.The researchers extrapolated a roof's CO2 offset over its average lifespan. If all roofs were converted to white or cool colors, they would offset about 24 gigatons (24 billion metric tons) of CO2, but only once. But assuming roofs last about 20 years, the researchers came up with 1.2 gigatons per year. That equates to offsetting the emissions of roughly 300 million cars, all the cars in the world, for 20 years.Pavement and roofs cover 50 to 65 percent of urban areas, and cause a heat-island effect because they absorb so much heat. That's why cities aresignificantly warmer than their surrounding rural areas. This effect makes it harder -- and therefore more expensive -- to keep buildings cool in the summer. Winds also move the heat into the atmosphere, causing a regional warming effect.Energy Secretary Steven Chu, a Nobel laureate in physics (and former Berkeley Lab director), has advocated white roofs for years. He put his words into action Monday by directing all Energy Department offices to install white roofs. All newly installed roofs will be white, and black roofs might be replaced when it is cost-effective over the lifetime of the roof."Cool roofs are one of the quickest and lowest-cost ways we can reduce our global carbon emissions and begin the hard work of slowing climate change," he said in a statement.86. which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. a Decline in Car EmissionsB. white Roofs or Black PavementsC. the Effect of Linghting-up RoofsD. climate Change and Extreme Weathers87. a indicated by the passage, black roofs______A. are better than snowy white onesB. reflect not heat from the sunC. are more expensive to build in the urban areasD. are supposed to be placed by snowy white ones88. if they are converted to white or cooler colors, all roofs in the world in their lifetime_____A. can absorb 1.2 gigattons of CO2 a yearB. could serve as 300 million cars in terms of emissionC. would offset the emissions from 300 million carsD. would offset about 24 gigatons of CO2 as emitted from the cars89. according to the passage, it is hard and expensive to keep the urban buildings cool because of______A. the heat-island effectB. the lack of seasonal windsC. the local unique weatherD. the fast urban shrinkage90. energy Secretary Steven Chu implies that_____A. nothing could be more effective in cooling global warming than method he has advocatedB. the method in question still needs to be justified in the futureC. our global carbon emissions can be reduced by half if cool roofs are installedD. weather change and global warming can be addressed in no timePart V Writing(20%)Directions: in this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the passage.什么是健康？人的健康包括身体健康和心理健康两个方面。
D) water pollution is extremely serious5. The primary solution to environmental problems is.A) to allow market forces to operate properlyB) to curb consumption of natural resourcesC) to limit the growth of the world populationD) to avoid fluctuations in prices第三篇2005年6月六级Low-level slash-and-burn farming doesn ' t harm rainforest. On the contrary, it helps farmers and improves forest soils. This is the unorthodox view of a German soil scientist who has shown that burnt clearings in the Amazon, dating back more than 1,000 years, helped creates patches of rich, fertile soil that farmers still benefit from today. Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because they lack minerals and because the heat andheavy rainfall destroy most organic matter in the soils within four years of it reaching the forest floor. This meanstopsoil contains few of the ingredients needed for long-term successful farming.But Bruno Glaser, a soil scientist of the University of Bayreuth, has studied unexpected patches of fertile soils in the central Amazon. These soils contain lots of organic matter.Glaser has shown that most of this fertile organic matter comes from " black carbon" --- the organic particles from camp fires and charred ( 烧成炭的)wood left over from thousands of yearsof slash-and-burn farming. " The soils, known as Terra Preta, contained up to 70 times more black carbon than the surrounding soils, " says Glaser.Unburnt vegetation rots quickly, but black carbon persists in the soil for many centuries.Radiocarbon dating shows that the charred wood in Terra Preta soils is typically more than 1,000 years old.“Slash-and-burn farming can be good for soils provided it doesn ' t completely burn all the vegetation, and leaves behind charred wood, " says Glaser. Tt can be better than manure ( 粪月巴)." Burning the forest just once can leave behind enough black carbon to keep the soil fertile for thousands of years. And rainforests easily regrow after small-scale clearing. Contrary tothe conventional view that human activities damage the environment, Glaser says: " Black carbon combines with human wastes is responsible for the richness of Terra Preta soils. ”Terra Preta soils turn up in large patches all over the Amazon, where they are highly prizedby farmers. All the patches fall within 500 square kilometers in the central Amazon. Glaser says the widespread presence of pottery ( 陶器)confirms the soil ' s human origins.The findings add weight to the theory that large areas of the Amazon have recovered so well from past periods of agricultural use that the regrowth has been mistaken by generations of biologists for "virgin " forest.During the past decade, researchers have discovered hundreds of large earth works deep in thejungle. They are up to 20 meters high and cover up to a square kilometer. Glaser claims that these earth works, built between AD 400 and 1400, were at the heart of urban civilizations managed to feed themselves.1. Welearn from the passage that the traditional view of slash-and-burn farming is that .A) it does no harm to the topsoil of the rainforestB) it destroys rainforest soilsC) it helps improve rainforest soilsD) it diminishes the organic matter in rainforest soils2. Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because.A) the composition of the topsoil is rather unstableB) black carbon is washed away by heavy rainsC) organic matter is quickly lost due to heat and rainD) long-term farming has exhausted the ingredients essential to plant growth3. Glaser made his discovery by.A) studying patches of fertile soils in the central AmazonB) examining pottery left over by ancient civilizationsC) test-burning patches of trees in the central AmazonD) radiocarbon-dating ingredients contained in forest soils4. What does Glaser say about the regrowth of rainforest?A) They take centuries to regrow after being burnt.B) They cannot recover unless the vegetation is burnt completely.C) Their regrowth will be hampered by human habitation.D) They can recover easily after slash-and-burn farming5. From the passage it can be inferred that.A) human activities will do grave damage to rainforestsB) Amazon rainforest soils used to be the richest in the worldC) farming is responsible for the destruction of the Amazon rainforestsD) there once existed an urban civilization in the Amazon rainforests第四篇2006年12月六级In a purely biological sense, fear begins with the body's system for reacting to things that can harm us- the so-called fight-or-flight response. "An animal that can't detect danger can't stay alive," says Joseph LeDoux. Like animals, humans evolved with an elaborate mechanism for processing information about potential threats. At its core is a cluster of neurons(神经元)deep in the brain known as the amygdala ( 扁桃核).LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form memories of significant events in our lives. The amygdala receives input from many parts of the brain, including regions responsible for retrieving memories. Using this information, the amygdala appraised a situation- I think this charging dog wants to bite me-and triggers a response by radiating nerve signals throughout the body. These signals produce the familiarsigns of distress: trembling, perspiration and fast-moving feet, just to name three.This fear mechanism is critical to the survival of all animals, but no one can say for sure whether beasts other than humans know they're afraid. That is, as LeDoux says, "if you put that system into a brain that has consciousness, then you get the feeling of fear."Humans, says Edward M. Hallowell, have the ability to call up images of bad things that happened in the past and to anticipate future events. Combine these higher thought processes with our hardwired danger-detection systems, and you get a near-universal humanphenomenon: worry.2. Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because.A) the composition of the topsoil is rather unstableB) black carbon is washed away by heavy rainsC) organic matter is quickly lost due to heat and rainD) long-term farming has exhausted the ingredients essential to plant growth3. Glaser made his discovery by.A) studying patches of fertile soils in the central AmazonB) examining pottery left over by ancient civilizationsC) test-burning patches of trees in the central AmazonD) radiocarbon-dating ingredients contained in forest soils4. What does Glaser say about the regrowth of rainforest?A) They take centuries to reg row after being burnt.B) They cannot recover unless the vegetation is burnt completely.C) Their regrowth will be hampered by human habitation.D) They can recover easily after slash-and-burn farming5. From the passage it can be inferred that.A) human activities will do grave damage to rainforestsB) Amazon rainforest soils used to be the richest in the worldC) farming is responsible for the destruction of the Amazon rainforestsD) there once existed an urban civilization in the Amazon rainforests第四篇2006年12月六级In a purely biological sense, fear begins with the body's system for reacting to things that can harm us- the so-called fight-or-flight response. "An animal that can't detect danger can't stay alive," says Joseph LeDoux. Like animals, humans evolved with an elaborate mechanism for processing information about potential threats. At its core is a cluster of neurons(神经元)deep in the brain known as the amygdala ( 扁桃核).LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form memories of significant events in our lives. The amygdala receives input from many parts of the brain, including regions responsible for retrieving memories. Using this information, the amygdala appraised a situation-1 think this charging dog wants to bite me-and triggers a response by radiating nerve signals throughout the body. These signals produce the familiar signs of distress: trembling, perspiration and fast-moving feet, just to name three.This fear mechanism is critical to the survival of all animals, but no one can say for sure whether beasts other than humans know they're afraid. That is, as LeDoux says, "if you put that system into a brain that has consciousness, then you get the feeling of fear."Humans, says Edward M. Hallowell, have the ability to call up images of bad things that happened in the past and to anticipate future events. Combine these higher thought processes with our hardwired danger-detection systems, and you get a near-universal humanphenomenon: worry.2. Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because.A) the composition of the topsoil is rather unstableB) black carbon is washed away by heavy rainsC) organic matter is quickly lost due to heat and rainD) long-term farming has exhausted the ingredients essential to plant growth3. Glaser made his discovery by.A) studying patches of fertile soils in the central AmazonB) examining pottery left over by ancient civilizationsC) test-burning patches of trees in the central AmazonD) radiocarbon-dating ingredients contained in forest soils4. What does Glaser say about the regrowth of rainforest?A) They take centuries to reg row after being burnt.B) They cannot recover unless the vegetation is burnt completely.C) Their regrowth will be hampered by human habitation.D) They can recover easily after slash-and-burn farming5. From the passage it can be inferred that.A) human activities will do grave damage to rainforestsB) Amazon rainforest soils used to be the richest in the worldC) farming is responsible for the destruction of the Amazon rainforestsD) there once existed an urban civilization in the Amazon rainforests第四篇2006年12月六级In a purely biological sense, fear begins with the body's system for reacting to things that can harm us- the so-called fight-or-flight response. "An animal that can't detect danger can't stay alive," says Joseph LeDoux. Like animals, humans evolved with an elaborate mechanism for processing information about potential threats. At its core is a cluster of neurons(神经元)deep in the brain known as the amygdala ( 扁桃核).LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form memories of significant events in our lives. The amygdala receives input from many parts of the brain, including regions responsible for retrieving memories. Using this information, the amygdala appraised a situation-1 think this charging dog wants to bite me-and triggers a response by radiating nerve signals throughout the body. These signals produce the familiar signs of distress: trembling, perspiration and fast-moving feet, just to name three.This fear mechanism is critical to the survival of all animals, but no one can say for sure whether beasts other than humans know they're afraid. That is, as LeDoux says, "if you put that system into a brain that has consciousness, then you get the feeling of fear."Humans, says Edward M. Hallowell, have the ability to call up images of bad things that happened in the past and to anticipate future events. Combine these higher thought processes with our hardwired danger-detection systems, and you get a near-universal humanphenomenon: worry.2. Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because.A) the composition of the topsoil is rather unstableB) black carbon is washed away by heavy rainsC) organic matter is quickly lost due to heat and rainD) long-term farming has exhausted the ingredients essential to plant growth3. Glaser made his discovery by.A) studying patches of fertile soils in the central AmazonB) examining pottery left over by ancient civilizationsC) test-burning patches of trees in the central AmazonD) radiocarbon-dating ingredients contained in forest soils4. What does Glaser say about the regrowth of rainforest?A) They take centuries to reg row after being burnt.B) They cannot recover unless the vegetation is burnt completely.C) Their regrowth will be hampered by human habitation.D) They can recover easily after slash-and-burn farming5. From the passage it can be inferred that.A) human activities will do grave damage to rainforestsB) Amazon rainforest soils used to be the richest in the worldC) farming is responsible for the destruction of the Amazon rainforestsD) there once existed an urban civilization in the Amazon rainforests第四篇2006年12月六级In a purely biological sense, fear begins with the body's system for reacting to things that can harm us- the so-called fight-or-flight response. "An animal that can't detect danger can't stay alive," says Joseph LeDoux. Like animals, humans evolved with an elaborate mechanism for processing information about potential threats. At its core is a cluster of neurons(神经元)deep in the brain known as the amygdala ( 扁桃核).LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form memories of significant events in our lives. The amygdala receives input from many parts of the brain, including regions responsible for retrieving memories. Using this information, the amygdala appraised a situation-1 think this charging dog wants to bite me-and triggers a response by radiating nerve signals throughout the body. These signals produce the familiar signs of distress: trembling, perspiration and fast-moving feet, just to name three.This fear mechanism is critical to the survival of all animals, but no one can say for sure whether beasts other than humans know they're afraid. That is, as LeDoux says, "if you put that system into a brain that has consciousness, then you get the feeling of fear."Humans, says Edward M. Hallowell, have the ability to call up images of bad things that happened in the past and to anticipate future events. Combine these higher thought processes with our hardwired danger-detection systems, and you get a near-universal humanphenomenon: worry.2. Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because.A) the composition of the topsoil is rather unstableB) black carbon is washed away by heavy rainsC) organic matter is quickly lost due to heat and rainD) long-term farming has exhausted the ingredients essential to plant growth3. Glaser made his discovery by.A) studying patches of fertile soils in the central AmazonB) examining pottery left over by ancient civilizationsC) test-burning patches of trees in the central AmazonD) radiocarbon-dating ingredients contained in forest soils4. What does Glaser say about the regrowth of rainforest?A) They take centuries to reg row after being burnt.B) They cannot recover unless the vegetation is burnt completely.C) Their regrowth will be hampered by human habitation.D) They can recover easily after slash-and-burn farming5. From the passage it can be inferred that.A) human activities will do grave damage to rainforestsB) Amazon rainforest soils used to be the richest in the worldC) farming is responsible for the destruction of the Amazon rainforestsD) there once existed an urban civilization in the Amazon rainforests第四篇2006年12月六级In a purely biological sense, fear begins with the body's system for reacting to things that can harm us- the so-called fight-or-flight response. "An animal that can't detect danger can't stay alive," says Joseph LeDoux. Like animals, humans evolved with an elaborate mechanism for processing information about potential threats. At its core is a cluster of neurons(神经元)deep in the brain known as the amygdala ( 扁桃核).LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form memories of significant events in our lives. The amygdala receives input from many parts of the brain, including regions responsible for retrieving memories. Using this information, the amygdala appraised a situation-1 think this charging dog wants to bite me-and triggers a response by radiating nerve signals throughout the body. These signals produce the familiar signs of distress: trembling, perspiration and fast-moving feet, just to name three.This fear mechanism is critical to the survival of all animals, but no one can say for sure whether beasts other than humans know they're afraid. That is, as LeDoux says, "if you put that system into a brain that has consciousness, then you get the feeling of fear."Humans, says Edward M. Hallowell, have the ability to call up images of bad things that happened in the past and to anticipate future events. Combine these higher thought processes with our hardwired danger-detection systems, and you get a near-universal humanphenomenon: worry.。
2015年医学博士外语真题试卷(总分：206.00，做题时间：90分钟)1.Section A（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ （分数：10.00）A.How to deal with his sleeping problem.B.The cause of his sleeping problem.C.What follows his insomnia.D.The severity of his medical problem.A.To take the medicine for a longer time.B.To discontinue the medication.C.To come to see her again.D.To switch to other medications.A.To take it easy and continue to work.B.To take a sick leave.C.To keep away from work.D.To have a follow-up.A.Fullness in the stomach.B.Occasional stomachache.C.Stomach distention.D.Frequent belches.A.Extremely severe.B.Not very severe.C.More severe than expected.D.It's hard to say.（分数：10.00）A.He has lost some weight.B.He has gained a lot.C.He needs to exercise more.D.He is still overweight.A.She is giving the man an injection.B.She is listening to the man's heart.C.She is feeling the man's pulse.D.She is helping the man stop shivering.A.In the gym.B.In the office.C.In the clinic.D.In the boat.A.Diarrhea.B.Vomiting.C.Nausea.D.A cold.A.She has developed allergies.B.She doesn't know what allergies are.C.She doesn't have any allergies.D.She has allergies treated already.（分数：10.00）A.Listen to music.B.Read magazines.C.Go play tennis.D.Stay in the house.A.She isn't feeling well.B.She is under pressure.C.She doesn't like the weather.D.She is feeling relieved.A.Michael's wife was ill.B.Michael's daughter was ill.C.Michael's daughter gave birth to twins.D.Michael was hospitalized for a check-up.A.She is absent-minded.B.She is in high spirits.C.She is indifferent.D.She is compassionate.A.Ten years ago.B.Five years ago.C.Fifteen years ago.D.Several weeks ago.2.Section B（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ （分数：10.00）A.A blood test.B.A gastroscopy.C.A chest X-ray exam.D.A barium X-ray test.A.To lose some weight.B.To take a few more tests.C.To sleep on three pillows.D.To eat smaller, lighter meals.A.Potato chips.B.Chicken.C.Cereal.D.Fish.A.Ulcer.B.Cancer.C.Depression.D.Hernia.A.He will try the diet the doctor recommended.B.He will ask for a sick leave and relax at home.C.He will take the medicine the doctor prescribed.D.He will take a few more tests to rule out cancer.（分数：10.00）A.A new concept of diabetes.B.The definition of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.C.The new management of diabetics in the hospital.D.The new development of non-perishable insulin pills.A.Because it vaporizes easily.B.Because it becomes overactive easily.C.Because it is usually in injection form.D.Because it is not stable above 40 degrees Fahrenheit.A.The diabetics can be cured without taking synthetic insulin any longer.B.The findings provide insight into how insulin works.C.Insulin can be more stable than it is now.D.Insulin can be produced naturally.A.It is stable at room temperature for several years.B.It is administered directly into the bloodstream.C.It delivers glucose from blood to the cells.D.It is more chemically complex.A.Why insulin is not stable at room temperature.B.How important it is to understand the chemical bonds of insulin.C.Why people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes don't produce enough insulin.D.What shape insulin takes when it unlocks the cells to take sugar from blood.（分数：10.00）A.Vegetative patients are more aware.B.Vegetative patients retain some control of their eye movements.C.EEG scans may help us communicate with the vegetative patients.D.We usually communicate with the brain-dead people by brain-wave.A.The left-hand side of the brain.B.The right-hand side of the brain.C.The central part of the brain.D.The front part of the brain.A.31.B.6.C.4.D.1A.The patient was brain-dead.B.The patient wasn't brain-dead.C.The patient had some control over his eye movements.D.The patient knew the movement he or she was making.A.The patient is no technically vegetative.B.The patient can communicate in some way.C.We can train the patient to speak.D.The family members and doctors can provide better care.3.Section A（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________4.Despite his doctor's note of caution, he never______from drinking and smoking.（分数：2.00）A.retainedB.dissuadedC.alleviatedD.abstained5.People with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likelyto______their hearing.（分数：2.00）A.rehabilitateB.jeopardizeC.tranquilizeD.supplement6.Impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to______Larry in any way in his success.（分数：2.00）A.refuteB.ratifyC.facilitateD.impede7.When the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their plan______.（分数：2.00）A.accordinglyB.alternativelyC.considerablyD.relatively8.It is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can______future adults with appreciation of music.（分数：2.00）A.acquaintB.familiarizeC.endowD.amuse9.If the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy prices______. （分数：2.00）A.level outB.stand oute offD.wear off10.Heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate______from qualified medical personnel.（分数：2.00）A.prescriptionB.palpationC.interventionD.interposition11.Asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and______of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.（分数：2.00）A.offsetB.intakeC.outletD.onset12.Ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine, ______and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.（分数：2.00）A.salineB.salivaC.scabiesD.scrabs13.The newly designed system is______to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.（分数：2.00）parableB.transmissibleC.translatableD.amenable14.Section B（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________15.Every year more than 1, 000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.（分数：2.00）A.propellingB.prolongingC.puzzlingD.promising16.Improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS. （分数：2.00）A.disgraceB.discriminationC.harassmentD.segregation17.Surviviors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude .（分数：2.00）A.depletionB.dehydrationC.exhaustionD.handicap18.Scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine.（分数：2.00）A.negativeB.confusingC.eloquentD.indistinct19.Top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.（分数：2.00）A.anticipateB.clarifyC.examineD.verify20.His imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.（分数：2.00）A.challengingB.solemnC.hostileD.demanding21.The discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.（分数：2.00）A.erasedB.triggeredC.shadowedD.suspended22.Faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger, so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench it.（分数：2.00）B.eliminateC.assimilateD.puncture23.Some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.（分数：2.00）A.unpredictableB.unconventionalC.unparalleledD.unexpected24.A veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating touchy situation.（分数：2.00）A.estimatingB.handlingC.rectifyingD.anticipating五、PartⅢ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：20.00)A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases,【C1】______a new case report published in PNAS this week. According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth,【C2】______tumors were discovered in her daughter's cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby's cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cells of the mother. But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father,【C3】______would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cells made it into the unborn child's body across the placental barrier. The Guardian claimed this to be the first【C4】______case of cells crossing the placental barrier. But this is not the case — microchimerism,【C5】______cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 75 per cent of cases and to go the other way about half【C6】______. As the BBC pointed out, the greater【C7】______in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer, in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancer cells, which led to the【C8】______of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack against the invaders was launched. 【C9】______, according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of "cancer danger". Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined【C10】______of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby's immune system is extremely low.（分数：20.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.suggestsB.suggestingC.having suggestedD.suggested(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.sinceB.althoughC.whereasD.when(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.whatB.whomD.as(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.predictedB.notoriousC.provenD.detailed(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.whereB.whenC.ifD.whatever(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.as manyB.as muchC.as wellD.as often(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.threatB.puzzleC.obstacleD.dilemma(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.detectionB.deletionC.amplificationD.addition(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.ThereforeB.FurthermoreC.NeverthelessD.Conclusively(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.likelihoodB.functionC.influenceD.flexibility六、PartⅣ Reading Comprehension(总题数：6，分数：60.00)The American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish by half. First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the more cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach to drug development and embracing the long tail of cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group. Pfizer announced that one such drug it's pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug in initial tests, and nine out often is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing drugs toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent? Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In atest of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent of the subjects saw their cancer reduced by half. Needless to say, a 100 percent response to a cancer drug (or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would've been tried if two competing companies hadn't sat down and put their heads together. Are there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by walls of competitive interest and proprietary information? Who's to say, but it seems like with the vast amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the odds are pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology's favorite four-letter word: cure.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?（分数：2.00）petition and CooperationB.Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC.The Promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD.Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug(2).In cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals now______.（分数：2.00）A.are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB.are moving towards individualized and targeted treatmentsC.are investing the lion's shares of their moneyD.care only about their profits(3).From the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer that______.（分数：2.00）A.the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB.it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC.other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD.the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy(4).From the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question______.（分数：2.00）A.is nowhere to be foundB.can drive one crazyC.can be multipleD.is conditional(5).The tone of the author of this passage seems to be______.（分数：2.00）A.neutralB.criticalC.negativeD.optimisticLiver disease is the 12th -leading cause of death in the U. S. , chiefly because once it's determined that a patient needs a new liver it's very difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there's no guarantee a transplant will be successful. But researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-grown livers into rats. The livers aren't grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically. With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold (支架) with liver cells isolated from healthy livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days. The team also transplanted some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rats' vascular systems. However, the current method isn't perfect and cannot seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can't keep functioning for more than about 24 hours (hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat transplant). But the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic, but if nothing goes horribly wrong — and especially if stem-cell research establishes a reliable way to create healthy liver cells from the very patients who need transplants — lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.（分数：10.00）(1).It can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended to______.（分数：2.00）A.investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the labB.explore the unknown functions of the human liverC.reduce the incidence of liver disease in the U. S.D.address the source of liver transplants(2).What does the author mean when he says that the livers aren't grown from scratch?（分数：2.00）A.The making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture.B.A huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab.C.The building of the infrastructure of a donor liver.D.Growing liver cells in the donor organ.(3).The biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab until______.（分数：2.00）A.duplicated syntheticallyB.isolated from the healthy liverC.repopulated with the healthy cellsD.the addition of some man-made blood vessels(4).What seems to be the problem in the planted liver?（分数：2.00）A.The rats as wrong recipients.B.The time point of the transplantation.C.The short period of the recellularization.D.The insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels.(5).The research team holds high hopes of______.（分数：2.00）A.creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB.the timetable for generating human livers in the labC.stem-cell research as the future of medicineD.building a fully functioning liver into ratsPatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical burns typically experience severe damage to the cornea—the thin, transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye's focusing ability. In a long-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study, the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, the restored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea. Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful in several patients whose burn injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery. Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient's healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however, stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient's own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring vision, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves. Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries. The results of the study, based at Italy's University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.（分数：10.00）(1).What is the main idea of this passage?（分数：2.00）A.Stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by burns.B.The vision in the eyes blinded by burns for 10 years can be restored.C.The restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for 10 years.D.The burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons.(2).The Italian technique reported in this passage______.（分数：2.00）A.can repair damaged retinasB.is able to treat damaged optic nervesC.is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD.shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea(3).Which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye burns?（分数：2.00）A.The places in which people work.B.The accidents that involve using household cleaning products.C.The mishaps that involve vehicles batteries.D.The disasters caused by battery explosion at home.(4).What is one of the requirements for the current approach?（分数：2.00）A.The stem cells taken from a healthy eye.B.The patient physically healthy.C.The damaged eye with partial vision.D.The blindness due to damaged optic nerves.(5).Which of the following words can best describe the author's attitude towards the new method?（分数：2.00）A.Sarcastic.B.Indifferent.C.Critical.D.Positive.Here is a shaming statistic: divide the US by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday. A typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that. America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies—and are only partly explained by access to healthcare. But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail (开创), after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city's black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively. We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London. What's exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation. Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health, similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health in populations ranging from urban black men to white poor women in rural Appalachia. To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a "soft science" with little that's serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle—fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicine. It's time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society's most deprived members. More important, it's time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor.（分数：10.00）(1).As shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects______.（分数：2.00）A.injustice everywhereB.racial discriminationC.a growing life spanD.health inequalities(2).Which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-based project?（分数：2.00）A.Where to live.B.Which race to belong to.C.How to adjust environmentally.D.What medical problem to suffer.(3).The Chicago-based project focuses its management on______.（分数：2.00）A.a particular medical problem and its related social issueB.racial discrimination and its related social problemsC.the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD.a specific disease and its medical treatment(4).Which of the following can most probably be neglected by sociologists?（分数：2.00）A.The racial perspective.B.The environmental aspect.C.The biological dimension.D.The psychological angel.(5).The author is a big fan of______.（分数：2.00）A.the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB.the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC.the mutual understanding and respect between racesD.public education and health promotionAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine, according to a report published online Thursday, July 8, 2010, in the journal Science. One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains, more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered, according to a report on the findings published in the Wall Street Journal. The antibodies were discovered in the cells of a 60-year-old African-American gay man whose body produced them naturally. One antibody in particular is substantially different from its precursors, the Science study says. The antibodies could be tried as a treatment for people already infected with HIV, the WSJ reports. At the very least, they might boost the efficacy of current antiretroviral drugs. It is welcome news for the 33 million people the United Nations estimated were living with AIDS at the end of 2008. The WSJ outlines the painstaking method the team used to find the antibody amid the cells of the African-American man, known as Donor 45. First they designed a probe that looks just like a spot on a particular molecule on the cells that HIV infects. They used the probe to attract only the antibodies that efficiently attack that spot. They screened 25 million of Donor 45's cell to find just 12 cells that produced the antibodies. Scientists have already discovered plenty of antibodies that either don't work at all or only work on a couple of HIV strains. Last year marked the first time that researchers found "broadly neutralizing antibodies, " which knock out many HIV strains. But none of those antibodies neutralized more than about 40 percent of them, the WSJ says. The newest antibody, at 91 percent neutralization, is a marked improvement. Still, more work needs to be done to ensure the antibodies would activate the immune system to produce natural defenses against AIDS, the study authors say. They suggest three test methods that blend the three new antibodies together in raw form to prevent transmission of the virus, such as from mother to child; in a microbicide gel that women or gay men could use before sex to prevent infection; or as a treatment for HIV/AIDS, combined with antiretroviral drug. If the scientists can find the right way to stimulate production of the antibodies, they think most people could produce then, the WSJ says.（分数：10.00）(1).We can learn from the beginning of the passage that______.（分数：2.00）A.a newly discovered antibody defeats 91 % of the HIV strainsB.a new antiretroviral drug has just come on the marketC.American researchers have developed a new vaccine for HIVD.the African-American gay man was cured of his HIV infection(2).What is the implication of the antibodies discovered in the cells of the African-American gay man?（分数：2.00）A.They can cure the 33 million AIDS patients in the world.B.They may strengthen the effects of the existing antiretroviral drugs.C.They will kill all the HIV viruses.D.They will help make a quick diagnosis of an HIV infection.(3).The newest antibody found in Donor 45 reflects a dramatic advance in terms of______.（分数：2.00）A.pathologyB.pharmacologyC.HIV neutralizationD.HIV epidemiology(4).According to the study authors, the three test methods are intended to______.（分数：2.00）。
山东大学医学院1998年病理生理学（博士）1.试述高血压病人的细胞膜改变及功能障碍2.补体在细胞膜损伤种的作用3.生长因子的分类及其在肿瘤发生发展中的作用4.Insulin Receptor异常的基因图变型及分子结构5.何谓高凝状态及生理情况下的高凝状态6.内皮细胞损伤与动脉粥样硬化的关系7.肝内胆汁淤积症的发病机制8.消化性溃疡的发病机制9.G-6-PD缺乏引起溶贫的机制10.休克时细胞流态变化山东大学医学院1999年病理生理学（博士）1.基因突变的遗传方式及与疾病的关系2.恶性肿瘤细胞膜变化的意义3.解释“瘤基因-抑瘤基因学说”4.巨噬细胞在动粥中的作用5.胆汁成分变化在胆石形成中的意义6.胃粘膜的保护因素机制7.血小板激活时的功能变化及机制8.靶细胞脱敏的机制，G-蛋白与靶细胞脱敏的关系9.心肌缺血坏死的超微结构可逆坏死的机制山东医科大学博士入学考试试题病理生理学2000年1、染色体畸变及发生机制2、受体病的分类，试举一例说明3、消化性溃疡的发病机制4、胆汁淤积对机体的影响5、肺动脉高压的分类6、ET、ON的生理学作用7、肿瘤病毒的致瘤机制8、血浆粘度升高的原因9、内皮功能与血栓形成的关系山东医科大学博士入学考试试题病理生理学（专业基础）2003年1 细胞凋亡调控障碍在肿瘤发生中的作用2 高钾、低钾对心脏影响及其作用机制3 低氧血症时循环系统的代偿性变化4 休克三期血压变化及其机制5 血管重塑在血压发生中的作用6 肺换气障碍导致呼衰的机制7 肝性脑病假神经递质学说的内容8 慢性肾衰竭钙、磷代谢异常的机制9 缺氧对细胞膜的损伤山东大学医学院2004年病理生理学（博士）1、细胞信号转导异常引起心血管病机制2、为什么肿瘤也是一种凋亡异常性疾病3、缺血再灌注损伤自由基生成增多机制4、低钾、高钾对神经肌肉影响5、缺氧中组织细胞变化、机制、意义6、发热热代谢特点及机制7、应激与心脑血管疾病关系8、休克微循环缺血期的主要临床表现及机制9、抑癌基因失活途径10、心肌细胞钙运转异常在心衰中的作用？11、肺性脑病发病机制12、血管内皮细胞损伤在血栓形成中的作用13、代酸、呼酸代偿机制14、为什么慢性肾衰造成肾性骨营养不良15、氨对脑的毒性作用山东大学医学院2004年病理生理学（专基）（博士）1、应激与心脑血管疾病发生的作用2、代谢性酸中毒、呼吸性碱中毒机体的代偿调节反应3、肺性脑病发生的机制4、慢性肾衰骨营养不良发生的机制5、缺血再灌注损伤氧自由基增多的原因6、心力衰竭时心肌钙转运障碍发生的机制7、发热过程中机体的热代谢变化的机制8、血管内皮损伤栓的机制9、为什么说肿瘤发生也是凋亡失调10、癌基因的失活方式山东大学医学院2005年病理生理学（博士）1-10、非病生专业答3-12、病生专业1、难治性休克期的发生机制2、细胞粘附分子与肿瘤转移的关系3、血管内皮细胞受损在原发性高血压中的影响4、2型呼衰导致肺性脑病的发生机制5、肝性脑病发病的假性神经递质学说的主要内容6、慢性肾衰钙磷失调机制及对机体的影响7、物理因素对DNA损伤的机制8、低钾血症对抗体的影响9、自由基导致脂质损伤的机制10、信号转导异常的原因机制11、碱中毒对机体的影响12、内生致热原的机制？山东大学医学院2006年病理生理学（博士）共12题（病生专业做1-10题，专业基础做3-12题），每题十分。
考试科目：①501英语②686人体解剖学(基础课) ③948外科学（骨外）2014年骨科试题Thomas signShoemaker lineBenett fractureLindner signOPLL简答:骨折愈合过程，骨折切开复位的适应征，腰椎间盘突出征的疼痛机制，骨肉瘤的治疗原则。
论述:急性血源性化脓性骨髓炎的治疗，股骨头坏死的病因。
2001解剖专业:1名词解释Subarachnoid space; corpus striatum; pontine nucleus; spinothalamic trace; chorda tympani 2试述食管、直肠和子宫的淋巴引流3试述胃的分部、动脉供应、静脉淋巴回流及神经支配4试述膜迷路的分部、各部的主要结构及各结构的作用5试述第一躯体运动区、听区、运动性语言中枢和视区的具体位置，接受神经冲动的特点及其动脉供应6试述胰的位置、分部、胰管的开口部位，并说明胰头肿大可压迫哪些主要结构和引起何症状7试述后纵隔的位置及其主要结构8试用箭头表示眼前方的灯光经哪些结构被光感受器感受，其神经冲动经何具体途径投射至视中枢(视区)9试述肝门静脉与上、下腔静脉的吻合部位及其回流受阻时产生的侧枝循环的途径10试述睫状神经节、翼鳄神经节、下领下神经节和耳神经节有关的副交感节前纤维的来源、伴行神经及其节后纤维的分部一、必答题1试述肩关节的构成和运动，并分析其稳固性和灵活性的因素2试述胰的位置、分部、胰管的开口部位，并说明胰头肿大可压迫哪些主要结构和引起何症状3试述第一躯体运动区、听区、运动性语言中枢和视区的具体位置，接受神经冲动的特点及其动脉供应4试述前臂各血管神经束的位置、组成，其中各神经的具体分部范围5简述心脏的动脉供应，静脉回流和神经支配6根据所学眼的解剖学知识，解释下列眼病发生的形态学基础:青光眼白内障老视近视远视7试述坐骨神经的行程、分支和“马蹄内翻足”是哪支神经受损，哪些肌群麻痹造成8试述腹腔干的发起部位、分支及供血范围9举例说出挠腕关节开始向远侧，手部有哪些类型的关节，各可做哪些运动，产生运动的肌肉及神经支配10试述膝关节的构成、特点、运动形式及其相关肌肉，膝关节的神经分部11试述椎骨间的连接12试述翠丸下降与腹股沟庙发生的关系人体解剖学1名词解释:inguinal triangle mitral complex internal capsal本体感受器灰、白交通支2试述膝关节的组成、运动及膝关节动脉网的组成3试述颈深筋膜的层次、写出5各颈筋膜间隙的名称、位置及间隙内的结构4试述心脏的动脉供应、静脉回流及神经支配5试述十二指肠的分部、各部的毗邻及十二指肠的动脉供应6试述以足背静脉注入药物，经何具体途径抵达直肠、子宫和视网膜7试述手部的动脉供应、静脉回流和神经支配的具体范围8试述结膜、面部皮肤、下领牙齿的痛觉冲动沿何具体途径传入中枢?最后达中枢的哪些部位?9试写出五个大脑皮层重要中枢的具体位置、功能特点和动脉供应10试述眼球内肌和眼球外肌的名称、作用和神经支配11试述泪器的组成、泪腺的位置和分泌神经;泪液的功能和排泄途径12试述髓关节的组成、运动髓关节的肌肉名称和作用及髓周动脉网的组成13试述椎骨间的连接14试述肛管的形态、结构、肛门括约肌的组成、作用及神经支配巧试述尿生殖隔的构成、会阴浅、深隙的位置及内容名词解释:pterioncupula of pleura mediastinumplinea alba inguinal canal试述颅内外静脉交通途径试述甲状腺被膜的构成、甲状腺的位置及毗邻关系试述纵隔内淋巴结的分群及注流关系试述胰头的位置、毗邻关系及胰液的引流途径试述肾上腺的位置、毗邻关系、动脉供应及静脉回流试述男女盆腔脏器与腹膜的关系试述肌腔隙和血管腔隙的构成及各腔隙内的结构试述视觉传导通路和瞳孔对光反射径路试述面神经的纤维成分及相关脑神经核团的名称、各种纤维的分布范围试述膀肤的动脉供应、静脉和淋巴回流及神经支配试述手掌骨筋膜鞘的构成及各鞘内的主要结构1名词解释:thoracolumbar fascia carpal canal oblique pericardial sinusterminal cistern lower motor neurons2试述肝蒂、肺根、’肾蒂内各结构的排列关系3试述腮腺的位置及穿经腮腺的结构4肺段、肝段、’肾段的分段依据是什么?5颈动脉鞘和股鞘是怎样形成的?分别叙述两鞘内的结构及其排列关系6阴部管、腕管、踩管内通过的结构是什么?7试述腹前壁层次结构与阴囊、精索被膜层次结构的对应关系8试述挠神经支配的肌肉的名称、最易损伤的部位以及损伤后的临床表现9试述头面部的痛温觉和触压觉传导通路10试述心脏的神经支配11试述大脑动脉环的构成及其意义12试述子宫和乳房的淋巴引流aphenous hiatussuspensory muscle of duodenumpyIamidal trace arterial ligamentoblique pericardial sinus试述海绵窦的位置、交通、毗邻关系及穿经海绵窦内和外侧壁的结构mapleav@ 163. com少声六了盛了旅考月行kiktf鲁馨衷赢含3试述甲状腺的位置及毗邻关系4试述乳房的动脉供应、静脉回流及淋巴引流5何谓肺根?按排列规则论述肺根内的结构及肺根的毗邻6试述隔下间隙的分区及各间隙的交通7试述前列腺的位置、被膜及毗邻8试述迷走神经的纤维成分、相关脑神经核团的名称、各种纤维的分布范围9简述交感神经和副交感神经的主要区别10试述躯干四肢的本体觉和精细触觉的传导通路11试述肝门静脉与腔静脉之间的吻合途径12试述腋淋巴结的分群及流注关系13试述胭窝的境界及其内容的排列关系09年山大试题局部解剖和系统解剖都考1、无人区2、5"P''症3、硬化性骨脓肿（Garre's )4、Bennet骨折5、chance骨折6、Guyon 's管（腕尺管）7、alien实验8、Jones骨折二、简答题1、开放骨折的Gustilo分型2、临床上如何预防骨科术后DVT3、半月板的诊断与治疗4、骨巨细胞瘤的病理分型5、髋臼骨折的常用手术入路6、脊柱结核脓肿的流注部位三、论述题：试述腰腿痛的病因分类2009专业基础课：人体解剖学一、名词解释5*2分1、angle of mandible2、greater supraclavicular fossa3、hepatogastric ligament4、infrapiriform foramen5、ductusarterious triangle二、简答9*10分1、肌三角的境界及内容物2、颞区的境界及解剖层次3、肺的血管、神经支配及淋巴引流4、脾的韧带及其中结构5、腰上、下三角的境界和临床意义6、第一二三肝门的位置及走行结构7、臂前骨筋膜鞘的构成及内容物8、迷走神经的神经纤维成分和分布9、试述脑干内4种丘系的起止及功能2014名解10分帽状腱膜，椎前筋膜，奇静脉，肋膈隐窝，髂胫束全英文出大题每题10分面侧深区境界内容。
2002年协和医科大学解剖学考博试题一、名词;1、海式三角（英文）2、胆囊三角3、斜角肌三角4、背盖背区5、REXED板层6、心包斜窦7、鼻烟壶二、填空30分1、肾上腺的血供2、肩胛动脉网3、肛直肠环三、选择20分1、脾的位置2、选择性迷走神经切断术的神经四、问答1、小脑的分叶和联系2、内囊后脚损伤产生那些症状3、踝关节能做那些运动其支配肌肉神经是什么4、骑跨伤损伤造成渗尿会到达那些结构5、胰头癌会压迫那些部位产生什么症状复旦大学医学院2000年解剖学（博士）一、名词解释1、腺管2、胸导管3、海绵窦4、基底膜5、膀胱三角6、胆囊三角7、鼓室二、问答1、针刺中指后痛觉传导通路2、下皮层的功能定位3、肝脏的吡邻复旦大学医学院2001年解剖学（博士）一、名词解释1、膀胱三角2、室上脊3、奇静脉4、海绵窦二、问答1、脊柱的连接2、视觉通路3、心脏的结构复旦大学医学院2002年解剖学（博士）一、名词1、willis环2、肾窦3、巩膜静脉窦二、问答题1.膝关节的组成，运动特点支配肌肉神经2.右心室的结构3.肾脏的解剖毗邻被膜4.丘脑的解剖结构和纤维联系复旦大学医学院2003年解剖学（博士）一、名词解释1.滑膜关节2.肾窦3.腹直肌鞘4.弹性圆锥5.肝胆三角6.语言中枢7.室间隔8.海马-纵隔9.呼吸道二、问答1.手掌动脉的解剖位置2.男性尿道的解剖结构、解剖位置3.脊柱连接4.三叉丘系、脊丘系；内侧、外侧丘系复旦大学医学院2004年解剖学（博士）一、名词解释：（5分/题）1.ptreon;2.结膜穹窿；3.房间隔4.岛叶5.limibic system6.bala7.梨状窝8.venous angle9.髌韧带10.关节盘二、问答题：（10分/题）1.试述内耳的结构组成。
2.内囊的结构和受损后的症状。
3.男性小骨盆与女性小骨盆里都有什么器官，有何区别？4.人体有多少消化腺，其位置形态分泌腺的名称和作用。
四川大学华西医院2007考博题局部解剖学：一、名词解释：颈动脉窦，肺根，面部危险三角区，膀胱直肠陷凹，胆囊三角，（还有一个想不起了）二、问答题：（9选7）1.临床作气管切开的位置，经过的层次，切开过深可损伤的器官，过低可造成什么后果2.盆腹部消化管道的动脉血供及来源3.上、下腔静脉系的吻合支4.腹部器官、结构的体表投影（至少10个）5.子宫的位置，及影响其位置的因素6.股三角的内容、排列及交通7. 腮腺肿大可压迫那些结构8.颈根部的结构9.左右纵隔之间的血管、神经名称及位置2004年湘雅博士入学考试试题局部解剖学名词解释（每题5分，共30分）硬膜外隙（腔）；腹股沟管；Willis环（cerebral arterial circle）bronchopulmonary segment；thoracic duct；鞍上池论述题（1、2题必答，每题18分；3、4、5题任选两题，每题17分）1、颈内动脉的行程、分段及分支分布2、后纵隔的位置、结构及毗邻关系3、髂关节的结构、功能、血供及神经支配4、尿道球部损伤尿液外渗的解剖学基础5、论述肝段划分的理论依据及临床意义苏州大学2004年博士入学解剖试题第一题为必答题，然后从其他题目中选4道题目回答。
