360度绩效评价工具
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绩效评估工具绩效评估是企业管理中不可或缺的一部分,它有助于提高员工的工作表现,优化组织的运营效率。
为了更好地评估绩效,许多企业开始采用各种绩效评估工具。
本文将介绍一些常用的绩效评估工具,以及其在企业中的应用。
一、360度评估360度评估是一种多维度的评估方法,通过收集来自不同角色的全面反馈,包括员工自评、上级评估、同事评估以及客户评估。
这种评估方法可以提供全面准确的绩效数据,帮助员工更好地了解自己的优势和劣势,以及改进的方向。
在实施360度评估时,企业可利用专门的在线工具,如员工绩效管理系统,用以收集和整理反馈数据。
系统会根据事先设定的评分标准,自动生成评估报告,供员工和管理层参考。
二、关键绩效指标(KPIs)关键绩效指标是企业根据战略目标和关键业务指标而设定的明确衡量标准。
通过设定KPIs,企业能够监测和评估员工的工作表现,并与组织的整体目标进行对比。
在设定KPIs时,企业需要根据具体岗位的职责和目标来制定相应的指标。
同时,需要确保指标具有可衡量性、具体性和可实施性,以便员工在实际操作中能够理解并达到预期绩效。
三、平衡计分卡平衡计分卡是一种绩效管理工具,将绩效评估与战略规划相结合。
它以四个维度衡量绩效,分别是财务、客户、流程和学习与成长。
企业可以通过平衡计分卡的应用,实现对不同层级和部门的绩效管理一体化。
平衡计分卡的核心是将战略目标分解为可操作的行动计划,并通过设定关键绩效指标来跟踪和评估绩效。
这样的绩效评估工具不仅可以提供全面准确的绩效数据,还能使员工更好地理解组织的目标,并明确自己在实现这些目标中的角色和贡献。
四、行为绩效评估行为绩效评估是一种将员工行为和态度纳入绩效评估的方法。
通过考察员工在工作中的行为规范、团队合作和沟通能力等方面的表现,企业可以更全面地评估员工的绩效。
行为绩效评估可以依靠日常观察和反馈,也可以借助定期的行为评估工具。
企业可以设计一套评估表,包括不同方面的行为指标,通过设定评分标准来评估员工的绩效。
项目管理中的绩效评估工具
在项目管理中,绩效评估工具是评估团队和个人在项目中表现和成果的重要工具。
绩效评估工具帮助项目经理和团队成员了解他们的工作表现,并根据评估结果提供反馈和改进建议。
一种常用的绩效评估工具是360度反馈。
这种评估方式涉及项目经理、团队成
员以及其他相关利益相关者对一个或多个项目成员的绩效进行评估。
通过360度反馈,项目经理可以获取全面的反馈信息,了解团队成员在不同方面的表现,包括专业知识、沟通能力、团队合作、领导能力等。
这种全方位的评估有助于发现团队成员的优点和改进空间,进而制定个性化的发展计划。
另一种常见的绩效评估工具是绩效考核表。
这种评估方式通常由项目经理根据
团队成员的工作目标、职责和绩效标准制定。
绩效考核表可以定量地评估团队成员的绩效,包括完成工作的质量、效率、创新能力等方面。
通过绩效考核表,项目经理可以清晰地了解团队成员的表现,及时发现和解决问题,并激励团队成员进一步提高绩效水平。
此外,项目管理中的绩效评估工具还包括绩效评分卡和自评表。
绩效评分卡是
一种用于衡量团队和个人绩效的平衡性评价工具,通过设定关键绩效指标和权重,评估团队成员在不同领域的表现。
自评表则是让团队成员自行评估自己的工作表现,提供反思和改进的机会。
绩效评估工具在项目管理中扮演着至关重要的角色。
通过科学的评估方法和工具,项目经理可以更好地了解团队成员的表现,并及时采取措施解决问题,提高整个团队的绩效水平。
因此,项目管理中的绩效评估工具不仅是评价团队和个人表现的手段,更是促进团队发展和项目成功的重要工具。
绩效评估的有效工具绩效评估是企业管理中不可或缺的一环,它通过对员工或团队的工作表现进行客观评价和量化分析,旨在提高员工的工作效率和工作质量,促进企业的发展。
在进行绩效评估时,选择合适的工具是至关重要的。
本文将介绍几种绩效评估的有效工具,并分析它们的优缺点。
一、360度反馈360度反馈是一种多维度、多方位的评估工具,它采集来自领导、同事、下属以及客户等多个角色的意见,通过多方面的评价来获取更全面、客观的评估结果。
这种评估方法的优点是全面性强,可以综合考虑各个角色的意见,减少评估结果的主观偏差。
同时,它可以激发员工的自我反思和改进意识,促进团队合作和沟通。
然而,360度反馈也存在一些问题,例如评价者的主观因素可能影响评估结果的准确性,而且采集和整理反馈意见需要耗费较多的时间和人力。
二、关键绩效指标(KPI)关键绩效指标是一种对员工或团队工作表现进行量化评估的工具,通过设定明确的目标和衡量标准,来评估工作绩效的达成情况。
KPI的优点是简单明了、易于理解和操作,可以帮助员工更清晰地了解自己的工作要求和目标。
另外,当KPI与员工的激励机制相结合时,还能够更好地激发员工的积极性和主动性。
然而,KPI也存在一些问题,如过于依赖定量指标可能无法全面评估员工的工作表现,而且设置过多的KPI可能会给员工带来较大的工作压力。
三、行为观察行为观察是通过直接观察员工在工作中的行为和表现,并进行评估和反馈的方法。
它可以通过员工的日常工作、项目参与等方面进行观察和评估,获得更直观、客观的评价结果。
行为观察的优点是贴近实际工作情况,能够准确地评估员工的实际工作能力和工作态度。
此外,行为观察还能够帮助领导更好地了解员工的需求和潜力,为人才发展提供有力支持。
不过,行为观察也存在着特定情况下不适用的问题,例如对某些工作内容较难进行实时观察评估。
综上所述,绩效评估的有效工具可以根据具体情况来选择和应用。
360度反馈可以提供全面的评估结果,但需要耗费时间和精力;关键绩效指标可以量化绩效评估,但需要注意指标设置的合理性;行为观察可以客观准确地评估员工的行为和表现,但可能存在特定情况下不适用的问题。
几种常用的绩效考核工具绩效考核是对员工工作表现的评估和评价,是管理人员用来衡量员工工作表现的重要工具。
选择合适的绩效考核工具可以帮助管理人员更好地评估员工的表现,并提供相关的反馈和改进措施。
下面我们将介绍几种常用的绩效考核工具。
一、360度评估:360度评估是一种多方面的绩效考核工具,主要通过从员工的上级、同事、下属和客户等多个角度收集反馈意见,综合评估员工的表现。
这种绩效考核工具可以提供全面和客观的评估结果,对于发现员工在不同方面的优劣势非常有效。
二、关键绩效指标法:关键绩效指标法是根据组织的战略目标和岗位职责,设立一系列关键绩效指标,通过对指标的评估来衡量员工的表现。
这种方法可以帮助管理人员和员工明确工作目标和期望,同时也可以通过量化的指标来评估员工的绩效。
三、个人目标设定法:个人目标设定法是通过与员工进行沟通和制定明确的工作目标,然后针对这些目标来评估员工的表现。
这种方法可以帮助员工明确工作目标和期望,提高工作动力和自我激励,同时也可以使管理人员更容易评估员工的绩效。
四、行为记录法:行为记录法是通过观察和记录员工的工作行为和表现来评估其绩效。
这种方法可以帮助管理人员全面了解员工的工作情况,发现员工的优劣势,并根据实际情况提供相关的反馈和改进建议。
五、绩效对比法:绩效对比法是通过将员工的绩效与其他同岗位或同等级员工进行比较来评估其表现。
这种方法可以帮助管理人员了解员工相对于其他员工的工作成果和能力水平,从而更好地评估员工的绩效。
当然,这些绩效考核工具并不是孤立的,可以结合使用,根据具体情况和需要,选择适合的绩效考核工具来评估员工的表现。
同时,绩效考核过程中应注意公正、客观和及时,给予员工正确的反馈和认可,以激励员工的工作动力和改进空间。
绩效考核管理工具——360度综合考核,KPI,BSC绩效考核方法利弊谈在现代企业管理当中,企业管理的核心是战略管理,战略管理的核心是人力资源管理,人力资源管理的核心是绩效管理.可以说,公司一切整体的管理运营都是以绩效为导向的,都是围绕绩效而展开的。
所以,我们研究绩效管理的原理和模式是非常重要的,不仅可以选择确定适合企业内部的绩效管理模式,也可以通过绩效管理,使企业达到设定的战略经营目标。
目前企业的绩效考核方法主要有360度综合考核,基于KPI的绩效考核,基于BSC的绩效考核,基于目标的绩效考核,主管述职考核,以价值流为中心的绩效考核等考核模式,所有一切的绩效考核方法也是基于上述模式的延伸和变通.一.360度综合考核360度考核也叫多视角考核或多个考核者考核,考核者可是被考核者的上级,下属,同级和外部考核者,如供应商和客户等。
可以说,考核的主体是很全面的,通过考核,形成定性和定量化的考核结果,积极地反馈至相关部门和被考核者,来达到改变行为,改善绩效的目的.实行360度考核要注意以下事项1.保证考核者的多角化,而且考核主体和考核过程公平。
因为对于相同职位的被考核者,他的考核者一定是统一确定的,不能出现同一岗位的不同员工让不同的考核者来进行考核。
2.考核实行匿名考核为了保证考核结果的真实可靠,我们说在整个考核过程中,必须实行匿名考核。
3.考核一定是基于胜任特征胜任特征是指能将工作中表现优秀者与表现平平者区分开来的个体潜在的深层次特征。
我们不可能把员工所有的行为,包括定性和定量都一一进行概述和考核,我们只需把对员工绩效起主要影响的关键行为进行描述和考核就可以了。
所以,我们的360度考核要开展,一定要建立企业内部职位的胜任特征考核模型。
360度考核的优点主要有:1.减少考核误差,考核结果相对有效因为考核的主体是多元化的,所以在考核结果上就显得相对比较公平,同时员工在接受上也更容易得多。
一个考核者说话不算话,但多个考核者一起来说话,那不可能不算话了.2.可以让员工感觉企业很重视绩效管理让多个主体参与考核,要调动众多部门的人员和资源,所以从整体绩效管理推动力来讲,对于员工参加和认识到考核重要性上是有一定的助推力的。
绩效评估工具绩效评估工具是企业用于评估员工工作表现和业绩的一种工具。
通过使用绩效评估工具,企业可以客观地衡量员工在工作中的表现,并作为决策过程中的依据,以提高组织的效率和竞争力。
本文将介绍几种常见的绩效评估工具,并探讨它们的优缺点。
一、360度反馈360度反馈是一种多维度评估方法,通过获取来自员工的上司、同事和下属的反馈,以及其他相关利益相关者的观点,来全面评估员工的绩效。
该方法可以提供全面的信息,对员工的行为和能力进行综合评估。
然而,由于参与者较多,可能存在信任和保密的问题,同时搜集和分析各方反馈的工作量较大。
二、关键绩效指标关键绩效指标(KPI)是通过制定具体的绩效指标来评估员工的绩效。
它可以量化员工在关键业绩指标上的表现,并与预先设定的目标进行比较。
该方法适用于具体的岗位和任务,并可以帮助企业监控和追踪业务的关键目标。
然而,单一的绩效指标可能无法全面反映员工的表现,且指标的选择具有一定的主观性。
三、成就导向评估成就导向评估基于员工在工作中的实际成果和贡献,在完成任务的过程中评估员工的绩效。
这种评估方法专注于员工的实际绩效和成果,而不是过程或行为。
它能够直接反映员工在工作中的价值和成果,但忽略了员工的行为和能力发展。
四、行为导向评估行为导向评估关注员工在工作中表现出的行为和技能,通过制定行为标准和观察员工的行为来评估其绩效。
这种方法可以促使员工在工作过程中展现出期望的行为和技能,并为员工提供改进的机会。
然而,行为的评估可能受到主管的主观偏见和观察效应的影响。
五、强弱项评估强弱项评估根据员工的优势和改进空间来评估其绩效。
该方法发现和利用员工的优势,同时提供改进的建议。
它可以帮助员工发现自身的潜力和盲点,并提供有针对性的发展计划。
然而,该方法需要评估人员具备一定的心理分析能力和专业知识。
总结:不同的绩效评估工具有各自的优缺点,适用于不同的评估目的和环境。
企业应根据自身情况选择适合的绩效评估工具,并结合员工发展和组织目标进行综合评估。
人力资源与员工绩效考核工具绩效考核是组织中对员工工作表现进行评估和反馈的过程,它是人力资源管理中的重要环节。
随着现代组织管理的不断发展和变革,人力资源部门需要寻找适合自身需求的员工绩效考核工具。
本文将介绍几种常见的人力资源与员工绩效考核工具,并对其特点进行分析,以便人力资源部门能够选择适合自己组织的工具。
一、360度评估360度评估是一种多维度绩效考核工具,其核心是通过多方评价来评估员工的绩效。
参与评估的人员通常包括上级、同事、下属以及员工自评。
这种绩效考核工具的优势在于能够全面了解员工的工作表现,避免了单一角度的评价偏见。
360度评估可以帮助人力资源部门全面了解员工在不同工作场景下的表现,进而制定个性化的培训和发展计划。
二、关键绩效指标(KPI)法关键绩效指标(Key Performance Indicator,简称KPI)法是一种以目标为导向的绩效考核工具。
通过明确制定关键绩效指标,将员工的工作表现与组织的战略目标相对应。
KPI法的优势在于能够使员工明确知道自己的工作重点,并将绩效考核与个人目标紧密结合。
人力资源部门可以基于员工的KPI评估结果,合理分配奖励和晋升机会,激励员工实现个人和组织目标的一致性。
三、目标管理法目标管理法是一种将员工的工作目标与组织目标相结合的绩效考核工具。
人力资源部门通过与员工协商制定工作目标,并定期跟进和评估员工的目标达成情况。
目标管理法的优势在于能够激励员工追求卓越,提升实际表现。
通过与员工共同设定目标,人力资源部门能够推动组织与员工相互成长,实现双赢的结果。
四、行为评估法行为评估法是一种以员工的具体行为表现为评估对象的绩效考核工具。
在这种评估方法中,人力资源部门会设定明确的行为标准,并基于员工的行为表现进行评估。
行为评估法的优势在于能够从行为层面上改善员工绩效,提升工作效率和企业文化。
人力资源部门可以通过与员工的定期反馈和指导,帮助员工提升关键行为技能,提高工作表现和绩效。
绩效管理的绩效评估工具绩效管理是组织中重要的一环,通过评估和反馈员工的表现,可以帮助组织了解员工的工作情况,优化激励机制,提高整体绩效水平。
在绩效管理中,绩效评估工具起到了至关重要的作用,它们帮助评估员工的表现并提供客观的数据支持。
本文将介绍几种常见的绩效评估工具,并分析它们的优缺点。
一、360度评估360度评估是一种多方位的绩效评估工具,它从多个角度对员工进行评估,包括直属经理、同事、下属和客户等各个方面。
这种评估方法可以全面了解员工在不同角色下的表现,同时也可以促进团队合作和沟通。
然而,360度评估也存在一些问题,例如评估结果可能受到关系网络和主观因素的影响。
二、关键绩效指标(KPI)关键绩效指标(Key Performance Indicators,简称KPI)是一种评估员工绩效的量化指标。
每个岗位和部门都可以设定相应的KPI,用于衡量员工的工作进展和成果。
KPI具有明确的目标和指标,有助于员工明确自己的职责,并提高工作效率。
然而,KPI也容易出现目标单一、忽视员工特长和能力的问题。
三、行为观察行为观察是通过观察员工的具体行为来评估其绩效,它可以直接从员工的行动中获取信息,了解其工作态度和能力。
行为观察通常需要经过一段时间的观察,以获取更加准确和全面的数据。
然而,行为观察也有可能受到主管观察的偏见和主观判断的影响。
四、自我评估自我评估是员工对自己的绩效进行评估和反思的过程。
通过自我评估,员工可以主动了解自己的优点和不足,同时也可以思考提升自己的方法和策略。
然而,自我评估可能存在自我偏见和主观评价的问题,需要与其他评估工具相结合使用。
五、绩效对比绩效对比是将员工的表现与其他员工进行对比,进行绩效排名和评级。
这种评估工具可以激励员工争取更好的表现,并促进竞争意识和团队协作。
然而,绩效对比也容易引发内部竞争和不良心态,从而影响员工的积极性和合作性。
以上是几种常见的绩效评估工具,每种工具都有其优点和限制。
360°考核法360度考核法的特点是评价维度多元化,许多企业首次引进360度考核法,大多委托专业的顾问公司来进行,因为360度考核具体操作起来是有技术含量的。
360度考核的关键程序如图7-4所示,每一步都影响着考核的成败。
(1)确定范围确定范围是指确定考核的范围,即被考核者是哪些,同时要明确考核的目的,让考核者和被考核者理解和认知360度考核,建立起对该考核方法的信任,这样才能使被考核者接受和任可评估结果。
另外对考核者和被考核者实施360度评估反馈技术的培训,还能避免考评结果受个人主观因素的影响。
(2)考核准备考核范围确定后,要决定考评项目和内容,如决定考评中层管理者,那么团队建设、业务能力和沟通协调等可能就是考核的指标。
然后再根据这些指标制订主要行为,如善于建立同事之间的合作与信任、妥善处理人际冲突、对本行业市场和竞争对手有充分的了解和把握等。
确立考评项目和内容后,就可着手进行问卷设计了。
问卷题目可从岗位职能的主要行为来挑选。
至于题目的多寡。
要根据需要考评的项目的多少及填写问卷所需的时间来确定。
如需要考评的指标有5个,每个指标有5个题目,那么总共就有25道题,回答这问卷可能需要10~25分钟。
问卷设计完成后,可以请些许人员进行测试,以确定是否需要进行问卷题目的调整。
问卷的形式有多种,如纸质问卷、电子问卷和网络在线评估等,企业可以根据自身情况选择问卷形式。
(3)考核实施360度考核的评估者有本人、上级、同级、下级和相关客户,对于同级、下级和相关客户的评估,最好采用匿名评价的方式,并且保证匿名评估结果的保密性。
在匿名评价的前提下,人们更愿意提供更真实的信息。
另外,考核的权重也要有所侧重,要保证上级占有较大的权重。
除此之外,要保证科学性,如评估报告要求某类评估者人数不能低于3人,那么如果该类评估者少于3人,就不能将其评估结果单独呈现。
如某评估报告中有以下内容。
如果下级只是一个测评人,该维度的分数不显示,用“一”替代,但该分数计入总分。
人力资源管理中的员工绩效评估工具绩效评估是人力资源管理中的重要环节,它可帮助组织评估员工在工作中的表现,并根据评估结果制定激励措施、培训计划以及晋升机制。
为了确保评估的客观性和准确性,人力资源管理者需要借助各种评估工具。
本文将介绍几种常用的员工绩效评估工具,并讨论其优势和劣势。
一、360度评估360度评估是一种多源评估方法,通过收集员工本人、上级、下级、同事和客户等多个渠道对员工绩效进行评估。
这种评估方法可以提供全面的反馈信息,使员工能够从不同角度了解自己在团队中的表现。
然而,由于信息来源众多,评估结果可能受到个人偏见或互相影响的情况,因此在应用时需要谨慎处理。
二、关键绩效指标法关键绩效指标法是一种基于任务目标的评估方法,它通过设定关键绩效指标,根据员工在任务目标上的表现进行评估。
这种方法强调任务完成情况,能够客观地评估员工的绩效水平。
然而,关键绩效指标法忽略了员工在团队协作、领导能力等方面的表现,对于全面评估员工绩效可能存在不足。
三、行为观察法行为观察法是一种直接观察员工行为的评估方法,通过观察员工在工作中的表现来进行评估。
这种方法能够客观地评估员工的实际表现,但由于观察者主观因素的影响,可能存在评估结果的不准确性。
因此,在应用行为观察法时,需要确保观察者具备较高的专业素养和评估能力。
四、绩效与发展对话绩效与发展对话是一种基于沟通和反馈的评估方法,它强调员工与管理者之间的交流与合作。
在绩效与发展对话中,员工和管理者可以共同讨论员工的工作表现,并找出改进的方法。
这种方法能够增强员工的参与感和归属感,促进员工的个人成长和发展。
综上所述,人力资源管理中的员工绩效评估工具多种多样,每种评估方法都有其独特的优势和劣势。
人力资源管理者应根据组织的特点和需求,选择适合的评估工具,并确保评估过程的公正性和准确性。
只有在科学有效的绩效评估基础上,组织才能更好地激励员工,提高整体绩效水平。
文献信息:标题: Perceived Usefulness of the 360-Degrees Appraisal Tool and Its Usage in Performance in Nakuru, Kenya作者: Kipchumba, Tarus Benjamin; Yano, Kuto Luka出版物名称: Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences 卷: 5期: 3页: 330-335页数: 6出版年份: 2014原文Perceived Usefulness of the 360-Degrees Appraisal Tool and Its Usagein Performance in Nakuru, KenyaAbstractThe study examined the perceived usefulness of the 360 degrees appraisal tool and the extent of its usage in performance in Municipal Council of Nakuru, Kenya. A survey research design was applied because it was an intensive descriptive and holistic analysis of Municipal Council of Nakuru as a single entity. The study targeted employees from 8 departments with a total population of 1062 employees but it targeted 282 respondents which was 26.6% of the total population. Stratified sampling technique was used in arriving at strata on the basis of departments for employees. To arrive at specific respondents among employees, purposive sampling technique was used. The data obtained was coded and analysis was done using central tendency, bargraphs, percentages and Chi-square. It was revealed that 360 degrees as an appraisal tool is adopted by the Council and it has improved its performance. The Chi-square tests carried out revealed that there is a significant relationship between use of 360 degrees and organization performance and perceived usefulness. The study recommended the need to educate employees more on the importance of 360 degrees appraisal tool and encourage them to participate fully in development and implementation process. The findings and recommendations of the study are also important to the management when planning for performance appraisal sessions as well as in reviewing individual performance.Keywords: perceived usefulness, 360-degrees appraisal tool, usage, performance, nakuru, KenyaINTRODUCTIONThe 360° review, also referred to as 360° performance assessments or multi-rater feedback, is a method and a tool that provides employees feedback from their peers, co-workers, clients, those who are direct reports, and direct supervisors, thereby offering multiple perspectives of the employee's overall job performance. Most 360°feedback tools include the employee's self-review; hence the "full-circle" meaning behind the name. The results are tabulated and shared with the employee. Ideally, this type of assessment helps the employee gain a better understanding of her/his skills and behaviours as they relate to the organization's mission, values, goals and vision. Additionally, this feedback is geared towards assisting each employee understand her or his strengths and weaknesses, and can contribute insights into areas of work that may need professional development. The feedback is viewed as useful in defining the skills and behaviours needed to exceed client/customer expectations. The results from 360° review are often used by the person receiving the feedback to plan their training and development. The results are also used by some organizations when making promotional or pay decisions. The 360- degree feedback process offers a unique opportunity for employees at all levels to discover how their work colleagues perceive and are impacted by their behaviour. As one commentator describes the 360- degree feedback, "It is like having a full length portrait, a profile, a close up shot in the face and a view from the back all in one!" (Heather, 2012).IMPORTANCE OF 360-DEGREES PERFORMANCE TOOLWhereas there might be some negative feelings associated with traditional top-down performance appraisal, there can be numerous benefits stemming from a 360-degree performance appraisal system. "The 360-degree feedback serves as a key relationship building tool that organizations can use to enhance team processes and work interrelationships" (Tornow et al., 1998, p. 85). When co-workers are open with each other and hold each other accountable for performance and productivity then the working relationships improve and the productivity will thus improve. Not only will the relationships between the workers and managers improve but as they improve and get stronger, but the employees morale will also improve. "When implemented properly, subordinate appraisal systems enhance worker job satisfaction and morale" (Benardin, 1986, p. 421).The 360-degree appraisal also can help the employee or manager discovers their own strengths and weaknesses. Through feedback employees are able to see where a co-worker excels. They can also see where the person needs to improve. "The 360 degree feedback can have enormous power perhaps more than any other technique to bring an individual's shortcomings to his attentions and confirm that areas of perceived strengths are actual and recognized strengths" (Grote, 1996, p. 292). The depth of the 360-degree process gives it greater validity and reliability. The objectivity and the anonymity of the raters will help to defend the organization. "Numerous advantages of using multiple raters have been cited ... improved defensibility of the performance appraisal program from a legal standpoint" (Harris &Schaubroek, 1988, p. 43).Another benefit of 360-degree appraisal is the relative low cost of implementation. Compared to bringing in an appraisal company from the outside or developing an assessment centre approach, the cost is really quite minimum. "The costs of installing, maintaining, and monitoring a subordinate appraisal system for managers is minimal relative to the costs incurred in with developing an in house assessment centre or contracting out for the service" (Bernardin, 1986, p. 433). So there are numerous reasons an organization should think about employing a 360-degree appraisal programme. In addition to having an effect on employee performance and productivity, the process can improve managerial performance as well.The 360-degree performance appraisal system has the potential to positivelyeffect on the performance and productivity of managers and supervisors. Managers need sources of appraisal additional to their superiors. "The 360-degree approach recognizes that little change can be expected without feedback and that different constituencies are a source of rich and useful information to help managers guide behaviour" (London &Beatty, 1993, p. 354). With this type of appraisal, the managers will have better morale themselves and will develop better communication skills with their subordinates as well as with their superiors. Just like the development of the employees, managers can also take advantage of the differing sources of feedback about their productivity and make positive changes. The 360-degree appraisal can help assess the strengths and weakness of the manager. If a manger has been made aware of some of his own managerial shortcomings ... his ability to communicate should be improved and his faith in his own managerial abilities should be strengthened (Rowland, 1970, p. 303).The employees can also benefit when a manager has undergone a 360-degree appraisal. Organizational commitment and productivity may increase when the employees feel the 360-degree appraisal taken is seriously. Ideally, subordinates will start noticing the manager's behaviour more as a result of the 360- degree appraisal. "Upward feedback leads to subordinates perceiving positive changes in the boss's subsequent behaviour" (Reilly et al., 1996, p. 600). A possible result of the manager's changed behaviour is a stronger working relationship between the manager and the subordinates. Just as the validity of 360- degree appraisals is higher than traditional top-down appraisal concerning subordinates, the validity is higher with managers as well. "Subordinate appraisals have shown a higher validity for predicting managerial success than assessment centre performance" (Schultz &Schultz, 1994, p. 170). Atwater et al. (1995, p. 36) have found that "input from subordinates was effective in eliciting modest changes in managerial behaviour."London and Beatty (1993), while agreeing that mixing development and appraisal purposes is problematic, conclude "using feedback for development only can impede the effective use of the results unless there is a requirement for the manager to be responsible to the feedback" (p. 367). Despite the relatively simple technology in using the 360- degree, its costs for the company are potentially much higher than expected. First, there seems to be some agreement that 360s are not a one-shot deal, but must be used consistently over several years (DeNisi &Kluger,2000; Snader, 1997). Second, using the simpler structured instruments that Centre for Creative Leadership puts out ($195 per assessee) can defeat the developmental purposes because the feedback and interpretation is too difficult (i.e., comparative results are complicated by a variety of situation-specific factors (Ghorpade, 2000). On the other hand, constructing a custom instrument that is specific to the performance requirements for the company demands significantly more time and money to develop. Finally, the best way to overcome the interpretation of results problem is to invest in consultants or at least invest time from support people to deliver and consult with target managers.Purposes of 360-Degrees Performance ToolThe tool is expected to serve a number of purposes simultaneously. Noe et al. (1997, p. 198-199) and Swanepoel (2003, p. 372-373) and Schofield (1996) agree on the following purposes of the 360-degrees appraisal tool:Strategic PurposesNoe et al. (1997, p. 198) and De Cenzo et al. (1996, p. 322) concur that a performance appraisal system should link employee activities with the organization's goals. This calls for flexibility in the system in order for it to be adjusted to the changing goals and strategies of an organization. Many companies do not use performance appraisal to communicate its objectives. This is supported by Noe et al. (1997, p. 198-199) regarding the purposes of performance appraisal where nothing was included about the extent to which it is tied to the company's strategic objectives. This is also in support of what Schofield (1996) lists establishing and monitoring objectives and targets, maintaining equity in treatment of staff, facilitating succession planning and monitoring the effectiveness of personnel policies as strategic. Administrative PurposesAdministrative purposes, according to Swanepoel (2003, p. 372), and supported by Noe et al. (1997, p. 199), concern the use of performance data to make reward decisions, placement decisions, promotion and retrenchment and for validating selection procedures. Schofield (1996) lists examples of this as providing feedback on individual performance, reviewing salary, conditions of service and other rewards, providing a basis for promotion, dismissal, probation, and avoiding trouble through meeting legal or political needs.Developmental PurposesThis third purpose is utilized to develop employees who are both effective and ineffective at their jobs. It provides individual employees feedback on their strengths and weaknesses and how to improve future performance (Noe et al., 1997, p. 199; Swanepoel, 2003, p. 373). Swanepoel (ibid.) adds that it can focus on the organizational level as well by: "facilitating organizational diagnosis and development by specifying performance levels and suggesting overall training needs; providing essential information for affirmative action programmes; promoting effective communication within the organization through ongoing interaction between superiors and subordinates." This is supported by Schofield (1996) who lists the purposes as: providing a basis for self-evaluation; diagnosing of training and career development needs, and discovering individual and department potential as some of the developmental purposes of performance appraisal.Documentary PurposesDe Cenzo et al. (1996, p. 322) suggest that the final purpose of performance appraisal is the issue of documentation. They also suggest that the evaluation system support the legal needs of the organization. It is important to have documentation to support that any personnel action taken was appropriate.Critical Issues on the Usefulness of the 360- Degrees AppraisalMany organizations are faced with various challenges as they endeavour to achieve their mission and vision. Human Resource provides the much needed skills and expertise to accomplish various tasks. It is important for management to ensure that they have motivated workforce who enjoy job satisfaction thus gain maximum quality productivity. The human inclination to judge the appraisal process can create serious motivational, ethical and legal problems in the workplace. Without a structured appraisal system, there is little chance of ensuring that the judgments made will be lawful, fair, defensible and accurate. There is a basic human tendency to make judgments about colleagues at work as well as about an appraisal, which seems, is inevitable and universal. In the absence of a carefully structured system of appraisal, people tend to judge the work performance of others, including subordinates, naturally, normally and arbitrarily. The Human Resource department designs a performance appraisal method in order to check what the competencies are and howthey are displayed by the employee during his/her job. Then a comparison is made between the competencies that the direct boss of the employee was looking for and the competencies being displayed by the employee in his/her job. This provides the gaps and missing links which should be addressed by training. The degrees to which these competencies are required in performing a job also matter a lot.译文360度绩效评价工具的感知有用性,及其在肯尼亚的纳库鲁地区绩效考核方面的应用摘要这项研究调查了360度评价工具的感知有用性,及其在纳库鲁的市政委员会绩效考核方面的使用程度。