曼昆经济学原理(第四版)课后习题中文答案(3)

第32章《总供给与总需求》(2008-10-10 20:59:01)标签：杂谈分类：《经济学原理》习题选答复习题：1. Name two macroeconomic variables that decline when the economy goes into a recession. Name one macroeconomic variable that rises during a recession.写出当经济衰退时，下降的两个宏观经济参数，上升的一个宏观经济参数。

答：实际GDP下降，投资下降。

失业率上升。

2. Draw a diagram with aggregate demand, short-run aggregate supply, and long-run aggregate supply. Be careful to label the axes correctly.答：3. List and explain the three reasons why the aggregatedemand curve is downward sloping.答：首先，价格水平降低，由于财富效应，导致人们消费更多，使总需求上升。

其次，利率效应，较低的价格水平，使利率降低，促进了投资，投资带动需求。

第三，汇率效应，美国利率水平低，有些美国资本需求海外投资，增加了外汇市场的美元供给，美元汇率下降贬值，相对于国外产品，美国产品更便宜了，所以出口需求增加。

4. Explain why the long-run aggregate-supply curve is vertical.答：因为长期来看，一个经济的产品和服务总供给，取决于资本、资源和劳动的总供给以及将这些资源转换为产品和服务的技术。

价格水平不影响长期实际GDP的决定因素。

5. List and explain the three theories for why the short-run aggregate-supply curve is upward sloping.答：短期供应曲线向上倾斜，首先因为粘性工资理论，当整体物价下降后，工资并不能很快下降，由于工资是成本中很重要的部分，所以导致生产成本不能及时下降，雇主只要减少员工，导致产出下降。

第一章宏观经济学的课后答案复习题1、由于整个经济的事件产生于许多家庭与许多企业的相互作用，所以微观经济学和宏观经济学必然是相互关联的。

当我们研究整个经济时，我们必须考虑个别经济行为者的决策。

由于总量只是描述许多个别决策的变量的总和，所以宏观经济理论必然依靠微观经济基础。

2、经济学家是用模型来解释世界，但一个经济学家的模型往往是由符号和方程式构成。

经济学家建立模型有助于解释GDP、通货膨胀和失业这类经济变量。

这些模型之所以有用是因为它们有助于我们略去无关的细节而更加明确地集中于重要的联系上。

模型有两种变量：内生变量和外生变量，一个模型的目的是说明外生变量如何影响内生变量。

3、经济学家通常假设，一种物品或劳务的价格迅速变动使得供给量与需求量平衡，即市场走向供求均衡。

这种假设称为市场出清。

在回答大多数问题时，经济学家用市场出清模型。

持续市场出清的假设并不完全现实。

市场要持续出清，价格就必须对供求变动作出迅速调整。

但是，实际上许多工资和价格调整缓慢。

虽然市场出清模型假设所有工资和价格都是有伸缩性的，但在现实世界中一些工资和价格是粘性的。

明显的价格粘性并不一定使市场出清模型无用。

首先偷格并不总是呆滞的，最终价格要根据供求的变动而调整。

市场出清模型并不能描述每一种情况下的经济，但描述了经济缓慢地趋近了均衡。

价格的伸缩性对研究我们在几十年中所观察到的实际GDP增长这类长期问题是一个好的假设。

第二章宏观经济学数据复习题1、GDP既衡量经济中所有人的收入，又衡量对经济物品与劳务的总支出。

GDP能同时衡量这两件事，是因为这两个量实际上是相同的：对整个经济来说，收入必定等于支出。

这个事实又来自于一个更有基本的事实：由于每一次交易都有一个买者和一个卖者，所以，一个买者支出的每一美元必然成为一个卖者的一美元收入。

2、CPI衡量经济中物价总水平。

它表示相对于某个基年一篮子物品与劳务价格的同样一篮子物品与劳务的现期价格。

3、劳工统计局把经济中每个人分为三种类型：就业、失业以及不属于劳动力。

曼昆宏观经济学中文答案第23章复习题1．答：对一个整体经济而言，收入必定等于支出。

因为每一次交易都有两方：买者和卖者。

一个买者的1美元支出是另一个卖者的1美元收入。

因此，交易对经济的收入和支出作出了相同的贡献。

由于G D P既衡量总收入衡量总支出，因而无论作为总收入来衡量还是作为总支出来衡量，G D P都相等。

2.答：生产一辆豪华型轿车对G D P的贡献大。

因为G D P是在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。

由于市场价格衡量人们愿意为各种不同物品支付的量，所以市场价格反映了这些物品的市场价值。

由于一辆豪华型轿车的市场价格高于一辆经济型轿车的市场价格，所以一辆豪华型轿车的市场价值高于一辆经济型轿车的市场价值，因而生产一辆豪华型轿车对G D P的贡献更大.3.答：对G D P的贡献是3美元。

G D P只包括最终物品的价值，因为中间物品的价值已经包括在最终物品的价格中了。

4。

答：现期G D P只包括现期生产的物品与劳务，不包括涉及过去生产的东西的交易。

因而这种销售不影响现期G D P。

5答：G D P等于消费(C)+投资(I)+政府购买(G)+净出口(N X)消费是家庭用于物品与劳务的支出，如汤姆一家人在麦当劳吃午餐。

投资是资本设备、存货、新住房和建筑物的购买，如通用汽车公司建立一个汽车厂。

政府购买包括地方政府、州政府和联邦政府用于物品与劳务的支出，如海军购买了一艘潜艇。

净出口等于外国人购买国内生产的物品(出口)减国内购买的外国物品(进口)。

国内企业卖给另一个国家的买者，如波音公司卖给中国航空公司飞机，增加了净出口。

6.答?经济学家计算G D P的目的就是要衡量整个经济运行状况如何。

由于实际G D P衡量经济中物品与劳务的生产，所以，它反映了经济满足人们需要与欲望的能力。

这样，真实G D P是比名义G D P衡量经济福利更好的指标。

7.答：2010年的名义G D P等于200美元，真实G D P也等于200美元，G D P平减指数是100.20 11年的名义G D P等于6 00美元，真实G D P等于40 0美元，G D P平减指数是1 5 0。

曼昆宏观经济学第四版答案【篇一：曼昆经济学原理(第四版)课后习题中文答案(6)】ass=txt>政府购买＝税收－公共储蓄g＝1．5－0．2＝1．3 万亿美元储蓄＝投资i＝0．7 万亿美元消费＝国民收入－投资－政府购买c＝8－0．7－1．3＝6 万亿美元7．假设英特尔公司正考虑建立一个新芯片工厂。

a．假设英特尔公司需要在债券市场上借钱，为什么利率上升会影响英特尔关于是否建立这个工厂的决策?答：因为利率上升增加了英特尔公司在债券市场上借钱的成本，减少了建立这个工厂预期利润，因此英特尔公司有可能不会建立这个工厂。

b．如果英特尔公司有足够的自有资金来为新工厂筹资而不用借钱，利率的上升还会影响英特尔公司关于是否建立一个工厂的决策吗？解释之。

答：也会。

因为利率上升意味着英特尔公司自有资金的其他投资方式的预期回报增加，因而增加了建立这个工厂的机会成本。

8．假设政府明年将借的款比今年多 200 亿美元。

a．用供求图分析这种政策。

利率会上升还是会下降?答：图 26－3 货币市场供求图当政府明年借款增加 200 亿美元时，它将使可贷资金需求增加 200亿美元。

与此相比，由于政府借款并不影响在任何一种既定利率时家庭的储蓄量，所以它不影响可贷资金的供给。

在图中，可贷资金需求增加使得可贷资金需求曲线向右从 d1 移动到 d2，可贷资金需求的增长使可贷资金市场的均衡利率从 i1 增加到 i2。

b．投资会发生什么变动？私人储蓄呢？公共储蓄呢？国民储蓄呢？将这些变动的大小与政府 200 亿美元的额外借款进行比较。

答：可贷资金市场上的利率上升改变了参与贷款市场的家庭和企业行为。

特别是许多可贷资金需求者受到高利率的抑制，买新房子的家庭少了，选择建立新工厂的企业也少了，因此，投资会减少。

利率上升后，家庭会增加他们的储蓄量，所以私人储蓄增加，由于公共储蓄不受利率的影响，所以公共储蓄不变，最后国民储蓄会增加。

c．可贷资金供给弹性如何影响这些变动的大小？答：(a)可贷资金供给弹性大 (b)可贷资金供给弹性小141【篇二：曼昆经济学原理(第四版)课后习题中文答案(2)】生活水平。

今天开始宏观经济学部分第22章《国民收入衡量》复习题：1. Explain why an economy’s income must equal its expenditure.答：每宗交易都由卖方和买方，所以经济中支出必然等于收入。

2. Which contributes more to GDP—the production of an economy car or the production of a luxury car? Why?答：豪华汽车市场价值高，所以对GDP贡献大。

（一对一比较）3. A farmer sells wheat to a baker for $2. The baker uses the wheat to make bread, which is sold for $3. What is the total contribution of these transactions to GDP?答：3元，即面包的市场价值，也即销售的最终产品。

4. Many years ago Peggy paid $500 to put together a record collection. Today she sold her albums at a garage sale for $100. How does this sale affect current GDP?答：对现今GDP不产生影响，因为它不是现今生产出来的。

5. List the four components of GDP. Give an example of each.答：消费-如购买CD。

投资-如公司购买一台电脑。

政府采购-如政府采购战机。

净出口-如美国卖小麦给俄罗斯。

6. Why do economists use real GDP rather than nominal GDP to gauge economicwell-being?答：因为实际GDP不受价格波动影响。

Problems and Applications1.In the text example of the farmer and the rancher, the farmer’s opportunity cost ofproducing one pound of meat is two pounds of potatoes because for every 20 hours of work, he can produce one pound of meat or two pounds of potatoes. Withlimited time at his disposal, producing a pound of meat means he gives up theopportunity to produce two pounds of potatoes. Similarly, the rancher’s opportunity cost of producing one pound of meat is 1/8 pound of potatoes because for everyhour of work, she can produce one pound of meat or 1/8 pound of potatoes. Withlimited time at her disposal, producing a pound of meat means she gives up theopportunity to produce 1/8 pound of potatoes.2. a.See Figure 3-2. If Maria spends all five hours studying economics, she canread 100 pages, so that is the vertical intercept of the production possibilitiesfrontier. If she spends all five hours studying sociology, she can read 250pages, so that is the horizontal intercept. The time costs are constant, sothe production possibilities frontier is a straight line.Figure 3-2b.It takes Maria two hours to read 100 pages of sociology. In that time, shecould read 40 pages of economics. So the opportunity cost of 100 pages ofsociology is 40 pages of economics.3. a.Workers needed to make:One Car One Ton of Grain U.S.1/41/10Japan1/41/5b.See Figure 3-3. With 100 million workers and four cars per worker, if eithereconomy were devoted completely to cars, it could make 400 million cars.Since a U.S. worker can produce 10 tons of grain, if the U.S. produced onlygrain it would produce 1,000 million tons. Since a Japanese worker canproduce 5 tons of grain, if Japan produced only grain it would produce 500million tons. These are the intercepts of the production possibilities frontiers shown in the figure. Note that since the tradeoff between cars and grain isconstant, the production possibilities frontier is a straight line.Figure 3-3c.Since a U.S. worker produces either 4 cars or 10 tons of grain, theopportunity cost of 1 car is 2½ tons of grain, which is 10 divided by 4.Since a Japanese worker produces either 4 cars or 5 tons of grain, theopportunity cost of 1 car is1 1/4 tons of grain, which is 5 divided by 4. Similarly, the U.S. opportunitycost of 1 ton of grain is 2/5 cars (4 divided by 10) and the Japaneseopportunity cost of 1 ton of grain is 4/5 cars (4 divided by 5). This gives the following table:Opportunity Cost of:1 Car (in terms of tons ofgrain given up)1 Ton of Grain (in termsof cars given up)U.S. 2 1/22/5Japan 1 1/44/5d.Neither country has an absolute advantage in producing cars, since they’reequally productive (the same output per worker); the U.S. has an absoluteadvantage in producing grain, since it’s more productive (greater output perworker).e.Japan has a comparative advantage in producing cars, since it has a loweropportunity cost in terms of grain given up. The U.S. has a comparativeadvantage in producing grain, since it has a lower opportunity cost in termsof cars given up.f.With half the workers in each country producing each of the goods, the U.S.would produce 200 million cars (that’s 50 million workers times 4 cars each)and 500 million tons of grain (50 million workers times 10 tons each).Japan would produce 200 million cars (50 million workers times 4 cars each)and 250 million tons of grain (50 million workers times 5 tons each).g.From any situation with no trade, in which each country is producing somecars and some grain, suppose the U.S. changed 1 worker from producingcars to producing grain. That worker would produce 4 fewer cars and 10additional tons of grain. Then suppose the U.S. offers to trade 7 tons ofgrain to Japan for 4 cars. The U.S. will do this because it values 4 cars at 10tons of grain, so it will be better off if the trade goes through. SupposeJapan changes 1 worker from producing grain to producing cars. Thatworker would produce 4 more cars and 5 fewer tons of grain. Japan willtake the trade because it values 4 cars at 5 tons of grain, so it will be betteroff. With the trade and the change of 1 worker in both the U.S. and Japan,each country gets the same amount of cars as before and both get additionaltons of grain (3 for the U.S. and 2 for Japan). Thus by trading and changingtheir production, both countries are better off.4. a.Pat’s opportunity cost of making a pizza is 1/2 gallon of root beer, since shecould brew 1/2 gallon in the time (2 hours) it takes her to make a pizza. Pathas an absolute advantage in making pizza since she can make one in twohours, while it takes Kris four hours. Kris’s opportunity cost of making apizza is 2/3 gallons of root beer, since she could brew 2/3 of a gallon in thetime (4 hours) it takes her to make a pizza. Since Pat’s opportunity cost ofmaking pizza is less than Kris’s, Pat has a comparative advantage in makingpizza.b.Since Pat has a comparative advantage in making pizza, she will make pizzaand exchange it for root beer that Kris makes.c.The highest price of pizza in terms of root beer that will make bothroommates better off is 2/3 gallons of root beer. If the price were higherthan that, then Kris would prefer making her own pizza (at an opportunitycost of 2/3 gallons of root beer) rather than trading for pizza that Pat makes.The lowest price of pizza in terms of root beer that will make bothroommates better off is 1/2 gallon of root beer. If the price were lower thanthat, then Pat would prefer making her own root beer (she can make 1/2gallon of root beer instead of making a pizza) rather than trading for rootbeer that Kris makes.5. a.Since a Canadian worker can make either two cars a year or 30 bushels ofwheat, the opportunity cost of a car is 15 bushels of wheat. Similarly, theopportunity cost of a bushel of wheat is 1/15 of a car. The opportunitycosts are the reciprocals of each other.b.See Figure 3-4. If all 10 million workers produce two cars each, theyproduce a total of 20 million cars, which is the vertical intercept of theproduction possibilities frontier. If all 10 million workers produce 30 bushelsof wheat each, they produce a total of 300 million bushels, which is thehorizontal intercept of the production possibilities frontier. Since thetradeoff between cars and wheat is always the same, the productionpossibilities frontier is a straight line.If Canada chooses to consume 10 million cars, it will need 5 million workersdevoted to car production. That leaves 5 million workers to produce wheat,who will produce a total of 150 million bushels (5 million workers times 30bushels per worker). This is shown as point A on Figure 3-4.c.If the United States buys 10 million cars from Canada and Canada continuesto consume 10 million cars, then Canada will need to produce a total of 20million cars. So Canada will be producing at the vertical intercept of theproduction possibilities frontier. But if Canada gets 20 bushels of wheat percar, it will be able to consume 200 million bushels of wheat, along with the10 million cars. This is shown as point B in the figure. Canada should acceptthe deal because it gets the same number of cars and 50 million morebushes of wheat.Figure 3-46.Though the professor could do both writing and data collection faster than thestudent (that is, he has an absolute advantage in both), his time is limited. If theprofessor’s comparative advantage is in writing, it makes sense for him to pay astudent to collect the data, since that’s the student’s comparative advantage.7. a.English workers have an absolute advantage over Scottish workers inproducing scones, since English workers produce more scones per hour (50vs. 40). Scottish workers have an absolute advantage over English workersin producing sweaters, since Scottish workers produce more sweaters perhour (2 vs. 1). Comparative advantage runs the same way. Englishworkers, who have an opportunity cost of 1/50 sweaters per scone (1sweater per hour divided by 50 scones per hour), have a comparativeadvantage in scone production over Scottish workers, who have anopportunity cost of 1/20 sweater per scone (2 sweaters per hour divided by40 scones per hour). Scottish workers, who have an opportunity cost of 20scones per sweater (40 scones per hour divided by 2 sweaters per hour),have a comparative advantage in sweater production over English workers,who have an opportunity cost of 50 scones per sweater (50 scones per hourdivided by 1 sweater per hour).b.If England and Scotland decide to trade, Scotland will produce sweaters andtrade them for scones produced in England. A trade with a price between20 and 50 scones per sweater will benefit both countries, as they’ll be gettingthe traded good at a lower price than their opportunity cost of producing thegood in their own country.c.Even if a Scottish worker produced just one sweater per hour, the countrieswould still gain from trade, because Scotland would still have a comparativeadvantage in producing sweaters. Its opportunity cost for sweaters wouldbe higher than before (40 scones per sweater, instead of 20 scones persweater before). But there are still gains from trade since England has ahigher opportunity cost (50 scones per sweater).8. a.Technological advance lowers the opportunity cost of producing meat for thefarmer. The opportunity cost of producing a point of meat was 2 pounds ofpotatoes; it’s now 1/5 pounds of potatoes. Thus the farmer’s opportunitycost of producing potatoes is now 5 pounds of meat. Since the rancher’sopportunity cost of producing potatoes is 8 pounds of meat, the farmer stillhas a comparative advantage in producing potatoes and the rancher still hasa comparative advantage in producing meat.b.Now the farmer won’t be willing to trade a pound of potatoes for 3 pounds ofmeat because if he produced one less pound of potatoes, he could produce 5more pounds of meat. So the trade would be bad for the farmer, as hewould then be consuming inside his production possibilities frontier.c.The farmer and rancher would now be willing to trade one pound of potatoesfor an amount between 5 and 8 pounds of meat, with the potatoes beingproduced by the farmer and the meat being produced by the rancher.9. a.With no trade, one pair of white socks trades for one pair of red socks inBoston, since productivity is the same for the two types of socks. The pricein Chicago is 2 pairs of red socks per pair of white socks.b.Boston has an absolute advantage in the production of both types of socks,since a worker in Boston produces more (3 pairs of socks per hour) than aworker in Chicago (2 pairs of red socks per hour or 1 pair of white socks perhour).Chicago has a comparative advantage in producing red socks, since theopportunity cost of producing a pair of red socks in Chicago is 1/2 pair ofwhite socks, while the opportunity cost of producing a pair of red socks inBoston is 1 pair of white socks. Boston has a comparative advantage inproducing white socks, since the opportunity cost of producing a pair ofwhite socks in Boston is 1 pair of red socks, while the opportunity cost ofproducing a pair of white socks in Chicago is 2 pairs of red socks.c.If they trade socks, Boston will produce white socks for export, since it hasthe comparative advantage in white socks, while Chicago produces red socksfor export, which is Chicago’s comparative advantage.d.Trade can occur at any price between 1 and 2 pairs of red socks per pair ofwhite socks. At a price lower than 1 pair of red socks per pair of whitesocks, Boston will choose to produce its own red socks (at a cost of 1 pair ofred socks per pair of white socks) instead of buying them from Chicago. Ata price higher than 2 pairs of red socks per pair of white socks, Chicago willchoose to produce its own white socks (at a cost of 2 pairs of red socks perpair of white socks) instead of buying them from Boston.10. a.The cost of all goods is lower in Germany than in France in the sense that allgoods can be produced with fewer worker hours.b.The cost of any good for which France has a comparative advantage is lowerin France than in Germany. Though Germany produces all goods with lesslabor, that labor is more valuable. So the cost of production, in terms ofopportunity cost, will be lower in France for some goods.c.Trade between Germany and France will benefit both countries. For eachgood in which it has a comparative advantage, each country should producemore goods than it consumes, trading the rest to the other country. Totalconsumption will be higher in both countries as a result.11. a.True; two countries can achieve gains from trade even if one of the countrieshas an absolute advantage in the production of all goods. All that’snecessary is that each country have a comparative advantage in some good.b.False; it is not true that some people have a comparative advantage ineverything they do. In fact, no one can have a comparative advantage ineverything. Comparative advantage reflects the opportunity cost of onegood or activity in terms of another. If you have a comparative advantagein one thing, you must have a comparative disadvantage in the other thing.c.False; it is not true that if a trade is good for one person, it can’t be good forthe other one. Trades can and do benefit both sides especially tradesbased on comparative advantage. If both sides didn’t benefit, trades wouldnever occur.。

第一篇导言第一章经济学十大原理复习题1．列举三个你在生活中面临的重要权衡取舍的例子。

答：①大学毕业后，面临着是否继续深造的选择，选择继续上学攻读研究生学位，就意味着在今后三年中放弃参加工作、赚工资和积累社会经验的机会；②在学习内容上也面临着很重要的权衡取舍，如果学习《经济学》，就要减少学习英语或其他专业课的时间；③对于不多的生活费的分配同样面临权衡取舍，要多买书，就要减少在吃饭、买衣服等其他方面的开支。

2．看一场电影的机会成本是什么?答：看一场电影的机会成本是在看电影的时间里做其他事情所能获得的最大收益，例如：看书、打零工。

3．水是生活必需的。

一杯水的边际利益是大还是小呢?答：这要看这杯水是在什么样的情况下喝，如果这是一个人五分钟内喝下的第五杯水，那么他的边际利益很小，有可能为负；如果这是一个极度干渴的人喝下的第一杯水，那么他的边际利益将会极大。

4．为什么决策者应该考虑激励?答：因为人们会对激励做出反应。

如果政策改变了激励，它将使人们改变自己的行为，当决策者未能考虑到行为如何由于政策的原因而变化时，他们的政策往往会产生意想不到的效果。

5．为什么各国之间的贸易不像竞赛一样有赢家和输家呢?答：因为贸易使各国可以专门从事自己最擅长的活动，并从中享有更多的各种各样的物品与劳务。

通过贸易使每个国家可供消费的物质财富增加，经济状况变得更好。

因此，各个贸易国之间既是竞争对手，又是经济合作伙伴。

在公平的贸易中是“双赢”或者“多赢”的结果。

6．市场中的那只“看不见的手”在做什么呢?答：市场中那只“看不见的手”就是商品价格，价格反映商品自身的价值和社会成本，市场中的企业和家庭在作出买卖决策时都要关注价格。

因此，他们也会不自觉地考虑自己行为的(社会)收益和成本。

从而，这只“看不见的手”指引着千百万个体决策者在大多数情况下使社会福利趋向最大化。

7．解释市场失灵的两个主要原因，并各举出一个例子。

答：市场失灵的主要原因是外部性和市场势力。