Unit 13 The Complement

Welcome Unit Part one V ocabulary1. exchange n.交换；交流vt.交换；交流；交易；兑换In exchange (for...)作为（与......的）交换exchange student 交换生exchange A for B 以A交换B：把A兑换成Bexchange sth. with sb. 与某人交流/交换某物exchange opinions/ideas/views交流意见/想法/看法2. design1) n. 设计；图案；构思；打算，意图。

make designs for 为......做设计by design（=on purpose）故意地2) vt.设计，构思；计划；意欲。

design sth. for... 为...设计某物be designed to do... 旨在做...，用于做...3. anxious adj. 焦虑的；不安的be anxious for sb./ about sth. 为某人/某事担心be anxious for...渴望...be anxious (for sb.) to do sth. 渴望（某人）做某事be anxious that... 渴望...4. annoyed adj. 恼怒的；生气的be annoyed with sb.生某人的气be annoyed at/about sth.因某事生气be annoyed to do做...感到生气5. senior adj. 级别（或地位）高的n. 较年长的人senior high (school)高中be senior to sb. 比某人的地位/职位高6. impress vt. 使钦佩；给……留下深刻的好印象vi. 留下印象；引人注目have a(n) ...impression of... 对······有······印象leave/make a(n) ...impression on sb. 给某人留下······印象(be) under the impression that... 以为······，（通常指）误认为······7. concentrate on 集中精力于8. leave...alone 不打扰，不惊动9. explore vt.& vi. 探索；勘探exploration n. 探索，探测explorer n. 探险者；勘探者；考察者10. confident adj. 自信的；有把握的be confident about 对......有信心be confident of (doing) sth.对（做）······有把握be confident that... 确信······11. look forward to 盼望；期待12. organise vt. 组织；筹备；安排；组建vi. 组建；成立organisation n. 组织；团体；机构Part two Grammar句子成分和基本句型一、句子成分构成句子的各个部分叫作句子成分。

1.If we consider binary transmission, the complete information about a particular message will always be obtained by simply detecting the presence or absence of the pulse. By comparison, most other forms of transmission systems convey the message information using the shape, or level of the transmitted signal; parameters that are most easily affected by the noise and attenuation introduced by the transmission path. Consequently there is an inherent advantage for overcoming noisy environments by choosing digital transmission.研究二进制信号的传输可见，只要简单的区判别脉冲的有和无，完美就获得了一条消息的全部信息。

相比之下，许多其他形式的传输系统是利用被传信号的波形或电平的高低来传送信息的，而这些参数又极易受到传输途径中的噪声和衰耗的影响。

因此选择数字传输系统在克服噪声环境的影响方面有其固有的优势。

2.The reader may ask, how does the demultiplexer know which group of 8-digits relates to channel 1,2, and so on? Clearly this is important! The problem is easily overcome by specifying a frame format, where at the start of each frame a unique sequence of pulses called the frame code, or synchronization word, is placed so at to identify the start of the frame. A circuit of the demultiplexer is arranged to detect the synchronization word, and thereby it knows that the next group of 8-digits corresponds to channel 1.读者也许会问，分路设备怎么会知道哪一组8位码对应于第1路、第2路及其他各路呢？显然这是很重要的。

新编大学英语（第三版）综合教程1 课后习题答案Unit 1 Personal Relationships ExercisesPost-ReadingReading Comprehension11A2 B3 A4 A5B6 C7 A8C2 1 killed 2 wounded 3 arrived 4 girl 5 badly / seriously6 blood 7 none 8 American 9 type 10 orphans11 French 12 difficulty 13 frightened 14 would 15 cried16 Vietnamese 17 found 18 understand 19 willing 20 friend3 Sample V Vietnamese nurse H Heng N Navy nurse V: Is it hurting Heng H: No. V: So why are you crying Is there anything wrong H: I’m sad that I will have to leave the world. I’m a little scared before I die. I don’t want to die but I don’t want my friend to die either. V: Why do you think you are gong to die H: The doctor said unless I gave my blood to my friend she would certainly die. V: You must have misunderstood him. You only have to give some of your blood to the girl. This won’t do any harm to your health. H: Really Are you sure V: Yes. Have a good sleep now. When you wake up I’m sure you’ll be as strong as before. V: to the Navy nurse: He thought he was dying. He misunderstood you. He thought you had asked him to give all his blood to the little girl so that she could live. N: But why would he be willing to do that V: Heng the Navy nurse wants to know why you would be willing to give all yourbl ood to the little girl H: She’s my friend.Vocabulary1 reply 2 land 3 supplied 4 wound 5 replied 6 signed7 wounded 8 supplies 9 sign 10 balancing 11 land 12 balancerun: 1 D 2 A 3 C 4 E 5 F 6 Bmatch: 1 D 2 B 3 F 4 C 5 E 6 A1 Insert 2 in the balance 3 requests 4 relief 5 let out6 steady 7 stiff 8 misunderstood 9 limited 10 actionTranslationWhen I knew the details I realized that I should not have lost my temper in the office.I don’t / didn’t know Bob very well but we go / went out for an occasional drinktogether.The meeting is supposed to take place on Tuesday but we have to postpone it / put it off.Our government took action to bring / get all the Chinese in that country back to China.Including weekends there are only 12 more days to buy Christmas presents / gifts.Without immediate action many kinds / species of wild animals would die from hunger.Part 3 Further Development1 Grammar Review Sample A: Did you hear that Tom failed the English final He was 10 minutes late for the final because he woke up late. B: Th at’s too bad. But he should have asked his roommate to wake him up. A: Well anyway he got to the classroom before the listening part finished. But then he found the batteries for his radio were dead. B: Well he should have bought new batteries the day before. A: Yes very true. He then had to borrow two batteries from his classmate. But when Tom was doing the exam he found there were many words that were new to him. B: He should have spent more time memorizing new words and phrases before the exam. A: Yes and then Tom had a splitting headache because he had studied until two in the morning. B: That’s too bad. But he really shouldn’t have stayed up the night before the exam. A: And what’s more Tom was so afraid to fail the final that he peeped at his neighbor’s paper. He was caught and would be punished. B: Really He shouldn’t have cheated on the exam.2 Vocabulary Review1 A Though / Although B though C thoughA Both “although” and “though” can be used as conjunctions to introduce a subordinateclause of concessio n 让步状语从句in which you mention something which contrastswith what you are saying in the main clause.B “Though” is sometimes used as an adverb. When used as an adverb it is not used at thebeginning of a clause. “Although” cannot be used as an adverb.C When a clause beginning with “though” ends with a complement or adverb you canbring the complement or adverb forward to the beginning of the clause. However when aclause beginning with “although” ends with a complement or adverb you cannot movethe complement or adverb to the beginning of the clause.2 A reply / answer B answer Creplying Both “answer” and “reply” can be used as nouns and verbs. With a noun object we use the verb “answer” or “reply to”. e.g. We must answer / reply to these questions as soon as possible.3 A speaks B speak C talking D speak / talk You say that someone “speaks” or “can speak” a foreign language. If someone is giving a speech you say they are “speaking”. If two or more people are having a conversation you say that they are “talking”. You do not say that they are “speaking”. If you “speak to / talk to” someone you have a conversation with them.4 A injured / hurt B hurt / injured C wounded / injured D wounds You can be “wounded” or receive a “wound” from any attack in which a gun or sharp instrument such as a sword or knife is used. You can be “hurt” or “injured” or receive an “injury” a when any other weapon such as a heavy stick or bomb is used b in an accident. Both “wound” and “injure” are more serious than “hurt”. Note that “hurt” can be used as an intransitive verb but not “wound” or “injure”. e.g. It hurts when I try to move my leg.5 A houses B apartment apartments A “house” is a building for people to live in and often has more than one level. An “apartment” in American English or a “flat” in British English refers to a set of rooms within a larger building usually on one level.6A asideB apartC aside / apart Both “aside” and “apart” can be used as adverbs. “Aside” means “away or to the side”. “Apart” means “separated by a distance”. The phrase “aside from / apart from” means a except for b in addition to.7 A requests B requested C demandedD demands Both “request” and “demand” mean “ask for sth. or ask sb. to do sth.”. “Request” is more formal and stronger than “ask for”. “Demand” i s even stronger. If you “demand” something you feel strongly that you have the right to get it and will not take “no” for an answer. Both “request” and “demand” can be used as a verb or as a noun.A “request” for something is a polite demand for it.8 A bor derB boundary The word “border” refers to the dividing line between two countries or states or the land near that line. A “boundary” is a precise line marking the outer limits of an area.3 Roommates and Friends STEP ONE Sample In addition to those listed in the book my ideal roommate would also be: someone who does not smoke a responsible and honest person someone who does not snore while sleeping the best student in my class someone who does not stay up too late an independent person someone who does not interfere in my private affairs a tolerant person a trustworthy person etc. STEP TWO Sample No I don’t think roommates are usually friends. Living in the same room doesn’t necessarily mean that friendships will develop. Although roommates are usually friendly to each other not all of them are friends because friendliness is not always an indication of friendship. It’s true with classmates. Only when people have similar interests and a common outlook on life will they become friends or close friends. I think more often than not roommates will become friends. Obviously roommates spend much time together and therefore will learn a lot about each other. When people get to know each other friendship often develops. Many people could have become friends if they had met and got together often or long enough. Sharing rooms paves the way to friendship. We often hear older people say they were roommates or classmates and therefore good friends. It doesn’t mean roommates will surely become friends. They’re more likely t o become friends.4 It Made Me Feel So Good STEP TWO Sample As a newcomer in this university the first letter I’ve received here is from my best friend Dong Ming. Dong Ming and I were classmates in high school and we spent a lot of time together studying talking and playing around. I can safely say that not a single day was spent without our being together during our senior high school years. But now we’re studying at two different universities far apart from each other. Hisletter makes me feel as if we wer e together again talking. And what’s important is not the letter itself but what he said in the letter.Dear Dong HaoI felt sad when we left each other last Friday and yet a little happy about all the newthings and the excitement ahead of usin our new coll ege life. It’s what we want andneed.One thing is very important to both of us: to make more friends and to learn to get alongwith others. To do so I believe we should respect others—their point of view their wayof doing things etc. Only in this way can we make more friends and make our campuslife more interesting. What do you think I look forward to your reply. Best Wishes Dong Ming Sometimes I feel good about myself when I’ve been able to contribute a little bit to my relationships with others. I remember what I did for Xiao Li my next door neighbor and good friend. Last summer Xiao Li got seriously ill and was in the hospital for five weeks. At the beginning I didn’t know what I could do for him. I went to Mom for advice. Mom thought about it for a while a nd said “Well the only thing I can tell you is to be available when he needs you—not when you want to be available.” I took Mom’s advice seriously. I called him on the phone now and then to check if he needed any help and I went to see him every day after school and did what I could for him. So when Xiao Li recovered and left the hospital I felt so happy.5 When Your Neighbor Is in Need of Help STEP ONE Sample A young woman was walking along the streets one night when she was attacked. She screamed for help and managed to escape. A few minutes later her attacker caught her again and she continued screaming for help while the neighbors watched terrified from their windows and did nothing. They didn’t even call the police. The woman died of multiple stab wounds 多处刺伤. STEP TWO Sample 1 I think there are several reasons for that. First people were rather cowardly and selfish. When they heard someone screaming late at night they thought that might be dangerous so they just stood back and watched the woman get killed in front of them. They preferred to protect themselves rather than get involved to risk being injured or even killed. Second they felt that there are already institutions in cities to deal with this kind of problem. They didn’t think they needed to intervene because the police would do something for them. Finally it is possible that these people were so terrified that they could not think clearly or take action to protect the woman. 2 I don’t know. Maybe I would go to the street and try to protect the woman. I think more people would come to help if they realized what was really happening. Maybe I would call the police. But I’m afraid that when the police arrived she might already have been killed. Or maybe I would be too scared to give any help. I might simply close the window and put my ear plugs in. These are the different things I might do on such an occasion but I believe it’s most likely that I would call the police.Part 4 Translation and Writing2 Translation Practice Lean on Me 依靠我吧Sometimes in our lives we all have pain we all have sorrow 生活中我们会有痛苦，会有悲伤But if we are wise we know that there’s always tomorrow. 然而，聪明的我们明白总有明天（可指望）。

初三英语unit13作文范文In today's world, the importance of teamwork cannot be overstated. Whether it's in the classroom, on the sports field, or in the workplace, working together as a team brings numerous benefits.Firstly, teamwork fosters a sense of unity and cooperation among individuals. When we work together, we learn to appreciate the strengths and weaknesses of our teammates. This understanding encourages us to complement each other, leading to better outcomes.Secondly, teamwork enhances communication skills. In a team, members need to effectively communicate their ideas, suggestions, and concerns. This process not only helps in achieving the team's goals but also improves individual communication abilities.Moreover, teamwork cultivates leadership qualities. Within a team, there are often natural leaders who emerge through their ability to guide and motivate others. Even those who do not occupy leadership roles learn valuable lessons about leadership by observing and working with their teammates.Lastly, teamwork builds trust and respect. When team members work together towards a common goal, they develop a sense of trust and respect for each other. This positive atmosphere fosters a healthy and productive work environment.In conclusion, the value of teamwork is immense. It brings people together, improves communication, cultivates leadership, and builds trust and respect. As we progress in our lives, it is crucial to embrace the spirit of teamwork and understand its significance in achieving success.。

判断题：正确写A，错误写BChapter 1：1。

Linguistics is the systematic study of language.True。

2. Linguistics deals with a particular language.False。

3. Linguistics is scientific because it is helpful to language use。

False。

4. The task of a linguist is to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system.True。

5. Linguistics is generally divided into general and specific linguistics.False.6。

General linguistics deals with the general aspects of language application。

False。

7。

General linguistics does not study theories of language。

False。

8。

Phonetics studies human sound patterning and the meaning of sounds in communication.False.9。

Phonology studies how a sound is produced.False.10。

Morphology is the study of sentences.False。

11。

Syntax is the study of the rules of words。

False。

12。

Semantics is the study of word meaning.False。

新视野大学英语第三版第四册英语读写答案Unit1Text AText A：Language focus：Words in usecrumbleddiscernsurpassshrewdconversiondistortradiantingeniousstumpedpropositionText A：Language focus：delicacybankruptcyaccountancysecrecyvacancyurgencyatmosphericmagnetmetallicgloomguiltmasteryText A：Language focus：bankruptciesatmosphericdelicaciesurgencyaccountancygloommagnetmetallicmasteryvacancyguiltsecrecyText A：Language focus：mentioneddeterminegainedresponsible::Word building Practice1Word building Practice2 Banked clozeheavilyartisticoppositeanalyticaldistortedstumpedText A:Language focus:Expressions in usewere dripping within exchange forflared upmake an analogy betweenset a date formake??out ofmade a pacthad appealed toText AiTranslation:Task1亚里士多德是古希腊的哲学家和科学家。

他的作品涵盖了许多学科，包括物理学、生物学、动物学、逻辑学、伦理学、诗歌、戏剧、音乐、语言学、政治和政府，构成了第一个综合的西方哲学体系。

亚里士多德是第一个将人类的知识领域划分为不同学科的人，如数学,生物学和伦理学。

Part A GRAMMARSubject- Verb AgreementSubject-verb agreement is a very complicated issue and it is not our intention to cover all the ground in this unit. What we attempt to do here is to bring students' attention to some points particularly tricky and let them learn by practice. The method we use in the grammar section of this book is the discovery approach -- to let students find out their own answers. We hope this can raise students' interest in learning grammar and sharpen their inductive skills.The question of subject-verb agreement is very complicated. Generally speaking, there are three basic principles: grammatical agreement, notional agreement, and the principle of proximity. In his unit, we are going to approach this issue in four contexts: When the subject is compoundReference for the Classroom ActivitiesSummary:1. A compound subject with and takes a plural verb in most cases, but when itexpresses a singular meaning or when each of the singular subjects is considered individually, it takes a singular verb.2.After a compound subject with or, nor, either…or, neither…nor, not …but,theverb agrees in number and person with the nearer part of the subject.3.Intervening phrases or clauses not introduced by coordinating conjunctions do notaffect the number of a verb. Such phrases are normally introduced by prepositions or prepositional phrases such as well as, as much as, rather than, along with in addition to, together with, with, plus, and including.When the subject expresses quantityReference for the Classroom ActivitiesAll the sentences are correct.Summary:1.Nominal phrases of time, money, weight and measurement normally take asingular verb.2.Some words or phrases, such as all, most, half, the last, the rest, take a singular orplural verb, depending on the meaning of the noun or pronoun that follows.3.Phrases lik e lots of, heaps of , loads of take singular or plural verbs depending onthe form of the nouns that follow.4.In sentences with more than one or many a modifying the subject nouns, the verbshould take a singular form though it is plural in meaning.When the subject is a relative pronoun, a what-clause, or in the there-be structureReference for the Classroom Activities1). He was one of the candidates who were able to carry out their campaign pledges.He was the only one of the candidates who was able to carry out his campaign pledges2). What he wants is just a little love from his foster parents.What one thinks and says are not always the same.3). There is a cherry tree and several orchid flowers in the garden.There are hundreds of applicants on the waiting list for the job.Summary:1.After a relative pronoun (who, which, that), the verb has the same person andnumber as the antecedent. (In the second sentence in Pair a, the antecedent is the only one, not the candidates.)2.After a what-clause, the verb is usually singular,. But if the what-clause is in acompound structure plural in meaning, the verb is in plural form.3.In the there-be structure, the verb is singular or plural depending on the number ofthe subject. The singular there is may be used to introduce a compound subject when the first noun or nominal phrase is singular.OthersReference for the Classroom Activities1). Nobody in town admits seeing him.2). Does anyone want to go with me?3). Are any of you going to the exhibition?4). None works/work so hard as he does.5). Books are her chief source of enjoyment.6). The one thing you must be ready for is their attempts to break up the meeting7). The jury is finally complete.8). The jury were divided in their Opinions.9). New York Times is his bible.10). Semantics is the study of meanings.Summary:1.Indefinite pronouns such as anybody, anyone, each, everybody, nobody, no one,and somebody generally require a singular verb.2.The pronouns any and none take either singular or plural verbs.3.The complement of the verb be does not affect its number.4. A collective noun takes a singular verb when the class it names is thought of as aunit, but a plural verb when the members of the class are thought of as individuals.5.Titles of books, magazines, movies, newspapers, plays, and the like take asingular verb.6.Certain nouns which are plural in form but singular in meaning generally take asingular verb. Some of these are physics, mechanics, news, statistics,and whereabouts.Part B Keys to the FOLLOW-UP EXERCISES1. 1). The little boy was chicken-hearted.2). That statesman is a respectable figure in the political arena.3). We sat down by the oak tree, enjoying the breeze coming from the lake4). We need to drink the milk before it sours.5). The child had difficulty finding his way to school.6) The young woman received a lot of flowers and gifts.7). My father drew back the curtain a little lest I see him.8). Our university can accommodate 4,000 students.9). Social customs vary greatly from country to country.2. The writer's attitude changes from negative to positive in each pair of sentences3. (1)experienced (2) elapsed(3)attempting (4) with(5)take up (6) made(7)endeavor (8) true4. 1). The state attorney said that the man would be prosecuted.2). We suppose that a referee should be disinterested but not uninterested3). Tony can hit a ball farther than I can.4). We must pursue this matter further.5). The principles behind our constitution are a principal reason for its astounding success.6). Al1 the band instruments except the tuba will be carried to the auditorium for the music contest.7). The federal government comprises the legislative, judicial, and executive branches8). The whole region was struck by an economic disaster.9). (correct)10). He was awaked to the risk.5. My sister Lulu accepted a scholarship to study in the UK. She had done very well in school and the principal thought that living with a British family would teach her a lot. Mother said she would let her go if she bought a box of stationery and promised to write home every week. She said that she would live up to her promise and she always does pretty well in living up to her principles. Soon after she arrived in the UK., she adapted to her new environment. Her new life did not affect her a great deal. She knew that as a student she had to be economical and she was not self-conscious of her poor clothing and strange accent. These were the things she was uninterested in; what fascinated her instead was the cultural differences between the two countries. She found people there liked to pay compliments and were more credulous to what she said. Of course, she never lied to them about her motherland. Though she experienced cultural shocks continually, she developed a fair attitude towards the other culture. In the proceeding years, she settled down in the UK. and became a person with an alternative cultural identity.6. 1). Sixty hours is the amount of work time I contracted for.2). The jury is expected to reach its decision very quickly.3). Each of the candidates for the position has exceptionally high qualifications.4). Every boy and girl in the sixth grade was/is eager to win the contest.5). Corn bread and milk is a popular breakfast in the rural South.6). The instructor as well as the students was at fault.7). He is one of the students who plan to attend the speech contest.8). The jury are to be isolated in individual hotel rooms each night during the trial9). Sam sprawled in the chair and knocked over one of the lamps which were on display10). The symptoms of mercury poisoning vary with each individual case.11). He believes that athletics improves school morale.12). Up goes the starter's gun, and each of the runners becomes tense.13). Either The Times or The Tribune is a reliable source of news.14). The first thing that catches your eye is the headlines.15). She is one of the women who have made this country what it is.7. As a way to wind up the unit, ask students to write a note for each of the situations. This can be done as homework.●Part C Complementary of Notes(12) Notes of SuggestionBelow is an example of a note of suggestion●Part D Assignment for this weekAssignment: The question 7 of Page 27 in your text book.。

综合英语第一册unit1-12课后答案Unit I. Vocabulary Analysis1. Phrase practice1. be confronted with = suddenly found oneself faced with 面临，面对2. have one thing in common = share the same characteristic 具有相同之处3. give in to sth. = let oneself be overcome by 屈服，向……让步4. lock it away within sb. = keep it in one’s mind and don’t ever forget it 埋藏起来2. Word comparison1. anger: a strong feeling of wanting to hurt or criticize someone because they have done something bad to you or been unkind to you2. special: not ordinary or usual, but different in some way and often better or more important3. spend: to use your money to pay for goods or services4. conspicuous: very easy to notice5. last: happening or coming after all other similar things or people6. alone:adv./adj. without any friends; without the help of other people or things7. give up: to stop trying to do sth.8. believe: to feel certain that sth. is true or that sb. is telling you the truth3. Synonym / Antonym1.Synonyms: pain, grief, sorrow, agony2.Antonyms: loudly, harshly, roughly3. Synonym:: sorrow, grief, dismay4. Antonyms: inconspicuously, unnoticeably5. Synonyms: small, little6. Antonyms: meet, join, unite, gather7. Synonyms: seriously, severely, hopelessly8. Antonyms: long, permanent, lasting4. Word derivationFill in the blank in each sentence with an appropriate form of the given word in the brackets.1.Nobody wanted to live in the industrial part of the town. (industry)2.The police asked him to give a description of the suitcase he had lost. (describe)3.He had no suspicion that he was being watched. (suspect)4.This is Alexandra, my personal assistant. (assist)5.Although some of my work-mates quickly found new jobs after the factory closed down, my brother and I were unemployed for several months. (employ)6.Although I was positive that the girl had stolen my ring, I could not find any proof. (prove)1.industry (n.) 工业、行业；勤奋industrial (adj.) 工业的；用于工业的；工业发达的industrious (adj.) 勤奋的、勤劳的industriously (adv.) 勤劳地、勤奋地industriousness (n.) 勤奋、勤劳2.describe (v.) 描述某人（某物）；叫做、称做；画（尤指几何图形）description (n.) 对某人（某物）的描述、叙述descriptive (adj.) 描述的、描写的3.suspect (v.) 有（某事物）存在或属实的想法，相信；怀疑（某物），不相信；怀疑某人有某罪suspect (n.) 嫌疑犯，可疑对象suspect (adj.) 不可靠的；不可信的；可疑的suspicion (n.) 怀疑；猜疑；些许味道，少量suspicious (adj.) 有疑心的，表示怀疑的；引起怀疑的，可疑的unsuspecting (adj.) 不怀疑的，无猜疑的，可信任的4.assist (v.) 帮助、协助、援助；在某场合出席，参加某事物assistance (n.) 帮忙，援助assistant (n.) 助手、助理；店员assistant (adj.) （定语）协理、副经理5.employ (v.) 雇用某人；使用某人（某物），利用（时间、注意力等）employee (n.) 受雇者；雇员；雇工employer (n.) 雇用者；雇主employment (n.) 雇用；使用；受雇用；职业unemployed (adj.) 未被雇用的；失业的；不在使用中的unemployment (n.) 失业；失业状况；失业人数6.prove (v.) 证明、证实；显示出是某事物proof (n.) 证据、证物、证言；验证、证明proof (adj.) 可防某事物的，有防护作用的；能抵御某事物的；（用以构成复合词）抗……的；防……的disprove (v.) 证明（某事物）有误或有假disproof (n.) 反证明；反证物II. Grammar Exercises1. TensesUse of simple past tense:1) The simple past tense is used to talk about completed actions and habits in the past.e.g. Shakespeare died in 1616.We used to walk a mile in the morning when we were in London.2) Past tense of verbs such as want, wonder, hope is used for polite inquiries.e.g. I wondered how you liked the film.Use of past progressive:1) The past progressive indicates a limited duration of time and is thus a convenient way toindicate that something took place (in the simple past) while something else was happening.e.g. Carlos lost his watch while he was running.2) The past progressive can express incomplete action.e.g. I was sleeping on the couch when Bertie smashed through the door.※as opposed to the simple past, which suggests a completed actione.g. I slept on the couch last night.3) The past progressive is also used to poke fun at or criticize an action that is sporadic buthabitual in nature.e.g. Tashonda was always handing in late papers.4) We use the past progressive of verbs such as wonder to show politeness.e.g.I was wondering if you could give me a lift.※This use is even more poli te and tentative than the simple past.Use of past perfect tense:1) The past perfect tense expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in thepast. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.e.g. I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.2) If the past perfect tense is not referring to an action at a specific time, it is not optional. Compare the examples below. Here the past perfect tense is referring to a lack of experience rather than an action at a specific time. For this reason, the past perfect tense cannot be used.e.g. She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not CorrectShe had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. CorrectPractice:Complete the following sentences using the simple past, past progressive or past perfect tense.Keys:1. were bathing, were looking, were playing (The past progressive refers to an event in progress.)2. was leaving, was, arrived, learned, had left, found, had used3. was cycling, stepped, was going, managed, didn’t hit4. was playing; was singing (We use the simple past tense to express a short action that happens in the middle of the long action. We can join the two ideas with when or while.)5. tried, wanted, had had, ended6. entered, didn't recognize, had lost, grown2. Verbs of perceptionVerbs of perception are a set of verbs denoting the use of one of the physical senses. Some verbs of perception see, look at, hear,listen, and feel, along with watch and sense can be used withobjects followed by verbs in -ing form, -ed form and infinitive form.e.g. We heard you leave. (Emphasis on our hearing.)We heard you leaving. (Emphasis on your leaving.)John has never heard the piece played before. (Emphasis on the passive voice of play.)Practice: Fill in the blanks with the proper form of the verbs in the brackets.1. The instructor watched the student ________ (take) the test.2. I heard the dog ________ (bark), but it didn’t keep me awake.3. She felt herself ________ (lift) up by the wind and ________ (throw) to the ground.4. The missing boy was last seen ____ (play) near the river.5. They knew her very well. They had seen her _____ (grow) up from childhood.Keys: 1. take 2. barking 3. lifted, thrown 4. playing 5. grow3. Special word order with as and thoughIn a concessive clause introduced by though or although, the complement or the adverbial can be placed at the beginning of the sentence. The formula for the inversion is:complement / adverbial + as / though + subject + predicate verbe.g. Old as / though he is, he works hard as a young man.Hard as / though he studied, he did not pass the examination.Practice：Rewrite the following sentences according to the model.Model: Though it was brief, it had been spent in that big old house.Brief as it was, it had been spent in that big old house.1.Though he was poor, he was honest.2.Though I admire him much as a writer, I do not like him asa man.3.Although he is a child, he knows a lot.4.Though he worked hard, he didn’t finish the work satisfactorily.Keys:1. Poor as / though he was, he was honest.2. Much as/though I admire him as a writer, I do not like him as a man.3. Child as / though he is, he knows a lot.4. Hard as / though he worked, he didn’t finish the work satisfactorily.4. Present participle phrases used as adverbialsPresent participle phrases can be used as adverbials to express reason, condition, time, result and attending circumstances.e.g. Turning around, she saw an ambulance driving up. (time)Knowing English well, he can read Shakespeare. (reason)Working still harder, you will succeed. (condition)Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. (result)He sat at the window eating. (attending circumstances)Practice:Fill in each blank with the proper form of the verb in the brackets and decide what it expresses.Keys:1. breathing, looking (attending circumstances)2. Considering (reason)3. happening (condition)4. saving (result)5. Hearing (time)III. Translation exercises1. 他为这次面试中可能被问到的问题做好了准备。

Unit 1PART Ⅱ FOCUSDenotation and ConnotationSuggested answer to the questionIf it is your teacher, most probably you will choose b, as the word portly has an implication of a more or less dignified and imposing appearance (e.g. an elderly gentleman, large and portly). However, if it is a doorkeeper, an amiable middle-aged woman, you may choose the word plump as it implies a pleasing fullness of figure (e.g. the plump goddesses of Renaissance paintings). From this exercise we can conclude that words that share the same denotative meanings can be diverse in their connotative meanings.Reference for the Classroom Activities1.father: the male parent. It connotes support and sternness; it also connotesprotection but in a serious fashion.wildflower: uncultivated plant; it connotes vitality and pleasantness.2. a. In the West, every male person has the good qualities of males, such as bravery,spirit, and toughness.b. Anyway, she has the characteristics of a woman, such as frailty and delicacy. AttitudeReference for the Classroom Activities2. a. unique b. pigheaded c. flattered d. fossil e. spinsterCollocationSuggested answers to the exercisea.do somebody a favorb.do somebody goodc.make a gestured.do evile.do harmf.make an effortReference for the Classroom Activities1.1) D 2) D 3) A 4) B 5) C 6) C 7) BFalse FriendsSuggested answers to the questionThe misunderstanding occurs due to the use of homonyms or false friends—flour or flower, ground (as the past participle of the verb grind) and ground (meaning the solid surface of the earth). In this excerpt, the use of false friends adds a humorous effect to the text.Reference for the Classroom Activities1.The false friends are lie meaning to keep one’s body in a flat position, and liemeaning to say something dishonest.2. a. Your fever rose yesterday.b. That racket is bad enough to make Aunt Ella’s eyebrows raised.c. Jack has been lying around all day.d. The soldiers laid aside their weapons.e. A heavy fog lay over the land.f. White stationery is always appropriate.g. Is that table stationary, or can it be moved to another corner of the room?h. It is easier to talk about a principle than to live by it.i. Our principal played on the faculty football team against the schoolall-stars.3. Some other false friends:fair vs. fareIt’s not fair to put all the blame on him.Bus fares are going up again.passed vs. pastI passed the landlady on the stairs this morning.Several boys went past us on mountain bikes.intense vs. intensiveShe suddenly felt an intense pain in her stomach.He took an intensive course on English.farther vs. furtherThe fog’s so thick; I can’t see farther than about five meters.Every day she thinks further and further into depression.PART III GARMMARSubject-Verb AgreementWhen the subject is compoundReference for the Classroom Activitiesa.He was one of the candidates who were able to carry out their campaign pledges.He was the only one of the candidates who was able to carry out his campaign pledges.b.What he wants is just a little love from his foster parents.What one thinks and says are not always the same.c.There is a cherry tree and several orchid flowers in the garden.Reference for the Classroom Activitiesa.Nobody in town admits seeing him.b.Does anyone want to go with me?c.Are any of you going to the exhibition?d.None works/work so hard as he does.e.Books are her chief source of enjoyment.f.The one thing you must be ready for is their attempts to break up the meeting.g.The jury is finally complete.h.The jury were divided in their opinions.i.New York Times is his bible.PART ⅣWRITINGNotes (I)Sample 1Suggested answers to the questions1.Notes are the simplest and shortest form of written communication and they arequick, easy and convenient.2. A note has three essential components:--the addressee—the person(s) to whom the note is written;--the message;--the sender.3. Notes are characterized by their brevity, informality in style, and dedication to a single topic.Sample 2Suggested answers to the questions1.The date is put at the upper right-hand corner. Besides the date or weekday, youmay, at times, need to state the hour or even the minute.2.You can add the word Dear before the addressee’s name and a complimentaryclose.3. A complimentary close is put before your signature as the sample show.PART V FOLLOW-UP EXERCISES1.a. The little boy was chicken-hearted.b. The statesman is a respectable figure in the political arena.c. We sat down by the oak tree, enjoying the breeze coming from the lake.d. We need to drink the milk before it sours.e. The child had difficulty finding his way to school.f. The young woman received a lot of flowers and gifts.g. My father drew back the curtain a little lest I see him.h. Our university can accommodate 4000 students.i. Social customs vary greatly from country to country.2. The writer’s attitude changes from negative to positive in each pair of sentences.3. (1) experienced (2) elapsed (3) attempting (4) with(5) take up (6) made (7) endeavor (8) true4. a. The state attorney said that the man would be prosecuted.b. We suppose that a referee should be disinterested but not uninterested.c. Tony can hit a ball farther than I can.d. We must pursue this matter further.e. The principles behind our constitution are a principal reason for its astounding success.f. All the band instruments except the tuba will be carried to the auditorium for the music contest.g. The federal government comprises the legislative, judicial, and executive branches.h. The whole region was struck by an economic disaster.i. (correct)j. He was awaked to the risk.5. My sister Lulu accepted a scholarship to study in the UK. She had done very well in school and the principal thought that living with a British family would teach her a lot. Mother said she would let her go if she bought a box of stationery and promised to write home every week. She said that she would live up to her promise and she always does pretty well in living up to her principles. Soon after she arrived in the UK., she adapted to her new environment. Her new life did not affect her a great deal. She knew that as a student she had to be economical and she was not self-conscious of her poor clothing and strange accent. These were the things she was uninterested in; what fascinated her instead was the cultural differences between the two countries. She found people there liked to pay compliments and were more credulous to what she said. Of course, she never lied to them about her motherland. Though she experienced cultural shocks continually, she developed a fair attitude towards the other culture. In the proceeding years, she settled down in the UK. and became a person with an alternative cultural identity.6. a. Sixty hours is the amount of work time I contracted for.b. The jury is expected to reach its decision very quickly.c. Each of the candidates for the position has exceptionally high qualifications.d. Every boy and girl in the sixth grade was/is eager to win the contest.e. Corn bread and milk is a popular breakfast in the rural South.f. The instructor as well as the students was at fault.g. He is one of the students who plan to attend the speech contest.h. The jury are to be isolated in individual hotel rooms each night during the trial.i. Sam sprawled in the chair and knocked over one of the lamps which were on display.j. The symptoms of mercury poisoning vary with each individual case.k. He believes that athletics improves school morale.l. Up goes the starter’s gun, and each of the runners becomes tense.m. Either The Times or The Tribune is a reliable source of news.n. The first thing that catches your eye is the headlines.o. She is one of the women who have made this country what it is.。

Uniit13 peopleLesson 1 EQ: IQThe first period : 90 minutes1.Teaching aims1)Knowledge objectives :Help students to grasp the new words and expressions;Help students to learn the functions of Past Participles;Help students to know something about EQ and IQ.2)Ability objects :Help students to pronounce and use the new words and expressionscorrectly;Help students to use the Past Participles to make sentences correctly;Help students to develop the ability of teamwork and thinking alone.3 Teaching important and difficult points1)The new words and expressions2)Grammar : Past Participles founction as attributte , adverbial,predicate and object complement .4.Teaching approaches : listening and disscussion5.Teaching aids :tape, recorder , blackboard6Teaching processStep one : Lead in (6 minutes )Ask students to list some qualities of a successful person .Thenclassify them into IQ and EQ and introduce more information.And then ask students to disscuss which one is more important for one'ssuccess.Step two : Teach sdudents how to prounce he new words and phrasesand explain them generally. (6 minutes)aircraft ['εəkrɑ:ft] n. 飞机航空器emergency [i'mə:dʒənsi] n.紧急情况pray [prei] vt/vi祈祷祷告gifted ['ɡiftid] adj.有天赋的accurately adv.精确地准确地draw up 起草description n.描述形容academic [,ækə'demik] adj 学术的predict[pri'dikt] vt 预言预测deserve [di'zə:v] vt. 应受，应得failure n.失败mistaken [mi'steikən] adj.错误的association [ə,səusi'eiʃən] n. 协会，联想thus [ðʌs] adv. 因此;如此possibility [,pɔsə'biləti] n. 可能性disability [,disə'biləti] n. 残疾；无能entirely [in'taiəli] adv. 完全地hers [hə:z] pron. 她的（所有格）theirs [ðεəz] pron. 他们的；她们的；它们的Easter n. [宗]复活节embassy ['embəsi] n. 大使馆accuse [ə'kju:z] vt. 控告，指控；谴责Step three :Learn the passage in details1) Ask students to listen to the tape and answer tne questions in thebook.(8 minutes)2)learn tne passage paragraph by paragraph (30minutes)A impotant words and expressionspredict vt. 预报，预言eg:How do people predict the future in your country?人们是怎样预料你们国家未来的？eg:So don't predict, just measure.记住，不要预测，要实测。

Unit 2Basic parts of a sentence (2)【GRAMMAR】1.Object and complementThe basic parts of a sentence include subject, predicate, object, complement, attribute and adverbial. As we have seen, any sentence is made up of a subject and a predicate. Predicates are verbs. Generally, verbs can be put into two: linking verbs and action verbs. Both of them require a word to complete their meaning. We can call such a word complement. The complement of a linking verb is called a predicative or a subject complement, which describes or renames the subject. For example:1.My favorite playwright is William Shakespeare.2.Mark Twain became a pilot on a steamboat.3.She felt uneasy in the crowd.The complement of an action verb is called an object. Subject is the doer of the action, and the object is the receiver of the action.1.The old man caught a big fish.2.Her husband frequently beat her.3.My uncle eventually gave up smoking.Sometimes action verbs have two different objects: direct object and indirect object. Direct object is the receiver of the action while an indirect object is the receiver of the direct object. For instance：Harry bought his son a new school-bag.“a new school-bag” is the receiver of the verb “bought”, so it is the direct object; “his son” is the receiver of the direct object “ a new school-bag” and it is the indirect object. Usually, a preposition “to” or “for” can be put in front of the indirect object. For example,1. The old man left his daughter a large house.(The old man left a large house for his daughter.)2. Jim presented his girl friend a bunch of flowers.(Jim presented a bunch of flowers to his girl friend.)Different from the indirect object, an object complement is used to complete the meaning of the direct object. In general, it comes immediately after the direct object, to identify or describe it. Some verbs usually have object complements, such as appoint, make, consider, call, elect, name, think, choose, find, and prove and so on.1. The committee appointed Franklin a general manager.2. No one considered him an expert.3. The bunch of flowers made her girlfriend happy.Adverbials indicates time, place, manner, and reasons. They answer questions such as when, where, how and why. Adverbials can be adverbs, prepositional phrases, or adverbial clauses.As a rule, a long adverbial are placed at the end of a sentence, while short adverbials are flexible to locate: at the beginning, in the middle or at the end may be all right. For instance1. The train will arrive next morning.2. He carefully drove his car to the station.3. Very soon, she knew the full story.2．Basic sentence structuresThere is a set of five basic sentence structures in English. As we have learnt, any complete sentence will include some combination of a number of common elements: subject, predicate, predicative/ subject complement, object, object complement, and adverbial. Now, let’s have a look at the possible combination of these elements.Structure 1: Subject- predicate (S-P)The S-P sentence structure is made up of a noun, pronoun, or other nominal as the subject of the sentence and an intransitive verb or verb phrase as the predicate.Time flies.Dead dog don’t bite.Money talks.The large yellow bus has stopped.Structure 2: Subject- linking verb- predicative/ subject complement (S-IV-C)The words acting as a predicative may be a prepositional phrase to show the place of the subject, or a noun to identify or rename the subject, or an adjective to indicate the state of the subject.Speech is the picture of mind.Every beginning is hard.The firemen are inside the building.The corn grows tall.Structure 3: Subject-Predicate-Object (S-P-O)The verb acting as a predicate in the S-P-O sentence structure is a transitive verb, which may take a direct object or both a direct object and an indirect object.Poverty tries friends.Many hands make light work.Nature taught the boy the meaning of fear.The Liberian handed me a Spanish dictionary.Structure 4: Subject-Predicate-Object-Adverbial (S-P-O-A)The words acting as an adverbial can be adverbs, prepositional phrases, or adverbial clauses, providing information about time, place, manner, and reasons.You never miss the water till the well runs dry.No man can make a good coat with bad cloth.My child finished his homework quickly.Structure 5: Subject-Predicate-Object-Object Complement(S-P-O -OC)Different from an indirect object which is the receiver of the direct object, an object complement is to complete the meaning of the direct object. The words acting as an object complement can be nouns, adjectives or prepositional phrases.The villagers found their bedrooms ankle-deep in water.The captain named his small boat “Flying fish”.The friendly mood makes us comfortable.。

2.2.3形态学规则形态学规则主要指英语中通过派生方式来构成新词的构词规则，即将词缀加到词干上去构成新词的规则。

英语中虽然存在一定的形态学规则，但是这并不意味着依据这些规则构成的词都是可接受的词。

比如，我们可以在形容词前加un-构成否定形式，如unhappy, unfortunate等，但是如果我们依据这一规则在good 前边加上un- ,那么就会生造出ungood来，因此切不可过度概括和滥用形态学规则，以免出错。

3．复合法3．1复合词的类型复合法指把两个或两个以上的词结合在一起构成新词的方法。

复合词可以用不同的标准来分类。

根据复合词构成成分的词性来分类，复合词通常有：1）名词+名词:end product; efficiency expert; food chain2）形容词+名词: white elephant; red tape; hot line3）形容词+名词+ed: white-haired; blue-eyed;short-sighted4）动词+名词: pickpocket; call-girl; push-button5）副词+名词:downtown; overburden6）名词+动词daybreak;nightfall;earthquake; birth control7）动词+副词:breakdown; handout;makeup8）名词+形容词:knee-deep; life-long;duty-free9）-ing+名词:swimming pool; sewing machine; waiting room10）其它形式:never-to- be-forgotten; go-between; on-the-spot;3．2复合词的特征书写特征——复合词可写成一个词，如blackboard, deadline,等，也可分写，中间加连接号，如：dining-room, green-eyed，go-between也可分开写，不加连接号，如：swimming pool, waiting room等。