The Introduction of Dynamic Features in a Random-Utility-Based Multiregional Input-Output M

2020年广州市第六十五中学高三英语下学期期中试题及答案第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项AIf you are planning to visit the historic capital city of Scotland, Edinburgh, a travel destination that people crowd to from around the world, and want to attend one Festival while you are there, keep on reading to discover more information.AKA. Imaginate Festival When: 22 May – 2 June 2021Where: Traverse Theater, Assembly RoxyA festival where kids take overEdinburgh. With a whole range of free pop-up performances, take your kids to see some of the most inspiring theatre and dance from a whole range of talented performers.EdinburghInternational Film Festival When: 19 June – 29 June 2021Where: Film House, Festival TheaterOriginally the very best in international film, it was established in 1947. The dynamic programme features everything from documentaries to shorts, along with a range of experimental cinema, in an attractive setting with a spray of red carpet charm.EdinburghArt Festival When: 25 July – 25 August 2021Where: City ArtCenter, The Scottish GalleryWith over 40 exhibitions to attend, the Edinburgh Art Festival is theUK’s largest visual arts event where you can see everything from historical works to contemporary masterpieces.The RoyalEdinburghMilitary Tattoo When: 2 – 24 August 2021Where:EdinburghCastleWith a different theme every year, over 200,000 visitors crowd toEdinburghto see the military bands and the symbolic piper set against the backdrop ofEdinburghCastle.1. Who is the AKA. Imaginate Festival intended for?A. Children.B. Talented performers.C. Parents.D. Dancers.2. What’s special about Edinburgh Art Festival?A. It includes all forms of arts.B. It is about great works in history.C. It is the largest festival in the world.D. It lasts for the longest time.3. Which Festival offers performances by soldiers?A. Edinburgh Art FestivalB. AKA. Imaginate FestivalC. The RoyalEdinburghMilitary TattooD.EdinburghInternational Film FestivalBOur house was across the street from a big hospital so we rented our spare upstairs room to outpatients (门诊病人). One evening, there was a knock at the door. I opened it to see a truly sick-looking man.His face looked terrible — it was swollen and red. Yet his voice was pleasant. He told me that he came for treatment and that he’d been hunting for a spare room since noon, but no one would give him one. “I guess it’s my face...”For a moment, I hesitated, but his next words convinced me: “I will sleep in this rocking chair on the porch. My bus leaves early in the morning.”The old man had a huge heart inside his tiny body. He told me that he fished for a living to support his daughter, his daughter’s five children and her disabled husband.He didn’t complain while telling me his story. He was grateful that no pain accompanied his disease, which was seemingly a form of skin cancer.The next morning, he said, “Can I come back and stay next time I need treatment?” I told him he was welcome to come again.On his next trip, as a gift, he brought a big fish and some large oysters (牡蛎). In the years that he stayed with us, there was never a time that he did not bring us gifts like these.My neighbour warned me that I could lose potential renters after the old man left.Maybe we did lose renters once or twice. But if they had known him, perhaps their illnesses would have been easier to bear. I know our family will always be grateful to have known him. From him, we learned what it was to accept the bad without complaint and the good with gratitude.4. Why did the author let the old man stay after hesitation?A. The old man looks terrible and frightening.B. The old man is pitifully undemanding.C. The old man could’t rent room from others.D. The old man talked happily with the author.5. Which of the following shows the old man had a big heart?A.He had a large family to raise.B. He could sleep in a rocking chair.C. He did’t care about his disease.D. He wanted to come back and stay the next time.6. What can we learn about the author from the last two paragraphs?A. He was grateful for the neighbour’s warning.B. He and his neighbor are good friends.C. He truly appreciated the old man.D. He lost potential renters happily.7. What can be a suitable title for the text ?A. Kindness makes the world beautiful.B. Happiness is around thecorner.C. No pains, No gains.D. Live positively.CAvi Loeb, a scientist, believes that we are not alone in the universe. The belief fits withLoeb's alien spaceship theory that at least one alien spaceship might be flying over the orbit of Jupiter, which won the international attention last year.Astronomers inHawaiifound the first known interstellar object in late 2017. It was a bit of light moving so fast past the sun that it could only have come from another star. Almost every astronomer on the planet was trying to figure out how the object, called “Oumuamua” got to our far-away part of the Milky way galaxy. “One possibility is that ‘Oumuamua’ is debris from an advanced technological equipment,” Loeb said. “Technology comes from another solar system just showed up at our door. ”“‘Oumuamua’ is not an alien spaceship,” Paul Sutter, another scientist wrote. He suggested Loeb was seeking publicity. Most scientists think “Oumuamua” is some sort of rock. They think it could be an icy wandering comet.Loeb says that “Oumuamua's” behavior means it can't be a block of rock shaped like a long photo. He thinks it's more likely an object that's very long and thin, perhaps like a long pancake or a ship's sail. Loeb says that if someone shows him evidence thatcontradictshis beliefs, he will immediately give in.Loeb believes himself a truth-teller and risk-taker in an age of very safe, too-quiet scientists. “The worst thing that can happen to me is that I would be relieved of my management duties, and that would give me even more time to focus on science,” Loeb says. He said he wouldn't mind giving up all the titles he had and returning to the Israeli farming village where he grew up.8. What does Loeb say about “Oumuamua”?A. It is an icy comet.B. It looks like a long photo.C. It is actually some sort of rock.D. It may come from another alien civilization.9. What does the underlined word “contradicts” in paragraph 4 probably mean?A.Goes against.B. Relies on.C. Turns to.D. Searches for.10. What do you think of Loeb?A. He is foolish.B. He is unsatisfied with his titles.C. He is a firm believer in scientific truth.D. He is uncertain about his career future.11. What's the best title for the text?A. Have Aliens Paid a Visit in Spaceships?B. Do We Really Know about Space Theory?C. Scientists Are Working on High TechnologyD. Astronomers Are Encouraging Space TravelDMy wife and I recently completed a day-long tour of the Great Wall with Jessie. In addition to being very knowledgeable about the history of theareas that we toured, she spoke excellent English and was able to answer all of our questions. Her driver was very experienced and polite, and we really enjoyed being able to have a customized tour that avoided the tourist traps and forced shopping that seem to be a part of the larger group tours.The attractions themselves were fantastic. I was a little worried that the snowy weather might impact our trip to the Great Wall, but everything went fine, and there weren’t many people out at all that day. I suggest wearing strong shoes—the Great Wall is really a hike. And in snowy or rainy days, the surfaces are pretty slippery (滑的)! Seeing this area in winter was really unique, and the snow made for great pictures. Jessie kept us entertained with stories and facts about the construction of the Wall, and always pointed out great spots for taking pictures. Even though she’s in fantastic shape, she cared about our level of fitness and often stopped to let us catch our breath.When we got back to our hotel, Jessie gave us a great recommendation for dinner and some tips for our planned stops the next day. If I find myself in Beijing in the future, I will certainly be contacting Jessie for more tour opportunities, and I’ve already recommended her to some friends who are visiting the area later in the year. Ican’t say enough about how kind and knowledgeable she was, and she really gave us a great tour experience.12. What can we infer about Jessie?A. She is a tour advisor.B. She is a tour guide.C. She is a foreign traveler.D. She is a skilled driver.13. When did the writer visit the Great Wall?A. In spring.B. In summer.C. In autumn.D. In winter.14. What did the writer think of his tour?A. Adventurous.B. Disappointing.C. Satisfactory.D. Improvable.15. What is the probable title for the text?A. A Wonderful Tour Day with JessieB. An Extraordinary Tour CompanyC. The Great Wall, an Excellent AttractionD. Jessie, a Kind and Knowledgeable Guide第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

今年的工作汇报计划英语Outline:I. IntroductionA. Greeting and purpose of the reportB. Overview of the reporting periodII. Achievements and MilestonesA. Key objectives set at the beginning of the yearB. Progress and accomplishments in each objectiveC. Recognition of team members' contributionsIII. Challenges and Lessons LearnedA. Major obstacles encounteredB. Strategies implemented to overcome these challengesC. Insights gained from these experiencesIV. Financial PerformanceA. Revenue and profitability analysisB. Cost control measures and efficiency improvementsC. Comparison with industry benchmarksV. Departmental UpdatesA. Achievements and progress of each departmentB. Collaboration efforts and crossfunctional projectsC. Key personnel changes and team developmentVI. Market Trends and Competitive AnalysisA. Overview of market conditions and industry trendsB. Positioning of the company within the marketC. Analysis of competitors and their performanceVII. Future Outlook and Strategic InitiativesA. Goals and objectives for the upcoming yearB. Strategic plans and initiatives to achieve these goalsC. Potential risks and mitigation strategiesVIII. ConclusionA. Summary of the year's performanceB. Appreciation to all stakeholdersC. Call to action for the upcoming yearPlease find below the first part of the work report:I. IntroductionA. Greeting and purpose of the reportLadies and gentlemen, esteemed colleagues, and esteemed stakeholders, I present to you the annual work report for this year. The purpose of this report is to provide a comprehensive overview of our achievements, challenges, financial performance, and strategic initiatives throughout the year. It aims to outline the progress we have made and set the stage for the upcoming year's goals and objectives.B. Overview of the reporting periodThe reporting period covers the duration from January 1st to December 31st of this year. It has been a year marked by significant changes, both within our organization and in the external business environment. Despite the challenges faced, we have(strived to maintain our growth momentum and deliver value to our customers, employees, and shareholders.II. Achievements and MilestonesA. Key objectives set at the beginning of the yearAt the start of the year, we established several key objectives to drive our company's growth and success. These objectives encompassed various aspects, including revenue targets, market expansion, product development, and operational efficiency.B. Progress and accomplishments in each objective1. Revenue targets: We are pleased to report that we have exceeded our revenue targets for the year, achieving a yearonyear growth of XX%. This success is attributed to the collective efforts of our sales, marketing, and customer service teams.2. Market expansion: Through strategic partnerships and aggressive market penetration, we have successfully expanded our presence in key 地理 markets, including North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific.3. Product development: Our R&D team has launched severalinnovative products this year, receiving positive feedback from customers and industry experts. These new products have contributed to an XX% increase in our product portfolio.4. Operational efficiency: By implementing lean management practices and optimizing our supply chain, we have improved operational efficiency by XX%. This has resulted in cost savings and enhanced customer satisfaction.C. Recognition of team members' contributionsThe achievements mentioned above would not have been possible without the dedication and hard work of our team members. I would like to take this opportunity to recognize and appreciate each and every one of you for your invaluable contributions to the company's success. Your commitment and passion are the driving forces behind our accomplishments.To be continued:III. Challenges and Lessons LearnedA. Major obstacles encounteredIn the course of the year, we faced several significant challenges that tested our resilience and adaptability. The economic downturn, coupled with the global health crisis, presented unprecedented difficulties in the marketplace. Supply chain disruptions, travel restrictions, and shifts inconsumer behavior all posed threats to our business operations.B. Strategies implemented to overcome these challengesTo navigate through these rough waters, we adopted a variety of strategies. We invested in diversifying our supply chain to reduce dependency on singlesource suppliers, which helped mitigate the impact of disruptions. Additionally, we quickly transitioned to remote work arrangements, ensuring business continuity while prioritizing the health and safety of our employees. We also leveraged digital tools and platforms to maintain communication and collaboration across teams.C. Insights gained from these experiencesThe challenges we faced have provided us with valuable insights. We have learned the importance of agility and innovation in the face of adversity. The need for robust digital infrastructure and a skilled remote workforce has become clearer than ever. These lessons will inform our strategic planning and decisionmaking in the future.IV. Financial PerformanceA. Revenue and profitability analysisDespite the challenges, we are proud to report a positive financial performance for the year. Our revenue growth outpaced the industry average, and we achieved a profit margin that exceeded our projections. This success is a testament to the effective cost management and revenue generation strategies implemented acrossthe organization.B. Cost control measures and efficiency improvementsWe have implemented stringent cost control measures without compromising on the quality of our products and services. Through efficient resource allocation and process improvements, we have reduced unnecessary expenses and improved our bottom line. Our focus on lean principles has led to a more streamlined operation and a stronger financial position.C. Comparison with industry benchmarksOur financial performance stands out when compared to industry benchmarks. We have outperformed our competitors in key financial metrics, positioning us as a leader in the market. This is a direct result of our commitment to excellence and our ability to adapt to the changing business landscape.V. Departmental UpdatesA. Achievements and progress of each departmentEach department has made significant strides towards achieving their individual goals. Our sales department has successfully penetrated new markets and secured strategic partnerships. The marketing department has effectively enhanced our brand visibility, leading to increased customer engagement. The product development team has not only launched innovative products but also improved existing offeringsbased on customer feedback.B. Collaboration efforts and crossfunctional projects Crossfunctional collaboration has been a key focus area for us this year. We have initiated several projects that bring together teams from different departments, fostering a culture of cooperation and innovation. These efforts have resulted in more cohesive strategies and a unified approach towards problemsolving.C. Key personnel changes and team developmentWe have seen some key personnel changes this year, with new leadership taking over critical roles. These changes have brought fresh perspectives and renewed energy to the team. We have also invested in training and development programs to enhance the skills of our employees, ensuring they are equipped to handle future challenges.To be continued:VI. Market Trends and Competitive AnalysisA. Overview of market conditions and industry trendsThe market conditions this year have been dynamic and challenging. The industry has seen rapid technological advancements, shifting consumer preferences, and increased competition. Digital transformation has been a key trend, with companies investing heavily in AI, IoT, and cloud technologies to stay ahead. Additionally,sustainability and social responsibility have become important factors influencing consumer choices and business strategies.B. Positioning of the company within the marketOur company has strategically positioned itself to capitalize on these trends. We have embraced digital transformation by integrating cuttingedge technologies into our operations and product offerings. Our commitment to sustainability has also been a differentiator, helping us attract environmentally conscious customers and gain a competitive edge.C. Analysis of competitors and their performanceWe have closely monitored the performance of our competitors to understand our market position. While some have struggled to adapt to the changing landscape, others have made significant strides. Our competitive analysis has revealed areas where we can further improve our products and services. We have identified opportunities to differentiate ourselves through superior customer service, product innovation, and strategic partnerships.VII. Future Outlook and Strategic InitiativesA. Goals and objectives for the upcoming yearLooking ahead, we have set ambitious goals for the upcoming year. We aim to achieve a XX% increase in revenue by entering new markets and expanding our product lines. We also plan to enhance our operationalefficiency by an additional XX% through continuous process improvements and technology adoption.B. Strategic plans and initiatives to achieve these goalsTo achieve these goals, we have developed a series of strategic initiatives. We will invest in research and development to accelerate product innovation and maintain our technological leadership. We will also focus on strengthening our digital marketing efforts to increase brand awareness and attract new customers. Collaborative partnerships and strategic alliances will be key to our market expansion plans.C. Potential risks and mitigation strategiesWe recognize that the business environment is fraught with risks. Economic uncertainties, regulatory changes, and competitive threats are among the challenges we may face. To mitigate these risks, we will diversify our revenue streams, maintain a robust financial cushion, and stay agile in our decisionmaking processes. We will also continue to monitor market trends and adjust our strategies accordingly.VIII. ConclusionA. Summary of the year's performanceIn summary, this year has been a testament to the resilience and innovation of our organization. Despite the challenges, we have achieved remarkable success in revenue growth, market expansion, and product development. Our financial performance is a reflection of ourcommitment to efficiency and customer satisfaction.B. Appreciation to all stakeholdersI would like to express my deepest gratitude to all our stakeholders, including our employees, customers, suppliers, and investors. Your support and trust in our company have been instrumental in our success.C. Call to action for the upcoming yearAs we move forward, we must continue to embrace change, innovate, and collaborate. The upcoming year presents new opportunities for growth and success. I urge each and every one of us to remain focused, committed, and adaptable as we strive to achieve our goals and take our company to new heights.This concludes our annual work report. Thank you for your attention and dedication throughout the year. Together, we will continue to build a brighter future for our organization.。

AT2005USBInstruction ManualAT2005USBCardioid Dynamic USB/XLR MicrophoneContentsIntroduction & features 3 S etting up your microphone with stand clamp & desk stand 4Preliminary setup with Mac OS X 5Preliminary setup with Windows XP 6Preliminary setup with Windows Vista 9Preliminary setup with Windows 7 10Using headphones 13Selecting software 13Setting your software levels 13Positioning your microphone 13XLR operation 13Protecting your microphone 13Specifications 14Compliance with FCC rules (USA only)This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:(1) this device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.FCC WARNINGYou are cautioned that any changes or modifications not expressly approved in this manual could void your authority to operate this equipment.Canada onlyThis Class B digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003.Cet appareil numérique de la classe B est conforme á la norme NMB -003 du Canada.Federal Communications Commission StatementNote: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:— Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.— Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.— Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected.— Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.2Introduction Thank you for buying the Audio-Technica AT2005USB cardioid dynamic USB/XLR microphone. Equipped with both USB and an XLR outputs, this digital/analog mic is designed both for live performance and digitally capturing music or any acoustic audio source using your favorite recording software.The AT2005USB offers high-quality articulation and intelligibility perfect for home studio recording, field recording, podcasting, voiceover, and on-stage use. Its cardioid polar pattern reduces pickup of sounds from the sides and rear, improving isolation of desired sound source.The microphone also features a built-in headphone jack with volume control that allows you to directly monitor from your microphone. The microphone’s focused pickup pattern delivers excellent off-axis rejection, while its A/D converter with a 16-bit, 44.1/48 kHz sampling rate ensures clear, articulate sound reproduction.Audio-Technica’s state-of-the-art design and manufacturing techniques ensure that the microphone complies with the company’s renowned consistency and reliability standards.Features• Handheld dynamic microphone with USB digital output and XLR analog output• USB output connects to your computer for digital recording, while the XLR output connects with your sound system’s conventional microphone input for use in liveperformance• Smooth, extended frequency response ideally suited for podcasting, home studio recording, field recording, voiceover, and on-stage use• Built-in headphone jack allows you to directly monitor from your microphone• Adjust headphone volume with easy-to-use controls on the bottom of the microphone• High-quality A/D converter with 16-bit, 44.1/48 kHz sampling rate• Compatible with Windows and Mac• Low-mass diaphragm provides excellent frequency response• Cardioid polar pattern reduces pickup of sounds from the sides and rear, improving isolation of desired sound source• Tripod desk stand with folding legs for secure and easily portable tabletop use• Pivoting, threaded stand clamp attaches securely to the supplied tripod or to a conventional microphone stand• USB and XLR cables included• Durable metal construction for long-lasting performance• On/off switch functions for both USB and analog operation341.Windscreen –Multi-stage grille design offers excellent protection against plosives and sibilancewithout compromising high-frequency clarity 2.Capsule –Dynamic microphone element with cardioid polar pattern 3.Blue LED –Blue light shows mic is receiving USB power (Note: The blue LED is not affectedby the on/off switch position)4.ON/OFF switch –Functions for both USB and analog operation 5.Metal construction –Tough, durable, resilient design 6.Headphone level control –Up/Down dial controls headphone volume 7.XLR connector –XLR connector with analog output for connection to PA system’s conventionalmicrophone input 8.USB –USB connector for connection to your Mac or PC 9.Headphone Jack –1/8-inch (3.5 mm) stereo jack for connecting your headphones 10.USB cable 11. XLRM to XLRF cableSetting up your microphone with included stand clamp and tripod desk standA. Screw the stand clamp onto the threaded portion of the desk stand.B. Extend the tripod legs to provide a wide, secure base, and place the tripod desk stand on a flat surface.B. Install the AT2005USB microphone into the microphone mount, with ON/OFF switch upC. The top of the microphone should be facing the sound source.D. Use a screwdriver or coin to loosen and tighten the pivot screw for angle adjustment.E. Plug the provided USB cable into the USB output at the base of the microphone, or plug the provided XLR cable into the microphone input of your sound system.Note: Many recording software programs are available online. Audacity is widely used free software for recording and editing sounds. It is available online at /AT2005USB851. Plug the free end of the provided USB cable into the USB port on your computer. The microphone’s blue LED will illuminate, indicating the microphone is receiving power.Your computer will automatically recognize the USB device and install a driver.2. To select the AT2005USB as your audio input, first, open your System Preferences .3. Next, click Sound to display the Sound preference pane.4. Click the Input tab and select the AT2005USB as the device for sound input.Your preferences are now set to use the AT2005USB on your Mac with GarageBand or another recording program of your choice.Preliminary setup with Mac OS XPreliminary setup with Windows XP(Service Pack 2; other operating systems may vary slightly)1.Plug the free end of the USB cable into the USB port on your computer. The microphone’s blueLED will illuminate, indicating the mic is receiving power. Your computer will automatically recognize the USB device and install a driver.2.In the lower right portion of your screen you may see a message that new hardware was found;or you may see a driver software installation notice.3.To select the AT2005USB as your default recording device, begin at your Start menu.Select Control Panel.64. Select Sounds and Audio Devices.785. Select the Audio tab, and choose AT2005USB as the default device.6. Adjust computer volume by clicking on the Volume button beneath Sound recordingDefault device.Preliminary setup with Windows XP(continued)7. Through the Wave In window, you can set the computer volume or mute the microphone.Your preferences are now set to use the AT2005USB with Windows XP with the recording program of your choice.AT2005USB9Preliminary setup with Windows Vista1. Plug the free end of the USB cable into the USB port on your computer. The microphone’s blue LED will illuminate, indicating the mic is receiving power. Your computer will automatically recognize the USB device and install a driver.2. In the lower right portion of your screen you may see a message that new hardware was found; or you may see a driver software installation notice.3. To select the AT2005USB as your default recording device, begin at your Start menu.Select Control Panel .4. Select (double-click) Sound .5. Select the Recording tab. Make sure that the AT2005USB microphone is set as the default recording device. (You should see a green check mark beside the USB microphone icon.)Your preferences are now set to use the AT2005USB with Windows Vista with the recording program of your choice.Preliminary setup with Windows 71.Plug the free end of the USB cable into the USB port on your computer. The microphone’s blueLED light will illuminate, indicating the mic is receiving power. Your computer will automatically recognize the USB device and install a driver.2.In the lower right portion of your screen you may get a message that new hardware was found;or you may see a driver software installation notice.3.Start menu > Control Panel > SoundTo select the AT2005USB as your default recording device, begin at your Start menu.Select Control Panel.104.Select Sound.5. The following screen will pop up:6. Select the Recording tab, and choose AT2005USB as the default device.7. Double click on the AT2005USB icon to open the Microphone Properties window. Select the levels tab to adjust microphone level (loudness). You may need to come back to this window to readjust the level after you begin recording.Preliminary setup with Windows 7(continued)Your preferences are now set to use the AT2005USB with Windows 7 with the recording program of your choice.MicrophoneAT2005USBDefault DeviceAdditional Information Using headphonesThe 1/8" (3.5 mm) headphone jack on the bottom of the microphone allows you to directly monitor your recording with a pair of headphones. When your preliminary setup is completed, and your USB microphone is connected to your computer’s USB port (the microphone’s blue LED is illuminated), plug your headphones into the headphone jack on the bottom of the microphone. While talking into the microphone, you should hear yourself in the headphones. Adjust the volume up or down by rotating the the Up/ Down dial on the bottom of the microphone. Note: The Up/ Down dial only adjusts the volume of the mic’s headphone output; it does not adjust the microphone level.Selecting softwareYou have many choices in recording software. Audacity, available for free online at/, is a widely used software program that provides basic recording software. Setting your software levelsCorrect adjustment of microphone level is important for optimum performance. Ideally, the microphone level should be as high as possible without overloading the input of your computer. If you hear distortion, or if your recording program shows levels that are consistently overloaded (at peak levels), turn the microphone volume (or level) down, either through your control panel (or system preferences) settings, or through your recording software. If your recording program shows insufficient level, you can increase the microphone gain either from the control panel (or system preferences) settings or through your recording program.No further microphone level adjustments should be needed, as long as the acoustic input does not change significantly.Positioning your microphoneIt is important to position the microphone directly in line (on axis) with the person speaking/singing or instrument (or other sound source) to achieve the best frequency response of the microphone.For use in speaking/singing applications, the ideal placement for the microphone is directly in front of the person speaking/singing. The same placement is optimal when miking an instrument such as an acoustic guitar, drums or piano. Experiment with different mic placements to find the best sound for your particular setup.XLR operationFor live-sound applications, connect the XLRF connector of the included XLR cable to the XLRM output on the bottom of the microphone; connect the cable’s XLRM connector to a standard XLRF microphone input on your mixer. Turn the microphone’s ON/OFF switch to the “ON” position. Set the microphone’s level by following the instructions included with your mixer. Note: The ON/OFF switch does not affect the LED.Protecting your microphoneTake care to keep foreign particles from entering the windscreen. An accumulation of iron or steel filings on the diaphragm, and/or foreign material in the windscreen’s mesh surface, can degrade performance.Element: DynamicPolar Pattern: CardioidFrequency Response: 50 – 15,000 HzPower Requirements: USB Power (5V DC)Bit Depth: 16 bitSample Rate: 44.1 kHz/48 kHzControls: On/off switch; headphone volume controlWeight: 266 g (9.4 oz)Dimensions: 183.6 mm (7.23") long, 51.0 mm (2.01") maximum body diameterOutput Connector: USB-type/XLR-typeHeadphone Output Power: 10 mW @ 16 ohmsHeadphone Jack: 3.5 mm TRS (stereo)Accessories Included: Stand clamp for 5/8"-27 threaded stands, tripod desk stand, 2 m (6.6') mini USB cable, 3 m (9.8') XLRF-type to XLRM-type cableSystem Requirements: Macintosh: MAC OS X; USB 1.0 or 2.0; 64 MB RAM (minimum) Windows: XP/Vista/Windows 7; USB 1.0 or 2.0; 64 MB RAM (minimum)†In the interest of standards development, A.T.U.S. offers full details on its test methods to other industry professionals on request.Specifications are subject to change without notice.AT2005USB Specifications †R e s p o n s e i n d B LEGEND 200 Hz 1 kHz 5 kHz 8 kHz SCALE IS 5 DECIBELS PER DIVISION240˚180˚210˚270˚300˚330˚0˚150˚120˚90˚30˚60˚Frequency ResponsePolar PatternAudio-Technica U.S., Inc.1221 Commerce Drive, Stow, Ohio 44224 USA +1 (330) 686-2600 ©2012 Audio-Technica U.S., Inc. P52364-01 To reduce the environmental impact of a multi-language printed document, product information is available online at in a selection of languages.Afin de réduire l’impact sur l’environnement de l’impression de plusieurs, les informations concernant les produits sont disponibles sur le site dans une large sélection de langue.Para reducir el impacto al medioambiente, y reducir la producción de documentos en varios leguajes, información de nuestros productos están disponibles en nuestra página del Internet: .AT2005USB。

frida overload参数contextFrida Overload Parameters Context: Exploring the Power of Dynamic InstrumentationIntroductionIn the world of dynamic instrumentation, Frida has gained immense popularity for its ability to intercept, monitor, and modify the behavior of a wide range of applications. One of the key features that makes Frida so powerful is its ability to overload parameters dynamically at runtime. This allows developers and security researchers to modify the behavior of an application without the need for source code changes. In this article, we will explore the concept of Frida overload parameters context in depth, and how it can be used to achieve various goals in the context of application security, reverse engineering, and software development.What is Frida?Frida is a dynamic instrumentation framework that allows developers to inject JavaScript into running processes on a variety of platforms including Windows, macOS, Linux, iOS, and Android. Frida provides a powerful set of APIs for interacting with the underlying native code of anapplication and supports a wide range of use cases, including but not limited to debugging, reverse engineering, and bypassing security controls.One of the key features of Frida is its ability to overload parameters at runtime, which allows developers to modify the behavior of an application on the fly. This feature is particularly useful when working with closed-source applications or when source code is not available for inspection. By dynamically modifying function parameters, developers can achieve a wide range of goals, including bypassing security checks, manipulating data flows, and identifying vulnerabilities.Understanding Frida Overload Parameters ContextFrida overload parameters context refers to the process of intercepting function calls in a running application and modifying the parameters passed to these functions. This is achieved by hooking into the target process and injecting JavaScript code that intercepts the relevant function calls and modifies the parameters before they are passed to the original function. This allows developers to influence the behavior of the application without making any permanent changes to the underlying code.When working with Frida overload parameters context, it's important to understand the underlying native code of the application and the specific function calls that need to be intercepted. This often requires a deep understanding of the application's architecture and the ability to analyze the behavior of the application in real-time. By leveraging Frida's powerful APIs, developers can gain unprecedented insight into the inner workings of the application and manipulate its behavior in ways that would be difficult or impossible using traditional static analysis techniques.Use Cases for Frida Overload Parameters ContextFrida overload parameters context can be used to achieve a wide range of goals in the context of application security, reverse engineering, and software development. Some of the common use cases for this technique include:1. Bypassing Security Controls: By intercepting function calls that perform security checks, developers can modify the parameters passed to these functions to bypass authentication mechanisms, authorization checks, and other security controls. This can be particularly useful whenanalyzing the security posture of an application or when testing the effectiveness of security controls.2. Manipulating Data Flows: By intercepting function calls that process or manipulate data, developers can modify the parameters passed to these functions to change the behavior of the application. This can be useful for testing edge cases, identifying vulnerabilities, or understanding the impact of different data inputs on the application's behavior.3. Reverse Engineering: Frida overload parameters context can be invaluable when reverse engineering closed-source applications or when working with proprietary protocols. By intercepting function calls and modifying parameters, developers can gain insight into the inner workings of the application and understand how it processes and handles data.4. Testing and Debugging: By dynamically modifying function parameters, developers can test different scenarios and edge cases without the need for code changes. This can be useful for debugging, testing, and validating the behavior of an application under different conditions.Best Practices for Frida Overload Parameters ContextWhen working with Frida overload parameters context, it's important to follow best practices to ensure a successful outcome. Some of the best practices for using this technique include:1. Understand the Application's Architecture: Before attempting to overload parameters, it's essential to have a deep understanding of the application's architecture and the specific function calls that need to be intercepted. This often requires a thorough analysis of the application's behavior and a solid understanding of the underlying native code.2. Use Dynamic Analysis Techniques: Frida overload parameters context is most effective when combined with dynamic analysis techniques such as runtime instrumentation, code hooking, and function interception. This allows developers to gain real-time insight into the behavior of the application and dynamically modify its parameters.3. Test in Controlled Environments: When experimenting with Frida overload parameters context, it's important to test in controlled environments to avoid unintended side effects. This can help developers understand the impact of their modifications and assess the potentialrisks of their changes.4. Document Your Work: It's essential to document the process of overloading parameters using Frida to ensure that others can reproduce your findings and understand the rationale behind your modifications. This can be particularly helpful when working in a team or when sharing your work with the community.ConclusionFrida overload parameters context is a powerful technique that allows developers and security researchers to dynamically modify the behavior of an application at runtime. By intercepting function calls and modifying parameters, developers can bypass security controls, manipulate data flows, reverse engineer closed-source applications, and test different scenarios without the need for code changes. This technique is particularly useful when working in the context of application security, reverse engineering, and software development, and can help developers gain unprecedented insight into the inner workings of the application. By following best practices and leveraging Frida's powerfulAPIs, developers can achieve a wide range of goals using overload parameters context.。

2024年4月山东英语自考二作文The year 2024 marked a significant milestone for the Shandong province in China as it witnessed the implementation of a new and innovative approach to the English self-examination process. This examination, designed to assess the English proficiency of individuals, had long been a crucial component of the educational system in the region. However, the introduction of the 2024 Shandong English Self-examination Essay 2 ushered in a transformative era, redefining the way in which candidates were evaluated and empowering them to showcase their linguistic abilities in a more comprehensive manner.The decision to revamp the English self-examination process was driven by the growing recognition that traditional testing methods often fell short in capturing the multifaceted nature of language proficiency. The previous format, which primarily focused on discrete grammar and vocabulary knowledge, was perceived as limited in its ability to gauge an individual's true communicative competence. The 2024 Shandong English Self-examination Essay 2 aimed to address this shortcoming by placing greater emphasis on the practicalapplication of English in real-world scenarios.One of the key features of the new examination was the introduction of a comprehensive essay writing component. Candidates were required to compose a well-structured, coherent, and substantive essay on a given topic, demonstrating their ability to organize their thoughts, articulate their ideas, and effectively communicate in written English. This shift from a purely objective-based assessment to a more holistic evaluation allowed examiners to gain deeper insights into the candidates' language skills, critical thinking abilities, and overall command of the English language.The essay prompt for the 2024 Shandong English Self-examination Essay 2 was designed to challenge the candidates and encourage them to engage with relevant and thought-provoking subject matter. The topic required them to delve into the potential impact of technological advancements on the future of education in the province. Candidates were expected to analyze the various ways in which emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and online learning platforms, could reshape the educational landscape in Shandong.In their essays, the candidates were required to demonstrate a thorough understanding of the topic and provide well-reasoned arguments supported by relevant examples and evidence. They wereencouraged to explore the potential benefits and drawbacks of technological integration in education, considering factors such as accessibility, personalized learning experiences, and the role of human interaction in the learning process.The evaluation of the essays was carried out by a panel of experienced and highly qualified English language experts, who assessed the submissions based on a comprehensive set of criteria. These criteria included the coherence and organization of the essay, the depth and quality of the content, the use of appropriate vocabulary and grammar, and the overall effectiveness of the communication.The introduction of the 2024 Shandong English Self-examination Essay 2 had a profound impact on the way candidates prepared for and approached the examination. Rather than solely focusing on memorizing grammatical rules and vocabulary lists, candidates were now required to develop a more holistic understanding of the English language, including its practical applications in various contexts.This shift in the examination format also prompted educational institutions and language training providers in the Shandong province to revise their curricula and teaching methodologies. Greater emphasis was placed on developing students' writing skills,critical thinking abilities, and the capacity to articulate their ideas effectively in English. Classroom activities and assignments were designed to simulate real-world scenarios, encouraging students to engage in meaningful discussions, debates, and collaborative projects.The success of the 2024 Shandong English Self-examination Essay 2 was evident in the marked improvement in the overall English proficiency of the candidates. The essays submitted showcased a deeper understanding of the topic, a more nuanced approach to analysis, and a greater mastery of the English language. This, in turn, had a positive ripple effect on the educational landscape, as the enhanced language skills of the candidates translated into better academic and professional opportunities.Moreover, the 2024 Shandong English Self-examination Essay 2 served as a catalyst for greater collaboration and exchange between educational institutions, language experts, and policymakers within the province. Ongoing discussions and research initiatives explored ways to further refine the examination process, incorporating feedback from stakeholders and incorporating the latest developments in language assessment methodologies.In conclusion, the 2024 Shandong English Self-examination Essay 2 represented a significant milestone in the evolution of Englishlanguage assessment in the province. By shifting the focus from traditional testing methods to a more comprehensive and practical evaluation of language skills, the examination empowered candidates to showcase their true linguistic abilities and paved the way for a more dynamic and responsive educational system. The success of this initiative has not only had a profound impact on the individuals who participated but has also inspired other regions in China to adopt similar approaches, furthering the advancement of English language education throughout the country.。

Road Damaging Effects of Dynamic Axle LoadsABSTRACTA number of criteria and associated statistical analysis procedures are proposed for relating the dynamic wheel forces generated by heavy vehicles to road surface damage. The criteria are evaluated in the time domain and therefore r equire time histories of the dynamic forces generated by all axles of a vehicle. Also required for some of the criteria is the calculation of transient stresses and strains in road structure during the passage of a vehicle. A method for performing this calculation is described. The criteria may be used for evaluating the road damaging effects of simulated or measured wheel forces. In this paper, wheel forces generated by the linked tandem axles of a semitrailer are Simulated and an examination is made of the effects of vehicle speed and road roughnesson road damage.The results indicate that for vehicles operating on stationary random road surfaces typical of highways, road surface damage generally increases steadily with speed. Furthermore, there exist certain speeds at which pitch coupling between axles results in a Significant increase in the damage incurred at particular points along the road. For the vehicle examined in this study. the coupling is provided by lightly damped pitching of the load levelling arrangement and the "critical" speeds are found to be approximately 9 m/s and 27 m/s .On smooth roads at high speeds, the increase in dynamic wheel loads with speed is outweighed by the decrease in road surface response. The net effect is a reduction in fatigue damage for speeds greater than 30 m/s.It is concluded that the dynamic component of wheel forces may reduce significantly the service lives of road surfaces which are prone to fatigue failure. In particular the damage done to approximately five percent of the road surface area during the passage ofa vehicle at typical highway speeds may be increased by as much as a factor of four.1. INTRODUCTIONIn recent years, considerable research effort has been concentrated on the measurement and prediction of dynamic wheel l oads. An equivalent effort has been concentrated on static analysis of road structures and their failure mechanisms. Very few investigators have examined the relationships between dynamic wheel loads of heavy vehicles and road surface deterioration. T h e primary aim of dynamic road loading legis l ation is minimisation of road surface damage so it is essential that these relationships be understo o d. Only then can road-damage-related vehicle suspension design controls be introduc e d.The aims of this article are to establish some road damage criteria and statistical analysis methods suitable for investigating these relationships and to perform a preliminary examination of the road damaging effects of the tyre forces generated by a simple representative semi-trailer vehicle model.2. CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF ROAD DAMAGE DUE TO DYNAMIC AXLE LOADS2.1 DYNAMIC FORCE CRITERIA USED BY PREVIOUS WORKERSThere is no apparent consensus of opinion in the literature regarding the most appropriate criteria for evaluating the road damaging effects of dynamic tyre forces. Manycharacteristics of these forces have been measured or calculated in previous studies (see (I) for a more detailed discussion of this literature):(1) Transfer functions between road roughness and tyre forces (2-5)(il) Spectral denSities (5-12)(ill) RMS values (o f ~n normalised by static axle loads) (5-10,12-15)(Iv) Fourth power weighted RMS values (6,10,14,15)(v) Transient values (due to discrete surface ir regularities) (3,4.11 ,16-20)(vi) Probability distributions {5.S,lO, 11,13.20)(vii} Percentage of road subjected to forces lying in given intervals (20)(,,'ill} Dynamic load sharing between linked axles (6,10.14)Ux) Longitudinal contact forces (2,11)(x) Ground motion near to road {due to surface waves) (17,19)(xi} Vertical subgrade pressure below a discrete surface irregularity (21).Very few workers have considered the relationships between fluctuating wheel loads and road surface damage. One notable exception is Savage (22) who postulated that cracking at the "downstream" end of concrete pavement slabs (near joints) is due to transient tensile stresses caused by the sudden release of load as an axle passes onto the next slab. The most important recent contribution was made by Sweatman UO.14) who used a hub-mounted wheel force transducer to measure the dynamic loads generated by one wheel on each of9 different (Australian) commercial vehicles. Tests were performed for a range of speeds. tyre pressures and road surfaces. Assuming that the wheel forces followed a Gaussian distribution and using the "fourth power law" 1 for road damage, he calculated the "road stress factor':244(163)s KP s s Φ=++ s =Dynamic load coefficient =/Ps σσ=Standard deviation of wheel loadPs =Mean axle loadK = ConstantSweatman defined the dynamic road stress factor by 4/s KP υ=Φand suggested that this factor should account for the damaging effects of the dynamic component of the wheel loads. For typical highway conditions of roughness and speed, this factor was found to vary between1.11 and 1.46, depending on the suspension system (10).Recognising the importance of the relatively few, very large wheel forces. Sweatrnan also calculated the stress factor associated with the 95th percentile forces:495(1 1.645)s Φ=+This factor was found to vary between 2.21 and 4.37 for the highway operating conditions of his experiment.Sweatman also examined the average dynamic load sharing between axles:LSc = Load Sharing Coefficient :2/nz Mg =n = number of axles in groupz= mean wheel forceMg = total axle group static load.Up to 21 % deviation from perfect load sharing (LSC=O.79) was displayed by one tandem suspension system but most suspensions deviated by less than 10%.Ervin et al (6) performed similar tests in the USA and obtained qualitative agreement with Sweatman's results .Two important factors have been overlooked by these studies:(1) The "fourth power law" used in Sweatman's analysis (l0,14) was developed on the basisof the static axle weights of the vehicles in the AASHO test (23). It refers to global deterioration of the road surface rather than local failure and so it cannot Simply be extended to the evaluation of dynamic wheel forces. Also the general validity of the "fourth power law" is questionable; this is discussed ID detail in (1).(2) Dynamic forces are applied to the road surface by all wheels of a vehicle. A point on the road surface along a wheel path will experience an impulse due to each passing wheel and the total damage done by the vehicle at that point will depend on the accumulated damage due to each wheel load. The peak loads (which inflict most damage) will result from specific road roughness features and therefore will occur repeatedly in the same general locations on the pavement (in the vicinity of the roughness feature) (6). It may be expected that road surface degradation caused by wheel loads would start at these locations. It is necessary therefore to examine the damage incurred at specific points along the road and it is of doubtful benefit to examine wheel force statistics such as peak or RMS values of a Single axle, or the average dynamic load sharing between axles.There is clearly a need for some criteria which relate dynamic forces to damage at particular points along the road surface. These criteria should take into consideration the mechanisms of failure of typical road structures.2.2 FAILURE MECHANISMS OF ROAD STRUCTURESRoad structures may be classified as flexible. composite or rigid. A flexible pavement consists of one or more layers of flexible (bituminous) material supported by a granular subgrade. Composite pavements consist of a flexible surface layer sup ported by a stiff (concrete) base and rigid road surfaces consist of a layer of concrete on a granular foundation. Rigid pavements may be further c lassified according to their arrangement of steel reinforcement and joints.Each of these road types has a number of charac teristic failure mechanisms. According to Rauhut, Roberts and Kennedy (24,25). the most important of these are:(i) Fatigue cracking for all types of pavements(ill Permanent deformation (longitudinal rutting) for flexible and composite pavements (ill) Reduced skid resistance for flexible and composite pavements(Iv) Low temperature cracking for flexible pave ments(VI Reflection cracking for composite pavements(vi) Faulting, spalling, low temperature and shrinkage cracking, blow ups. Punchouts and steel rupture for rigid pavements. depending on their structural category.Each failure mechanism is affected by many factors including the roadway design andconstruction methods. the material properties of each constituent layer (these are generally discontinuous, nonlinear and anisotropic). the traffic loading and the environmental conditions throughout the service life (25).2.3 FAILURE CRITERIA FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT ANALYSISCurrent practice in many countries is to design flexible road structures for resistance to failure by fatigue and rutting {26). Elastic or viscoelastic layer theory or finite element methods are used to calculate stresses and strains in the road due to a static, standard wheel load (usually 40kN). The "fourth power law" is used frequently to estimatethe expected number of standard wheel loads (in mixed traffic) durl.ng the service life. Experimental fatigue and permanent deformation characteristics of the road materials (27) are used in conjunction with one or more of the following design criteria to determine pavement layer thicknesses.(iJ Rutting: Subgrade compressive stress or strain. vertical surface deflection(ti} Fatigue: Horizontal tensile stress or strain2 , volumetric strain., shear strain and shear stress.Although considerable research effort has been concentrated on prediction of pavement failure. agreement between theory and experiment is often unsatisfactory. There are numerous complicating factors including "healing" of bituminous materials in rest periods between load pulses (28.29), the distribution of wheel paths across the road (26.28)' extreme sensitivity of material properties to climatic conditions particularly temperature [26-28,30-32). inaccuracy of the "fourth power law", inadequacies of pavement structural models and the variable nature of the applied loads. Thrower (28) summarised thedif ficulties:'The conventional methods adopted to assess the risk of fatigue failure inflexible pavements are unsatisfactory in many respects; they are conceptually vague, the laboratory experimen tal data are inadequate to define an ap propriate criterion uniquely. and the mechanism of pavement fatigue failure postu lated is not adequately supported by road experience in Britain. In their basic form, the models generally yield. gross underestimates of the fatigue life of typical pavements .... "It is in this context of uncertain roadway design practice that criteria for evaluating dynamic wheel loads must be established.2.4 FOUR ROAD-DAMAGE-REJ..A.TED CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING DYNAMIC WHEEL LOADSIn order to quantify the effects of fluctuating wheel loads on pavement deterioration it is necessary to examine the accumulated damage due to all axles of a passing vehicle at specif1c points on the road surface. Loss of serviceability will be governed by a small proportion of locations at which large damage occurs.The procedure adopted in this study was to divide the road surface along each wheel path into a number of equal segments. The segments were sufficiently short to enable the resolution of peak forces at the highest frequency of interest. The accumulated damage at each station due to the passage of a vehicle was calculated by one of criteria described below.2.4.1. Aggregate Force CriterionLet the force applied by wheel j to station k on the road surface be Pjk. The AggregateForce at station k (Fk) is defined by1Naj Fk Pjk ==∑ k=1,2,3,….Na Na =umber of axlesNs =otal number of stations along wheel path.We expect {F'k} to be a Gaussian random variable, since the individual axle loads are Gaussian In practice (10,12). {Fk} should have a mean value equal to the gross vehicle weight and a variance dependent on the dynamics and speed of the vehicle, the coupling and spacing of its axles and the road roughness.2.4.2 Fatigue Weighted Stress CriterionAs a first approximation, we assume that the maximum damaging stress in the flexible surface layer of a road structure is proportional to the average compressive stress in the tyre contact area. Stress-related fatigue characteristics have been measured, underconditions of fluctuating force, for bituminous materials (33) and cement treated materials(34). Exponential relations of the form11i n N k σ-=have been reported (1k and 1n are mixed constants, i σ = stress amplitude, N = cycles to failure). III takes values between 2.5 and 8.1 for asphalts (33).Using Miner's hypothesis for the accumulation of fatigue damage (27-29), we may estimate a quan tity related to the proportion of the total fatigue life used at station k due to the passage of the vehicle:A point on the road is considered to have reached the end of its useful life when Lk reaches 100%.Typical values of 1k and 1n were obtained from (33} for bituminous concrete with 5.7%(by mass) asphalt binder.will be a random variable, however the ex ponential form of the fatigue relation (2}willresult in a skewed probability distribution which will no longer be Gaussian,The criteria discussed in the two preceding paragraphs grossly oversimplify the relationship between the applied loads and damage to the road structure. Using the method described in Section 3 it is possible to calculate the transient stresses, strains and deflections at a point in the road structure as a vehicle passes by. This method may be used to evaluate the stresses and strains needed for the more realistic road damage criteria described in the next two paragraphs.2.4.3 Tensile Strain Fatigue CriterionThe most popular criterion (cited in the road damage literature) for estimating the fatigue life of flexible pavements is the tensile strain at the bottom of the asphalt surface layer. Relations between the amplitude of applied tensile strain (et) and number of cycles to failure (N) of asphalt laboratory specimens have been shown to take the form (26-29,33,35)2k and 2n are mix constants 2n may vary between 1.9 and 5.5 (27.33,35) The mix parameters used in this study correspond to a typical UK rolled asphalt wearing course with 7.9% binder (by mass) (27).Followi.ng the same approach as in Section 2.4.2, we may estimate the proportion of the total fatigue life used at station k (lek) as a result of the strain history caused by the passing vehicle. In this case, however, the "bow wave" and "wake" which accompany a moving load on the road surface (6.15,30,32.36) result in three positive tensile strain peaks (i=1.2,3) associated with each wheel.where ijk N is given by (4) and et is calculated from a theoretical roadway model.2.4.4 Permanent Deformation CriterionAssuming that permanent deformation of the road surface is related to the magnitude of the applied loads we might anticipate some variation in rut depth along a road due to fluctuating wheel forces. In the calculations used in this study the subgrade compressive stress history O'ek at stations along the road was used to estimate the local increase in permanent deformation due to the passage of a vehicle.Majidzadch et al {37} showed that the permanent strain (ep) of asphalt specimens after N cycles may be estimated (for a wide range of asphalt mixes) from the applied stress (CJc) and the effective modulus (E") according toPeatiie (26) and Van de Loo (38) used ns = 1 thereby assuming that permanent strain isproportional to the average strain in the asphalt layer. The permanent deformation at station k on a layer of thickness d due to a single stress pulse of magnitude (J ejk may be estimated fromThe total increase in permanent deformation 1 at station k may be calculated according to2.5 STATISTICAL ANALYSISIn the previous section. it was noted that peak wheel forces and hence most roadway deterioration may be expected to occur in the vicinity of specific road roughness features. We may postulate that the road surface would become u:nserviceable when a small proportion of its total surface area (say 1% to 5%) became seriously damaged. The damage incurred at this small proportion of points during the passage of a particular vehicle may be determined from the cumulative probability density function of the road damage measure of interest. For example, 5% of the surface area of the road (along the wheel tracks) is subjected to aggregate force levels greater than the 95th percentile aggregate force.4. SIMULATION OF DYNAMIC AXLE LOADS4.1 VEHICLE MODELIt was desired to simulate, as realistically as possible in the time domain, dynamic wheel forces suitable for analysis using the road damage criteria discussed previously. In view of the importance of assumptions regarding suspension spring characteristics (1,12) it was considered necessary to use nonlinear models .A six-degrees-of-freedom two dimensional math ematical model of a linked tandem-axle semitrailer was developed (see Figure 5). Important features of the model are:Types:(i) Linear springs in parallel with light viscous dampers(it} Simple contact patch averaging for envelop ment of short wavelength road roughness (ill) Departure of wheels from the road surfaceSuspension(i) Four-leaf suspension system with nonlinear leaf spring elements connected by a "mass less" load leveller(it) Frictionless load leveller pivot(ill) Sprung mass modeled by a rigid 11 tonne mass (1/2 vehicle only)The equations of motion and numerical data for the vehicle model are provided in (l). The equations of motion were solved in the time domain by numerical integration according to the validated methods described in (1.52).4.2 ROAD SURFACE ROUGHNESSInputs to the vehicle model were the profiles of two typical random roads and a 12 mm step. The random road profiles had "good" and "very good" roughness spectral densities according to the two-index classification in (53). These will be known hereafter as profiles 1 and 2 respectively.The one-dimensional inverse FFT method described in (1,54) was used to generate station ary. Gaussian random sequences with the desired spectral densities.4.3 NATURAL MODES OF THE LINEARISED VEHICLE MODELPrior to the nonlinear time domain study, the mathematical vehicle model was linearised by replacing the nonlinear suspension and lyre elements with equivalent linear springs and dashpots (1,52).The method described in (1) was used to determine the natural frequencies, damping ratios and mode shapes. Table 1 describes the natural modes in the frequency range affecting the tyre forces. Two of the important mode shapes are sketched in Fig ure 6.5. SAMPLE RESULTSTime histories of the lyre forces generated by the trailer suspension model were calculated at a number of speeds (between 5 ml sand 40 ml s) on the three road profiles described in section 4.2. Each of the four criteria was used to evaluate the road damage at equally spaced stations along the wheel path. The station spacing was L'1x: = V 1100 m for the random profile tests and J:x = V /300 m for the step inputs (V = vehicle speed ml s).5.1 AGGREGATE FORCE CRITERIONThe aggregate forces {F'k} were calculated according to (1). The distribution of these forces for the vehicle traversing road profile No. 1 at a speed of 30 m/ s is shown in Figure 7(a}. The theoretical Gaussian ''bell-shaped'' curve with the same mean and standard deviation as the measured data is also shown. The aggregate forces match the nor mal distribution accurately. This is confirmed by the probability paper plot (Figure 7(b)) where the experimental results closely follow the theoretical straight line for Gaussian data.In accordance with section 2.5 the cumulative probability distribution was used to calculateth e 95th. 98th and 99th percentile aggregate force levels as a function of vehicle speed （Figure 8), Small peaks in each curve can be seen at speeds of 9 m/sand 27 m/ s. At these speeds, both unspring masses reach maximum force levels ID their 9.8 Hz antiphase bounce cycle (see Table l) at the same locations on the road surface I, In Figure 9. the aggregate forces for all three road profiles (Profiles 1 and 2. and 12 mm step) have been normalised by the gross vehicle weight. For the random profiles the 95th. 98th and 99th percentile aggregate forces are plotted. whereas for the step input tests, the largest peak value is plotted since it is considerably greater than the second largest peak (see Figure 10).Within the range of highway speeds some points along the road may be subjected to aggregate forces up to 50% greater than the gross vehicle weight, depending on the roughness of the surface and the speed of the vehicles.The peak values for the step response tests do not occur at the same speeds as for the random tests. This may be attributed to two factors:(i) The dynamic response of the vehicle largely depends on the time interval between each tyre encountering the step. At some speeds the vehicle response will "tune in" to thefrequency associated with this time interval(il) The aggregate force at a point depends on each axle load that passes by. As a result,the maximum aggregate force will not necessarily occur at the same location as the maximum force generated by either axle, especially in transient input tests.For this vehicle the combined effects of these factors results in the maximum aggregate force occurring approximately 1.5 m downstream of the step for speeds less than 22.5 m/s and on the edge of the step for V ~ 22.5 m/s (Figures 9 and 10). Other factors that complicate the prediction of "critical" speeds in the step response tests are the damping and nonlinearity of the tyres and the nonlinearity of the leaf springs.5.2 FATIGUE WEIGHTED STRESS CRITERIONThe fatigue weighted stress criterion [section 2,4.2) was used to determine the proportion of the service me used at the same points along the road as discussed in the previous paragraph, The dis tribution of fatigue life usage for the vehicle travell ing on road profile 1 at 30 m/ S is shown in Figure 1 L The fatigue law (2) skews the distribution so that it is no longer Gaussian,Figure 12 shows the upper percentile levels of fatigue life use for tests on the two random. Road profiles and the largest peak value for the step response tests. In this graph, the computed fatigue life usage has been normalised by the fatigue damage (life usage) incurred at a point during the passage of a slowly moving (non -dynamic) vehicle.Depending on the percentage of the road surface area considered in the analysis (the percentile level). The ratio of "dynamic" to "non-dynamic" fatigue damage may be in the range of 2-7 for normal highway conditions of speed and roughness. In other words, if (3} was a realistic damage criterion, a road designed with (3) using the static axle loads may be expected to fall in 1/2 - 1/7 of its design life, depending on the surface roughness and traffic conditions 1 •5.3 TENSILE STRAIN FATIGUE CRITERIONThe maximum tensile strain in the roadway beam model was calculated at stations spaced at 150 mm. intervals along the road, using the methods described in section 3. Strain time histories at each station along the road were determined (Fig ure 13), and (5) was used toc alculate the damage accumulation at each station. The probability distribution of this quantity is shown in Figure 14. Note the skewing of the distribution simi1ar to that for the fatigue weighted stress criterion (Figure 9). The upper percentile levels (random profile tests) and largest peak values (step Input tests) of the fatigue life usage have been normalised by the "non-dynamic" fatigue damage and plotted in Figure 15. This figure is similar to Figure 12 except that the accumulated damage levels decrease for speeds above 25 m! s (random profile tests].This is the result of two conflicting factors:(i) The dynamic force levels increase with speed in this frequency range (see Figure 9).(il) The deflections of the road beam (and hence longitudinal strains) decrease with the speed of the load (see Figure 16). This phenomenon is known as the "speed effect" (23,49,55) and is discussed in more detail in (l).In this example, factor (tl) outweighs (1) and the net road damage accumulation decreases slightly With vehicle speed above 25 m/ s. This is not the case for the step input tests where the dynamic force increase outweighs the effect of the road model response.Typical values of the ratio of dynamic to "non-dynamic" fatigue life use vary between 2 and 7 for typical conditions of highway roughness and speed.5.4 PERMANENT DEFORMATION CRITERION'The direct stress in the subgrade was calculated using the procedure described in section 3. The incremental permanent deformation was calcu1ated at stations along the road using (8}. The probability distribution is shown in Figure 17(a) and probability paper plot is shown m Figure 17(b) (30 m/s, Profile No. 1). The distribution is approximately Gaussian since the exponent in (7) is lose to unity. The upper percentile levels (random tests) and largest peak values (step response tests) are sh o wn in Figure 18. The values have been normalised by the"non-dynamic" permanent deformation. The results are similar to those obtained from the aggregate force calculation (Fig ure S} except for the increasing gradient at speeds greater than 25 rn! s. This can be attributed to the speed and frequency de p endence of the subgrade stress. The ordinates of Figure 18 are similar t o those of Figure 9 since in (7}. As a result, the permanent deformation at a point is closely related to the aggregate force.Typical v alues of the dynamic permanent deformation are up to 60% greater than the "non-dynamic" values for typical cond i tions of highway roughness and speed.。

富春山居图介绍英语作文"The Splendid Landscape of the West Lake: An Introduction to the 'Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains'"The "Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains" is a masterpiece of Chinese landscape painting, attributed to the Yuan Dynasty artist Huang Gongwang. Created in the 14th century, it is revered as one of the greatest works in the history of Chinese art. This monumental scroll painting measures over 25 feet in length and is renowned for its intricate detail, poetic composition, and evocative depiction of the natural world.The painting captures a panoramic view of the Fuchun Mountains in present-day Zhejiang Province, China. Huang Gongwang skillfully portrays the rugged terrain, winding rivers, lush forests, and towering peaks of the region. Through meticulous brushwork and subtle ink washes, he conveys a sense of harmony between humanity and nature, a central theme in traditional Chinese landscape painting.At the forefront of the composition, a tranquil river meanders through the landscape, reflecting the surrounding mountains and trees. Small boats and figures dot the riverbank, adding a sense of scale and human presence to the scene. As the viewer's gaze moves upward, the towering peaks of the Fuchun Mountains dominate the horizon, shrouded in mist and imbued with a sense of timeless grandeur.One of the most striking features of the painting is its dynamic composition, which guides the viewer's eye along a journey through the landscape. Huang Gongwang employs a series of diagonal lines and subtle shifts in perspective to create a sense of depth and movement within the scene. From the foreground to the background, each element of the landscape is carefully rendered, inviting the viewer to explore every corner of the painting.Beyond its aesthetic beauty, the "Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains" also carries profound cultural and philosophical significance. It reflects the Daoist beliefin the interconnectedness of all things and the importance of living in harmony with the natural world. Through his meticulous observation of the landscape, Huang Gongwang captures the essence of the Fuchun Mountains, immortalizing them on silk for future generations to admire.In conclusion, the "Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains" stands as a testament to the enduring power of Chinese landscape painting. Through its meticulous craftsmanship and profound philosophical insight, it continues to inspire and captivate viewers centuries after its creation. As a masterpiece of Chinese art, it reminds us of the timeless beauty and wisdom to be found in the natural world.。

文章标题：Exploring the Three Rivers Red, Round, and Green Oasis Dynamic Experience Park1. IntroductionIn recent years, the Three Rivers Red, Round, and Green Oasis Dynamic Experience Park has gained increasing attention and popularity. As a unique and innovative concept, this park offers visitors a one-of-a-kind experience that combines nature, technology, and culture. In this article, we will explore the various attractions and experiences that the park has to offer, and delve deeper into the significance and impact of this dynamic experience.2. Understanding Three Rivers Red, Round, and GreenThe Three Rivers Red, Round, and Green Oasis Dynamic Experience Park is a fusion of traditional Chinese culture and modern recreational activities. The concept of "Three Rivers" symbolizes the convergence of the Yangtze River, Yellow River, and Lijiang River, representing the unity and harmony of nature. The "Red, Round, and Green" elements highlight the cultural significance of traditional Chinese symbolism, with "Red" symbolizing good fortune and joy, "Round" representing completeness and unity, and "Green" signifying vitality andharmony.3. Exploring the Park's AttractionsAs visitors enter the Three Rivers Red, Round, and Green Oasis Dynamic Experience Park, they are welcomed by a majestic display of traditional Chinese architecture, intricate gardens, and immersive technology-driven exhibits. The park features interactive installations, dynamic performances, cultural workshops, and recreational facilities that cater to visitors of all ages and interests. One of the highlights is the "Red, Round, and Green" themed gardens, which showcase the beauty of traditional Chinese landscaping and design.4. The Significance of the Dynamic ExperienceThe dynamic experience offered by the Three Rivers Red, Round, and Green Oasis Park goes beyond mere entertainment. It serves as a platform for cultural exchange, environmental awareness, and technological innovation. By immersing visitors in interactive exhibits and engaging activities, the park aims to educate and inspire a deeper appreciation for Chinese culture, natural conservation, and creative expression. Through hands-on experiences, visitors can gain a better understanding of the interconnectedness of ecology, tradition, and modernity.5. Personal ReflectionsAs a writer and visitor to the Three Rivers Red, Round, and Green Oasis Dynamic Experience Park, I was captivated by the seamless integration of tradition and innovation. The immersive environment allowed me to rediscover the beauty of traditional Chinese symbolism and craftsmanship, while also encouraging me to reflect on the importance of preserving our natural heritage. The park's emphasis on interactive learning and cross-cultural engagement left a lasting impression on me, and I believe it holds great potential in shaping the future of experiential tourism.6. ConclusionThe Three Rivers Red, Round, and Green Oasis Dynamic Experience Park stands as a testament to the evolving landscape of cultural attractions. By embracing the past, present, and future, the park offers a multifaceted experience that transcends conventional entertainment. Through this exploration, we have gained a deeper understanding of the significance and impact of the park, and its role in shaping the narrative of experiential tourism. As we continue to seek new avenues for cultural exchange and creative expression, the Three Rivers Red, Round,and Green Oasis Dynamic Experience Park serves as a beacon of inspiration and innovation.在我的文章中，我深入探讨了三汇红圜绿洲实景动态体验园的各个方面，从其概念的涵义到具体的景点和体验，同时结合了个人观点和个人经历，以确保文章深度与广度兼具。

Linguistic Features of Advertising EnglishAbstractAs a way of propagating and transmitting information, advertising's role con not be underestimated because it is not only an artful technique in persuading people to buy, but also gradually has become a must for social communication which in turn influences the development of society and economy.The advertising guru Raymond Rub cam once said: “The best indicator of a superior advertisement is that it can not only make the audience eager to buy its products, but also make the audience and the advertising industry remember it as an admirable masterpiece for a long time.” The advertising language can be said to be formed by the integrated influences of linguistics, psychology, economics, marketing, sociology, even aesthetics and so on. Therefore, it has a wide range of research value.The advertising is a very important way to express information to the public. It can not only help people to understand some knowledge of the products, but also attract people's greater desire to buy the products, improve the tradeand leave a beautiful impression on the people. So it has its obvious characteristics in these functions.The purpose of the present thesis is to study the linguistic features of advertising English, in the hope to help copywriters on their composing and translating work.In real life, we can not only improve our own English level, but also learn about the modern advertising theory through the study on the linguistic features of advertising English.The present thesis mainly expounds on the linguistic features of advertising English from four aspects, that is, the lexical characteristics, syntactic characteristics, rhetorical characteristics and stylistic characteristics.Keywords: Advertising, Advertising English, Linguistic Features广告英语的语言特点摘要作为一种宣传和传播信息的方式，广告的作用不容轻忽，因为它不仅是一种说服顾客进行消费的技术，而且它已慢慢成为社会交流的必需手腕之一，反过来阻碍社会和经济的进展。

形容简介的句子英文翻译精选206句形容简介的句子英文翻译精选70句1. Next, write down three adjectives that describe you. 接下来，写下三个形容你的形容词。

2. (英)阿米娅布尔短语amiable position友好仲裁; 衡平仲裁; 友好调解amiable positeur 友好调解人So Amiable做到和蔼可亲3. Then one day, a young woman (Yeo Min-jeong) introduces herself as the 'manner teacher'. 然后有一天，一名年轻女子（Yeo Min-贞）介绍了自己作为'方式老师'。

4. Nabil: First off can you start off by telling me more about yourself and what you do 奈比尔：你可不可以首先介绍一下自己以及你的工作？5. There’s only one word for him—despot. 只有一个词能用来形容他：暴君。

6. minutes to water the flowers every morning. 斜杠表明有时是for,有时是of.当形容词词能修饰人，用of, 反之用for. 如7. I belive that if you try your best, everything can be done well.（我相信每件事付出努力就会有害结果）8. My name is An Xiaoya, from Zhangjiajie, my hobby is surfing the …自我介绍英文《翻译》我的名字叫安小娅、来自张家界，我的爱好是上网，我家…9. Perhaps someone thinks it's difficult to study well .（也许有些人认为这很难学）10. No one, not even those prejudiced and unfriendly, would dare to use such a term to describe the Chinese people now. 现在，即使那些有偏见不友好的人也不敢用这样的词句来形容中国人。

向我们介绍英语作文As an AI language model, I am happy to introduce the essential features of English composition.Firstly, a good English composition should have a clear and concise topic sentence that summarizes the main idea of the essay. It should also have an introduction, body, and conclusion. The introduction should provide background information and context for the topic, while the body should present evidence and arguments to support the thesis statement. The conclusion should summarize the key points and provide a final thought on the topic.Secondly, a good English composition should be well-organized and coherent. The writer should use transitional words and phrases to connect ideas and ensure that the essay flows logically from one paragraph to the next. The writer should also use topic sentences and supporting details to develop each paragraph and make sure that each paragraph relates to the thesis statement.Thirdly, a good English composition should have a clear and concise writing style. The writer should use simple and direct language to convey their ideas and avoid using overly complex sentences or jargon. The writer should also use active voice and avoid passive voice to make their writing more engaging and dynamic.Lastly, a good English composition should be free of grammatical errors, spelling mistakes, and punctuation errors. The writer should proofread their work carefully and use grammar and spell-check tools to ensure that their writing is error-free.In summary, a good English composition should have a clear and concise thesis statement, be well-organized and coherent, have a clear and concise writing style, and be free of grammatical errors, spelling mistakes, and punctuation errors. By following these guidelines, writers can produce effective and engaging English compositionsthat convey their ideas clearly and effectively.。

箱包行业开发信范文英文The luggage industry has been a dynamic and ever-evolving sector, constantly adapting to the changing needs and preferences of consumers. As a key player in this industry, our company has recognized the importance of staying ahead of the curve and delivering innovative products that cater to the diverse requirements of our customers. In this development letter, we aim to outline our strategic vision and the exciting new initiatives we have planned to further strengthen our position in the market.Firstly, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our latest collection of high-quality luggage and travel accessories. Designed with meticulous attention to detail and a deep understanding of the modern traveler's needs, these products are a testament to our commitment to excellence. Crafted from the finest materials and incorporating the latest advancements in design and technology, our new collection promises to redefine the standards of the industry.One of the standout features of this collection is the introduction of our innovative "Smart Luggage" line. These cutting-edge pieces ofluggage are equipped with a range of intelligent features that cater to the needs of the tech-savvy traveler. From built-in GPS tracking systems and remote locking capabilities to wireless charging stations and integrated digital displays, our Smart Luggage collection offers a seamless and hassle-free travel experience.In addition to our technological advancements, we have also placed a strong emphasis on sustainability and environmental responsibility. Our new line of eco-friendly luggage options, crafted from recycled and biodegradable materials, reflects our dedication to reducing our carbon footprint and promoting a more sustainable future. These products not only meet the growing demand for environmentally conscious travel solutions but also demonstrate our commitment to being a responsible corporate citizen.Furthermore, we have recognized the importance of catering to the diverse needs of our global customer base. To this end, we have expanded our product range to include a wider variety of designs, sizes, and color options, ensuring that our customers can find the perfect luggage solution to suit their individual preferences and travel requirements. From sleek and sophisticated business-oriented bags to vibrant and playful designs for the adventurous traveler, our collection offers something for everyone.Alongside our product innovations, we have also placed a strongemphasis on enhancing the overall customer experience. We have invested in state-of-the-art retail spaces that provide a seamless and immersive shopping experience, allowing our customers to interact with our products and explore their features in a personalized and engaging environment. Additionally, we have streamlined our online ordering and delivery processes, ensuring that our customers can enjoy a hassle-free and convenient shopping experience from the comfort of their homes.In the realm of customer service, we have made significant strides in improving our responsiveness and personalized support. Our dedicated team of customer service professionals is committed to addressing the needs and concerns of our customers promptly and effectively, ensuring that they receive the highest level of care and attention throughout their journey with our brand.Looking ahead, we are excited to unveil our strategic plans for the future. As the luggage industry continues to evolve, we are committed to staying at the forefront of innovation and anticipating the changing needs of our customers. To this end, we have allocated substantial resources towards research and development, focusing on the exploration of new materials, design concepts, and technological advancements that will shape the future of the industry.Furthermore, we are actively exploring opportunities for strategicpartnerships and collaborations that will allow us to leverage the expertise and resources of industry leaders, further strengthening our position in the market. These collaborations will not only enable us to develop cutting-edge products but also provide our customers with a more comprehensive and integrated travel experience.In conclusion, this development letter serves as a testament to our unwavering commitment to excellence, innovation, and customer satisfaction. As we continue to navigate the dynamic landscape of the luggage industry, we are confident that our strategic vision, product innovations, and dedication to customer experience will position us as the preferred choice for discerning travelers around the world. We look forward to the exciting journey ahead and the opportunity to redefine the standards of the industry.。

如何在幻灯片中设置动的效果和速度One of the essential features of a well-designed presentation is the use of dynamic effects to enhance visual appeal and engage the audience. In this article, we will explore how to set up motion effects and adjust their speed in PowerPoint slides.1. IntroductionThe use of dynamic effects in PowerPoint presentations can significantly elevate the impact of your message. They enable you to emphasize key points, transition between slides smoothly, and maintain the viewers' interest. In this article, we will delve into the process of setting up and adjusting motion effects, as well as optimizing their speed to create a captivating presentation.2. Adding Entrance EffectsEntrance effects are applied to individual objects or elements on a slide when they first appear. To add an entrance effect:- Select the object or text box you want to animate.- Navigate to the "Animations" tab on the PowerPoint ribbon.- Click on the "Add Animation" button to access the drop-down menu with various entrance effects.- Choose the desired effect, and PowerPoint will apply it to the selected object.3. Applying Exit EffectsExit effects determine how objects or elements on a slide disappear or exit the screen. This adds a touch of elegance to the presentation and helps in smoothly transitioning between slides. To apply an exit effect:- Select the object or text box you want to animate.- Go to the "Animations" tab.- Click on the "Add Animation" button and select an exit effect from the drop-down menu.- PowerPoint will apply the chosen exit effect to the selected object.4. Implementing emphasis effectsEmphasis effects allow you to highlight specific elements on a slide to draw the viewers' attention to critical information or key visuals. To add an emphasis effect:- Select the object or text box you want to animate.- Navigate to the "Animations" tab.- Click on the "Add Animation" button and select an emphasis effect from the drop-down menu.- PowerPoint will apply the selected emphasis effect to the chosen object.5. Adjusting Animation SpeedTiming is crucial when setting up motion effects, as the speed at which the animations occur can significantly impact the overall flow of the presentation. To adjust animation speed:- Select the animated object or text box.- Access the "Animations" tab.- Click on the "Effect Options" button and choose "Timing."- In the "Duration" field, enter the desired duration for the animation. Smaller values will speed up the animation, while larger values will slow it down. Experiment with different durations until you achieve the desired effect.6. Using Motion PathsMotion paths allow you to dictate the precise movement of an object on a slide. To apply a motion path:- Select the object you want to animate.- Go to the "Animations" tab and click on the "Add Animation" button.- Choose "More Motion Paths" to access a wide range of predefined paths.- Select the desired motion path, and PowerPoint will apply it to the selected object.7. Modifying Motion PathsOnce you have added a motion path to an object, you may want to make adjustments to suit your presentation's requirements. To modify a motion path:- Select the object with the assigned motion path.- Navigate to the "Animations" tab.- Click on the "Motion Path" button to access additional options.- Choose "Edit Points" to customize the path's control points manually.- Drag the control points to reshape the motion path as desired.8. ConclusionBy effectively utilizing dynamic effects and adjusting their speed, you can create visually appealing and engaging PowerPoint presentations. Whether it's adding entrance or exit effects, emphasis or motion paths, each animation should be carefully selected to complement your content and enhance the overall impact of your message. Remember to strike a balance between animation and content, keeping the focus on delivering your message effectively.。

从功能对等理论看电影字幕翻译以疯狂动物城为例摘要影视作品翻译的研究极大地促进了中外文化的交流，顺应了全球化的发展。

本文提出将奈达的“功能对等”理论应用与英语影视字幕汉译实践的观点，分析功能对等理论运用到影视字幕汉译中的可能性。

从语言、语义和语用等不同方面，通过具有代表性的字幕翻译实例，来分析《疯狂动物城》的字幕是否达到了功能对等。

在功能对等理论的指导下，总结出字幕翻译中用到的各种策略，如增译法、减译法和归化法。

本文希望通过这一案例分析，可以在理论和实践应用方面给影视作品字幕翻译者提供新视角，并借此引起更多的学者关注功能对等理论对字幕翻译的重要指导意义。

关键字：功能翻译理论;字幕翻译;翻译策略;《疯狂动物城》ABSTRACTThe study of subtitle translation facilitates Chinese and foreign cultural exchanges and adapts to the trend of globalization. This thesis applies functional equivalence theory to film subtitle translation to analyze its possibility. With some typical subtitle examples as illustration, this thesis analyzes the Chinese subtitle translation of Zootopia in terms of phonetics,semantics and pragmatics, exploring whether it achieves functional equivalence. Under the guidance of functional equivalence theory, various strategies are summed up including amplification, omission and domestication. By virtue of this case study, this thesis intends to provide the subtitle translators with a new perspective and suggest due attention should be given to the significance of functional equivalence theory in guiding subtitle translation.Key words: subtitle translation; functional equivalence theory; ZootopiaContents1. Introduction 12. Literature Review 32.1 Introduction to Subtitle Translation 32.1.1 Characteristics 32.1.2 Constraints 32.2 The History and Development of Subtitle Translation 42.2.1 Studies at Abroad 42.2.2 Studies at Home 53. Functional Equivalence Theory Applied in Subtitle Translation 63.1 Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory 63.1.1 Main Contents of Functional Equivalence Theory 63.1.2 Introduction of Nida’s Translation Theory in China 73.2 The Possibility of Functional Equivalence Theory Applied in Subtitle Translation 73.2.1 Intercommunication between Languages 73.2.2 Receptor’s Similar Life Experiences 83.2.3 Similarity between Different Cultures 84. The Application of Functional Equivalence Theory in Subtitle Translation of Zootopia 10 4.1 A Brief Introduction to the Film Zootopia 104.2 Equivalence at Linguistic Level 104.2.1 Phonetic Equivalence 104.2.2 Semantic Equivalence 114.2.3 Pragmatic Equivalence 124.3 Translation Strategies Adopted in the Case Film 134.3.1 Reduction 134.3.2 Expansion 144.3.3 Domestication 155. Conclusion 17References 181. IntroductionSince the 21stcentury, thanks to technological innovation and economic boom, Chinese media industry has advanced byleapsandbounds. Numerous foreign films have been introduced into China and won great popularity by Chinese audience. As an entertainment, film not only contains cultural features of special times, but reflects the hopes and interests of countries and nations. It enriches people’s spiritual world and boosts the local economy. However, language has become a main barrier of film cultural communication. That’s why subtitle translation came into being. Besides, audiences’ experiences are greatly affected by translation quality. So far, there are abounding theories which applied to subtitle translation. Target audiences are more likely to understand and accept the audience-centered subtitle translation, which was guided by functional equivalence theory. Furthermore, it helps spread culture and generate profits. Firstly, previous studies of subtitle translation from both at home and abroad will be collected and classified, among which some most representative ones will be listed. Then the research on functional equivalence theory will be conducted in details, including the development in China and the possibility applied to subtitle translation. To take Zootopia as an example, the Best Animated Feature Film A wards at 89th Academy A wards, some subtitle translation will be analyzed under the guidance of functional equivalence theory.In this thesis, both the Chinese scripts and English subtitles are transcribed from the screen of the film DVD issued by China Film Group Corporation. Last, it comes to the conclusion, limitations and future researches. This thesis will mainly use comparative analysis and exemplification, to analyze the typical examples from the perspective of functional equivalence theory.This thesis can be divided into five chapters. Chapter one serves as an introduction whichpresents the research backgroundof subtitle translation, methodology andthesis structure. Chapter two is the literature review of subtitle translation. In the first part, the author will give a brief introduction of subtitle translationconcerning the characteristic and constraints. The second part will provide the relative studies about the subtitle translation in China and abroad. Chapter three introduces Nida’s functional equivalence theory and its possibility of being applied in subtitle translation. First are the main contents of functional equivalence theory and introduction and application of the theory in China. Apart from that, it focuses on intercommunication between languages from Nida’s point of view and functional equivalence in varying degree, as well as the possible application of functional equivalence theory in detail from the aspects of similarities of different culture and receptors’ life experience. Chapter four is the main body, in which the author will adopt the material from Zootopia for the case study to be analyzedunder the guidance of functional equivalence theory. Firstly, a brief introduction to Zootopia will be given, and then the application of functional equivalence in this film from equivalence on linguistic level will be presented. Furthermore, the translation strategies will also be elaborated, including reduction, expansion and domestication. Chapter five is a conclusion which briefly concludes the content of the whole thesis. Besides, it points out the limitation of this thesis and suggestions for further research.2. Literature Review2.1 Introduction to Subtitle Translation2.1.1 CharacteristicsAccording to Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary(2014: 2084), subtitle is defined as “words that translated what is said in a film/movie into a different language and appear on the screen at the bottom. Subtitles are also used, especially on television, to help deaf people (= people who cannot hear well)”.Comparing with literary works, subtitle translation is a special translation and has its own characteristics. There are mainly three characteristics. 1) Popularity. Literary works have their contents and language styles, which confine their readers with special backgrounds. However, as a type of mass media, film tries to get all groups involved. As a mainstream form of the film industry, commercial films give first priority to public recognition and commercial profits. So it’s important to use plain and proper words to make subtitle concise. Otherwise, the complexsubtitles will divertaudiences’ attention from film contents. 2) Transience. Subtitles are usually placed at the bottom of the screen within two to three seconds and not more than two lines. It is always used in conjunction with dialogue and image to help audience to catch the missing information as well as understand the film plot. Considering the constant change of dialogue and image, subtitles should appear and disappear in time. It will influence the visual effect whether it appears earlier or disappears later. 3) Culture. A film often contains specific cultural elements. In different cultural contexts, it is a quite common that a certain word has completely different meanings. From the perspective of speakers’ expression, if the dialogue is simply translated word for word, it may confuse the film audiences. In order to deliver the right and deep meaning, the subtitle translation is more like trying to find correspondent words and suitable ways of expression from target audiences’culture context. Therefore, translators need to grasp both cultures to make translation understandable.2.1.2 ConstraintsThe intrinsic characteristics of filmslead to inevitable constraints of subtitle translation. There are two mainly constraints of subtitle translation.First is technical constraint, which basically consists of space and time constraint. As mentioned before, subtitles are usually placed at the bottom of the screen, occupying two to three seconds and not more than two lines. Therefore there is no space and time for a speech. Meanwhile, in contemplation of the average audiences’reading speed, the number of subtitle text is limited. As for English, Hatim and Mason(1997:65) agree that there are “generally up to 33, or in some cases 40 keyboard spaces per line”. As for Chinese, the reasonable number of characters generally ranges from 12 to 16 per line.Besides, the timeline is also restricted, which makes dialogue and subtitle synchronously. Gottlied(1992:165) holds that the position (in space) and cueing (in time) of the subtitles must correspond with the static and dynamic visual features of the film.Second is linguistic constraint. Guardini(1998:104) classifies linguistic constraints into intra-linguistic constraints and extra-linguistic constraints. Intra-linguistic constraints are focusing on “syntactic and grammatical differences between the source language and the target language”. Intra-linguistic constraints embrace many linguistic aspects, covering wordplay, idioms and proverbs as well as slang translation. Extra-linguistic constraints are concerned with “aspects of language which are not strictly linguistic, but link with the source culture as expressed by its language”. Hatim and Mason(1997:79) put forward that with the purpose of maximizing the retrievability of the intended meaning from a more brieftarget language version, the translator has to reconsidercoherence strategies, and take measures like reduction, omission etc.2.2 The History and Development of Subtitle Translation2.2.1 Studies at AbroadAn article named Traduction et Cinéma(Caillé,1956) was published on Le linguiste/De taalkundige in 1956 and the special edition of the magazine Bable named Cinéma et traduction was published in 1960, which are said to be the earliest research about film translation in Europe. In his articleOn Subtitles in Television Programmes, Dollerup(1974) analyzed different errors in subtitle translation from English programs to Danish.He first attempts to focus on subtitle translation solely and put forward its educational value. Fodor(1976:82), who published Film Dubbling: Phonetic, Semiotic, Esthetic and Psychological Aspects, believed that language and culture of countries had their particularity and irreplaceability so that it’s impossible to get a perfect “match”. In 1982, Titford(1982:113) proposed the concept of “constrained translation” for the first time in Subtitling Constrained Translation. He argues that the main problem the television translators faced is the limitation by the nature of television.Since 1990s, subtitle translation studies had come into a golden age of development. Tw o significant books appeared in this period. One is Overcoming Language Barriers in Television: Dubbing and Subtitling for the European Audience, which published by Luyken and other four subtitle translation scholars in 1991. This book contains the analysis of the different translating modes in subtitle translation and the statistics about the quantity of translated programs and the preferences of the audiences. Another is Subtitling for the Media: A Handbook of an Art, written by Jan Ivarsson. He provided a detailed history of subtitling in term of Technology. Diaz-Cintas(2004:21-34) agrees that early subtitle translation pays much more attention to linguistic translation rather than other influential factors i.e. social, culture and industry. It’s a good way to adopt polysystem theory.2.2.2 Studies at HomeThe first dubbed film A Common Solider was produced from Russian to Chinese by Changchun Film Studio in 1949, which represented the start of Chinese audiovisual translation practice and studies. Since the late 1970s, a large-scale study of subtitle translation has begun in China.Qian(2000:65), who is a leading figure in audiovisual translation, published an article Film Translation-the More and More Important Realm in Translation Film which sums up the five linguistic characteristics of film and holds that in subtitle translation, the principle of “expressiveness” is much more important than the principles of “faithfulness” and “elegance”. Li(2001:40) points out that the primary requirement of subtitling is to provide the most relevant information, with the mosteffective way in his article Strategies for Translating Subtitles. In 2003, Ma repeatedly stresses that subtitling should follow five principles: colloquial description, figure characterization, emotional dimension, lip-synchs and popularization. Liand Bo(2005:46),in Norms in Subtitle Translation, argue that subtitle translation is governed by linguistic and textual norms, and “invisibility of subtitling” should be seen as the ultimate goal. On Recreation and Film Translation by Mou(2006:86-89)claims that three principles of dealing with cultural differences: being understandable in language by using plain words, being fluent in the movie plot by using simple structures and being original in aesthetics by retaining the original flavor. Moreover, it would be a better choice to adopt domestication while translating.3. Functional Equivalence Theory Applied in Subtitle Translation3.1 Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory3.1.1 Main Contents of Functional Equivalence TheoryEugene Nida, who was recognized as the “father of modern translation theory”, has made great contribution to translation studies. In 1964, Nida first proposed “Formal Equivalence” and “Dynamic Equivalence” in Towards a Science of Translating. Nida(1969:24) defines “Dynamic Equivalence” as follows: Dynamic equivalence is therefore to be defined in terms of the degree to which the receptors of the message in the receptor language respond to it in substantially the same manner as the receptors in the source language. A translation with huge influence is often mistaken for the sample of “Dynamic Equivalence”. In order to clear up this misunderstanding, Nida renamed “Dynamic Equivalence” to “Functional Equivalence”.Nida describes functional equivalence as “the closest natural equivalent to the source-language message”(1969:12). There are four translation principles: 1) contextual consistency has priority over verbal consistency (or word-for-word concordance), 2) dynamic equivalence has priority over formal correspondences, 3) the aural (heard) form of language has priority over the written form, 4) forms that are used by and acceptable to the audience for which a translation is intended have priority over forms that may be traditionally more prestigious (Nida&Taber, 2004). The equivalence in Functional Equivalence Theory covers the following four aspects: 1) Lexical equivalence 2) Syntax equivalence 3) Chapter equivalence 4) Stylistic equivalence. Functional equivalence can be divided into two levels: one is minimal and the other is maximal. The minimal equivalence means that “the readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they can conceive of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciated it.” And the maximal equivalence means that “the readers of a translated text should be able to understand and appreciated it in essentially the same manner as the original readers did” (Nida, 2001). Nida argues that the primary purpose of functional equivalence is not concerned on whether the usage of word might be understood, but the equivalence of receptors’ response.3.1.2 Introduction of Nida’s Translation Theory in ChinaBefore Nida’s translation theory was introduced, Chinese linguistic scholars were confined to native theories such as Y an Fu’s “Faithfulness, Expressiveness and Elegance” and other relevant theories. At that time, it urgently needed infusing new thoughts into theoretical research.Nida and his theory became a hot topic since his theory entered China in early 1980s. Lin(1981)who first introduced Nida’stheory, simply made a brief introduction about semantic analysis in his article Introduction of Nida’s Translation Theory. Subsequently, Zhuang(1982) utilized informative, vocative and expressive function of communicative application to Bible translation. Moreover, he compared equivalence with Y an’s translation principles and illustrated the point of reader-centric equivalence and also stated that application scopes were limited in his article the Good News Bible and Nida’s concept of translation. Qian(1988:43) who wrote Should Reader’s Response be considered as a Criterion in Assessment of Translated Works?, held that it was impossible to compare readers’ responses, as reader responses differently from another toward the same translated work.As an important figure in Nida’s translation theory in China, Tan published some articles and one book to introduce Nida’s translation theory to Chinese scholars. He (1989:30) classifies and analyses the development of theory, including (1) descriptive linguistics (2) communication theories (3) social semiotics theories.Liu(1997:2-5) and Lv(1998:35) both disproved Nida’s theory and put forward a “readers’ response” theory. Liu claims that equivalence devalues the cognitive ability of the target-language readers and their pursuit of aesthetics. It is an impediment to develop methods and practice and cultural fusion. Lv states that the basis of Nida’s reception theory which causes the paradox of the principle of “equivalent effect”. Xi(2009:60) argues that equivalence corresponds to Chinese traditional fidelity of translation and replaces it rapidly.3.2 The Possibility of Functional Equivalence Theory Applied in Subtitle Translation3.2.1 Intercommunication between LanguagesLanguage is a systematic means of communication by virtue of a set of audible or visible signs, and similarities can be found in any two languages. Even though they are governed by totally different systems ranging from pronunciation, vocabulary to grammar and style, they do share common features.For example, corresponding language structures can be found between different languages, such as word, phrase, sentence, paragraph, phoneme and morpheme. Nida (1993: 106) agrees that “But at least ninety percent of the fundamental structures of all languages are quite similar, and language universals far outweigh the divergences”. Duringcontinuous change and development, languages have alternative expressions in some specific cultural contexts (Nida, 1993: 110). For example, there is a Chinese saying goes:“巧妇难为无米之炊”, and there is also a similar one, “make bricks without straw” in English. Both mean that one can’t make something out of nothing. Jin(1984: 53) holds that “the main differences between languages do not lie in what they can say, but in the ways in which they say it”.That’s the same as the purpose of functional equivalence—to represent equivalent content. In other words, communication between languages is possible as well as functional equivalence is possible in subtitle translation.3.2.2 Receptor’s Similar Life ExperiencesAs a long-term work, translation always needs a great deal preparation and lasts for months or even years, although it can be done by individuals. Nida’s (1964: 239)comments that, “a translation is usually the result of a number of years’ work, during which time not only the translator or translators, but also the people for whom the translation is being prepared, have contributed extensively to the form of the translation as the result of their own experiences”. Receptorslive in the same earth whether they live faraway countries. Despite of different lifestyles, customs and religion beliefs, they often have similar life experiences.Emotions, such as pleasure, sadness, anger and fear, are shared by all humankind. Besides, receptors’ life cannot do without eating, sleeping and working. They convey similar feelings and experiences, which can be found corresponding information among different receptors, though they all have their own ways to express them. In view of these, receptors’ similar life experience adds a positive factor to apply functional equivalence translation to subtitle translation.3.2.3 Similarity between Different CulturesAs a tool of communication, languages infiltrate and fuse with cultures. Language is like a mirror, reflecting a nation’s culture and revealing its content. It’s crucial to have a deep understanding of certain culture before translation. Namely, the primary problem in subtitle translation is how to deal with cultural differences. However, the research of national and tribal culture shows that the similar cultural features can be found amongnations when the specific feature is analyzed.Taylor(1871), “the father of anthropology”, believes that there are parallel evolution in different cultures and psychological consistency in all nations.Facing the same problem,different societies always give the same solution, as their cultural similarity. These similarities or common cores between different cultures offer the possibility to achieve functional equivalence translation. Proverbs with distinctive characteristics can be a sample to illustrate the point best. For example, there is “After a storm comes a calm” in English. Accordingly, there is “雨过天晴” in Chinese.Thus it’s possible to use corresponding expressions in receptors language to deliver the same meaning.4. The Application of Functional Equivalence Theory in Subtitle Translation of Zootopia4.1 A Brief Introduction to the Film ZootopiaThe American 3D computer-animated film Zootopiawas released on March 4, 2016 by the Walt Disney Company. Directed by Byron Howard, Rich Moore and Jared Bush, it was voiced by Ginnifer Goodwin and Jason Bateman. Zootopia roars past $1billion global box office and wins record-breaking popularity worldwide since its opening weekend. Besides, it won the Best Animated Feature Film A wards at 89th Academy A wards on Feb 26, 2017.Zootopia is a modern animal metropolis, where all the animals live peacefully whether they are predators or herbivores. Dreaming to be a bunny cop, Judy Hops graduates from police school and works in Zootopia police department.But she is responsible for the parking duty. Then she runs into a clever and wily fox named Nick Wildewhen she is on duty. When 14mammalsgo missing, Judy is determined to prove herself and get the bottom ofthis difficult case. Given the time constraints,Judy has to work with Nick.Finally, she finds out that there isa huge conspiracy behind the case.4.2 Equivalence at Linguistic Level4.2.1 Phonetic EquivalenceFrom the perspective of genealogical classification, Chinesebelongs to the Sino-Tibetan language,while English belongs to the Proto-Indo-European language. In terms of phonetics, it’s a challenge to make phonetic equivalence out of the vast difference in phoneme, syllable and intonation. When the phonetic equivalence is attained, the translation will offer a better effect. Thus, translators are supposed to try to make the original and target lines sound alike if possible. For example:(1) –Sheep: Ow! Cut it out, Gideon!啊! 别闹了吉迪恩！(00:04:21)–Gideon: Baah! Baah! What are you gonna do? Cry?咩! 咩!你打算怎么办呢? 哭吗？(00:04:22)–Judy: Hey! Y ou heard her. Cut it out.嘿! 她说了别闹了。

九年级英语原创新课堂第十二单元作文示例回答如下1:Title: An Original Composition for Grade 9 English - Unit 12: The New ClassroomIntroduction:In this composition, I will discuss the new classroom of grade 9 English, focusing on the innovative features and benefits it offers to students. The new classroom aims to create an engaging and interactive learning environment, fostering students' language skills and promoting their overall development.Body:1. Introduction of the new classroom:The new classroom is equipped with state-of-the-art technology, including interactive whiteboards, multimedia devices, and online learning platforms. These tools enable teachers to incorporate various teaching methods and resources, making the learning process more dynamic and effective.新课堂的介绍：新课堂配备了最先进的技术设备，包括互动白板、多媒体设备和在线学习平台。

这些工具使教师能够采用多种教学方法和资源，使学习过程更加生动和有效。

神偷奶爸3读后感英文Despicable Me 3 is the third installment in the popular animated film series, directed by Pierre Coffin and Kyle Balda. Released in 2017, the film continues the adventures of the once-sinister Gru, now a reformed villain turned secret agent, and his mischievous Minions. In this movie, Gru discovers the existence of his long-lost twin brother, Dru, and together they embark on a thrilling adventure.One of the aspects that I enjoyed the most about Despicable Me 3 is its captivating storyline. The movie successfully weaves together different subplots, including Gru's struggle with his identity, the introduction of a new villain named Balthazar Bratt, and the dynamic between Gru and his twin brother Dru. Each storyline adds depth and dimension to the overall plot, making it engaging and entertaining for both children and adults.The theme of family is central to Despicable Me 3, and it is beautifully portrayed throughout the film. Gru's relationship with his daughters, Margo, Edith, and Agnes, is heartwarming and relatable. Despite his unconventional parenting style, Gru is a loving and caring father who always puts his children's well-being first. The addition of Dru brings an interesting dynamic to the family, as Gru and Dru learn to navigate their brotherly bond and work together as a team.The film also explores the concept of identity and the struggles that come with it. Gru's journey from a villain to a hero is a testament to the power of redemption and the ability to change for the better. Through his relationship with Dru, Gru learns to embrace his past and accept himself for who he truly is. This message of self-acceptance and finding one's true identity is a valuable lesson that can resonate with viewers of all ages.Despicable Me 3 is not only an entertaining film but also a visual delight. The animation is vibrant and eye-catching, with attention to detail in every frame. The character designs are creative and unique, particularly Balthazar Bratt, who embodies the essence of the 80s with his mullet hairstyle and shoulder pads. The movie also features exciting action sequences and thrilling chase scenes, which keep the audience on the edge of their seats.The humor in Despicable Me 3 is another highlight of the film. The witty and clever dialogue, combined with physical comedy and slapstick humor, guarantees plenty of laughs throughout the movie. The Minions, as always, bring their signature brand of humor, with their silly antics and incomprehensible language. Their scenes never fail to bring a smile to my face and provide comic relief during more intense moments.In addition to its entertainment value, Despicable Me 3 also imparts valuable life lessons. The importance of family, forgiveness, and embracing one's true self are meaningful messages that children can learn from and appreciate. The movie teaches us that it is never too late to change and that everyone deserves a second chance, a lesson that can inspire both children and adults alike.In conclusion, Despicable Me 3 is a delightful and heartwarming film that offers something for everyone. With its engaging storyline, lovable characters, stunning animation, and valuable life lessons, it is a movie that can be enjoyed by the whole family. Whether you are a fan of the series or new to the franchise, Despicable Me 3 is an entertaining and enjoyable adventure that will leave you with a smile on your face.。

第1篇IntroductionEnglish language teaching (ELT) has evolved significantly over the years, moving away from traditional, teacher-centered approaches to morestudent-centered and interactive methods. This paper presents a comprehensive English teaching practice that integrates various innovative techniques to enhance language learning. The practice focuses on fostering a positive learning environment, encouraging student participation, and utilizing technology to make the learning experience more engaging and effective.ObjectiveThe primary objective of this English teaching practice is to improve students' language proficiency by:1. Promoting active learning through interactive activities.2. Encouraging autonomy and critical thinking skills.3. Utilizing technology to facilitate communication and collaboration.4. Assessing learning outcomes through formative and summativeevaluation methods.Methodology1. Classroom Setup and EnvironmentThe classroom is designed to be an inviting and comfortable space where students feel at ease and motivated to learn. Desks are arranged in groups to encourage interaction, and visual aids such as posters, charts, and whiteboards are used to support teaching and learning activities.2. Lesson PlanningLessons are meticulously planned to cater to the diverse needs and learning styles of students. The following components are included inthe lesson planning process:- Warm-up Activities: To energize students and activate prior knowledge.- Main Content: To introduce new vocabulary, grammar, and language structures.- Interactive Activities: To promote student engagement and participation.- Assessment: To monitor progress and provide feedback.3. Interactive ActivitiesTo make the learning process more dynamic, the following interactive activities are incorporated into the lessons:- Group Work: Students work in small groups to complete tasks, fostering collaboration and teamwork.- Role-Playing: Students act out scenarios to practice speaking and listening skills.- Games: Educational games such as "Simon Says" and "Guess the Word" are used to reinforce vocabulary and grammar.- Quizzes: Quick, fun quizzes are conducted to assess understanding of the lesson material.4. Technology IntegrationTechnology is utilized to enhance the learning experience and make it more engaging:- Interactive Whiteboard: Used for displaying lessons, conducting polls, and allowing students to interact with the content.- Online Resources: Websites and apps such as Duolingo, BBC Learning English, and TED-Ed are used to provide additional practice and exposure to authentic language.- Video Conferencing: Used for virtual classroom sessions and to connect with native speakers or other classes around the world.5. AssessmentAssessment is conducted through a variety of methods to ensure a comprehensive understanding of students' progress:- Formative Assessment: Daily quizzes, class discussions, and peer evaluations are used to monitor progress and provide timely feedback.- Summative Assessment: Tests, exams, and projects are used to evaluate students' overall language proficiency at the end of each unit or semester.Case Study: Lesson on Present TenseTo illustrate the effectiveness of this teaching practice, let's consider a lesson on the present tense:- Warm-up Activity: A quick game of "Simon Says" to practice commands in the present tense.- Main Content: Introduction of present tense vocabulary and grammar through a PowerPoint presentation.- Interactive Activity: Group work on a task that requires students to create a dialogue using the present tense.- Technology Integration: Use of an interactive whiteboard to display vocabulary and grammar rules, and online resources for additional practice.- Assessment: Daily quiz to assess understanding of the present tense, and peer evaluation of group work.ConclusionThis English teaching practice demonstrates the importance ofintegrating interactive and engaging activities into the classroom to enhance language learning. By fostering a positive learning environment, encouraging student participation, and utilizing technology, students are more likely to develop their language skills and become confident, competent users of English. As ELT continues to evolve, it is crucialfor educators to adapt and implement innovative practices that cater to the needs of today's learners.第2篇IntroductionEnglish language teaching (ELT) has evolved significantly over the years, with a growing emphasis on student-centered approaches and interactive learning experiences. This paper aims to showcase a practical English teaching methodology that integrates various innovative techniques to enhance students' language skills. The methodology focuses on communicative language teaching, technology integration, andpersonalized learning, providing a comprehensive framework for effective English instruction.BackgroundThe teaching context is a secondary school in a suburban area with a diverse student population. The students range from beginners to advanced levels, with varying learning styles and abilities. The curriculum covers all four language skills: reading, writing, listening, and speaking. The goal is to equip students with the necessary language proficiency to communicate effectively in both academic and real-life settings.Teaching Methodology1. Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)The foundation of the teaching methodology is CLT, which emphasizes communication as the primary goal of language learning. This approach encourages students to use the target language in real-life contexts, fostering fluency and confidence. Here are some key strategies employed:- Role-playing and simulations: Students engage in role-plays and simulations to practice different scenarios, such as conducting interviews, participating in debates, or solving problems in groups.- Pair and group work: Collaborative activities, such as discussions, presentations, and group projects, promote interaction and allow students to practice their speaking and listening skills.- Task-based learning: Assigning tasks that require students to use the target language in context, such as writing letters, designing posters, or creating presentations, helps reinforce language skills.2. Technology IntegrationTechnology plays a crucial role in enhancing the learning experience. The following tools and resources are utilized:- Interactive whiteboards: Used for displaying lessons, videos, and activities, enabling students to engage visually and kinesthetically.- Online platforms: Websites like Edmodo, Quizlet, and Kahoot! are employed for quizzes, games, and homework assignments, providing instant feedback and opportunities for self-assessment.- Language learning apps: Apps like Duolingo and Rosetta Stone are recommended for supplementary practice and reinforcement of language skills.3. Personalized LearningRecognizing that students have different learning styles and abilities, the methodology emphasizes personalized learning. Here are some strategies used:- Differentiated instruction: Assigning varied tasks and activities based on students' proficiency levels, ensuring that all learners are challenged and engaged.- Learning stations: Setting up different stations with various activities, allowing students to choose their preferred learning style and pace.- Student portfolios: Encouraging students to maintain portfolios of their work, providing them with a sense of accomplishment and a reference for their progress.Case StudyTo illustrate the effectiveness of the methodology, let's consider a case study involving a group of 10th-grade students. The class was divided into two groups based on their proficiency levels. The lower-level group was introduced to basic grammar and vocabulary through interactive whiteboards and online platforms. The higher-level group engaged in more advanced activities, such as analyzing literary texts and participating in debates.Over the course of the semester, both groups demonstrated significant improvements in their language skills. The lower-level group showed an increase in their grammar accuracy and vocabulary knowledge, while the higher-level group improved their critical thinking and public speaking abilities. Student feedback indicated that the interactive and engaging nature of the lessons made learning enjoyable and motivated them to strive for excellence.ConclusionThe English teaching methodology presented in this paper has proven to be effective in enhancing students' language skills. By integrating CLT, technology, and personalized learning, educators can create an immersive and dynamic learning environment that caters to the diverse needs of their students. As language learning continues to evolve, it is crucial for educators to adapt and implement innovative teaching practices to ensure that students are equipped with the necessary skills to thrive in an increasingly interconnected world.第3篇Introduction:The field of English language teaching has evolved significantly over the years, with educators adopting various innovative methods to enhance student learning and engagement. This teaching practice showcase presents a comprehensive approach to English language teaching, focusing on innovative techniques, student-centered activities, and the integration of technology. The following sections delve into themethodologies employed, student engagement strategies, and the overall impact of these practices on the learning process.I. Methodologies Employed1. Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT):Task-Based Language Teaching is a method that emphasizes the use of authentic tasks in the classroom. These tasks are designed to mimicreal-life situations, allowing students to practice English in context. In this practice, activities such as role-playing, debates, and group discussions are incorporated to develop students' speaking, listening, reading, and writing skills.2. Communicative Language Teaching (CLT):Communicative Language Teaching focuses on communication as the primary goal of language learning. By engaging in real conversations and activities, students are encouraged to use English in a meaningful way. This approach promotes interaction, collaboration, and critical thinking skills among students.3. Technology Integration:The integration of technology in English language teaching has proven to be highly effective in enhancing student engagement and motivation. This practice showcases the use of digital platforms, educational apps, and online resources to facilitate learning. Tools such as interactive whiteboards, educational websites, and language learning software are utilized to create interactive and engaging lessons.II. Student-Centered Activities1. Flipped Classroom:The flipped classroom model involves students watching instructional videos or reading materials at home, and then using class time for practice and application. This approach encourages students to take ownership of their learning, as they are expected to be prepared for class discussions and activities.2. Project-Based Learning (PBL):Project-Based Learning involves students working on long-term projects that require research, collaboration, and the application of English language skills. This method fosters critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity. Students are encouraged to present their projects to the class, promoting peer learning and engagement.3. Gamification:Gamification is the use of game design elements in non-game contexts to encourage engagement and motivation. In this practice, educational games, quizzes, and interactive activities are incorporated into lessons to make learning fun and interactive. Points, badges, and leaderboards are used to motivate students and track their progress.III. Student Engagement Strategies1. Active Learning:Active learning techniques, such as think-pair-share, jigsaw, and peer teaching, are employed to keep students engaged and involved in the learning process. These strategies promote interaction, collaboration, and critical thinking among students.2. Inquiry-Based Learning:Inquiry-Based Learning encourages students to ask questions, investigate, and explore topics of interest. By guiding students through the research process, teachers can foster their curiosity and critical thinking skills.3. Reflection and Feedback:Regular reflection and feedback sessions are conducted to assess student progress and provide guidance. This practice helps students to identify their strengths and weaknesses, allowing them to set personal goals and improve their language skills.IV. Impact on Learning ProcessThe innovative teaching practices and student engagement strategies implemented in this English teaching practice showcase have had a significant positive impact on the learning process. Some of the observed outcomes include:1. Increased student motivation and engagement: The use of innovative methods and activities has made learning more enjoyable and interactive, leading to higher levels of student engagement.2. Improved language skills: Students have shown significant progress in speaking, listening, reading, and writing skills, as they are provided with ample opportunities to practice and apply the language in real-life contexts.3. Enhanced critical thinking and problem-solving abilities: The integration of inquiry-based learning and project-based activities has helped students develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills.4. Improved collaboration and communication: The emphasis on communication and collaboration in the classroom has fostered a positive learning environment, where students support and learn from each other.Conclusion:This English teaching practice showcase demonstrates the effectiveness of innovative methodologies, student-centered activities, and technology integration in enhancing student learning and engagement. By adopting these practices, educators can create a dynamic and engaging learning environment that promotes language proficiency, critical thinking, and personal growth.。

[翻译] C# 4.0新特性（白皮书）原文地址：/Project/Download/FileDownload.aspx?ProjectName= csharpfuture&DownloadId=3550（Word格式，需接受许可协议并下载。

）原著作者：Mads Torgersen, C# Language PM翻译：Anders Liu摘要：Microsoft Visual C# 3.0作为Visual Studio 2008的一部分发布以来已经快一年了。

在VS Managed Languages团队，我们一直努力创建该语言的下一个版本（没什么惊喜，就是C# 4.0），而这个文档是我们现在所看到的、计划中的语言特性的第一个公开描述。

Contents目录∙Introduction 简介∙C# 4.0∙Dynamic Lookup 动态查找∙The dynamic type dynamic类型∙Dynamic operations 动态操作∙Runtime lookup 运行时查找∙Example 示例∙Overload resolution with dynamic arguments 带有动态参数的重载解析∙The Dynamic Language Runtime 动态语言运行时∙Open issues 已知问题∙Named and Optional Arguments 命名参数和可选参数∙Optional parameters 可选参数∙Named and optional arguments 命名的和可选的实参∙Overload resolution 重载解析∙Features for COM interop COM互操作特性∙Dynamic import 动态引入∙Compiling without PIAs 无PIA的编译∙Omitting ref 省略ref∙Open issues 已知问题∙Variance 变性∙Covariance 协变性∙Contravariance 逆变性∙Limitations 限制∙COM Example COM示例∙Relationship with Visual Basic 与Visual Basic的关系∙Resources 资源Introduction简介It is now close to a year since Microsoft Visual C# 3.0 shipped as part of Vis ual Studio 2008. In the VS Managed Languages team we are hard at work o n creating the next version of the language (with the unsurprising working tit le of C# 4.0), and this document is a first public description of the planned l anguage features as we currently see them.Microsoft Visual C# 3.0作为Visual Studio 2008的一部分发布以来已经快一年了。