上海高级口译听力原文Unit 1

高级口译笔试电子试卷答案和听力文字原稿1998.31998.3上海市英语高级口译资格证书第一阶段考试参考答案:SECTION 1：LISTENING TESTPart A: Spot Dictation1. formal committee meetings2. several reasons3. feel more committed to4. imaginative and informed decisions5. have drawbacks6. more group pressure7. seem to be ideal sizes 8. from the floor9. the style of its leader 10. let everyone speak11. take a vote 12. seconded and discussed13. a consensus of members 14. circulated in advance15. a list of points 16. is to2speed up17. in logical order 18. the meeting’s function19. structured and planned 20. chance conversationsPart B: Listening comprehension1-5 B D C C B 6-10 C C C D B11-15 D B A C B 16-20 D A C B DSECTION 2: READING TEST1-5 B C D A C 6-10 D B B D A11-15 C B A A D 16-20 D B A C CSECTION 3: TRANSLATION TEST“责任”、“荣誉”和“国家”这三个神圣的3词庄严地责成你们应成为怎样的人，能成为怎样的人，将成为怎样的人。

听力原文：Section 1-Spot dictationSpot dictation:Today we will talk about what other effects watching TV might produce on children. Children should be discouraged from watching a lot of television. Many experts and parents agree. But there is at least one circumstance when that might be beneficial, muting pain. A recent study conducted by Italian researchers found that children who viewed cartoons immediately preceding and during blood tests experienced less pain than children whose mothers attempted to distract them during the procedure or children whose mothers were at present but did not interact with them.The research led by Carlo Brown MD at the University of Sienna is published in the Archives of Disease in Childhood. 69 children participated in the study. None received any type of anesthesia. The children and their mothers determine their pain scores. Both the groups whose mothers attempted to distract them form the blood tests and those whose mothers simply observed reported substantially higher pain ratings than the group who watched the cartoons. For that group, the levels of pain were less and the children were better able to tolerate the pain they did experience.One of the possible explanations is that children might have picked up on theirmothers anxiety during the procedures, exacerbating their perception of pain. The higher pain level reported by children during mothers’ efforts at distraction shows the difficulty mothers have in interacting positively at a difficult moment in their children’s life, the authors write. However, they stress that the mother’s presence still provided benefits, noting that the children would appreciate not being left alone during the procedures. Indeed, children state that having their parent present provides the most comfort when in pain, say the authors.Another possibility offered for consideration is the notion that the pleasure of watching TV might release pain-quelling endorphins. Endorphins, biochemical compounds produced by the pituitary gland resemble opiates in their ability to produce analgesia and a sense of well-being. In other words, they might function as natural pain killers. In any case, the study results suggest that health workers should consider allowing children to watch TV during painful procedures to minimize their distress.NewsQ1-5Female: Now let’s turn to eating habits. France is traditionally known as home of the two-hour, sit-down, mid-day meal, but nowadays it’s witnessing a boom in take-out sandwiches. At noon, customers line up outside Paris bakeries, waiting to buy long fan versions of a shrimp salad and fruit sandwich or other delicacies. The variation in eating habits is reflecting a deeper change in French society.Male: Right! It starts with the change in the workforce, so it’s a feminization, white-collarization, if I can say so.Female: The result has been a revolution in one of France’s core industries, the bakery. Formerly, bakeries here offered a limited range of albeit excellent products about four kinds of bread, breakfast, and dessert pastries. Now that’s just the start.Male: Au Pair Gourmet , a bakery on the corner of a market street, is in the ordinary working class area of Paris. It is eight in the morning, and the owner already has the slicer going, cutting bread for lunch sandwiches.Female: Every morning Au Pair Gourmet, with its glass cases stacked full, does so much sandwich business. The owner says she is just responding to the demands. She even tried making a four-course sandwich meal. It was a bit much for people to swallow.Male: Nowadays, people want to eat faster at noon, and leave earlier at the end of the day. Life is changing. We have to keep up. The changes include women making up almost half the labor force now, and men more likely to be working behind a jack hammer, not needing to eat so much.Female: They also have to pick up the children as early as possible from the day care center.Male: So basically, they look for something that’s very close to what is called fast food, and the interesting point is that the supply that has developed goes well beyond your basic MacDonald’s hamburgers.Female: For example. Au Pair Gourmet’s multi-shaped, multi-content sanwiches. They are obviously a hit with the lunch time customers who line up all the way onto the sidewalk. They agree this recent phenomenon is growing. It’s exploding, this kind of eating. Every baker offers sandwiches.Male: Because before it was only with ham and butter, and now we have salad and tomatoes. Because we eat sandwich, but it’s French products in it. Female: French products in it. That may be the key. Instead of being overrun by MacDonald at some field, the French have adapted the idea of fast food and made it their own.Q1: What is the main topic of the conversation?Q2: What is the reason behind the revolution in the bakery industry?Q3: Which of the following statements best describes the fast food supplying in France now?Q4: Which of the following statements is true according to the conversation? Q5: Why are the hamburgers offered by bakery such as “Au Pair Gourmet” so popular now?Q6-10Paris, FranceA 68-year-old man has been arrested in France on suspicion of killing 18 people, most of them gay, prosecutors said today. Nicolas Panard is suspected of killing 11 people in the eastern Alsace region, four in a neighboring region and three in the Paris area, the public prosecutor in the eastern town of Montbeliard said. Panard, who is gay, was arrested in the eastern city of Mulhouse. The murders took place between 1998 and 2006.Tokyo, JapanJapan's Upper House of Parliament voted yesterday to halt the country's air force transport mission in Iraq, intensifying the opposition bloc's standoff with the government over Tokyo's role in peacekeeping missions abroad.. The opposition-controlled Upper House approved the Democratic Party of Japan's bill to halt the mission in a vote 133-103 during a plenary session. However, the legislation is expected to be voted down when it goes to the more powerful Lower House where the ruling Liberal Democratic Party has enough votes to override the Upper Chamber's decision.United NationsDisaster-prone Bangladesh is among the countries most vulnerable to climate change, which could worsen water scarcity and force mass displacement, the United Nations said on Tuesday. The U.N. Development Program in its latest report warned that climate change will hit the world's poorest countries by breaking down agricultural systems, worsening water scarcity, increasing risksof diseases and triggering mass displacement due to recurring floods and storms. The report said more than 70 million Bangladeshis, 22 million Vietnamese, and 6 million Egyptians could be affected by globalwarming-related flooding.Washington, USUS President George W. Bush invited Israeli and Palestinian leaders to the White House to renew long-stalled peace talks yesterday but faced deep skepticism over chances for a deal before he leaves office. Bush would bring together Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert and Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas one day after a 44-nation conference where both pledged to try to forge a peace treaty by the end of 2008 that would create a Palestinian state. The White House talks were expected to wrap up three days of intense Middle East diplomacy that underscored Bush's aim of achieving in his final 14 months in office what has eluded US administrations for decades.Toronto, CanadaOnline shoppers reached a record this week as Canadian retailers cut prices as much as 60 percent to lure shoppers returning to work after the Thanksgiving holiday. ComScore Inc. said sales on retailers' websites rose 21% to $733 million on Nov. 26, the first Monday after Thanksgiving, as , Best Buy Co. and Circuit City Stores Inc. ran online promotions for high-definition televisions and leather jackets. Shoppers sought bargains in the face of rising gasoline prices and the worst housing slump since at least 1991. Companiescount on November and December for 20% of their profits, and they used lower prices to get consumers into stores and onto websites to start the Canadian holiday shopping season.Question 6: How many people were Nicolas Panard suspected to have killed when he was arrested?Question 7: What did Japan's Upper House of Parliament vote to do yesterday? Question 8: There might be several disastrous consequences due to global climate change. Which of the following is NOT one of these consequences mentioned in the news?Question 9: Why did President Bush invite Israeli and Palestinian leaders to the White House?Question 10: What percentage did sales on retailers' websites increase on Nov. 26, the first Monday after Thanksgiving?Q11-15W: Tomas, because you are a lawyer, I want to get you opinion about crime control, and what I'd like to know is what do you think really works, not for hardened criminals, but for first time offenders?M: Well, you are asking me a pretty complex question. The first step of course is deterrence, to stop people from committing crimes in the first place. Thatinvolves the economy, are there enough jobs for everyone? They should be, and social structure. Are there enough support systems? And so on.W: And what about when people are convicted, and put in Prison?M: Then the goal should be to have rehabilitation programs inside prisons, so that when the person comes out, they don't return to a life of crime. The problem is that recently, the kinds of programs that existed in the past, like education programs and drug treatment programs have been cut. And so convicted criminals are not being rehabilitated.W: Can you explain a little more about these education programs and drug programs?M: Yes, in some states where the drug laws are very harsh, you end up having a lot of people in prisons, who are not the kingpins of drug deals, but who are actually drug addicts. The point is that they need help, that's why there need to be programs that have a psychological component, and an educational component. Because without these programs people don't became rehabilitated. The prisoners have a lot of time on their hands, and a culture developed inside the prison; it takes on a life of its own, and gang start. You see gangs provide a family away from home, but we need to make prison a less repressive experience. Then we also need bridge programs.W: Bridge programs?M: Yes, for when they come out of prison, what is clear statistically is that most criminals are recidivists. That means they are repeated offenders. People go into prison, get out and go right back in again. Bridge programs help with housing and jobs. So that society doesn't look at released prisoners in such a disdainful way. And So that no stigma is attached to them once they reenter society. But unfortunately, there are only a very small number of these programs.Question 11: On what topic is the man being interviewed?Question 12: According to the man, there are several elements which are related to abduction in crime, which of the following is not one of these elements? Question 13: What problem is there inside prisons according to the interview? Question14: Which of the following statements is true about education and drug programs?Question15: According to the man, why is there a need for bridge programs?Q16-20Today let's talk about how to actually get a job. You need to be able to participate well in an interview because in most jobs you'll need to interact with colleagues and clients not only face to face but in telephone conversations too. You'll need to express yourself well and have excellent control of what you want to say and how to say it. These skills are needed more than ever in today's high-pressure world. Each company where you have an interview will expect you to know something about the work they do and have intelligent questionsand comments during the interview. And when they hire you, you will be expected to complete multiple tasks and be willing to move around and work in different areas of the company.Of course, there are also certain technological skills that are expected of people today. Every situation is unique, but let's take as an example a position in an office environment. This type of position requires basic to advanced knowledge of computer applications. You have to know how to write a simple but professional-looking letter and you have to know how to put together a presentation and Microsoft power-point with basic facts and organized data in a spread-sheet program. Advanced users should know how to create and organize a database.If you're looking for any type of administrator of work, you can forget about the good old days of paper calendars, roller desks and file cabinets. Now we have links to digital databases that store all the information that used to be kept on paper, such as appointments, clients, records and other important information. Many departments use spread-sheet programs to keep track of all transactions, costs and profits. These programs are essential to an organization's survival as well as your career's survival.Let's continue with our basic example of a typical job in an office. Now that you know about the skills necessary to be productive in the office of the 21st century, you must have a plan for how to acquire these skills. The first thing you should have in mind is that in the same manner that technology has become a vital part of a modern organization's life, it should also become part of yours. Whenevergiven a chance, you should enhance your key-board skills, E-mail your friends, practice with power-point, try making simple posters to announce an event, like a party or some activity that you and your friends will do together. You can even practice with pre-made data bases, by storing telephone numbers and addresses. The best advice I can give anyone is to play with the computer in your free time and become familiar with its operating system, software and hardware. Try to figure out what each program does and how to use it to your benefit. A computer class, on the level of your expertise, is also recommended to perfect those skills you learned on your own. Learning more advanced functions is highly recommended as well. It's easy to look through books and free editorials found on the Internet. Even office-users can learn how to create professional-looking flyers, business cards and other documents you'll need in the workplace.Q16: What is the main topic of this talk?Q17: Apart from being expected to complete multiple tasks and work in different areas of the company, what other skills are employees expected to have?Q18: If you take a position in an office, which of the following are you supposed to display?Q19: What's the advice the speaker gives at the end of his talk?Q20: Who are the most likely audience for this talk?SECTION 4NTGFI'm Diana Winston, a Cherokee medicine priest. I'd like to say something about the Cherokee beliefs regarding the environment and conservation. Basically Cherokee tradition tells us we are part of the nature and we depend on nature for our life. So we don't compete with it and we are not trying to tame it. We are trying to live with it. It's different from our contemporary view that nature exists for the benefit of people. We believe that we are part of what we call great life. And as part of the great life, we are as important as everything else, but certainly no more important than anything else. And we feel that within the great life, there are what we call the laws of nature. We believe that there are many laws of nature. But there are three great laws of nature. And those are the laws that tell us how we have to live in harmony with everything else.The first law of nature is that you don't take any life without a real reason. And a real reason would be for food, for medicine, for protection. Those would be the reasons for taking life. But basically life is sacred. So we shouldn't kill needlessly. That would absolutely include plants. We believe everything is alive. In fact, we believe stones are alive, trees are alive, plants are alive, animals are obviously alive. And so to us, taking the life of a plant is just as a grave responsibility as taking the life of an animal. And all of those things should be done in a sacred way and in a good way. So for instance, when you go to gather a plant, you don't want to go and say, "wow, here's a whole patch of plants." And go and gather them all. You gather a few and then you gather a few from another spot, leavingthe majority of the plants so that they can grow and continue to provide not only for themselves but for us and for our children and for their children.The second law is that everything we do should serve the great life. Well, what we mean is that we believe that there is one spirit that fills all things: humans, plants, rocks, whatever. And the some and all of that and more is what we call the great life. And so we all are a part of the same great life. And everything we do affects the great life. And everything that happens within the great life affects us. So it's very very important that within the second law of nature that what we do will not harm other parts of the great life. Well, I could give a lot of examples and on a very personal simple level. An example could be for instance. Lots of people might go out and get an electric toothbrush. Uh, maybe it works a little bit better. It certainly easier: the toothbrush does all the work for you. But I have a manual toothbrush and I've used one for my whole life. And it works just fine. To use the electricity necessary to power that electric toothbrush requires coal or nuclear power that harms the air. It harms the water. It harms the great life.The third law basically is that we don' t pollute where we live. And where we live is not just our home. It's not just our intimate small community. It's not just our country. It's this planet. This sacred altar we call the earth. We don't pool chemical waste down the stream because they all wind up in the water. So basically we don't pollute the earth.Well, it might seem a little difficult to live by those three laws today in this industrialized society. But the Cherokee didn't have a problem with plastic. Wedidn't have plastic. We didn't have a lot of the things that exist today. We still have a lot of options. There are small things that each of us can do. Things like recycling. Things like choosing what we buy and buying things carefully. There are other things we can do. Instead of using the car for every short trip to the store, save them up so we use the car as little as possible. We can do things like organic gardening. We can do things to create greater community within our communities. There are a lot of things that we can do to bring these laws into our lives. And alternately our lives really depend on these. The great life can live without us, but we can't live without the great life.句子听译原文和答案：1、The report notes that obesity can lead to potentially fatal health problems including diabetes, stroke and cancer. But unfortunately, the obesity epidemic in America is getting worse.报道指出，肥胖导致的健康问题有可能是致命的，如糖尿病、中风以及癌症。

9月上海英语翻译资格高级口译听力真题完整版Part A: Spot DictationWas it envisioned for the euro to eventually become such a strong currency that it could compete with the dollar on a global level? Or was that a dream then and is it still a dream now?I think it was an attainable dream, and it is becoming actually, in some ways, less attainable right now.You may ask why?Well, the dream to give credit where credit is due was not only advocated by some European officials but by some American economists, including our Institute’s director, Fred Bergsten, who was way out in the front with that. Richard Portes, who teaches at London Business School, also was way out in front with that. And they were very much against the tide of people like Martin Feldstein and others in London and the United States who were very skeptical towards the euro.At face value, the euro area is the same size in GDP as the United States, roughly speaking. The euro area does have very large and deep financial markets, although the more you look in detail, there are still some things there that differentiate it from the United States. And the euro area has delivered price stability. They have a very low rate of inflation pretty consistently. So you put those three things together, on paper it looks like the euro should be at least a very clear second to the dollar in investor’s portfolios, in government reserve holdings, in how much you invoice trade like oil or planes or things like that.But what our research finds in this book -- in particular in good chapters by Kristin Forbes and Linda Goldberg -- is the fact that if you look under the hood a bit, there is ahuge shortfall between what you would expect just based on size and how much the euro is used. So there’s an awful lot of trade that’s still invoiced in dollars, not in euros, even between countries that are not dollar countries. There are huge amounts of financial flows that come to the United States, and the depth of European assets and financial flows is not commensurate with the size.【解析】本文节选自Growing Pains for the Euro。

Unit 1PART ONE About Cambridge UniversityW : How close to the town centre of Cambridge are we here?M: Oh, I should think not much more than a quarter of a mile.W: I can't hear any traffic.M: No. That's the beauty of Cambridge, isn't it? Y ou're here in the countryside and you might be miles from anywhere.W: And there is that chapel, that famous landmark.M: That's it. The absolute symbol of Cambridge is King's College Chapel.W: It's so beautiful. And that's its land?M: This is all King's College on either side. And when we're coming into the college we impress on visitors that you do not walk on the grass. Only the fellows walk on the grass.W: "Fellows only" and you hear about "fellows" of colleges. What is a fellow? What does it mean?M: In a company, they would be the directors of a company. So they're very often at the same time lecturers and professors in the university; some are administrators, obviously, people like the treasurer of the college一usually called the "bursar".W : But they are permanently attached to that college?M: They are permanently attached to the college一they're the board of directors.W: That, then, is Clare?M: That is Clare College. That's the next college. That's the second oldest college in Cambridge. W : Is it?M: The buildings are seventeenth-century but the college itself was founded early in the fourteenth.W: This is Clare Bridge.M: This is the oldest bridge in Cambridge.W : Ah.M: Tn about 1640. This was built when they were rebuilding the college. So now we are up to Trinity College. And this is the grandest, the richest college of them all.W: That is a splendid building, isn't it?M: This is the Wren Library.W: It's all on the upstairs floor; there's nothing downstairs, except an arcade.M: It's very cunningly done, you see, because Wren's very near the river. He wanted to avoid any risk of flooding.W: Ah.M: And so he put everything up off the ground level. Now we are into John's.W : This is John's College here?M: Which is the next biggest college after Trinity.W: Marvelous! What a lovely sights. And, in spite of all this history, Cambridge is not steeped in the past. It is still a centre of learning and a centre of excellence.M: Oh, very much, very much. The Cambridge Science Park was developed here with new industries linked to the science side of the university. A growth phenomenon. "The Cambridge phenomenon" they call this.W: This is astonishing一this one with, this structure on the top.M: They sometime s call this "the Bridge of Sighs.”M: And this is one of the very earliest developments of the river.W: Ah.M: Well, there are only two colleges like this which have a choir school attached —— St John's and King's. And the choir school is over in that direction. Y ou see the little boys coming down with the top hats and black coats.PART TWO Y ou Have Been at Cornell University…Y ou have been at Cornell University for two weeks now. As usual, you need enough time to sleep and eat. Y ou also want to spend time with your new friends and get some exercise. But, after the first two weeks of classes, you have probably concluded that there isn't enough time, to do all these things, because you also have to attend classes, go to labs, do assignments and write papers.Soon you will be in a situation like this one: Y ou are going to have a quiz in your ten o'clock class. Y ou studied for it until 3 am. Y ou also have an eight o’clock class. Should you sleep late and skip the eight o'clock class?To some extent the answer depends on the professor of the course. Some instructors announce that they require attendance. In that case you really should go to class. Some don't say anything. In that case you have to decide. Once in a while it is better to stay in bed and sleep than to get so tired that you cannot think. However, it is not a good idea to skip class more than a few times.If you have to skip a class, ask another student for the class notes, announcement and the assignment. Also, come to the next class prepared. If you miss the class because you are sick, tell the instructor afterward. He or she may let you make up the work. If you have an important appointment, tell the instructor about it before you miss the class.Here is another problem. Y ou took the quiz. Even after studying very hard, you could not answer all the questions. In high school you always got every answer right. What went wrong? Nothing. High school work is easy, so a good student is supposed to get a perfect score. In college the teacher wants to challenge even the best students. Therefore, almost nobody answers every question correctly.But .maybe there were some very basic ideas in that course you don’t understand. Go to see the teacher during his or her office hours. Most teachers will gladly explain things again. Of course, they will not be pleased to repeat what they said in class to someone who skipped class.Maybe you really should get up for that eight o'clock class!PART THREE Women T eachers in Primary SchoolM: I recently read an article which said that in primary schools in particular promotion chances of women teachers are less than men, that men generally get promoted far quicker than women in primary education. Is this something you’ve noticed or is this something you feel?F: No, this is something that is so. I read that article, too. I would have written it myself, really. And we come back full circle really because it's not just teaching. I mean it's everything that men are getting promotion more quickly than women. In the primary sector there are far more women teachers than men but there are more headmasters’ than headmistresses.M: So where does that leave someone like you? I mean what, what are the possibilities of your promotion in primary education? At he moment you're in charge of a section of high school.F: Y es, I'm in charge of the infant department which goes from the children who are three to the children who are seven. And they transfer when they are seven to higher up the school which iscalled the junior department. So I'm in charge of the Lower School, if you like.M: And do you have ambition in that sense? I mean you like to be a headmistress?F: No, no, no. -I would not. I would not like to be a headmistress at all. I mean this is the next stage of my career were I ambitious…but I, basically enjoy being a classroom teacher. Now perhaps this gives a clue to why there are not more women heads. I don't know… I mean in the past it may have been that, and it may still be, that because boys are brought up to be more ambitious, that they're the ones who are going for promotion and quick promotion, I mean rapid promotion so that they are heads by the time they're thirty and they start out in their career thinking that whereas I enjoy being a class teacher, I was a deputy head before I got this post, but I prefer to be in the classroom with the children than sitting at a desk doing administration which is what being a head means if you're a head of a largish school.M: Are you pleased that you chose primary teaching as a career .and if someone came up to you at school leaving age and was wondering about what they were going to do, would you advise them to follow in your footsteps?F: I'm very pleased that I did — well, I'm pleased most of the time. Monday morning I'm not pleased. Some mornings during the week and the end of the holidays I'm not pleased. I'm a primary school teacher; I mean basically I am. I left teaching once and then went back into it, I think that shows that I am committed to be a primary school teacher.Questions:1. What has the man read recently?2. What. does the woman mean by the "Lower School"?3, According to the woman, why do men get rapid promotion?4. What does the woman want for herself?5. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the dialogue?PART FOUR When!Was'at Marrow…I was born of a working-class father and the aspiration of many self-made men is to send their children to private boarding schools, to give them the best education money can buy, and one of the best schools in the country is Harrow.Harrow is one of those institutions when I vas there which at that time were really geared to train an elite ruling class, so that everything was geared to that, and so team spirit and team games were the thing, and games were really more important than the acquisition of knowledge. If you were good at games you were considered to be one of the heroes of the school and if you were good at work then the chances are you would be derided and laughed at as a swot or somebody who worked hard and studied hard, and that was not the attribute of a gentleman. So there were some games, like tennis, golf, that were frowned on and you were not encouraged to pursue those games but you were more encouraged to play cricket and football and Harrow football and so forth because it required a team effort, you were one of a team, you were not an individual, and it seemed to me that the public school system actually ground out the individual. Y ou fitted into a mould; you learnt to accept certain standards. Y ou never showed pain, for example, you didn’t whinge about pain or discomfort and schools in my day were not comfortable places. They are now.’I think tying in with the importance of games is the fact that also you had to be a "man", and if people abroad think that the English gentleman is someone who is clean of limb, I can assure you he's not. I think most of us washed about once a week; in winter, we used to; it was a mark ofa gentleman as well that; and being tough and hard, that you didn't wear an overcoat so this meant that in winter we would pull our clothes off and the whole lot came off, shirt, several pullovers and vests and they all came off in one go. We then put our pyjamas on and if the next morning it was particularly cold we'd just put the whole damn lot on over- the pyjamas so you'd see small boys with bits of about an inch or two of pyjama trouser showing out at the bottom of their grey trousers, but you went, in the end, if it sort of dropped to minus ten you went around like little Michelin men with layers and layers of things on but no overcoat一that was the sign of weakness. PART FIVE A T ypical University Course in North AmericaSince many of you are planning to study at a college or university in this country, you may be curious to know what a typical college course is like. What can you expect to do in a typical week? How many exams will you have? Will you have to do a lot of writing? What should you do if you have any problems? These are the questions I want to discuss with you, today.First let's talk about what your weekly schedule will look like. If you're an undergraduate in any field or major, you can expect to spend between four and six hours a week for each class attending lectures, no matter what your major may be. Lectures are usually in very large rooms because undergraduate courses such as introduction to psychology or economics often have as many as two or three hundred students, especially at large universities. In lectures, it’s very important for you to take notes on what the professor says because the information in a lecture is often different from the information in your textbooks. Also, you can expect to have exam questions based on the lectures. So it isn't enough to just read your textbooks; you have to attend lectures as well. In a typical week you will also have one or two hours of discussion for every class you take. The discussion section is a small group meeting, usually with fewer than thirty students; where you can ask questions about the lectures, the reading, and the homework. In large universities, graduate students called teaching assistants or T. A. s, usually conduct discussion sections.If your major is chemistry, or physics; or another science, you will also have to spend several hours a week in the lab, or laboratory, doing experiments. This means that science majors spend more time in the classroom than non-science majors do. On the other hand, people who major in subjects like literature or anthropology usually have to read and write more than science majors do.Now I'd like to go on and say a few words about examinations. Most university courses have at least two exams: one in the middle of the quarter, called a midterm, and one at the end, called the final exam. Most courses also have occasional quizzes, which are smaller tests given every week or two: There are two basic types of exam questions. There are objective questions, such as multiple choice, true/falser matching or filling in the blank, and essay questions; where you must write an essay or a composition in response to a question. Most exams are a combination of essay and objective questions.In some courses, especially in-non-science ones, you might also have to write are search paper. A research paper is a writing project in which you choose a topic related to the course, go to the library, lead several articles and books on the topic, take notes, and then write a paper about what you have read. Y ou can see that the ability to write is extremely important in American universities.The final point that I want to cover today is what you should do if you need help in a particular class. If you're having a problem, you should make an appointment to see yourinstructor immediately. Don't be shy! Instructors plan to spend a certain amount of time each week with the students. They see the students in their offices during office hours. Instructors will almost always announce their office hours at the first class meeting. Y ou can also make a special appointment to see your instructor if you can't go to his or her regular office hours. I might add that it's a good idea to make an appointment to see your instructor even if you don’t have a particular problem. That way it will be easier if you need special help later on.So far I've talked about college course structure, about exams, about research papers, and about getting help if you need it. Let's stop here and see if there are any questions.PART SIX Listening and T ranslationA. Sentence translation(1) I wouldn't ask you if it wasn't important, but could you possibly babysit for us tomorrow evening?(2) Y ou could leave it here at reception, if it's not too big, or you could take it with you to the station and put it in one of the lockers there.(3) Shares on the London Stock Exchange traded sharply lower than Friday, undermined by turmoil on bond and currency markets.(4) Expenditure on clothing, durable consumer goods, recreation, health care and transport all increased, while housing conditions improved for city dwellers.(5) The World Bank urged Asian countries to speed the development of their domestic bond markets to meet the huge demand for public works financing.B. Passage translation(1) Well, one of the worst experiences I had was at the end of a long holiday, a very long way away from home. And I'd booked an air-flight home, and two days before the flight was about to leave, I had my passport and my airline ticket stolen. So I went to the British Embassy trying to get a new ticket and anew passport, and they said they could only give me a passport if I could prove I was leaving一and I didn't have my ticket. So I went to the airline and they said I could only have a new ticket if I could prove who I was, but I didn't have a passport. So I was in a bit of a tricky situation. But I finally did get a temporary passport from the embassy and I finally flew home.(2) AIDS is big business maybe Africa's biggest business. There's nothing else that can generate as much aid money as AIDS. AIDS is a political disease here, and we should be very skeptical, of course. Hunger should not be a problem in most of the countries south of the Sahara. In addition, there are vast natural resources: oil, gold and diamonds. Africa is always only portrayed as a continent of suffering, but most figures are vastly exaggerated. In the industrial nations, there's a sense that Africa would go under without development aid. But believe me, Africa existed before you Europeans came along. And we didn't do all that poorly either.。

9月上海高级口译听力考试真题完整版Part A: Spot DictationWas it envisioned for the euro to eventually become such a strong currency that it could compete with the dollar on a global level? Or was that a dream then and is it still a dream now?I think it was an attainable dream, and it is becoming actually, in some ways, less attainable right now.You may ask why?Well, the dream to give credit where credit is due was not only advocated by some European officials but by some American economists, including our Institute’s director, Fred Bergsten, who was way out in the front with that. Richard Portes, who teaches at London Business School, also was way out in front with that. And they were very much against the tide of people like Martin Feldstein and others in London and the United States who were very skeptical towards the euro.At face value, the euro area is the same size in GDP as the United States, roughly speaking. The euro area does have very large and deep financial markets, although the more you look in detail, there are still some things there that differentiate it from the United States. And the euro area has delivered price stability. They have a very low rate of inflation pretty consistently. So you put those three things together, on paper it looks like the euro should be at least a very clear second to the dollar in investor’s portfolios, in government reserve holdings, in how much you invoice trade like oil or planes or things like that.But what our research finds in this book -- in particular in good chapters by Kristin Forbes and Linda Goldberg -- is the fact that if you look under the hood a bit, there is ahuge shortfall between what you would expect just based on size and how much the euro is used. So there’s an awful lot of trade that’s still invoiced in dollars, not in euros, even between countries that are not dollar countries. There are huge amounts of financial flows that come to the United States, and the depth of European assets and financial flows is not commensurate with the size.【解析】本文节选自Growing Pains for the Euro。

Unit 1Pirates of the InternetIt’s no secret that online piracy has decimated the music industry as millions of people stopped buying CDs and started stealing their favorite songs by downloading them from the internet. Now the hign-tech thieves are coming after Hollywood. Illegal downloading of full-length feature films is a relatively new phenomenon, but it’s becoming easier and easier to do. The people running America’s movie studios know that if they don’t do something----and fast---they could be in the same boat as the record companies. Correspodent: “What’s really at stake for the movie industry with all this privacy?” Chernin: “Well, I think, you know, ultimately, our absolute features.” Peter Chernin runs 20th Century Fox, one of the biggest studios in Hollywood. He knows the pirates of the Internet are gaining on him. Correspont: “Do you know how many movies are being downloaded today, in one day, in the United States?” Chernin: “I think it’s probably in the hundreds of thousands, if not millions.” Correspondent: “And it’s only going to grow.” Chernin: “It’s only going to grow. √Somebody can put a perfect digital copy up on the internet. A perfect digital copy, all right. And with the click of mouse, send out a million copies all over the world, in an instant.”5And it’s all free. If that takes hold, kiss Hollywood goodbye. Chernin recently organized a “summit” between studio moguls and some highschool and college kids---the people most likely to be downloading. Chernin: “And we said, ‘Let’s come up with a challenge. Let’s give them five movies, and see if they can find them online.’ And we all sat around and picked five movies, four of which hadn’t been released yet. And then we came back half an hour later. They had found all five movies that we gav e them. ” Correspondent: “Even the ones that hadn’t even been released yet?” Chernin: “Even the ones that hadn’t even been released yet.” Correspondent: “Did these kids have any sense that they were stealing?” Chernin: “You know it’s… it’s a weird dichotom y. I think they know it’s stealing, and I don’t think they think it’s wrong. I think they have an attitude of, ‘It’s here.’” The Internet copy of last year’s hit Signs, starring Mel Gibson, was stolen even before director M. Night Shyamalan could organize the premiere. Correspondent: “The movie was about to be released. When did the first bootleg copy appear?”6Shyamalan: “Two weeks before it or three weeks before it. Before the Internet age, when somebody bootlegged a movie, the only outlet they had was to see it to those vendors on Times Square, where they had the boxes set up outside and they say, ‘Hey, we have Signs---it’s not even out yet.’ And you walk by and you know it’s illegal. But now, because it’s the digital age, you can see, like, a clean copy. It’s no longer the kind of the sleazy guy in Times Square with the box. It’s just, oh, it’s on thisbeautiful site, and I have to go, ‘Click.’” Correspondent: “How did those movies get on the Internet? How did that happen?” Chernin: “Through an absolute act of theft. Someone steals a print from the editor’s room; someone steals a print from the person; the composer who’s doing the music…absolute physical theft, steals a print, makes a digital copy, and uploads it.” Correspondent: “And there you go.” Digit al copies like this one of The Matrix Reloaded have also been bootlegged from DVDs sent to reviewers or ad agencies, or circulated among companies that do special effects, or subtitles. Chernin: “The other way that pre-released movies end up (stolen) is th at people go to … there are lots of screenings that happen in this industry… People go to those screenings with a camcorder, with a digital camcorder, sit in the back, turn the camcorder on…”Correspondent: “And record it.” This is one of those recorded-off-the-screen copies of Disney’s Pirates of the Caribbean. Not great quality, but not awful either. And while it used to take forever to download a movie, anyone with a high-speed Internet connection can now have a full-length film in an hour or two.Saaf: “Well, this is just one of many websites where basically people, hackers if you will, announce their piracy releases.” Randy Saaf runs a company called Media Defender that helps movie studios combat onlinepiracy.Correspondent: “Look at this, all these new movies that I haven’t even seen yet, all here.” Saaf: “ Yep.” Correspondent: “Secondhand Lions that just came out. Sometimes I feel like I’m the only person in this country who has never downloaded anything. But maybe there is a few others of us out there. So I’m going to ask you to show us Kazaa, that’s the biggest downloading site, right?” Saaf: “Right. This is the Kazaa media desktop. Kazaa is the largest peer-to-peer network.” It’s called peer-to-peer because computer users are sharing files8with each other, with no middleman. All Kazaa do es is provide the software to make that sharing possible. When we went online with Randy Saaf, nearly four million other Kazaa users were there with us, sharing every kind of digital file. Saaf: “Audio, documents, images, software, and video. If you wanted a movie, you would click on the video section, and then you would type in a search phrase. And basically what this is doing now, it is asking the people on the peer-to-peer network, ‘Who has Finding Memo’?” Within seconds, 191 computers sent an answer: “We have it.” This is Finding Memo, crisp picture and sound, downloaded free from Kazaa a month before its release for video rental or sale. If you don’t want to watch it on a little computer screen, you don’t have t o. On the newest computers, you can just “burn” it onto a DVD and watch it on your big-screen TV. 5.And that’s a dagger pointed right at the heart ofHollywood.Chernin: “Where movies make the bulk of their money is on DVD and home videos. 50 percent of the revenues for any movie come out of home video…” Correspondent: “15 percent?” Chernin: “50 percent so that if piracy occurs and it wipes out your home video profits or ultimately your television profits, you are out of business. No movies will get made.” Even if movies did get made, Night Shyamalan says that wouldn’t be any good, because profits would be negligible, so budgets would shrink dramatically. Shyamalan: “And slowly it will degrade what’s possible in that art form.” Rosso: “Technology always wins. Always. You can’t shut it down.” Wayne Rosso is Hollywood’s enemy. They call him a pirate, but officially he’s the president of Grokster, another peer-to-peer network that works just like Kazaa. Correspondent: “Ok, I have downloaded your softwar e.” Rosso: “Right.” Correspondent: “Ok, did I pay to do that?” Rosso: “No, it’s free.” Correspondent: “So who pays you? How do you make money?” Rosso: “We’re like radio. We are advertising-supported.” Correspondent: “And how many people use Grokster?” Rosso: “Ten million.” Correspondent: “Ten million people have used it.” Rosso: “A month.” Correspondent: “Every month, ten million people?” Rosso: “Uh-huh, uh-huh. And growing.”10Correspondent: “Use it to download music, movies, software, video games, what else?” Rosso: “I will assume. See, we have no way of。

Unit 1Pirates of the InternetIt’s no secret that online piracy has decimated the music industry as millions of people stopped buying CDs and started stealing their favorite songs by downloading them from the internet. Now the hign-tech thieves are coming after Hollywood. Illegal downloading of full-length feature films is a relatively new phenomenon, but it’s becoming easier and easier to do. The people running America’s movie studios know that if they don’t do something----and fast---they could be in the same boat as the record companies. Correspodent: “What’s really at stake for the movie industry with all this privacy?” Chernin: “Well, I think, you know, ultimately, our absolute features.” Peter Chernin runs 20th Century Fox, one of the biggest studios in Hollywood. He knows the pirates of the Internet are gaining on him. Correspont: “Do you know how many movies are being downloaded today, in one day, in the United States?” Chernin: “I think it’s probably in the hundreds of thousands, if not millions.” Correspondent: “And it’s only going to grow.” Chernin: “It’s only going to grow. √Somebody can put a perfect digital copy up on the internet. A perfect digital copy, all right. And with the click of mouse, send out a million copies all over the world, in an instant.”5And it’s all free. If that takes hold, kiss Hollywood goodbye. Chernin recently organized a “summit” between studio moguls and some highschool and college kids---the people most likely to be downloading. Chernin: “And we said, ‘Let’s come up with a challenge. Let’s give them five movies, and see if they can find them online.’ And we all sat around and picked five movies, four of which hadn’t been released yet. And then we came back half an hour later. They had found all five movies that we gav e them. ” Correspondent: “Even the ones that hadn’t even been released yet?” Chernin: “Even the ones that hadn’t even been released yet.” Correspondent: “Did these kids have any sense that they were stealing?” Chernin: “You know it’s… it’s a weird dichotom y. I think they know it’s stealing, and I don’t think they think it’s wrong. I think they have an attitude of, ‘It’s here.’” The Internet copy of last year’s hit Signs, starring Mel Gibson, was stolen even before director M. Night Shyamalan could organize the premiere. Correspondent: “The movie was about to be released. When did the first bootleg copy appear?”6Shyamalan: “Two weeks before it or three weeks before it. Before the Internet age, when somebody bootlegged a movie, the only outlet they had was to see it to those vendors on Times Square, where they had the boxes set up outside and they say, ‘Hey, we have Signs---it’s not even out yet.’ And you walk by and you know it’s illegal. But now, because it’s the digital age, you can see, like, a clean copy. It’s no longer the kind of the sleazy guy in Times Square with the box. It’s just, oh, it’s on thisbeautiful site, and I have to go, ‘Click.’” Correspondent: “How did those movies get on the Internet? How did that happen?” Chernin: “Through an absolute act of theft. Someone steals a print from the editor’s room; someone steals a print from the person; the composer who’s doing the music…absolute physical theft, steals a print, makes a digital copy, and uploads it.” Correspondent: “And there you go.” Digit al copies like this one of The Matrix Reloaded have also been bootlegged from DVDs sent to reviewers or ad agencies, or circulated among companies that do special effects, or subtitles. Chernin: “The other way that pre-released movies end up (stolen) is th at people go to … there are lots of screenings that happen in this industry… People go to those screenings with a camcorder, with a digital camcorder, sit in the back, turn the camcorder on…”Correspondent: “And record it.” This is one of those recorded-off-the-screen copies of Disney’s Pirates of the Caribbean. Not great quality, but not awful either. And while it used to take forever to download a movie, anyone with a high-speed Internet connection can now have a full-length film in an hour or two.Saaf: “Well, this is just one of many websites where basically people, hackers if you will, announce their piracy releases.” Randy Saaf runs a company called Media Defender that helps movie studios combat onlinepiracy.Correspondent: “Look at this, all these new movies that I haven’t even seen yet, all here.” Saaf: “ Yep.” Correspondent: “Secondhand Lions that just came out. Sometimes I feel like I’m the only person in this country who has never downloaded anything. But maybe there is a few others of us out there. So I’m going to ask you to show us Kazaa, that’s the biggest downloading site, right?” Saaf: “Right. This is the Kazaa media desktop. Kazaa is the largest peer-to-peer network.” It’s called peer-to-peer because computer users are sharing files8with each other, with no middleman. All Kazaa do es is provide the software to make that sharing possible. When we went online with Randy Saaf, nearly four million other Kazaa users were there with us, sharing every kind of digital file. Saaf: “Audio, documents, images, software, and video. If you wanted a movie, you would click on the video section, and then you would type in a search phrase. And basically what this is doing now, it is asking the people on the peer-to-peer network, ‘Who has Finding Memo’?” Within seconds, 191 computers sent an answer: “We have it.” This is Finding Memo, crisp picture and sound, downloaded free from Kazaa a month before its release for video rental or sale. If you don’t want to watch it on a little computer screen, you don’t have t o. On the newest computers, you can just “burn” it onto a DVD and watch it on your big-screen TV. 5.And that’s a dagger pointed right at the heart ofHollywood.Chernin: “Where movies make the bulk of their money is on DVD and home videos. 50 percent of the revenues for any movie come out of home video…” Correspondent: “15 percent?” Chernin: “50 percent so that if piracy occurs and it wipes out your home video profits or ultimately your television profits, you are out of business. No movies will get made.” Even if movies did get made, Night Shyamalan says that wouldn’t be any good, because profits would be negligible, so budgets would shrink dramatically. Shyamalan: “And slowly it will degrade what’s possible in that art form.” Rosso: “Technology always wins. Always. You can’t shut it down.” Wayne Rosso is Hollywood’s enemy. They call him a pirate, but officially he’s the president of Grokster, another peer-to-peer network that works just like Kazaa. Correspondent: “Ok, I have downloaded your softwar e.” Rosso: “Right.” Correspondent: “Ok, did I pay to do that?” Rosso: “No, it’s free.” Correspondent: “So who pays you? How do you make money?” Rosso: “We’re like radio. We are advertising-supported.” Correspondent: “And how many people use Grokster?” Rosso: “Ten million.” Correspondent: “Ten million people have used it.” Rosso: “A month.” Correspondent: “Every month, ten million people?” Rosso: “Uh-huh, uh-huh. And growing.”10Correspondent: “Use it to download music, movies, software, video games, what else?” Rosso: “I will assume. See, we have no way ofknowing what people are downloading.” Correspondent: “That’s just a fig leaf. You are facilitating, allowing, helping people steal.” Rosso: “We have no idea what the content is, and whatever it is…” Correspondent:“Well, you may not know the specifics, but you know that’s what your site…” Rosso: “And we can’t stop it. We have no control over it.” Correspondent: “But you are there for that purpose, that is why you exist, of course it is.” Rosso: “No, no, no, no, no,no.” Correspondent: “Come on, this is the fig leaf part.” Rosso: “No, no, no, no, no.” Shyamalan:“He is totally conformable with putting on his site a stolen piece of material. Am I wrong in that? If my movie was bootlegged, he’d be totally comfortable putting it on his site?” Correspondent: “Because I have nothing to do with it.” Shyamalan:“Yeah, right.” Correspondent: “Because I just provided the software.” Shyamalan:“Yeah, right. So, immediately, how can you ever have a11conversation with him? Because he’s taken a stolen material and he is totally fine with passing it around in his house. All these, all these are illegal activities. So, I’m not, it’s just my house, I’m not doing anything wrong.” But it is Rosso who has the law on his side. A federal ju dge has ruled that Grokster and other file-swapping networks are not liable for what their downloaders are doing. Rosso: “So we are completely legal, and unfortunately this is something the entertainment industry refuses toaccept. They seem to think the j udge’s decision was nothing but a typo.” The studios are appealing that court ruling. And they may follow the music industry and begin to sue individuals who download movies. And they are fighting the pirates in other ways, with ads about people whose jobs are at risk because of the piracy---people like the carpenters and painters who work on film sets. At the same time, Hollywood is trying to keep copies of movies from leaking in the first place. Chernin: “ You will very seldom go to an early screening of a movie right now where, probably you don’t notice until you pay attention, someone’s not in the front of that auditorium with infrared binoculars looking for somebody with a camcorder.”12And once a movie is released, or copies do begin to leak, the studios hire people like Randy Saaf to hack the hackers. Saaf: “What we’re just trying to do is make the actual pirated content difficult to find. And the way we do that is by, you know, serving up fake files.” It’s called “spoofing.” Saaf and his employees spend their days on Kazaa and Grokster, offering up thousands of files that look like copies of new movies, but aren’t. Correspondent: “So if I had clicked on any number of those Finding Nemo offerings, I could have clicked on one of yours, or somebody like you. And what would I have found after my hour and a half of downloading?” Saaf: “it might just be a blank screen or something. Youknow, typically speaking, what we push out is just not the real content.” Correspondent: “What you are trying to do is make this so impossible, so infuriating that people will just throw up their hands and say it’s just easier for me to go rent this thing, buy the DVD or whatever, it’s just easier.” Saaf: “Right.” Correspondent: “That’s your goal.” Saaf：：“Right.”13Correspon dent: “Does that work? Is that a good idea?” Rosso: “No. It doesn’t work. I mean I don’t blame them but it doesn’t work because what happens is that the community cleanses itself of the spoofs.” He means that downloaders quickly spread the word online about how to tell the fake movie files from the real thing. Correspondent: “It’s like an arms race(军备竞赛）, isn’t it?” Chernin: “That’s exactly what it’s like. It’s like an arms race. There will be, you know, they’re gonna get a step ahead. We’re gonna try and get that step back.” Rosso: “But I’ll tell you one thing: I’ll bet on the hackers.” Correspondent: “That they will break whatever…” Rosso: “The studios come up with.” Correspondent: “The companies throw at them.”Hollywood knows that downloading off the Internet is the way millions of consumers want to get their entertainment---and that isn’t going away. Chernin: “The generally accepted estimate is that more that 60 million Americans have downloaded file-sharing software onto their computers.”Correspondent: “60 million.”14Chernin: “At 60 million Americans, that’s a mainstream product. That’s not a bunch of college kids or, you know, a bunch of computer geeks. That’s America.” So, instead of trying to stop it entirely, the studios are looking for ways to embrace it, but get paid too. Wayne Rosso says the best way is to negotiate some kinds of licens ing deal with him. Rosso: “If the movie industry acts now and starts exploring alternatives and solutions with guys like me, hopefully they won’t have a problem.”Correspondent: “What if they try to buy you?” Rosso: “I’d sell it in al heartbeat.” Correspondent: “You would sell, Grokster would sell to a movie studio?” Rosso: “Sure, call me.” The idea of making deals with wha t Peter Chernin calls “a bunch of crooks” doesn’t appeal to Hollywood. Instead, Fox and other studios have just launched their own site, Movielink, where consumers can download a film for a modest fee, between three and five dollars. Chernin: “I think you would love the idea that you don’t have to go to the video store. You can do this. And that’s what we’re working15on. But in order for that to be effective, we have to stop privacy, because the most effective business model in the world can’t compete with free.” Not that Peter Chernin is interes ted, but he won’t have the chance to buyGrokster, at least not from Wayne Rosso. A few days ago, Rosso announced that he is leaving Grokster to take over as president of another file-swapping software company, this one based in Spain. Grokster will continue under new management.Unit 2A plan to build the world's first airport for launching commercial spacecraft in New Mexico is the latest development in the new space race, a race among private companies and billionaire entrepreneurs to carry paying passengers into space and to kick-start a new industry, astro tourism.The man who is leading the race may not be familiar to you, but to astronauts, pilots, and aeronautical engineers –basically to anyone who knows anything about aircraft design –Burt Rutan is a legend, an aeronautical engineer whose latest aircraft is the world's first private spaceship. As he told 60 Minutes correspondent Ed Bradley when he first met him a little over a year ago, if his idea flies, someday space travel may be cheap enough and safe enough for ordinary people to go where only astronauts have gone beforeThe White Knight is a rather unusual looking aircraft, built just for the purpose of carrying a rocket plane called SpaceShipOne, the first spacecraft built by private enterprise.White Knight and SpaceShipOne are the latest creations of Burt Rutan. They're part of his dream to develop a commercial travel business in space."There will be a new industry. And we are just now in a beginning. I will predict that in 12 or 15 years, there will be tens of thousands, maybe even hundreds of thousands of people that fly, and see that black sky," says Rutan.On June 21, XXXX, White Knight took off from an airstrip in Mojave, Calif., carrying Rutan's spaceship. It took 63 minutes to reach the launch altitude of 47,000 feet. Once there, the White Knight crew prepared to release the spaceship. The fierce acceleration slammed Mike Melvill, the pilot, back in his seat. He put SpaceShipOne into a near vertical trajectory, until, as planned, the fuel ran out.Still climbing like a spent bullet, Melvill hoped to gain as much altitude as possible to reach space before the ship began falling back to earth.By the time the spaceship reached the end of its climb, it was 22 miles off course. But it had, just barely, reached an altitude of just over 62 miles —the internationally recognized boundary of space.It was the news Rutan had been waiting for. Falling back to Earth from an altitude of62 miles, SpaceShipOne's tilting wing, a revolutionary innovation called the feather, caused the rocket plane to position itself for a relatively benign re-entry and turned the spaceship into a glider.SpaceShipOne glided to a flawless landing before a crowd of thousands."After that June flight, I felt like I was floating around and just once in a while touching the ground," remembers Rutan. "We had an operable space plane." Rutan's "operable space plane" was built by a company with only 130 employees at a cost of just $25 million. He believes his success has ended the government's monopoly on space travel, and opened it up to the ordinary citizen."I concluded that for affordable travel to happen, the little guy had to do it because he had the incentive for a business," says Rutan.Does Rutan view this as a business venture or a technological challenge?"It's a technological challenge first. And it's a dream I had when I was 12," he says. Rutan started building model airplanes when he was seven years old, in Dyenuba, Calif., where he grew up."I was fascinated by putting balsa wood together and see how it would fly," he remembers. "And when I started having the capability to do contests and actually win a trophy by making a better model, then I was hooked."He's been hooked ever since. He designed his first airplane in 1968 and flew it four years later. Since then his airplanes have become known for their stunning looks, innovative design and technological sophistication.Rutan began designing a spaceship nearly a decade ago, after setting up set up his own aeronautical research and design firm. By the year XXXX, he had turned his designs into models and was testing them outside his office.When I got to the point that I knew that I could make a safe spaceship that would fly a manned space mission -- when I say, 'I,' not the government, our little team -- I told Paul Allen, 'I think we can do this.' And he immediately said, 'Go with it.'"Paul Allen co-founded Microsoft and is one of the richest men in the world. His decision to pump $25 million into Rutan's company, Scaled Composites, was the vote of confidence that his engineers needed to proceed."That was a heck of a challenge to put in front of some people like us, where we're told, 'Well, you can't do that. You wanna see? We can do this," says Pete Sebold. Work on White Knight and SpaceShipOne started four years ago in secret. Both aircraft were custom made from scratch by a team of 12 engineers using layers of tough carbon fabric glued together with epoxy. Designed to be light-weight, SpaceShipOne can withstand the stress of re-entry because of the radical way it comes back into the atmosphere, like a badminton shuttlecock or a birdie.He showed 60 Minutes how it works."Feathering the wing is kind of a dramatic thing, in that it changes the wholeconfiguration of the airplane," he explains. "And this is done in space, okay? It's done after you fly into space.""We have done six reentries. Three of them from space and three of them from lower altitudes. And some of them have even come down upside down. And the airplane by itself straightens itself right up," Rutan explains.By September XXXX, Rutan was ready for his next challenge: an attempt to win a $10 million prize to be the first to fly a privately funded spacecraft into space, and do it twice in two weeks."After we had flown the June flight, and we had reached the goal of our program, then the most important thing was to win that prize," says Rutan.That prize was the Ansari X Prize – an extraordinary competition created in 1996 to stimulate private investment in space.The first of the two flights was piloted, once again, by Mike Melvill.September's flight put Melville's skill and training to the test. As he was climbing out of the atmosphere, the spacecraft suddenly went into a series of rolls.How concerned was he?"Well, I thought I could work it out. I'm very confident when I'm flying a plane when I've got the controls in my hand. I always believed I can fix this no matter how bad it gets," says Melville.SpaceShipOne rolled 29 times before he regained control. The remainder of the flight was without incident, and Melvill made the 20-minute glide back to the Mojave airport. The landing on that September afternoon was flawless.Because Rutan wanted to attempt the second required flight just four days later, the engineers had little time to find out what had gone wrong. Working 12-hour shifts, they discovered they didn't need to fix the spacecraft, just the way in which the pilots flew it.For the second flight, it was test pilot Brian Binnie's turn to fly SpaceShipOne.The spaceship flew upward on a perfect trajectory, breaking through to space.Rutan's SpaceShipOne had flown to space twice in two weeks, captured the X Prize worth $10 million, and won bragging rights over the space establishment."You know I was wondering what they are feeling, 'They' being that other space agency," Rutan says laughing. "You know, quite frankly, I think the big guys, the Boeings, the Lockheeds, the nay-say people at Houston, I think they're looking at each other now and saying 'We're screwed!' Because, I'll tell you something, I have a hell of a lot bigger goal than they do!""The astronauts say that the most exciting experience is floating around in aspace suit," says Rutan, showing off his own plans. "But I don't agree. A space suit is an awful thing. It constrains you and it has noisy fans running. Now look over here. It's quiet. And you're out here watching the world go by in what you might call a 'spiritual dome.' Well, that, to me, is better than a space suit because you're not constrained."He also has a vision for a resort hotel in space, and says it all could be accomplished in the foreseeable future. Rutan believes it is the dawn of a new era.He explains, "I think we've proven now that the small guys can build a space ship and go to space. And not only that, we've convinced a rich guy, a very rich guy, to come to this country and build a space program to take everyday people to space."That "rich guy" is Richard Branson, the English billionaire who owns Virgin Atlantic Airlines. Branson has signed a $120 million deal with Rutan to build five spaceships for paying customers. Named "Virgin Galactic," it will be the world's first "spaceline." Flights are expected to begin in XXXX."We believe by flying tens of thousands of people to space, and making that a profitable business, that that will lead into affordable orbital travel," says Rutan. Rutan thinks there "absolutely" is a market for this.With tickets initially going for $200,000, the market is limited. Nevertheless, Virgin Galactic says 38,000 people have put down a deposit for a seat, and 90 of those have paid the full $200,000.But Rutan has another vision. "The goal is affordable travel above low-Earth orbit. In other words, affordable travel for us to go to the moon. Affordable travel. That means not just NASA astronauts, but thousands of people being able to go to the moon," he says. "I'd like to go. Wouldn't you?"By Harry RadliffeUnited 3For 300 years, the sea has been closing in on New Orleans. As the coastal erosion continues, it is estimated the city will be off shore in 90 years. Even in good weather, New Orleans is sinking. As the city begins what is likely to be the biggest demolition project in U.S. history, the question is, can we or should we put New Orleans back together again?Life has been returning to high and dry land on Bourbon Street, but to find the monumental challenge facing the city you have to visit neighborhoods you have never heard of. On Lizardi Street, 60 Minutes took a walk with the men in charge of finishing what Katrina started.Correspondent Scott Pelley reports.Before Katrina, "There would be noise and activity and families and people, and children, and, you know, I haven't seen a child in a month here," says Greg Meffert, a city official who, with his colleague Mike Centineo, is trying to figure out how much of the city will have to be demolished.Meffert, who is in charge of city planning, says it is "very possible" up to 50,000 houses will have to be bulldozed. Right now, most of the homes in the city are uninhabitable.Meffert faces a difficult task. Every time he goes to a house site here, he says, "It's one more knife in me that says, 'She did another one. She did another one,'" explains Meffert, "she" meaning Hurricane Katrina.When you walk through these neighborhoods and you see the houses, you get a sense of the pain of the individual families. But you don't get a sense of what has happened to the city of New Orleans itself.It is estimated that there were 200,000 homes in New Orleans, and 120,000 of them were damaged by the flood.The part of the city known as the lower Ninth Ward received some of the heaviest flooding. The houses are splintered block after block after block, almost as if the city had been carpet-bombed in war.Meffert says that before the storm, New Orleans had a population of 470,000-480,000 people. Realistically, he thinks that half of those residents won't be coming back.The possessions of thousands of families, the stuff collected over lifetimes is suddenly garbage, clawed up into mountains in city parks. With so much gone already, should New Orleans pick up right where it was?"We should be thinking about a gradual pullout of New Orleans, and starting to rebuild people's homes, businesses and industry in places that can last more than 80 years," says Tim Kusky, a professor of earth sciences at St. Louis University.Kusky talks about a withdrawal of the city and explains that coastal erosion was thrown into fast forward by Katrina. He says by 2095, the coastline will pass the city and New Orleans will be what he calls a "fish bowl.""Because New Orleans is going to be 15 to 18 feet below sea level, sitting off the coast of North America surrounded by a 50- to 100-foot-tall levee system to protectthe city," explains Kusky.He says the city will be completely surrounded by the Gulf of Mexico just 90 years from now.Since this story aired on Nov. 20, there has been considerable discussion about whether New Orleans really is sinking, including on."That's the projection, because we are losing land on the Mississippi Delta at a rate of 25 to 30 square miles per year. That's two acres per hour that are sinking below sea level," says Kusky.That process could only be slowed, in theory, by massive restoration of wetlands. In the meantime, while Kusky's advice is to head for the hills, some New Orleans residents are hoping to head home.Vera Fulton has lived most of her 81 years on Lizardi Street and returned to her home recently for the first time since being evacuated."When they say 'storm,' I leave. I can't swim and I can't drink it. So what I do, I leave," says Vera, who has lost her home to two hurricanes.Vera is intent on coming back. "I don't have no other home, where I'm going?"Three generations of Fultons, Vera's son Irvin Jr., his wife Gay and their son Irvin, 3rd, live around Lizardi Street.Irvin says his house is "just flat" and he didn't have insurance.That's the dilemma. The only thing they have left is land prone to disaster. They want to rebuild, and the city plans to let them.At Vera's house, Mike Centenio, the city's top building official, told 60 Minutes homes can go up as long as they meet what is called the "100-year flood level."The federal government had set a flood-level, but didn't figure on a levee failure that would flood parts of the city.The official level is several feet off the ground. If people meet the requirement, they can rebuild their homes, despite the fact that we saw, for example, a refrigerator lifted。

1998.9上海市英语高级口译资格证书第一阶段考试参考答案:SECTION 1: LISTENING TESTPart A: Spot Dictation1. one-sixth /1/62. the ocean’s tides3. the occurrence of earthquakes4. affect our behavior5. moon’s phases6. easier or harder to catch7. famous astronomer 8. has an effect9. strange and unpredictable 10. really a connection11. police and fire 12. crime an unusual behavior13. car accidents 14. welfare checks15. is convinced 16. very hard to prove17. 1984 18. crime rates and the full moon19. deal directly with 20. specify exactlyPart B: Listening Comprehension1-5 C C B A D 6-10 B A A A B11-15 C B C D D 16-20 C A A C ?SECTION 2: READING TEST1-5 D C C B A 6-10 B D B A C11-15 B A B D D 6-20 D C B C CSECTION 3: TRANSLATION TEST英语是一种多么崇高的工具！我们每写下一页，都不可能不对祖国语言的丰富多彩、灵便精深产生一种赞同的喜悦。

如果某个英国作家不能用英语，不能用简明的英语说出自己必须说的话，那么这样的话也许就不值得说。

英语没有更广泛地得到学习是何等憾事。

1999.9上海市英语高级口译资格证书第一阶段考试参考答案:SECTION 1: LISTENING TESTPart A: Spot Dictation1. the majority of employees2. that affect them3. two-way communication4. within the company5. set in motion6. between managers and staff7. value consultation with our workforce 8. to perform effectively9. know the basic facts 10. more efficient11. give you one example 12. new products13. some outline about a company’s profit14. its competitors15. future product plans 16. hear about it17. ignore the face 18. communicate with supervisors 19. what is going on 20. they haven’t been told formallyPart B: Listening Comprehension1-5 B D C A C 6-10 C B C A C11-15 C A D A D 16-20 A B D A CSECTION 2: READING TEST1-5 D D B C B 6-10 B C B D A11-15 C D B A D 16-20 D B C C BSECTION 3: TRANSLATION TEST如果各公司断然采取西立国家裁员的做法以增加利润，日本一度令人羡慕的失业率将上升至两位数。

Unit 1Pirates of the Internetno secret that online piracy has decimated the music industry asIt’smillions of people stopped buying CDs and started stealing their favoritesongs by downloading them from the internet. Now the hign-tech thievesare coming after Hollywood. Illegal downloading of full-length featurefilms is a relatively new phenomenon, but it’s becoming easier and easierto do. The people running America’smovie studios know that if theydon’t do something----and fast---they could be in the same boat as thereally at stake for the movierecord companies. Correspodent: “What’sindustry with all this privacy?”　C hernin: “Well, I think, you know, ultimately, our absolute features.” Peter Chernin runs 20th Century Fox, one of the biggest studios in Hollywood. He knows the pirates of theInternet are gaining on him. Correspont: “Do y ou know how manymovies are being downloaded today, in one day, in the United States?”　probably in the hundreds of thousands, if notChernin: “I t hink it’sgoing to grow.”　Chernin: “It’s Correspondent: “And it’s onlymillions.”　only going to grow. √Somebody can put a perfect digital copy up on theinternet. A perfect digital copy, all right. And with the click of mouse,send out a million copies all over the world, in an i nstant.”5all free. If that takes hold, kiss Hollywood goodbye. CherninAnd it’sbetween studio moguls and some highrecently organized a “summit”　school and college kids---the people most likely to be downloading.come up with a challenge. Let’s give them Chernin: “And we said, ‘Let’ｓfive movies, and see if they can find them online.’ And we all sat aro and picked five movies, four of which hadn’t been released yet. And then we came back half an hour later. They had found all five movies that wegave them. ”　C orrespondent: “Even the ones that hadn’t even beenChernin: “Even the ones that hadn’t even been releasedreleased yet?”　Correspondent: “Did t hese kids have any sense that they wereyet.”　dichotomy. I think theystealing?” Chernin: “You know it’s… it’s a weirdstealing, and I don’t think they think it’swrong. I think theyknow it’shave an attitude of, ‘It’s here.’” The Internet copy of last year starring Mel Gibson, was stolen even before director M. Night Shyamalancould organize the premiere. Correspondent: “The movie was about to be released. When did the first bootleg copy appear?”6Shyamalan: “Two weeks before it or three weeks before it. Before theInternet age, when somebody bootlegged a movie, the only outlet theyhad was to see it to those vendors on Times Square, where they had the---it’s not even outboxes set up outside and they say, ‘Hey, we have Signsyet.’ And you walk by and you know it’s illegal. But now, because it digital age, you can see, like, a clean copy. It’s no longer the kind of theon thissleazy guy in Times Square with the box. It’sjust, oh, it’sbeautiful site, and I have to go, ‘Click.’” Correspondent: “Ho movies get on the Internet? How did that happen?” Chernin: “Throuroom;absolute act of theft. Someone steals a print from the editor’ssomeone steals a print from the person; the composer who’s doing the music…absolute physical theft, steals a print, makes a digital copy, anduploads it.” Correspondent: “And there you go.” Digital copies like thisone of The Matrix Reloaded have also been bootlegged from DVDs sentto reviewers or ad agencies, or circulated among companies that dospecial effects, or subtitles. Chernin: “The other way that pre-releasedmovies end up (stol e n) is that people go to … there are lots of screeningsPeople go to those screenings with athat happen in this industry…　camcorder, with a digital camcorder, sit in the back, turn the camcorderon…”Correspondent: “And record it.”　T his is one of thoserecorded-off-the-screen copies of Disney’s Pirates of the Caribbean. Notgreat quality, but not awful either. And while it used to take forever todownload a movie, anyone with a high-speed Internet connection cannow have a full-length film in an hour or two.Saaf: “Well, this is just one of many websites where basically people,Randy Saaf runs ahackers if you will, announce their piracy releases.”　company called Media Defender that helps movie studios combat onlinepiracy.Correspondent: “Look at this, all these new movies that I haveneven seen yet, all here.” Saaf: “ Yep.” Correspondent: “Secondh that just came out. Sometimes I feel like I’m the only person in thiscountry who has never downloaded anything. But maybe there is a fewothers of us out there. So I’m going to ask you to show us Kazaa, that’sSaaf: “Right. This is the Kazaathe biggest downloading site, right?”　It’s calledmedia desktop. Kazaa is the largest peer-to-peer network.”　peer-to-peer because computer users are sharing files8with each other, with no middleman. All Kazaa does is provide thesoftware to make that sharing possible. When we went online with RandySaaf, nearly four million other Kazaa users were there with us, sharingcuments, images, software, andevery kind of digital file. Saaf: “Audio, dovideo. If you wanted a movie, you would click on the video section, andthen you would type in a search phrase. And basically what this is doingnow, it is asking the people on the peer-to-peer network, ‘Who hasWithin seconds, 191 computers sent an answer: “WeFinding Memo’?”　have it.” This is Finding Memo, crisp picture and sound, downloaded freefrom Kazaa a month before its release for video rental or sale. If youdon’t want to watch it on a little computer screen, you don’t have the newest computers, you can just “burn” it onto a DVD and watch it ona dagger pointed right at the heart ofyour big-screen TV. 5.And that’sHollywood.Chernin: “Where movies make the bulk of their money is onDVD and home videos. 50 percent of the revenues for any movie comeout of home video…” Correspondent: “15 percent?” Chernin: “50 so that if piracy occurs and it wipes out your home video profits orultimately your television profits, you are out of business. No movies willEven if movies did get made, Night Shyamalan says thatget made.”　wouldn’t be any good, because p rofits would be negligible, so budgetswould shrink dramatically. Shyamalan: “And s lowly it will degradeRosso: “Technology always wins.what’s possible in that art form.”　Always. You can’t shut it down.” Wayne Rosso is Hollywood’s enemy They call him a pirate, but officially he’s the president of Grokster,another peer-to-peer network that works just like Kazaa. Correspondent:“Ok, I have downloaded your software.” Rosso: “Right.” Correspondent:Correspondent: “Sofree.”　“Ok, did I pay to do that?”　Rosso: “No, it’s. Wewho pays you? How do you make money?” Rosso: “We’re like radioCorrespondent: “And how many people useare advertising-supported.”　Rosso: “Ten million.”　Correspondent: “Ten million people Grokster?”　Correspondent: “Every month, tenRosso: “A m onth.”　have used it.”　-huh, uh-huh. And growing.”million people?” Rosso: “Uh10Correspondent: “Use it to download music, movies, software, videoRosso: “I w ill assume. See, we have no way ofgames, what else?”　。