出口实务管理复习要点----便于学习、记忆

Chapter1 Introduction of International trad eContent：New tendencies of international trade；Function of international trade(*)；Survey of international trade 思考题：1.Definition，two basic elements and the exception of international trade（1）Definition of international trade: International trade is the process of exchanging goods or services between two or more countries, involving the use of different currencies.（2）Two basic elements:International trade is carried out between two or more nations.The use of different currencisIssue: trade between France and Germany which involve only the use of Euro is still international trade?（3）Exception:Trade within Euro-zone countries is also international trade.2.definitions and relationships of value of foreign trade, the balance of trade and the terms of trade（1）Definitionthe balance of trade is the relationship between the total volume of exports and imports of a country for a certain period of time. ie. The balance of trade=total exports-total imports（2）Types of the balance of trade:favorable balance of Trade，unfavorable balance of Trade，balance of Trade（3）The relationship between the terms of trade and balance of trade定义：the terms of trade are defined as the quantity of domestic goods that must be given up to get a unit of imported goods.The terms of trade and balance of trade are not directly connected.Favorable terms of trade do not necessarily lead to a favorable balance of trade.The balance of trade = total exports - total imports= export prices↑× quantity↓- total imports2 × 4 ＝8 83 × 3 ＝93 × 2 ＝6Unfavorable terms of trade do not necessarily lead to an unfavorable balance of trade.The balance of trade = total exports - total imports = export prices↓× quantity↑- total imports3 × 3 ＝9 92 × 4 ＝82 × 5 ＝10The relationship between these two depends on the elasticity of the demand for imports and exports.Only if the demand for imports and exports is relatively inelastic, an improvement in the TOT will lead to a favourable balance of trade.Chapter 2 Advantages of trading overseas and the role of the exportand shipping office内容：Export benefits and risk；Export office role；Export office organization and structure (*)；Export policy and records (*)思考题：1.Why a company need export office?To adapt to changing needs of the importersTo adapt to the globalization of markets→So an adequate and cost effective organization is needed.2.the qualifications of export office·clearly defined functions and responsibilities in all the aspects·efficient and well-trained specialist and professional staff·strong interface of communication·sound financial strategy conducting international trade3.Influencing factors of Export office organization and structureInfluencing factors：1. The size of the company; 2.the nature/volume of export business4.Functions and structure of small and larger export departments（1）Small export departmentfunctions: be engaged merely in shipping ordersstructure: an export manager; shipping/logistics executive; accounts executive（2）Large export departmentfunctions :obtain and executing the export ordersensure payment is received without undue delay in accord with the terms of sale as prescribed in the export contract.study the needs of different markets, trends and future developments and possible methods of increasing overseas salesfull understanding of the global logistic mechanism;structure: more integrated and greater degree of specialization5.the organization and structure of export officeexport marketing manager 包括：export sales manager 和shipping manager6.types of sales offices1) Products orientated 2) Customer orientated 3) Market group or area-based organization7.Why a company need an export policy?chief concern of company: stability ;the highest financial return obtainableAchieved by a balance or mixture between home and overseas markets.→So a company should develop a export policy.export marketing research is important to make an efficient export policy.8.cluster market strategyTo service a collection of countries contiguous to each other with similar cultures and market needs.One country: distribution centreApplication scopes: FTA, Distriports, Economics zones or ICDs(inland clearance depots).Advantage：reduce distribution costencourge the economies of scalemore efficient logistically-driven organization within the market served.9.strategic focus of export policy1) Form an overseas subsidiary2) set up an offshore account in the buyer’s country(Smaller company)10.the way to keep export policy efficient1）Review the export policy and export office organization every two or three years2）Maintain close liaison with all the various organizations, particularly trade associaitons and government departments3）Identify new markets and taking up opportunities to exhibit at overseas trade fairs and exhibitions.ual methods of charging export ordersUse serially numbered invoice sets.Issue warehouse instructions and process it through the various offices.Chapter 3 Characteristics of international transport mod es 1Content:The role and essentials of a transport system (*)Canals and inland waterwaysInternational air transport (*)International road transportInternational rail transport (*)EuroTunnel思考题：1.How about the factors of transport system（1）the way routenaturally occurring: the seas or riverartificially made：the railway, cannal or motorway（2）the vehicle or transport unit (motive power unit)the integral type embracing the carrying and motive power unit eg. aircraft or shiphave an independent motive power unit eg. railway locomotive（3）the terminal2.Advantage of independent motive power unit（1）Seperate carrying and motive power units have their independance and flexibility in operation.（2）The failure of the motive power unit does not immobilize the carrying unit.3.types of markets of International air transport（1）Express eg. EMS, TNT, DHL, FEDEX, UPS（2）special cargoIncluding:Perishable products, live animals, project outsized cargoes and hazardous goodsOrientated towards: traditional carriers, the airlines and freight forwarders.（3）traditional air cargonormal industrial and commercial shipments moving in parcel, container or pallet form4.Advantages and disadvantages of air freight优点：Quick transit reduces the amount of capital tied up in transit and the risks of stockpilingthe opportunities to develop new markets.the airport location is usually in the centre of commercial/industrial areasair freight services are more frequent and extensive when compared with sea schedulesthe value added benefitdevelop new service through the “combined transport operation” concept缺点：limited capacity of air freighter and overall dimensions of acceptable cargo together with weight restricitionsvery high operating expenses and initial cost of aircraftthe service is vulnerable to disruption by the weatherit is vulnerable to rates and transit time competition in short hauls by surface transport.5.The beneficial applications of International rail transportBeneficial applications in three sector（1）The wagon or train load movementeg. move the car from factory to destination by rail with purpose-built wagons Ref: Table 3.6（2）Inter-modal system1.Swap body concept(a) characters:all are suitable for road/rail/sea movement and transshipment by lift truck and top loading cranethe swap-bodies can also be mounted/demounted on/off draw bars and semi-trailersRef: Table 3.7(b) Difference of roll on-roll off traffic and Swap body2. Piggyback systemRoad vehicle(collecting and delivering the goods)→ trailer is driven on and off the rail wagon or be loaded/unloaded by a lift on/lift off crane operation →rail transport→road transportAdvantage:Combination of flexiblity of road transport and low cost of rail transport（3）Maritime containersThe trains transport the ISO containers between the seaports and the purpose-built terminals.characters：a prescribed timetableThe wagons are tailor-made to carry only containermethod of transfer: by means of ‘portal’-type craneChapter 4 Characteristics of international transport mod es 2内容：Sea transport (*)PipelinesContainerization·Containerization (*)·Container distribution (*)·Container types·Container bases (*)·Non-containerizable cargo (*)PalletizationInland clearance depots (*)Dry ports (*)SeaportsSea/air concept思考题：1.Main divisions of merchant vessels（1）Line: operate in a scheduled service between a group of ports.（2）tramp trader: not operate on a fixed sailing schedule, but merely trades in all parts of the world in search of cargo（3）specialized vessels：eg. Oil tanker, ore tanker, timber tanker2.Definition of containerizationContainerization is a method of distributing merchandise in a unitized forms（So it’s a pattern of load. It permits an inter-modal transport system. 90 percent of deep-sea trades are containerized.）3.How to reduce to a minimum the period/transits of empty container movement?The container owner shifts the boxes to where they are most needed at the lowest possible cost.The lease company write the return location in the contract.In situations where a serious imbalance arises, the best option is to charter shipping space to reposition the boxes4.CFS, CY and Container basesContainer freight stations(CFSs)The container base remains an important part of integrated international transport system.5.FCL and LCLFCL(Full container load) → CYLCL(less than container load) →CFSFCL／FCL, CY／CY; FCL／LCL, CY／CFS;LCL／FCL, CFS／CY ; LCL／LCL,CFS／CFS6.Non-containerizable cargoFour categories of non containerizable categories: table 4.5 and 4.6Rollable cargo with its own wheels or tracks.Cargo that is carried on trailers.special project cargoNeo-bulk cargo: a wide range of staple products that can be efficiently carried in the Ro-Ro decks as unitized break-bulk7.Inland clearance depotsThe Inland clearance depots essentially a customs term used to identify where customs clearance facilities are provided away from the airport and seaport and for public use.8.Dry portsIt is a rail terminal located in an industrial or commercial region providing a direct rail link with one or more container port.Chapter 5 multi-modalism内容：Definition (*)FeaturesForms of multi-modalismNVOCC or NVOC (*)思考题：1.Definition of Multi-modalismMulti-modalism is the process of providing a door-to-door or warehouse-to-warehouse service to the shipper.2.Relationships between NVOCC and NVOCAll forms of multi-modalism involve a dedicated service usually under NVOCC arrangements.NVOCC and NVOCNVOCC :NON-VESSEL OPERATING COMMON CARRIERNVOC: NON-VESSEL OPERATING CARRIER3.Relationships between Operating carrier and NVOCCOperating carrier :The enterprise that signs a shipping contract with clients or ships the goods in fact.NVOCC: The enterprise that signs a shipping conctract with clients, but it neither own nor operate the ships4.Relationships between Freight forwarder and NVOCCNVOCC originates from freight forwarder.Differences of Freight forwarder and NVOCC:a) Contractb) Lawsc) Rights and responsibilitiesd)The issue of bills of ladinge) The origin of profitsChapter 7 Freight rates（计算题）内容：Theory of freight ratesConstituents of the freight rateThe freight rates of different transport modesCalculation of freight rates思考题：1.The Influencing factors of freight ratesThe pricing of transport services is dependent on the forces of supply and demand.But the factors affecting both supply and demand are perhaps more complicated.－because the supply and demand for a transport service mode is basically derived from the supply and demand for the commodities carried.(1) direct competition between carriers(same commodities carried)(2) indirect competition between carriers(substitutes or alternatives for the commodity carried)(3) the elasticities of demand for these commodities and for transport service2.Constituents of the freight rate（1）Tarrif cargo rate（2）Delivery/collection charge（3）Transhipment charge and handling cost（4）Customs clearance charge（5）Customs duty（6）Documentation charge（7）Cargo insurance premium（8）Wharfage charge and cargo dues (sea freight)（9）Rebate (sea freight)immediate rebate offering 10% on the published tariff10.5% on a deferred rebate payable six months after the traffic（10）Demurrage（11）Surcharge（12）Freight forwarder’ s commission（if employed）（13）Bunker or fuel surcharge （BAF）（14）Currency surcharge（CAF）Currency surcharge imposed to minimize losses that the ship owner would incur in currency depreciation.3.types of air freight rates（a）general cargo rates(basic rates)（b）special commodity rates（c）classification rates(surcharges and rebates)（d）valuation charge（e）Unit load device(ULD) rate（f）cabotage（g）express handling units4.Definition of air freight consolidationWhen different consignees and consignors have consignments which tend to be destined for the same or similar destination,area or region, the freight forwarder(the agent) can offer a consolidation（CONSOL）service to them.5.advantages of air freight consolidation to consignees and consignors（1）Simplified documentation.All the documentation taken care of by the agent. agent-HAWB（2）favourable competitive rate.Comparing with an individual package, the CONSOL service rate structure is more competitive.（3）avoid the minimum freight rate regulations, so it is particularly attractive to the exporter/shipper engaged in despatching small consignments（4）Regular quality servicethe freight forwarder has a contract with an airline on specified regular flightsChapter 8 Export cargo packaging, stowage, marking and dangerouscargo shipments内容：export cargo packaging(*)stowage of cargoMarking of cargodangerous cargo shipments (*)思考题：1.Definition of packagingpackaging is not only designed as a form of protection to reduce the risk of goods being damaged in transit, but also to prevent pilferage and aid marketing.2.Factors influencing type of cargo packaging(1) Value of the goods (2) Nature of the transit (3) Nature of the cargo (4) The size, shape and strength of the cargo (5) Compliance with customs or statutory requirements (6) Cost of packaging (7) Configuration of the transport unit (8) Ease of handling and stowage (9) Insurance acceptance condition and general (10) Variation in temperature (11) Marketing considerations (12) Resale value, if any, of packaging material in the importer’s country3.new packing techniques（1）bulk liquid bag or container—liquid cargo（2）shrink-wrappingpopular with air freight consignments and consolidated consignment.（3）flat wrapping（4）returnable or reusable packagestackable and nestable boxes, fold-down boxesAdvantage: better utilization of transport space and transport cost savings.4.Definition and characters of broken stowageBroken stowage: space wasted by cargo of irregular-shaped packages or irregularity of cargo space.－Broken stowage should be kept to a minimum.－Generally 10-15 percent of the total cubic capacity is allowed.→make use of the stowage plan5.Definition of dangerous cargoDangerous goods have been defined as those substances so classified in any acts, rules or by-laws or having any similar properties or hazards.6.IMDGIMDG(international maritime dangerous goods code)Produced by the IMO(international maritime organization)Be adopted by 50 countries, representing 85% of world tonnage.Be kept under constant review in a two-yearly time cycle to make necessary amendments in line with development and be complete revised by IMO at ten-year intervalsThe latest IMDG Code is the 35th amendment which is effective from January 1, 2011 and becomes mandatory on January 1, 2012.7.Types of dangerous goods（1）more than 50% of the cargoes transported by sea today → be regarded as dangerous, hazardous and/or harmful (marine pollutants).Cargoes which are not only dangerous or hazardous from a safety point of view, but also harmful to the marine environment.Cargoes which are harmful to the marine environment alone.（2）IMDG Code details the nine classes of dangerous goods. (p.204)8.The shipment of export dangerous goods(a) Prior written arrangement (cargo details), sometimes with dangerous goods declarationThe shipper must fully describe the cargo and ensure it is correctly packed, marked and labelled.(b) if accepted, the shipowner which is the authority for shipment will issue a dangerous-goods note/form (special stowage order)p.615(c) the goods and authority to ship are submitted to the Master of the ship for ultimate approval prior to loading and customs clearance(d) If containerization, the packing certificate which is duly completed and signed by the shipper should also be submitted.9.Marking of dangerous goods(classification, subusidiary risk, size of marking)(a)classification：Labels and placards are assigned to each class of dangerous goods in the IMDG Code, and denote the hazards involved by means of colours and symbols(p.212 figure 8.4).The class number should appear in the bottom corner of the label or placardThe text should always appear on the labels and the special placard for Classes 6.2 and 7, but it’s optional for others.(b) Subsidiary risk labels or placards denoting these hazards are necessary, but should not bear the class number in the bottom corner.(c) Sizes of MarkingLabels for packages should not be less than 100mm×100mm except the sizes of packages are too small.Placards for cargo transport units should not be less than 250mm×250mm, and display the number of the class in digits not less than 25mm high.The UN number of the goods (if have) displayed in black digits not less than 65 mm high.(d) As soon as the dangerous goods are unpacked and any residue removed, all placards, orange panels and marine pollutant marks should be removed from cargo transport units or masked.10.Definition and characters of Subsidiary riskSome dangerous goods have properties which meet the definition of more than one hazard class or division.the less serious hazard of such substances is described as a subsidiary risk.Subsidiary risk labels or placards denoting these hazards are necessary, but should not bear the class number in the bottom corner.11.Types of dangerous goods for air transportThe air transport regulations for dangerous classified cargo acceptance are more severe than those for maritime transport.－be entirely prohibited－only travel in all-cargo aircraft－be permitted to be conveyed in passenger aircraft12.the nature of the flight conditions the package is likely to encounter13.The shipper’s declaration for dangerous goods－Cargo details, which ensure that all in the transportation chain know what dangerous goods they are transporting, how to properly load and handle them, and what to do if an incident or accident occurs either in-flight or on the ground.－Must be completed in duplicate by the shipper14.acceptance check-list－Be consisted of a set of questions relating to the information given by the shipper on the documents, and to the condition of the packages.－Before accepting a consignment containing dangerous goods, the air-line requires the shipper to complete an ‘acceptance check-list’.Chapter 9 Export customs practice内容：IntroductionCustoms reliefs and preference (*)Value added tax思考题：1.Definition of IPRduty is relieved on imports of foreign goods which are processed in native country and re-exported provided the trade does not harm the essential interest of domestic producers of similar goods.2.methods of IPR（1）suspensioncustoms duties and import VAT are suspended when the goods are first entered to IPR.if the goods are re-exported, customs duties and import VAT are not due.If the goods are released to domestic market, customs duties and import VAT are due.（2）drawbackcustoms duties and import VAT are paid when the goods are entered to IPR. However, the trader can claim duty back.if the goods are re-exported.if the trader transfers them to an IPR suspension authorization holder.if the trader disposes them in a method approved by Customs.3.Definition of OPRoutward processing relief(OPR)OPR permits partial or total relief from duty on goods that are exported from native country for processing or repair and subsequently re-imported.4.Definition of RGRreturned goods relief(RGR)If the export goods which are defective or not in accordance with the contract are rejected and returned, the duties and VAT can be remitted or repaid.re-import goods must be in the same state as they were exported, or they undergo only unforeseen minor treatment outside this country.5.Definition of customs warehousing（a）a storage place/premises or an inventory system authorized by customs（b）be used for storing foreign goods that are chargeable with import duty and/or VAT, or otherwise not in free circulation.（c）the payment of import duties and/or VAT are suspended or delayed when foreign goods are stored in a customs warehousing.6.Types of customs warehousing－public customs warehousing－private customs warehousing7.Definition of free zonea designated area in which foreign goods are treated as outside the customs territory of this country for the purposesof import duties.8.Definition of duty preferencepreferential tariff treatment on exports and imports for particular countries or regions.Eg. duty preference in WTO arrangements, multilateral and bilateral agreements etc.(Generalized System of Preferences, lomé conventions)9.Rules of origin‘Rules of origin’ are the criteria used to define where a product was made. In other words, they should state what does confer origin rather than what does not.10.Differences of different types of certificate of originCO; FORM A; FORM E; FORM F; FORM PChapter 10 Cargo Insurance内容：Cargo insurance market (*)Fundamental principles of insurance-marine insurance(*)Determinants of cargo insurance ratingCargo insurance policy form and clausesCargo insurance claims and prevention (*)思考题：1.Types of underwriters(1) Lloyd’s underwritersLloyd’s is a society of underwriters. Business is placed at Lloyd’s and not with Lloyd’s.The underwriting members are grouped into syndicates which accept risks in any classes of business.Each member receives his particular percentage share of all premiums and pays the same percentage of all claims emanating from the risks for which he has received premium (with separate and unlimited liability.(2) Insurance company underwritersOn behalf of the Insurance companyNo personal liability2.Relationship of different types of underwritersThe public →insurance broker→Lloyd’s underwritersThe public →(insurance broker) →Insurance company underwriters3.Fundamental principles of insurance in marine insuranceinsurable interest; utmost good faith; Indemnity; subrogation4.Definition of insurable interestInsurable interest is the financial interest of a person in the subject matter insured.5.The conditions in which a person may possess an insurable interestA person has an insurable interest in a marine adventure where he or she stands in any legal or equitable relationship to the adventure or insurable property at risk therein in consequence of which he may •Benefit by the safety or due arrival of the insurable property, Eg. The agent for sale on commission•Or be prejudiced by its loss, or by damage thereto, or by the detention thereof, Eg. the underwriter whoinsures goods•Or incur liability in respect thereof. Eg. a warehouseman6.Importance of insurable interestGenerally, a policy effected without insurable interest is void.→no legal va lue and be unenforceable at law.Generally, when making a claim, it is necessary for the assured to be able to show that he had an insurable interest at the time of loss, although proof of insurable interest is not required at the time of effecting an insurance.7.Most common forms and other forms of insurable interestmost common forms:ownership of the goods; charges of insurance(premium); freightother forms:defeasible interest; contingent interest; forwarding expenses; commission8.Definition of defeasible interestan interest which may cease for reasons other than the operation of maritime perils.9.Definition of contingent interestan interest which is uncertain. the assured will have the actual interest only if a certain contingency occurs.10.Definition of utmost good faiththe principle of utmost good faith means a full disclosure of all material circumstances relating to the risk before the contract is concluded.12.Definition of indemnityin the event of loss of or damage to the subject matter insured resulting from an insured peril, he or she is placed in the same position that he or she enjoyed immediately before the loss occurredAfter indemnity, the assured may not be in a better, or worse, position than they were in before the loss.13.Relationship between the sum insured and the insured valuethe sum insured ≤ the insured value’ is permitted.－the sum insured = the insured value →be fully insured－the sum insured < the insured value →under-insurance, the assured has elected to bear a proportion of the risk himself.14.relationship between two forms of subrogation(a) Right of subrogationupon payment of the claim for the damage, the underwriter would automatically be subrogated to all rights and remedies the cargo owner had against the third party and may exercise these rights either in his or her own name or that of the assured for a recovery against the amount paid by him or her under the insurance.any recovery the underwriter effects in this respect is limited to the amount of the claim paid under the insurance.The surplus must be passed to the assured.(b) Physical subrogation (abandonment)where the claim is in respect of a total loss, the underwriter is additionally entitled to proprietary rights in respect of whatever may remain of the insured goods and may dispose of these.even though these may exceed the amount of the claim paid, the underwriter can retain the whole of any proceeds. eg. a sunken vessel15.Main types of policy(1) single shipment or Facultative shipmentSpecific shipment(2) annual policy12-month period(3) open policyonce issued, this policy remains in force until no longer required.16.Differences among ICC(A), ICC(B) and ICC(C)(1) institute cargo clause (A)- I.C.C(A)the widest form of protection,provide all risks cover against physical loss of or damage to the goods, including both total and partial losses.(2) institute cargo clause (B) (p.270)protection is limited to the major named perils.(3) institute cargo clause (C)afford the minimum protection availableprotection is limited to the major perils listed under the institute cargo clause(B) except numbers 4,7 and 8.Only suitable for－goods which are customarily insured against major casualties only or－Goods which are shipped in bulk, or－Where the condition of the goods is not known by the underwriter.17.Main types of additional clauses‘Institute War Clauses’, ‘Institute Strikes Clauses’ and ‘Institute Malicious Damage Clauses’Notes: terrorism cover is granted by the strikes clauses while the goods are in the ordinary courseof transit.18.Onus of proofThe assured must be able to prove a loss by a peril against which he or she was insured.Once the assured has presented a prima facie case of loss by a peril insured against, the onus is on the insurers to disprove liability.19.Definition of GAGA is defined as a ‘loss arising in consequences of extraordinary and intentional sacrifices made or expenses incurred, for the common safety of the ship and cargo.’Eg. Jettison of cargo, damage to cargo, etc.20.The claims in GA－in the event of a ship owner declaring a general average loss occurring, each party involved in the voyage must contribute in proportion to their interest in the maritime venture.－the cargoes only released in such a situation when the shipper/importer has given either a cash deposit or provided a general average guarantee given by the insurer.。