山西省中考英语总复习 第二部分 语法专题突破 专题十四 情景交际(含历年中考真题)
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专题二代词重难点精讲考点精讲考点一人称代词、物主代词与反身代词各人称的不同代词形式一览表第一人称单数I me my mine myself复数we us our ours ourselves第二人称单数you you your yours yourself复数you you your yours yourselves第三人称单数He him his his himselfShe her her hers herselfit it its its itself复数they them their theirs themselves人称代词用法口诀人称代词分主、宾,只有八对要区分。
你(们)、它主格、宾格形统一,其余主、宾需分清。
主格用在动词前,宾格放在动词介词后。
物主代词用法口诀物主代词分形、名,形式用法各不同;形容词性先出场:我的my你的your;男的his女的her,它的its不加撇;我们的our他们的their。
物主代词形变名,多数词尾加“s”;My变mine须分明,his 和its是本身;形跟名词,名不跟,用法牢记应分清。
人称代词、物主代词、反身代词的用法(2012年16题、2010年16题对人称代词考查,2013年16题、2011年16题对物主代词考查)you, he and I(第二人称、第三人称、第一人称)。
如:You and she are twin sisters, are not you?你和她是双胞胎姐妹,不是吗?相当于形容词性物主代词加名词。
如:This is my bag. 这是我的包。
Our school is larger than theirs. 我们的学校比他们的大。
it可替代动词不定式作句中的形式主语或宾语。
1. 形式主语如:A. It is加形容词加(for somebody)to do somethingB. It is time for somebody to do somethingC. It takes (took /will take)somebody加时间加to do somethingD. It seems加 that从句E. It is加 adj. 加 that从句2. 形式宾语You will find it interesting to be with us. 你会发现和我们相处很有趣。
[直击中考]山西省2021中考英语总复习第二部分语法专题突破专----0e9d2eb7-6ea5-11ec-9ec5-7cb59b590d7d[直击中考]山西省2021中考英语总复习第二部分语法专题突破专主题13复合句重难点精讲考点精讲(2022题2022, 35题2022, 30题2022, 30题2022, 30题2022, 30题30题)连接词that引导由陈述句变来的宾语从句。
我知道他是一位老师。
that...and/butthat...引导由并列或转折关系的陈述句变来的宾语从句。
我听说你父亲是歌手,你母亲是舞蹈演员。
连词if或whether引导一般疑问句、反意疑问句或选择疑问句变来的宾语从句。
你能告诉我现在冬天继承什么吗?你能告诉我澳大利亚冬天是否下雪吗?连接由代词、副词(即疑问词)引导的特殊疑问句变来的宾语从句。
如:pleasetellmehowyougotoschool.请告诉我你怎么去学校。
语序宾语从句应使用陈述句的语序。
你知道汤姆住在哪里吗?你知道汤姆住在哪里吗?紧张的如果主句为一般现在时,则宾语从句时态不受限制,根据实际情况使用所需要的时态。
如:ihearjoanleftforbeijingyesterday.我听说琼昨天离开北京了。
ihearjoanhasleftforbeijing.我听说琼已经离开北京了。
我听说琼将于明天离开北京。
我听说琼明天将离开北京。
过去时只能用在过去时。
如:katesaidshewaswatchingtvthistimeyesterday.凯特说她昨天这个时候在看电视。
凯蒂说她要去上学。
凯特说她很快就要上学了。
Katesaids她以前见过她。
凯特说她以前看过这部电影。
如果宾语从句是客观事实或普遍事实,使用一般现在时。
如:misshusaidthattheearthgoesaroundthesun.胡老师说地球绕着太阳转。
如果宾语从句是由when引导的从句或带有时间状语的从句,则when引导的从句或时间状语从句中的时态不变。
专题十二简单句重难点精讲考点精讲考点一疑问句山西中考对疑问句的考查较少,而特殊疑问句和一般疑问句则为学生必须掌握的知识点,故此处针对这两点进行重点讲解。
一般疑问句用yes, no来回答的疑问句叫作一般疑问句形式有两类:类型一:Be加主语加其他?和情态动词加主语加动词原形加其他?如:—Is she from England? 她来自英格兰吗?—Yes, she is. 是的,她是。
—Must I finish the report today? 我必须今天完成报道吗?—Yes, you must. 是的,你必须。
类型二:助动词加主语加动词原形或过去分词加其他?如:Did she like to dance when she was young? 她小时候喜欢跳舞吗?Have you been to Tibet? 你去过西藏吗?特殊疑问句以特殊疑问词开头的疑问句叫作特殊疑问句who询问身份如: Who is the girl over there? 那边的女孩是谁?which询问特定的人或物如:Which color would you prefer, red or yellow?你更喜欢哪种颜色,红色还是黄色?what询问职业或身份如:What are you going to be when you grow up? 你长大了将从事什么工作?when用来询问时间如:When did you go to Shanghai last time? 你上次的是什么时候去上海?where用来询问地点、位置如:Where can I get the ticket for the show?我在哪儿可以买到这场表演的门票?why用来询问原因如:Why are you late for the meeting? 你为什么开会迟到了?how提问方式如: How do you get to school every day? 你每天怎样去上学啊?考点二How词组(2010年24题考查)山西中考对疑问句的考查较少,唯一的一次考查是关于how词组的词义辨析及对应答语的考查,需重点掌握以下内容。
第二部分语法专题突破专题一名词重难点精讲考点精讲考点一名词辨析语境辨析(2013年17、24题,2012年17题,2011年17题,2009年23题考查)近几年山西中考对名词的考查越来越注重在具体语言环境下词义的区别。
常见的职业类名词、饮食类名词、建议类名词及一些物质名词是考查的热点。
解答此类试题要知道不同的名词所表达的具体含义,以及要能辨别它们之间的差异,这就需要学生准确记忆名词词义并在语言环境中学习。
本书开始的《2014山西中考词汇分类速记表》将常见的词按话题进行分类,可结合此词汇表进行重点记忆。
近义词辨析(2009年27题考查)山西中考对名词的近义词辨析涉及较少,老师可根据词条适当补充讲解。
1. voice, noise, sound2. family, house, home3. message, news, excuse, information4. work与job5. question与problem6. idea与advice7. condition, state, situation8. journey, tour, trip9. road, street, way10. chance与opportunity11. room, place, house12. cloth, clothing, clothes13. view, scene, sight14. race, match, contest, competition15. trouble与matter16. mistake, fault, error17. force, energy, power考点二名词单复数可数名词变化规则一般情况加s 如 cake→cakes/day→days/ student→students/bed→beds以字母s,x, sh, ch等结尾的词加es 如 bus→buses class→classeswatch→watches以字母f,fe结尾的词变f, fe为v再加es 如 leaf→leaves knife→kniveswife→wiveslife→lives以辅音字母加y结尾的词先变y为i,再加es 如baby→babiescity→citiescountry→countries不规则变化①改变单数名词中的元音字母如 man→menwoman→womenfoot→feettooth→teeth②单复数形式相同如 fish→fish, sheep→sheep,deer→deer, Chinese→Chinese, Japanese→Japanese③只有复数形式的名词如 trousers, glasses, thanks,clothes, goods, chopsticks,④其他形式如 mouse→micechild→children规则名词单数变复数口诀名词单数变复数,直接加-s占多数;词尾若是s,x,sh,ch,直接加上-es;词尾若是f或fe, 加s 之前先变-ve;“辅音字母加y”结尾,把y变i再加es;若是遇见西红柿(tomato)和土豆(potato),词尾直接加上es.常见不可数名词(2010年17题考查)没有复数形式。
专题十四主谓一致和there be句型重难点精讲考点精析一、主谓一致主谓一致指谓语动词在人称和数上必须和主语保持一致。
具体分类如下:1. 某些集体名词,如family, class, government, group等作主语时,如果作为一个整体看待,谓语动词用单数形式;如果侧重其中一个个成员,谓语动词用复数。
如:His family is going to move to Beijing. 他家将搬到北京去。
The whole family are watching TV. 全家人正在看电视。
注意:某些集体名词作主语,如people, police等,谓语动词用复数。
如:The people here are very friendly.这里的人们很友好。
The police are looking for the lost boy.警方正在寻找丢失的男孩。
2. 当一些不定代词,如somebody, anything, no one, everybody, either, neither, each 等作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
如:Something is wrong with my computer.我的电脑有问题了。
Everybody enjoys the delicious food.每个人都喜欢美味的食物。
Neither of them likes the actor.他们俩都不喜欢那个演员。
3. 当主语后面有with, like, except, but, as well as等引导的名词或代词时,谓语动词的单复数取决于主语的数。
如:Tom with his parents is watching TV.汤姆和他的父母正在看电视。
Everyone except Jim and Tim has a new book.除了吉姆和蒂姆外,所有的人都有一本新书。
4. one of加名词复数,the number of加名词复数作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
专题十四情景交际学前自测(发现考点)( )1. —It's a bit cold today. Would you mind closing the window? — _____.A. Never mindB. Yes, of courseC. Of course notD. No, thanks( )2. —We will study in different schools next term. Enjoy your time in the new school.—________A. I'll take your advice.B. The same to you.C. Congratulations!D. Me too.( )3. —Good luck and have a nice weekend. — _____. Bye.A. The same as youB. You have it tooC. You are tooD. The same to you( )4. —It's said that shopping online is safe. — _____. You'd better be careful.A. That dependsB. I agreeC. I think soD. No problem ( )5. —Hello! May I speak to John, please? —Yes. _____.A. I'm John speakingB. This is John speakingC. Here John isD. Here I am ( )6. —It will be my turn. I feel a little nervous. —_________ . You can make it!A. CongratulationsB. Take it easyC. Look outD. Have a good time( )7. —Would you mind my using your pen?—___________ . I don't need to use it at the moment.A. Sounds greatB. I'm not sureC. Yes, pleaseD. Of course not ( )8. —I put my coat here? —Sorry, you .A. Must; mustn'tB. Do; don'tC. Can't; needn'tD. May; can't( )9. —You look smart today! — ______.A. Thank you.B. Not good.C. That's OK.D. What a shame! ( )10. —Jackie, I'm going on business. Please look after yourself.— _____, Dad. I will.A. I hope toB. I'd love toC. Don't worryD. Don't mention it常考考点知识清单(研习考点)学习语言的最终目的是交际。
专题十四情景交际重难点讲解考点精讲祝愿和祝贺(2012年28、29题考查)Good luck(to you)! 祝你好运!Merry Christmas! 圣诞节快乐!Happy New Year! 新年快乐!Happy birthday! 生日快乐!Congratulations! 祝贺你!Have a good time! 祝你玩得开心!The same to you. 同样祝福你。
购物(2013年28题考查)1. 营业员常用的交际用语:Can I help you?/What can I do for you? 你要买什么?How many/much...do you want? 你要多少什么?What about this one? 这件/种怎么样?What colour/size/kind do you like/want?你喜欢/想要什么颜色/尺寸/种类的?I am afraid we have not got any...in that size at the moment.恐怕我们现在没有那个尺寸的什么Here you are. 给你。
2. 顾客常用的交际用语:I want/would like to buy some...(for...)我想(为谁)买一些什么I am looking for...我正在找……I would like/want two kilos of... 我想买两千克……I like the colour, but it is/they are too... 我喜欢这个颜色,但它或它们太……It is great, but it is not...enough. 不错,但它不够……I prefer...but this...is too... 我喜欢什么,但这个什么太……Have you got any other kind/colour/size? 你们还有其他种类/颜色/尺寸的吗?That looks nice/great. 看起来不错。
Have you got anything cheaper? 你们有更便宜点的吗?How much does it cost? 多少钱?Can/May I try them/it on, please?我能试一试吗?感谢1. 感谢某人:Thank you./Thank you very much. (非常)谢谢你。
Thanks./Thanks a lot./Many thanks. (非常)谢谢。
Thanks/Thank you for... (因什么)感谢你。
It is very kind of you. 你真是太好了。
Thanks. That would be nice. 谢谢,那太好了。
2. 应答:Not at all./That is OK./That is all right./You are welcome./It is a pleasure./Mypleasure.不用谢。
/不客气。
道歉1. 当要麻烦别人时:Excuse me, please.打扰一下。
2. 当做错某事时:Sorry./I am sorry for.../I am sorry that...很抱歉,我……3. 回答道歉的答语:That is all right./That is OK./Never mind./It is nothing./It does not matter.没关系。
邀请和应答1. 邀请和应答:Will you come to my party?你愿意来参加我的聚会吗?Would you like to go for a walk?你想要散步吗?May I invite you to dinner?可以邀请您共进晚餐吗?2. 接受邀请时的答语:Yes, I would like/love to.是的,我很乐意去。
Yes. It is very kind of you.是的,你真是太好了。
That would be nice.那将会很不错的。
3. 拒绝邀请时的答语:No, thank you.不用,谢谢。
I would love/like to, but...我很乐意去,但是……请求和提供(帮助等)和应答Can I help you? 我能帮忙吗?What can I do for you? 我能为你做些什么?Let me help you. 让我来帮你。
Can/Could you...for me? 你能替我做什么吗?Will/Would you please...? 你可不可以什么?Please hurry. 请快点。
劝告和建议You had better ask that woman. 你最好问问那位妇女。
Why do not you go to the park?/Why not go to the park? 为什么不去公园呢?How/What about going out for a walk? 去散步怎么样?Shall we play together? 我们一起玩好吗?You should not stay up too late. 别睡得太晚。
打电话1. 拨电话方的交际用语:Could/May/Can I speak to...please?请找……接电话,好吗?Who is that(speaking)? 你是哪一位呀?This is...(speaking). 我是……Could you ask him/her to call me back?您能让他/她给我回电话吗?I’m calling to tell/ask you to...我打电话给你是想告诉/要你去……That is very kind of you(to help me).你(能帮我)真是太好了。
2. 接电话方的交际用语:Hold on(for a moment), please. 请稍等。
I am sorry/afraid he is /she is out at the moment/right now. 对不起,他或她现在不在。
Can I take a message(for you)? 我能替你带话吗?问路及应答1. 问路的交际用语:Excuse me, where’s...? 劳驾,什么在哪儿?How can I get to...? 我怎样去……?Which is the way to the...? 去什么是哪一条路?Could you tell me how to get to the...? 请问您能告诉我怎样去……吗?How far is it? 有多远?Which bus can I take? 我可以乘哪路车?2. 指路的交际用语:It is over there on the left/right. 在那儿左边/右边。
It is next to the.../in front of the.../behind the.../outside the.../between... and...它在……的旁边/前面/后面/外面/中间。
It is at the end of the street. 在街道的尽头。
Walk/Go along/down the road/the street, and take the second turning on the left/right. 沿着这条路/街,然后在第二个转弯处向左/右拐。
You’d better take/catch a bus. 你最好乘公共汽车。
It will take you about half an hour. 大约要花半个小时到那儿。
Go across the bridge. 穿过那座桥。
You can not miss it. 你不会错过的。
It is about 15 minutes’ walk. 步行大约15分钟。
看病1. 医生常用交际用语:What is wrong with you?/What is the matter?/What is up? 你怎么了?How long have you been like this?你像这样多久了?There is nothing serious. 不要紧,不严重。
Take this medicine and stay in bed for a few days. 吃这个药并卧床休息几天。
You will get better soon. 你会很快好起来的。
You will be all right/well soon. 你会很快没事的。
2. 病人常用的交际用语:I have got a headache/cough. 我头痛/咳嗽。
I am not feeling well./I do not feel very well./I feel terrible. 我感觉不舒服。
There is something wrong with... 我什么不舒服。
喜好和厌恶1. 喜欢:—Which do you like better, ... or ...?你喜欢(这两者)中的哪一个?—I like ... better than...我喜欢什么胜过什么—Which do you like best, ..., ...or...?你最喜欢(这三者)中的哪一个?—I like...best. 我最喜欢什么Would you like...? 你想要什么吗?I like/love...a lot/very much/a little.我很/十分/有一点喜欢……2. 厌恶:I do not like...at all. 我一点也不喜欢……I prefer to...rather than... 我宁做可什么也不做什么谈论天气1. 询问天气:What is the weather like today? 今天天气如何?How is the weather in England?英格兰的天气怎么样?Lovely weather, isn’t it? 天气不错,不是吗?2. 描述天气:It is fine/cloudy/windy/rainy.晴天/多云/有风/有雨。
It is rather warm/cold/hot/etc. today, isn’t it?今天很暖和/冷/热……,不是吗?What a heavy rain! 好大的雨!就餐1. 主人常用语:What would you like to have?你想要点什么呢?Would you like something to drink?想要喝点什么吗?Help yourself to some chicken.请随意吃些鸡肉。