中考英语句形翻译：被动语态的翻译
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英汉两种语⾔都有被动语态，但由于表达习惯上的差异，英语往往习惯⽤被动语态来表达，⽽汉语则和主动语态来表达。如：That young man cannot be relied upon.译成汉语就应该是“那位年轻⼈不可信赖”或者“我们不能信任那位年轻⼈”。如果将此句译成汉语的被动句“那位年轻⼈不可以被信赖”，译⽂就会显得很别扭，不符合汉语的表达习惯。由此可见，翻译时经常进⾏语态的转换是⼗分必要的。英语中被动语态的使⽤⼗分⼴泛，尤其在考研翻译中，这种现象更为多见。相⽐之下，汉语被动语态使⽤的范围要⼩得多。因此，在英译汉时，⼤量被动语态的句⼦需要通过种种⽅法加以处理，以保证译⽂通顺流畅地表达原意。英语被动语态的汉译⼀般有以下⼏种⽅法。
⼀、译成汉语主动句
将英语被动语态译成汉语主动语态的⽅法⼀般包括以下⼏种：
（⼀） 保存原⽂主语
当英语被动句中的主语为⽆⽣命的名词，⽽且句中不出现由by引导的⾏为主体时，翻译时往往将原句中的主语仍然译成主语。
The meeting is scheduled for April 6th.
会议定于四⽉六⽇举⾏。
Water can be changed from a liquid into a solid.
⽔能从液体变成固体。
When rust is formed , a chemical change has taken place.
当锈形成的时候，就发⽣了化学变化。
（⼆） 主宾颠倒
英语中很多被动句⼦在表⽰⾏为主体的词前都加上by， 翻译时可将这类by结构中的宾语译成主语，⽽将原来的主语译成宾语。
She was given a new pen by her father.
她爸爸送给她⼀⽀新钢笔。
Heat and light can be given off by this chemical change.
这种化学反应能放出热和光。
Only a small portion of solar energy is now being used by us.
现在我们只能利⽤⼀⼩部分太阳能。
有时英语被动句中并未出现by结构，⽽只是代之以⼀个由介词短语构成的状语。这时仍可采⽤主宾颠倒的译法，将介词短语中的名词或名词词组译成句⼦的主语。
Communication satellites have already been used for living transmission in our country.
我国已将通讯卫星⽤于实况转播。
The numerical data concerned are provided in the next chapter.
下⼀章提供了有关的数据资料。
（三） 增加主语
有些英语被动句并未在句中出现表⽰⾏为主体的词或词组，在翻译这类句⼦时，可适当增添⼀些不确定的主语，如“⼈们”、“有⼈”、“⼤家”、“我们”等。
The issue has not yet been thoroughly explored.
⼈们对这⼀问题迄今尚未进⾏过彻底的探索。
She was seen to enter the building about the time the crime was committed.
有⼈看见她⼤致在案发时进⼊了那座建筑物。 What we say here will not be long remembered, but what we do here can change the world.
我们在这⾥所讲的话，⼈们不会长久记住。然⽽我们在这⼉所做的事，却能改变世界。
⼆、译成汉语⽆主句
英语中有些被动句不需要或⽆法说出⾏为的主体，因此，翻译时往往译成汉语的⽆主句。这时，原句中的主语⼀般译成宾语。
Measures have been taken to prevent the epidemic from spreading quickly.
已经采取了措施来防⽌这种流⾏病迅速蔓延。
Water can be shown as containing impurities.
可以证明，⽔含有杂质。
The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end.
必须全部停⽌这种讨厌的噪声。
三、译成汉语判断句
有些英语被动句并不突出强调被动动作，⽽着重对事物的状态、过程和性质等加以描述，其作⽤与系表结构类似。因此，翻译这种英语被动句，经常采⽤“是...的”判断句式。
The decision to attack was not taken lightly.
进攻的决定
不是轻易作出的。
Printing was introduced into Europe from China.
印刷术是从中国传⼊欧洲的。
The manuscript was sent to the printer in London a few weeks before the French revolution.
⼿稿是在法国⾰命前⼏周寄往伦敦付印的。
The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.
美国的学分制是1872年在哈佛⼤学⾸先实施的。
四、译成汉语被动句
有些英语被动句着重被动的动作，因此，翻译时仍然可以翻译成汉语的被动句，以突出英语原⽂的被动意义。⼀般说来，被动句指的是具有被动形式标记的句⼦。虽然英语被动语态使⽤范围颇⼴，但其被动标记却很单⼀，主要是“be+动词的过去分词”及其变化形式。另⼀⽅⾯，汉语被动句式使⽤较少，但其被动标记要繁杂得多。汉语中表达被动意义的语⾔⼿段主要包括使⽤“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为...所、由...来”等等。
The minister was found to have appropriated government money.
部长被发现挪⽤公款。
He had been fired for refusing to obey orders from the head office.
他因拒绝接受总公司的命令⽽被解雇了。
The schoolboy was knocked down by a minibus when crossing the street.
那名男⽣在穿过街道时让⼀辆⼩公共汽车撞倒了。
He was praised by his teacher.
他得到了⽼师的表扬。
Problems should be resolved in good time. 问题应及时加以解决。
For a long period to come, most of China’s elderly will continue to be provided for by their families.
在未来较长的⼀段时间⾥，中国的⽼年⼈仍旧要由家庭来赡养 五、常⽤被动句型“It+被动语态+that”的翻译
在这种句型中，it是形式主语，that引导出的是主语从句。汉语译⽂习惯上采⽤主动语态，有时还需要增译出泛指性的主语“我们”、“⼈们”、“⼤家”、“有⼈”等等，有时也可译成⽆主语的汉语句⼦，并酌情加上汉语介词“根据”或“据”。
It is considered that bioclimatology is an involved subject.
有⼈认为，⽣物⽓候学是⼀门复杂的学科。
It is stressed that the field of science may be divided into two major areas: natural science and social science.
有⼈强调说，科学的范畴可以分成两个主要领域：⾃然科学和社会科学。
It should be pointed out that this process is oxidation.
应该指出，这⼀过程就是氧化。
下⾯是⼀些常⽤被动句型的习惯译法：
It is hoped that... 希望，有⼈希望
It is assumed that... 假设，假定
It is claimed that... 据说，有⼈主张
It is believed that... 有⼈想信，⼤家相信
It is reported that... 据报道，据通报
It is considered that... ⼈们认为，据估计
It is said that... 据说，有⼈说
It is supposed that... 据推测，⼈们猜测
It has been announced that... 已经宣布
It is asserted that... 有⼈主张
It is rumored that... 有⼈主张
It is rumored that... 听说，谣传
It is noticed that... 有⼈指出，⼈们注意到
It is suggested that... 有⼈建议，建议
It is reputed that... ⼈们认为，可以认为
It is learned that... 据说，据闻，已经查明
It is demonstrated that... 据证实，已经证明
It is estimated that... 据估计，有⼈估计
It is estimated that... 有⼈指出，⼈们指出
It is pointed out that... 有⼈推荐，有⼈建议
It is proposed that... 有⼈提出
It was told that... 有⼈曾经说
It was first intended that... 最初就有这样的想法 It will be said that... 有⼈会说
It will be seen from this that...
由此可见，因此可知
It was noted above that... 前⾯已经指出
It must be admitted that... 必须承认，⽼实说
It has been illustrated that... 据图⽰，据说明
It is stressed that... 有⼈强调说
It is stressed that... 有⼈列举出了
It can not be denied that... ⽆可否认
It can be said without exaggeration that... 可以毫不夸张的说
It is sometimes asked that...⼈们有时会问
It was felt that... 有⼈认识到了
It is universally accepted that... ⼈们普遍认为
It is unanimously agreed that... ⼤家⼀致同意
It is alleged that... 据说
It is calculated that... 据计算
