精讲通关40

1H414052电梯工程安装要求一、《电梯工程施工质量验收规范》GB50310～2002的要求及适用范围1．该规范强化电梯安装工程质量验收要求，明确验收检验项目，把涉及电梯安装工程质量、安全及环境保护等方面的内容，作为主控项目要求；3．《电梯工程施工质量验收规范》的适用范围。

1)该规范适用于曳力驱动的曳引式或强制式电梯、液压电梯、自动扶梯和自动人行道安装工程质量的验收；不适用于杂物电梯安装工程质量的验收。

3)该规范是对电梯安装工程质量的最低要求，所规定的项目都必须达到合格。

二、电梯安装工程分部、子分部、分项工程的划分电梯安装工程分部、子分部、分项工程的划分表1H414052三、电力驱动的曳引式或强制式电梯安装要求1．设备进场验收电梯进场验收时，验收人员发现没有限速器的型式试验证书复印件，应在设备验收记录上记录清楚，并要求电梯供应商提供。

2．土建交接检验的验收要求土建施工单位、安装单位、建设（监理）单位共同对土建工程进行交接验收。

(2)机房（如果有）内应设有固定的电气照明，机房的电源零线和接地线应分开，机房内接地装置的接地电阻值不应大于4Ω。

(5)电梯安装之前，所有厅门预留孔必须设有高度不小于1200mm的安全保护围封（安全防护门），并应保证有足够的强度，保护围封下部应有高度不小于l00mm的踢脚板，并应采用左右开肩方式，不能上下开启。

(6)当相邻两层门地坎间的距离大于llm时，其间必须设置井道安全门。

(7)井道内应设置永久性电气照明，井道照明电压宜采用36V安全电压，井道内照度不得小于5m，井道最高点和最低点0.5m内应各装一盏灯，中间灯间距不超过7m，并分别在机房和底坑设置控制开关。

10．电气装置安装要求(1)所有电气设备及导管、线槽的外露可以导电部分应当与保护线(PE)连接，接地支线应分别直接接至接地干线的接线柱上，不得互相连接后再接地。

(2)导体之间和导体对地之间的绝缘电阻必须大于1000Ω，且其值不得小于：①动力电路和电气安全装置电路：0.5Ω；②其他电路（控制、照明、信号等）：0.25Ω。

苇航教育2020年二建市政课程2K312022 桩基础施工方法与设备选择城市桥梁工程常用的桩基础通常可分为沉入桩基础和灌注桩基础，按成桩施工方法又可分为：沉入桩、钻孔灌注桩、人工挖孔桩一、沉入桩基础常用的沉入桩有钢筋混凝土桩、预应力混凝土管桩和钢管桩。

（一）沉桩方式及设备选择(1)锤击沉桩宜用于砂类土、黏性土。

桩锤的选用应根据地质条件、桩型、桩的密集程度、单桩竖向承载力及现有施工条件等因素确定。

(2)振动沉桩宜用于锤击沉桩效果较差的密实的黏性土、砾石、风化岩。

(3)在密实的砂土、碎石土、砂砾的土层中用锤击法、振动沉桩法有困难时，可采用射水作为辅助手段进行沉桩施工。

在黏性土中应慎用射水沉桩；在重要建筑物附近不宜采用射水沉桩。

(4)静力压桩宜用于软黏土（标准贯入度N<20）、淤泥质土。

(5)钻孔埋桩宜用于黏土、砂土、碎石土，且河床覆土较厚的情况。

（二）准备工作(2)沉桩前必须处理地上（下）障碍物，平整场地，且应满足沉桩所需的地面承载力。

(3)应根据现场环境状况采取降噪声措施；城区、居民区等人员密集的场所不应进行沉桩施工。

(4)对地质复杂的大桥、特大桥，为检验桩的承载能力和确定沉桩工艺应进行试桩。

(5)贯入度应通过试桩或做沉桩试验后会同监理及设计单位研究确定。

（二）施工技术要点(1)预制桩的接桩可采用焊接、法兰连接或机械连接，接桩材料工艺应符合规范要求。

(2)沉桩时，桩帽或送桩帽与桩周围间隙应为5~10mm；桩锤、桩帽或送桩帽应和桩身在同一中心线上；桩身垂直度偏差不得超过0.5%。

(3)沉桩顺序：对于密集桩群，自中间向两个方向或四周对称施打；根据基础的设计高程，宜先深后浅；根据桩的规格，宜先大后小，先长后短。

(4)施工中若锤击有困难时，可在管内助沉。

(5)终止锤击的控制应以控制桩端设计高程为主，贯入度为辅。

(6)沉桩过程中应加强邻近建筑物、地下管线等的观测、监护。

知识点精讲比例应用题一、简单比例关系应用题。

1. 已知甲、乙两数的比是5:3，甲数是25，求乙数。

- 解析：设乙数为x，因为甲、乙两数的比是5:3，即(甲)/(乙)=(5)/(3)。

已知甲数是25，则(25)/(x)=(5)/(3)，交叉相乘得5x = 25×3，5x=75，解得x = 15。

2. 一种合金中铜和锌的比是2:3，现在有铜12克，需要多少克锌才能制成这种合金？- 解析：设需要锌x克，因为铜和锌的比是2:3，即(铜)/(锌)=(2)/(3)。

已知铜12克，则(12)/(x)=(2)/(3)，交叉相乘得2x=12×3，2x = 36，解得x = 18克。

3. 某班男、女生人数比是4:5，男生有20人，这个班共有多少人？- 解析：设女生有x人，因为男、女生人数比是4:5，(男生人数)/(女生人数)=(4)/(5)，已知男生20人，则(20)/(x)=(4)/(5)，交叉相乘得4x=20×5，4x = 100，解得x = 25人。

那么这个班共有20 + 25=45人。

二、比例在工程问题中的应用。

4. 一项工程，甲、乙两队的工作效率比是3:4，甲队单独做需要12天完成，乙队单独做需要多少天完成？- 解析：工作总量 = 工作效率×工作时间。

设乙队单独做需要x天完成。

因为甲、乙两队的工作效率比是3:4，设甲队工作效率为3a，乙队工作效率为4a。

甲队单独做需要12天完成，工作总量为3a×12 = 36a。

乙队工作总量也为36a，工作效率为4a，则工作时间x=(36a)/(4a)=9天。

5. 甲、乙两个工程队合修一条路，甲、乙两队的工作效率比是5:3，两队合修6天完成，单独修甲队比乙队少用多少天？- 解析：设甲队工作效率为5a，乙队工作效率为3a，工作总量=(甲队工作效率 + 乙队工作效率)×工作时间=(5a + 3a)×6=48a。

【导语】新概念英语作为家喻户晓的经典之作，它有着全新的教学理念，有趣的课⽂内容及其全⾯的技能训练，为⼴⼤的英语学习者提供帮助！如果你也想学好英语，⼜怎能错过新概念英语？下⾯为您提供了相关内容，希望对您有所帮助！新概念英语第三册课⽂重点精讲解析Lesson40 1.It has never been explained why university students seem to enjoy practical jokes more than anyone else. 背诵句型 It为形式主语. 2.Inviting the fire brigade to put out a nonexistent fire is a crude form of deception which no self-respecting student would ever indulge in. 背诵句型 put out 扑灭,熄灭. indulge in 沉迷于 Ex：Many old people indulge in reminiscences of their youth. 3. As soon as he had hung up, he went over to the workmen and told them that if a policeman ordered them to go away, they were not to take him seriously. As soon as ⼀...就... hung up 挂上电话 go away ⾛开 take him seriously 严肃对待 be to do 结构含义： （1）should Eg: Such a private thing should be avoided. Such a private thing is to be avoided （2）must Eg: No students must leave school without the permission of the police. No students are to leave school without the permission of the police. （3）intend 意图，打算 Eg: We intend to start work next week. We are to start work next week. 4.Both the police and the workmen were grateful to the student for this piece of advance information. 背诵句型 were grateful to sb for sth 因...⽽感激/感谢 Ex：His parents were very grateful to us for informing them of his safe return. 5.When he received a very rude reply from one of the workmen, he threatened to remove them by force. 背诵句型 threatened to 恐吓要做某事 by force 以武⼒ 6.The workmen told him to do as he pleased and the policeman telephoned for help. 背诵句型 as he pleased 此句为⽅式状从,省略了 to do 7. Shortly afterwards, four more policemen arrived and remonstrated with the workmen. remonstrated with + 表⽰⼈的名词规劝... remonstrated with sb. about/ regarding/ upon/ on sth. 因...⽽规劝某⼈ Ex：His parents remonstrated with him about his bad habits. 8.At this, the police pointed out ironically that this would hardly be necessary as the men were already under arrest. 背诵句型 as this 听到 at 是介词,表⽰"⼀...(就)..." 此意思为"⼀听到这话". this 指代其中⼀个⼯⼈威胁要去叫警察这件事. Ex： At the words,he got angry. With the words, he left the room angrily. pointed out ironically 讽刺地指出 hardly be necessary ⼤可不必 under 与名词搭配表⽰⼀种被动的概念 under discussion / arrest / repair 9.Pretending to speak seriously, one of the workmen asked if he might make a telephone call before being taken to the station. 背诵句型 Pretending to 假装做... make a telephone call 打个电话 10. Permission was granted and a policeman accompanied him to a pay phone. 背诵句型 11.Only when he saw that the man was actually telephoning the police did he realize that they had all been the victims of a hoax. Only when 直到...才... Only 为副词,起强调作⽤. 只有当Only +状语这样的结构在句⾸时,句⼦(或主句) 的谓语部分才需要使⽤倒装的语序. Ex： Only if you've been through such agony will you believe it. From a scientific point of view, work is done only when the applied force produces motion.新概念英语第三册课⽂重点精讲解析Lesson41 1.City born and city bred. I have always regarded the country as something you look at through a train window, or something you occasional visit during the weekend. City born and city bred 是两个由"名词+过去分词"构成的合成词, 做形容词使⽤. 此作原因状语. regards...as 把...视为. 相当: think of ...as / refer to ...as you look at... & you occasionally visit... 为定语从句,分别修饰前⾯的 something. 在something与两个定语从句间分别省略了关系连词 that. 2.Most of my friends live in the city, yet they always go into raptures at the mere mention of the country. 背诵句型 go into raptures 变得欣喜若狂. at the mere mention of ⼀提到 at the sight of ⼀看到 at the touch of ⼀触及到 at the news of ⼀听到 at the sound of ⼀听到 Ex：They went to reptures at the good news. 3. Even he still lives under the illusion that country life is somehow superior to town life. 背诵句型 be under the illusion 有这样的错觉,其后 that引导⼀个同位语从句. Ex： He is under the illusion that he is always right. be superior to ⽐...优越. 含⽐较之意,⽤与两⼈或两个事物之间的⽐较. be superior to 还可引伸为"不为...影响"、"拒绝"等意, ⽤于此意时,介词可⽤above 替换. Ex： He's superior to bribery. be superior to 表⽰"在...⽅⾯胜过..."时,通常使⽤be superior in... to" OR "be superior to...in ..."这结构. Ex： He felt superior in maths to John. 4.He is forever talking about the friendly people... 这⾥的副词 forever 与正在进⾏时的⼀同使⽤,表⽰作者的不满这样的感情⾊彩. always, forever, constantly, continually 等副词同进⾏时态共⽤, 除表⽰某事常发⽣外, 往往表⽰说话⼈对发⽣的此类事情的不满. 5.Nothing can be compared, he maintains, with the first cockcrow, the twittering of birds at dawn, the sight of the rising sun glinting on the trees and pastures. compared with 将...同...相⽐.⽤于两者间⽐较 cockcrow n. 鸡叫 twitter v. (鸟)吱吱叫，喊喊喳喳叫 glint v. 闪烁 glinting on the trees and pastures 为现在分词短语,在句中作宾语补⾜语. he maintains 他坚持认为. 在句中作插⼊语 6.This idyllic pastoral scene is only part of the picture. 背诵句型 idyllic adj. ⽥园诗的 Ex：He is leading an idyllic life. 7. My friend fails to mention the long and friendless winter evenings in front of the TV -- virtually the only form of entertainment. fails to mention = says nothing about 没有提到...... virtually adv. ⼏乎,差不多 friendless 此处使⽤了暗喻的修辞⼿法,⽤修饰⼈的形容词来修饰事物(winter evenings). 感觉⽣动简洁. 8. Why people are prepared to tolerate a four-hour journey each day for the dubious privilege of living in the country is beyond me. They could be saved so much misery and expense if they chose to live in the city where they rightly belong. 背诵句型 dubious adj. 可疑的;怀疑的 be dubious about/of 对...怀疑,对...不肯定，主要表⽰不肯定的，不确定的 privilege n. 特权 misery n. 苦难 beyond me = be beyond my understanding 我⽆法理解的 are prepared to 愿意做. 其后为名词时, 通常构成为be prepared for... Why 为连接副词,在本句中引导⼀个主语从句. They could be... 此句使⽤了虚拟语⽓. 可翻译为"如果他们选择...他们本可省掉..." 将此句改为主动语态后为: To live in the city could save them so much misery and expense. 句中间接宾语them作主语,⽽直接宾语misery and expense 作为宾语保留在句中. 9. If you can do without the few pastoral pleasures of the country, you will find the city can provide you with the best that life can offer. 背诵句型 do without = go without 没有...也⾏ 10. There is so much variety that you never have to make do with second best. 背诵句型 never have to =need not =don't have to make do with 凑合者⽤ 11. Some of my acquaintances in the country come up to town once or twice a year to visit the theatre as a special treat. come up : up ⽤于:由乡下到城镇,由南到北 12. As the play draws to its close draw to its close = near its end 临近结束/尾声 13. The cit dweller never experiences anxieties of this sort. 背诵句型 We can keep ourselves free from the anxieties of this sort which afflict the country dweller. 14. Country people run wild when they go shopping in the city and stagger home loaded with as many of the exotic items as they can carry. 背诵句型 run wild 发疯 15. Nor is the city without its moments of beauty. nor ... without 双重否定 The city has got its own beauty.新概念英语第三册课⽂重点精讲解析Lesson42 1.Perhaps it is the desire for solitude or the chance of making an unexpected discovery that lures people down to the depths of the earth. 背诵句型 结构分析: it is the desir e ......or the chance ......that......运⽤了强调了句式，被强调的部分是句⼦的主语:it is the desire ......or the chance eg: It is the desir for knowledge that lures her into the book world. 是她对知识的渴求吸引她⾛进书的海洋。

英语四级阅读模拟训练附答案和精讲第40篇:梦Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by thelate 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise"-the random byproducts of the neural repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is "off line." And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. "It's your dream," says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychologyat Chicago's Medical Center, "if you don't like it, change it."he link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright's clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier onesbefore awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events-until, it appears, we begin to dream.And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualizehow you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or "we wake up in panic," Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings.Sleep-or rather dream-on it and you'll feel better in the morning.练习题：Choose correct answers to the question:1.By saying that “dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat," (Lines 4-5, Para. 1) the researchers mean that _______.A.we can think logically in the dreams tooB.dreams can be brought under conscious controlC.dreams represent our unconscious desires and fearsD.dreams can help us keep our mood comparatively stable2.What did Cartwright find in her clinic?A.Most bad dreams were followed by happier ones.B.Divorced couples usually have more bad dreams.C.One’s dreaming process is related to his emotion.D.People having negative feelings dream more often.3.Cartwright believed with much practice，we can learn to _____.A.control what dreams to dreamB.sleep well without any dreamsC.wake up in time to stop the bad dreamsD.identify what is upsetting about the dreams4.The author points out that a person who has constant bad dreams should ______A.learn to control his dreamsB.consult a doctorC.sleep and dream on itD.get rid of anxiety first5.The author most probably thinks that controlling dreams is ______.A.a good practiceB.a new discoveryC.helpful for everyoneD.not essential for everyone1.[D] 词义理解题。

第四十章侵权责任[视频讲解]40.1本章要点■侵权损害赔偿责任的构成要件■侵权损害赔偿责任的归责原则■监护人的责任■网络用户、网络服务提供者的责任■教育机构的责任■产品责任■机动车交通事故责任■医疗损害责任■高度危险责任■饲养动物损害责任■物件损害责任■共同侵权行为40.2重点难点导学一、侵权的民事责任概述1．侵权行为的概念和特征（1）侵权行为，是指行为人由于过错侵害他人的财产或者人身，依法应当承担民事责任的行为，以及依照法律特别规定应当承担民事责任的其他致人损害的行为。

（2）特征①侵权行为是行为人实施的行为；②侵权行为是侵害他人民事权益的行为。

侵权行为在违法义务的性质和侵害对象上不同于违约行为。

前者通常是行为人违反法定义务侵害他人民事权益的行为；后者则是行为人违反约定义务侵害他人债权等相对权的行为；③侵权行为是依法应当承担民事责任的行为。

2．侵权责任与侵权之债（1）侵权之债，是指因侵权行为引起的债权债务关系。

侵权责任，是指行为人因过错而实施侵权行为所应当承担的民事法律后果。

两者的区别实际上是债务和责任的区别。

（2）一般而言，先有债务，后有责任，债务是责任产生的前提，责任是债务履行的保障。

在侵权行为关系中，债务和责任的产生无先后之分。

但是，侵权之债和侵权责任仍不能互相替代，理由在于：我国《侵权责任法》坚持了《民法通则》开创的立法体例，认可了侵权责任承担方式的多样化。

除包括恢复原状、赔偿损失、赔礼道歉、消除影响、恢复名誉在内的损害赔偿责任外，尚承认停止侵害、排除妨碍、消除危险、返还财产为侵权责任承担方式。

其中仅有侵权损害赔偿责任对应着侵权之债，其他诸种侵权责任承担方式并非对应着债的关系。

3．侵权责任的优先性侵权责任的优先性，是指同一侵权行为产生侵权责任和行政责任、刑事责任三种法律责任竞合的，而侵权人的财产不足以承担全部责任的，先承担侵权责任。

4．侵权责任的法律调整（1）《侵权责任法》作为民法的重要组成部分，是调整侵权责任基本法的地位。

第40讲不定方程一、知识要点当方程的个数比方程中未知数的个数少时，我们就称这样的方程为不定方程。

如5x－3y ＝9就是不定方程。

这种方程的解是不确定的。

如果不加限制的话，它的解有无数个；如果附加一些限制条件，那么它的解的个数就是有限的了。

如5x－3y＝9的解有：x＝2.4 x＝2.7 x＝3.06 x＝3.6y＝1 y＝1.5 y＝2.1 y＝3如果限定x、y的解是小于5的整数，那么解就只有x＝3，Y＝2这一组了。

因此，研究不定方程主要就是分析讨论这些限制条件对解的影响。

解不定方程时一般要将原方程适当变形，把其中的一个未知数用另一个未知数来表示，然后再一定范围内试验求解。

解题时要注意观察未知数的特点，尽量缩小未知数的取值范围，减少试验的次数。

对于有3个未知数的不定方程组，可用削去法把它转化为二元一次不定方程再求解。

解答应用题时，要根据题中的限制条件（有时是明显的，有时是隐蔽的）取适当的值。

二、精讲精练【例题1】求3x+4y＝23的自然数解。

先将原方程变形，y＝23－3x4。

可列表试验求解：所以方程3x+4y＝23的自然数解为X=1 x=5 Y=5 y=2 练习11、求3x+2y＝25的自然数解。

2、求4x+5y＝37的自然数解。

3、求5x－3y＝16的最小自然数解。

【例题2】求下列方程组的正整数解。

5x+7y+3z＝253x－y－6z＝2这是一个三元一次不定方程组。

解答的实话，要先设法消去其中的一个未知数，将方程组简化成例1那样的不定方程。

5x+7y+3z＝25 ①3x－y－6z＝2 ②由①×2+②，得13x+13y＝52X+y＝4 ③把③式变形，得y＝4－x。

因为x、y、z都是正整数，所以x只能取1、2、3.当x＝1时，y＝3当x＝2时，y＝2当x＝3时，y＝1把上面的结果再分别代入①或②，得x＝1，y＝3时，z无正整数解。

x＝2，y＝2时，z也无正整数解。

x＝3时，y＝1时，z＝1.所以，原方程组的正整数解为 x＝1y＝1z＝1求下面方程组的自然数解。

第40讲不定方程一、知识要点当方程的个数比方程中未知数的个数少时，我们就称这样的方程为不定方程。

如5x－3y ＝9就是不定方程。

这种方程的解是不确定的。

如果不加限制的话，它的解有无数个；如果附加一些限制条件，那么它的解的个数就是有限的了。

如5x－3y＝9的解有：x＝2.4 x＝2.7 x＝3.06 x＝3.6y＝1 y＝1.5 y＝2.1 y＝3如果限定x、y的解是小于5的整数，那么解就只有x＝3，Y＝2这一组了。

因此，研究不定方程主要就是分析讨论这些限制条件对解的影响。

解不定方程时一般要将原方程适当变形，把其中的一个未知数用另一个未知数来表示，然后再一定范围内试验求解。

解题时要注意观察未知数的特点，尽量缩小未知数的取值范围，减少试验的次数。

对于有3个未知数的不定方程组，可用削去法把它转化为二元一次不定方程再求解。

解答应用题时，要根据题中的限制条件（有时是明显的，有时是隐蔽的）取适当的值。

二、精讲精练【例题1】求3x+4y＝23的自然数解。

先将原方程变形，y＝23－3x4。

可列表试验求解：所以方程3x+4y＝23的自然数解为X=1 x=5 Y=5 y=2 练习11、求3x+2y＝25的自然数解。

2、求4x+5y＝37的自然数解。

3、求5x－3y＝16的最小自然数解。

【例题2】求下列方程组的正整数解。

5x+7y+3z＝253x－y－6z＝2这是一个三元一次不定方程组。

解答的实话，要先设法消去其中的一个未知数，将方程组简化成例1那样的不定方程。

5x+7y+3z＝25 ①3x－y－6z＝2 ②由①×2+②，得13x+13y＝52X+y＝4 ③把③式变形，得y＝4－x。

因为x、y、z都是正整数，所以x只能取1、2、3.当x＝1时，y＝3当x＝2时，y＝2当x＝3时，y＝1把上面的结果再分别代入①或②，得x＝1，y＝3时，z无正整数解。

x＝2，y＝2时，z也无正整数解。

x＝3时，y＝1时，z＝1.所以，原方程组的正整数解为 x＝1y＝1z＝1求下面方程组的自然数解。