跨文化交际实用教程胡超编著unit 2 & 3 daily verbal communication

精品资料《新编跨文化交际英语教程》复习资料U2........................................Unit 2 Culture and CommunicationSome Ideas Related to Culture and Communication 1. Various Definitions of CultureThe word culture has numerous meanings. It is said that there are more than 150 definitions about culture. Culture was treated earlier as a complex whole of our social traditions and as a prerequisite for us to be a member of the society. Culture can be a set of fundamental ideas, practices, and experiences of a group of people that are symbolically transmitted generation to generation through a learning process. Culture may as well refer to beliefs, norms, and attitudesthat are used to guide our behaviors and solve human problem.2. Culture as a Way to Satisfy Human Needsa) the physiological needsb) the safety needsc) the belongingness needsd) the esteem needse) the self-actualization needs— Abraham Maslow, a psychologist3. Culture as an IcebergCulture is compared to an iceberg that one tenth of it is above the water and nine tenths is below the water. The part above water is the overt culture which can be seen clearly, while the part below water is the deep culture which is out of our awareness.4. Characteristics of Culturea) Culture is holistic.This characteristic underscores the complex nature of culture. As a holistic system, an education system, a religious system, an association system, a political system, and so on, the various aspects of culture are closely interrelated. In other worlds, any change in a subsystem will affect the whole system. For example, the American Civil Rights Movement brought about changes in different facets of American culture and altered American attitude, values, and behaviors.b) Culture is acquired.We begin to consciously and unconsciously learn our culture in our early life through the process of socialization or enculturation. Interaction with family members and friends is the most common way for us to learn our culture. Other sources for learning our culture are schools, churches, media, folk tales, and art.c) Culture is changing.Cultures are constantly changing over time. Some cultures are more open and accepting of change, others tend to resist it. Cultures change in the process of transmission from generation to generation, group to gr oup, and place to place. The American Civil War and China’s Opium War brought great social and cultural changes to both societies.d) Culture is pervasive.Like the ubiquitous air we breathe, culture penetrates into every aspect of our life and influences the way we think, the way we talk, and the way we behave. Culture combines visible and invisible things around us. Culture is the sum total of human society and its meanings.5. Some Components of CommunicationThe communication process involves the following interrelated elements: the context of the communication, the participants, the message being communicated, the channels through which the communication occurs, the presence or absence of “noise”, and the verbal and nonverbal responses known as feedback.Context； Source；Encoding；Message；Channels； Noise；Feedback；Receiver；Decoding；Receiver’s responseReading IWhat Is CultureComprehension questions1. Which of the definitions given above do you prefer? Why?Some may prefer a short definition, such as the one given by E. Sapir or R. Benedict, for it is highly generalized and easy to remember. Some may prefer a longer one, such as Edward T. Hall‘s definition of culture, because it provides us with a more comprehensive understanding of culture and points out the all-pervasive impact of culture on human life in different dimensions.2．What have you learned from those definitions about culture?Many things can be learned from those definitions, for each definition, though not without its limitations, tells us something very important about culture or certain aspect(s) of culture.3. Do you agree that our lower needs always have to be satisfied before we can try to satisfy the higher needs?Even though this is generally the case, there will still be some exceptions. Sometimes people might prefer to satisfy higher needs, for instance, esteem needs, before their lower needs, such as certain physiological needs or safety needs are satisfied.4. What examples can you give about how people of different cultures achieve the same ends by taking different roads?For example, everyone has to eat in order to live and this is universally true. However, to satisfy this basic need, people of various cultures may do it in very different ways: what to eat and how to eat it vary from culture to culture.5. What behaviors of ours are born with and what are learned in the cultural environment? Instinctive behaviors are behaviors that we are born with and ways of doing things in daily life, such as ways of eating, drinking, dressing, finding shelter, making friends, marrying, and dealing with death are learned in the cultural environment.6. What other cultural differences do you know in the way people do things in their everyday life?We can also find cultural differences in ways of bringing up children, treating the elderly, greeting each other, saving and spending money, and many other things people do in everyday life.7. In what ways are the Chinese eating habits different from those of the English-speaking countries?We Chinese may enjoy something that is not usually considered as edible by theEnglish-speaking people. Generally we prefer to have things hot and lay much emphasis on tastes. We tend to share things with each other when we are eating with others.Reading IIElements of CommunicationComprehension questions1. What are the aspects of context mentioned above?One aspect of context is the physical setting, including location, time, light, temperature, distance between communicators, and any seating arrangements. A second aspect of context is historical. A third aspect of context is psychological. A fourth aspect of context is culture.2. In what ways would your posture, manner of speaking or attire change if you move from one physical setting to another, for example, from your home to a park, to a classroom, to a restaurant, to a funeral house, etc?One‘s posture, manner of speaking or attire change from being casual to formal gradually from home to a park, to a classroom, to a restaurant, to a funeral house, etc, according to different formalness and seriousness of these situations.3. How do people acquire communication norms in their life?People acquire communication norms from their experiences in life.4. What examples can you give to describe some Chinese norms in our everyday communication?For example, it seems to be a norm in China to address one‘s boss by his or her title and never to express one‘s disapproval directly to him or her.5. How can we play both the roles of sender and receiver in communication?As senders, we form messages and attempt to communicate them to others through verbal and nonverbal symbols. As receivers, we process the messages sent to us and react to them both verbally and nonverbally.6. Does the sender plays a more important role than the receiver in communication?No, they are equally important for both of them are essential in the process of communication.7. In what ways do the differences between participants make communication more or less difficult?Three especially important variables affecting participants which are relationship, gender, and culture make communication more or less difficult.8. What is a symbol and what is a meaning?The pure ideas and feelin gs that exist in a person‘s mind represent meanings. The words, sounds, and actions that communicate meaning are known as symbols because they stand for the meanings intended by the person using them.9. How can meanings be transferred from one person to another? What problems may arise in this process?A message from one person is encoded into symbols and then decoded into ideas and feelings to another person. In this process of transforming include nonverbal cues, whichsignificantly affect the meaning created between the participants in a communication transaction.10. When are unintended or conflicted meanings likely to be created?Unintended meanings are created when the decoding person receives a meaning unrelated to what the encoder thought he or she was communicating. Conflicting meanings are created when the verbal symbols are contradicted by the nonverbal cues.11. Which channels do you usually prefer in communication? Why?Of the five channels, some may prefer sight. As the old saying goes, words are but wind, but seeing is believing.12. What examples can you find to show that one channel is more effective than others for transmitting certain messages?For example, when asking a lady for a date, a young man may wear an immaculate suit and spray some perfume to show that he highly values this date with her. In this case, sight and smell are definitely more effective than words for conveying that particular message.13. What are the things that can create noises in the process of communication?Sights, sounds, and other stimuli in the environment that draw people‘s attention away from intended meaning are known as external noise. Thoughts and feelings that interfere with the communication process are known as internal noise. Unintended meanings aroused by certain verbal symbols can inhibit the accuracy of decoding. This is known as semantic noise.14. What should we do to reduce the interference of noise in communication?When communicating with others, we should pay undivided attention to communication itself, avoiding being distracted by any external or internal noise. Besides, we should make sure that what we say is correctly understood by others and vice versa to prevent semantic noise from generating.15. Why is feedback a very important element of communication?Feedback is very important because it serves useful functions for both senders and receivers: it provides senders with the opportunity to measure how they are coming across, and it provides receivers with the opportunity to exert some influence over the communication process.16. What will you usually do when you receive negative feedback in communication?Open.Case StudyCase 5In China, it is often not polite to accept a first offer and Heping was being modest, polite and well-behaved and had every intention of accepting the beer at the second or third offer. But he had not figured on North American rules which firmly say that you do not push alcoholic beverages on anyone. A person may not drink for religious reasons, he may be a reformed alcoholic, or he may be allergic. Whatever the reason behind the rule, you do not insist in offering alcohol. So unconscious and so strong are their cultural rules that the Americans equally politely never made a second offer of beer to Heping who probably thought North Americans most uncouth.However, what we have to remember is that cultures are seldom a strict either-or in everyinstance for all people and there are always individual differences. Probably this young Chinese nurse was very different from Heping or, unlike Heping, she may have known something about the American cultural rules and was just trying to behave like an American when she was in an American family.Case 6When a speaker says something to a hearer, there are at least three kinds of meanings involved: utterance meaning, speaker‘s meaning and hearer‘s meaning. In the dialogue, when Litz said ‗How long is she going to stay?‘ she meant to say that if she knew how long her mother-in-law was going to stay in Finland, she would be able to make proper arrangements for her, such as taking her out to do some sightseeing. However, her mother-in-law overheard the conversation, and took Litz‘s question to mean ―Litz does not want me to stay for long‖. From the Chinese point of view, it seems to be inappropriate for Litz to ask such a question just two days after her mother-in-law‘s arrival. If she feels she has to ask the question, it would be better to ask some time later and she should not let her mother-in-law hear it.Case 7Keiko insists on giving valuable gifts to her college friends, because in countries like Japan, exchanging gifts is a strongly rooted social tradition. Should you receive a gift, and don‘t have one to offer in return, you will probably create a crisis. If not as serious as a crisis, one who doesn‘t offer a gift in return may be considered rude or impolite. Therefore, in Japan, gifts are a symbolic way to show appreciation, respect, gratitude and further relationship.Keiko obviously has taken those used items from Mary, Ed and Marion as gifts, for she probably doesn‘t know that Americans frequently donate their used household items to church or to the community. Mary, Ed and Marion would never consider those used household items given to Keiko as gifts. No wonder they felt very uncomfortable when they received valuable gifts in return.Case 8As the Chinese girl Amy fell in love with an American boy at that time, it seems that she preferred to celebrate Christmas in the American way, for she wanted very much to appear the same as other American girl. She did not like to see her boyfriend feel disappointed atthe ―shabby Chinese Christmas. That‘s why she cried when she found out her parents had invited the minister‘s family over for the Christmas Eve dinner. She thought the menu for the Christmas meal created by her mother a strange one because there were no roast turkey and sweet potatoes but only Chinese food. How could she notice then the foods chosen by her mother were all her favorites?From this case, we can find a lot of differences between the Chinese and Western cultures in what is appropriate food for a banquet, what are good table manners, and how one should behave to be hospitable. However, one should never feel shameful just because one‘s culture is different from others‘. As Amy‘s mother told her, you must be proud to be different, and your only shame is to have shame.。

跨文化交际_Unit_2_参考翻译Unit Two Task 11)A smooth sea never made a skillful mariner. 平静的大海决不能造就出熟练的水手。

/花盆里生长不出参天大树。

/温室里长不出栋梁之才。

2)He who would search for pearls must dive below.不入虎穴，焉得虎子。

/ 欲寻珍珠就要潜到水里。

/ 欲寻珍珠欲潜入水。

3)Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. 生活没有目标如同航行没有罗盘。

/没有目标的生活如同没有罗盘的航行。

4)To have another fish to fry另有要事/ 另有事情得做5)The water that bears the boat is the same that swallows it up.水能载舟，亦能覆舟。

(The same knife cuts bread and fingers.)6)前人栽树，后人乘凉。

One sows and another reaps. / One man sows and another reaps. / One generation plants the trees in whose shade another generation rests. / The precedence planted, the later generations enjoy its cool.7)斩草不除根，逢春又发青。

If the grass is only cut, then the next spring it will revive. / Cut weeds and dig up the roots.8)种田不用问，深耕多上粪。

Planting has no better measures but ploughing deeply and fertilizing much more.9)生米煮成熟饭。

T 1 As a phenomenon, intercultural communication has existed for thousands of years. However, as a discipline, itshistory is only about fifty years.作为一种现象，跨文化交际已经存在了几千年。

然而，作为一门学科，它的历史只有50年左右。

F 2 Intercultural Communication as a discipline first started in Europe.跨文化交际作为一门学科最早起源于欧洲。

F 3 Culture is a static entity while communication is a dynamic process.文化是一个静态的实体，交流是一个动态的过程。

T4 Culture can be seen as shared knowledge ,what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.文化可以看作是共享的知识，人们需要知道什么才能在特定的文化中采取适当的行动。

T5 Although cultural stereotype has its limitations (over-generalization),it still contributes to a person ’s cultural cognition.虽然文化刻板印象有其局限性(过度概括)，但它仍然有助于一个人的文化认知。

T 6 In intercultural communication, we should separate one ’s individual character from cultural generalization.在跨文化交际中，我们应该把一个人的个性与文化泛化区分开来。

《跨文化交际》温习总结简单版一、外国人指下礼拜六是指那个周六，而咱们中过人说下礼拜六是那个礼拜后的礼拜六，参照时刻点不同二、外国人不喜爱人家说他/她老3、名字顺序：He Xiangu ，Andrew LewisSurname given name ，given name Surname注意：surname =last name; given name=first name称号职称时，中国：surname +title；外国：Title+surname 或Title +surname given name4、副的用法：vice associate assistant deputy under lieutenant Eg：vice-chairman , associate proffessor , assistant mananger , deputy director , undersecretary , lieutenant governor五、西方人以为下面的东西是私隐的：age，salary，health，family，visiting （造访人家要提早通知），parting六、在西方，若是去造访人家，来到主人家时，客人会被立刻问到要不要脱下大衣（out-door clothing），若是客人说不脱了，表示他们只是stay a few minutes.7、在中国，It is acceptable 留下东西在盘子里，可是在西方，这是不礼貌的，要finish eating。

八、In English,only a few titles can be used:Doctor,Judge,Governor,Major,Professor,Nurse,Captain,Colonel.九、西方人能够当面指出朋友的错误，东方人不行。

10、加拿大人：No seeing out when Guest leaves.No stand-up when your leaders comes in.No help for old people.1一、Positively commenting on somenting can indicate that the speaker like to possess it.因其中国人一听到人家说“I love your scarf,It is really pretty”赞美她的东西，就会坚持要送给人家。

跨文化交际unit2跨文化交际Unit 2教学目标：Through this unit, Ss can get a general idea of the differences between Chinese people and the Western people to make some daily verbal communication. Ss can also know how to avoid making misunderstanding or dealing with the cultural puzzles under such situations.教学内容：Unit 2 Daily Verbal Communication教学重点与难点：The analysis and understanding of the differences between Chinese people and the Western people to make some daily verbal communication.教学过程：Step 1 Gua sha---A film directly dealing with cultural conflicts.Qs for discussion: (Please try to be objective in discussion)1. How well do you know about American freedom? What are the differences between American freedom and Chinese freedom?2. “Gua sha”, a traditional Chinese medical treatment, was unrecognized by American culture. What do you think of it?3. Can American understand the Chinese filial piety孝道and the Chinese slang “打是亲，骂是爱”？Why?4. Why can’t th e American understand the typical Chinese behavior: beating one’s child to show one’s respect or to give face to the other when the child did something wrong?5. Are there any other examples of the case that are taken for granted or common sense in one country while are considered unacceptable or illegal in another? What do you think of them? Could you find a possible solution?Cultural Differences:(1)American Dream VS Chinese Dream●House, car, a stable well-paid job.● A well-known saying-----“Where the re is no vision, the people perish.Where there is no vision, the America people will perish.”(Cliton, at a presidential election campaign in 1995) Characteristics of American Dream:● a kind of wish (Tomorrow will be better than today.)●reality and action (e.g. gold rush)●lack of artistic flavor (in Chinese’s eyes)●part of American spiritChinese:* Real, a dream forever* Waiting for a prince or princess (白雪公主与白马王子), or waiting for being discovered or promoted. (孔明，姜子牙) * a perfect dream, Utopia, related to hermitage travel赫米蒂奇旅行, leisure, Chinese painting, calligraphy 书法* Characteristics: passive; idealistic, quite spiritual, perfectOpen question: What lead to these differences?(2)American freedom VS Chinese freedomAlcoholic drinks (less than 21, forbidden)Cigarette smoking (less than 18, forbidden in cities)Children below 12 at home along (illegal)Job interview (not to be asked about such info as handicapped, birth place; marital status; age;immigrant info, child info, crime records; etc.)***Additional things: sexual harassment; gender discrimination; ethnic discrimination; moral evaluation; Chinese: good or bad, American: legal or illegal.Open Qs: How about Chinese freedom?What do you think of ruling country by law as well as by De? （依法治国，以德治国）Step 2: Presentation of the textPart 1: Form of Address2.1 Naming names(1) To make a comparison between a Chinese name and an English one.E.g. Zhou Xingchi Andrew Lewissurname (family name) given name given name surname (family name)(2) For most English people, they have 3 names (Christian name + Given name + Surname) and the first of the given names is usually used by them.E.g. Anthony John Ward(4) Sources of some names(5) Partents should be careful of giving names to their children:Nichola Ann Green: This is a girl's name with the initials NAG, which unfortunately spell the word meaning to continually complain in an irritating wa y, e.g., '“My wife never stops complaining. She nags me morning, noon, and night.”Fiona Alice Tanner: This is a girl's name with the initials FAT.Michael Adam Davies: This is a boy's name with the initials MAD.Peter Ewan Steven Thompson: This is a boy's name with the initials PEST.Graham Adam Yiend: This is a boy's name with the initials GAY. This has a number of different meanings. In the past it was simply used to mean 'happy', so would not have been avoided.Nowadays, however, it has acquired another meaning and is more frequently used to mean 'male homosexual'.Part 2: Addressing (P.22-25)Discussion:What are the most common forms of address for a man named “ Zhou Xingchi”?What are the common forms of address for a man named “Andrew Lewis”?What kind of mistakes may Chinese speakers make when addressing foreigners? Reasons? (To see the case on p.37:3) Three-step approach:分析方法：A “three-step approach” to case analysis isrecommended in this course. You may follow the three steps below when analyzing cross-cultural cases.Step 1: Normative-level analysis主要是进行背景分析，从书中理论着手At this step, these questions need to be addressed: what cultural differences made the involved parties behave in this way? What normative cultural attributes caused the cross-cultural clash? Step 2: Behavioral-level analysis行为分析，从文化差异入手。

Unit 2 Comparison of valuesPart I Blank FillingDirections: Fill in each underlined space with a proper expression.1.The English proverb “Look before you leap.” stresses the same value of caution as theChinese proverb __________. 三思而后行2.According to the present western value of human nature, men are basically a mixture of__________. good and evil3.Chinese people are usually encouraged to be good by the people around them and are likely tofeel ashamed if they fail to live up to other s’ expectations that they should be virtuous. In this case, Chinese culture is called a kind of __________. shame culture.4.When it comes to the relationship of human to nature, Chinese culture emphasizes thathumans are a part of nature and they should live in __________ with nature. Harmony5.In Chinese culture, people’s behaviors should be suitable to their __________ and characters.social status or roles6.Quite a lot westerners hold such a belief that Chinese people often make their talk with othersa performance to show off themselves and their conversation is often lacking in __________.information.7.“Every man is the architect for his own fortune.”vividly indicates American value of__________. individualism8.__________ and __________ are the typical two features of Chinese features of collectivism. Group interest, duty and loyalty, harmony, hierarchy, or modesty任选其二Part II T or FDirections:Read the following statements and decide whether they are true or false.1. ____ V alues people hold exert a strong influence on people’s daily life by teaching people how to behave properly. T2. ____ The value that every person desires to live a happy life is typically a universal value rather than an individual value. T3. ____ The proverb “The early bird catches the worm.” reflects the value of efficiency. F4. ____ Western people are mainly future-oriented so that they are good at making plans for the future and are likely to ignore their history. F5. ____ In many instances contradictory values are found in a particular culture. That is, there is often a gulf between the values that are articulated (idealism) and the values that are acted out (reality).T6. ____ American people take actions very seriously and emphasize their goals. When they accomplish achievements, the outcome is usually measured qualitatively. F7. ____ We Chinese value hard work, honesty, kindness, and so do Americans. TPart III Multiple ChoiceDirections:There are 25 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.1. The following all can reflect Chinese values about human nature except _____. AA. 人人为我B. 知足常乐C. 近朱者赤D. 仁者爱人2. All the following things are valued in western individualist culture except _____. DA. self-relianceB. equality of opportunityC. separatenessD. family duty3. Which of the following proverbs was originated from Greece? CA. Sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander.B. Too many cooks spoil the broth.C. God helps those who help themselves.D. Blood is thicker than water.4. After making an appointment, if is _____ people who are usually late. DA. ChineseB. EnglishC. GermanD. French5. In western culture, land is just like _____.CA. motherB. hometownC. powerD. rootPart IV Short Answer Questions. (15%)Directions:Choose three questions from the following five questions and answer them briefly. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET1. What are the main features of Western values in your opinion?2. Can you list out some of negative features of Chinese values and explain them?3. Can you list out some of negative features of American values and explain them?4. "Face" is a very important concept in China. See how many phrases i you can think of that contain the term "face". How important is "face" to you? Give some situations in which "face" is concerned. What do you think "face" means? Why is "face" important in China?"Face" is not new to Chinese and other Asians. It carries a range of meanings based upon a core concept of "honor". Within sociological and sociolinguistic studies it is generally defined as "the negotiated public image, mutually granted each other by participants in a communicative events. (Scollon & Scollon, 2000) It refers roughly to a set of claims one makes regarding his/her characteristics and traits. These characteristics and traits are usually what a society thinks are good and desirable. Having some of these characteristics of a certain person called into question would mean that that person was likely to be looked down upon by others. He/She thus loses face, feeling embarrassed, upset, and angry. If that happens, there is little harmony.We have to know, however, that the face-concept is not unique in China and other parts of Asia. Sociologists hold that this concept exists among Americans too (and in fact among allother peoples). The difference is that face simply has greater social significanc e for the Chinese than for the Americans. In China, everyone is conscious of face all the time. An oft-repeated Chinese proverb puts it thus: "A person needs face as a tree needs bark. " In the United States, concern for face exists but remains largely out of most people’s awareness.5. What Chinese basic values are most impressive in your mind. List out two of them and explain.One of the characteristics of the Chinese culture is hierarchy. Every person is supposed to have a set position in family and society in order to achieve harmony between the people. One of the famous saying of Confucius is "Let the emperor be an emperor, the subject a subject, the father a father, and the son a son", the implication being that within the family as within the nation, persons are not equal; each has to mind his/her own position and role and act accordingly; and personal desires are best subjugated to the will of the patriarch (the male head of a family and a tribe). Confucius found there was nothing wrong with inequality because, in his view, the obligations between senior and junior ran in both directions. The senior party had his duties for the junior, and vice versa. These reciprocal obligations were expressed in the Chinese virtue known as li, which means " right conduct in maintaining one' s place in the hierarchical order.Large power distance characterizes a hierarchical culture in which people are comfortable with an unequal distribution of power and thus do not try to bring about a more nearly equal distribution. Throughout the Chinese history, people have shown respect for age, seniority, rank, maleness, and family background, from which hierarchy is clearly seen. Of course, as we all know, in the past decades, this way of thinking has noticeably eroded. In spite of the change, the basic assumptions are still there.So it s not difficult to see that humility is an important value in China, and the concern for humility is apparent everywhere, though often without our awareness. The way of showing humility is usually by self-disparaging. For example, when the Chinese entertain a guest or some guests with a sumptuous dinner with the table overflowing with six or eight beautifully presented, mouth-watering dishes, the comment of the host/hostess is likely to be (in a suitably apologetic tone of voice) " We hope you won' t mind joining our simple home meal. We' re not very good at cooking, so we ve only prepared a few dishes for this evening." Or a very renowned artist usually writes in the corner of his/her exquisite painting something that means "trying one's hand" or "daubing".There is another example where modesty and humility is displayed. When a large number of people are preparing themselves for a group photograph, they usually begin by crowding into the back row ( s) , because they understand that the front row, especially the center-front location, is the place of honor and recognize that proper humility requires them to not willingly place themselves in the front. Only after some good-natured scuffling and earnest appeals from the junior members and the photographer to the senior ones, the situation resolves itself properly, with the most important seniors at the center-front, which also reflects the hierarchical conception.As harmony is the goal in a hierarchical society, courtesy or good manners has always been stressed by the Chinese tradition when interacting with other people. One important way to achieve this harmony is to accept and respect each person' s need to preserve face.Part V Case studies.Directions: S tudy the following cases and answer the questions. Choose two from the three cases.Case 1When a middle aged American couple who were both professors showed up to help a young Chinese couple move into their new apartment, they were surprised that the Chinese couple would not allow them to do any work. Instead they found a place for them to sit and gave them tea. Question:Why were the American couple surprised? What kind of values are reflected in this case?Key: The Chinese couple thought it was inappropriate for an older distinguished professor t move furniture and carry boxes for them. It would not be dignified. In US when someone moves into a new house, it is a custom for friends to help clean and carry, so the Americans were eager to help and were upset that their presence only created more worked for their young friends.Note:Read Chapter 9 and finish the attached exercises《跨文化交际实用教程》（by 胡超）。

（完整版）Unit2跨⽂化交际课后题答案Unit Two Culture ShockⅠ.Fill in blanksa. In a formal western meal, you’re offered a second helping but you have already had enough. You should say “______”. That was delicious but I’ve already had plenty, thanks.b. Taboos are words, expressions, etc. that are considered as being ______ or ______. unpleasant, disgustingc. ______ is a culture that scores high on individualism. Individual cultured. Social distance refers to the degree of ______ or ______ between two cultures. similarity, dissimilaritye. Because of their ______, individualists give little thought to the ______ of others. But collectivists care very much what others in their groups think and do not like to be the targets of ______ and _______. independence, evaluations, scrutiny, criticismⅡ. Key Termsa. culture shockb. collectivist culturec. hospitalityd. politenesse. privacyⅢ. Short Answera. What are the five basic themes in individualist culture?b. Why is there a lack of concern at public displays of physical or sexual intimacy?c. What ‘s the difference on tendency for foreigners to treat strangers between Individualism and Collectivism Theories?Ⅳ. Case study(1) Analyze the case and try to find the misunderstanding between the girl and the westerner.A westerner invited a Chinese girl to have lunch and take a tour around the British Parliament. In fact, the girl didn't have the lunch just because when the westerner asked her "Are you hungry?" The girl answered no. Then they didn't have lunch together.(2) Can you find some differences in hospitality between a Chinese and English? What are the reasons?An English guest: Each time a new dish arrived his parents would lean over and load my plate with tasty morsels. As they had taken all the trouble to cook it I just had to polish it off. As soon as my plate was empty they would put more on. Of course, I felt duty-bound to ear that too.A Chinese guest: Can you imagine how many dishes I had? One one -- a stew with meat and vegetables. The meat was over done and too hard to eat; green vegetables were no longer green. They never put food on your plate but just ask you to help yourself. If you, as a guest, are shy or modest, waiting for the food to be put on your plate, you will remain half-starved.Key to Unit TwoⅠ.Fill in blanksa. That was delicious but I’ve already had plenty, thanks.b. unpleasant, disgustingc. Individual cultured. similarity, dissimilaritye. independence, evaluations, scrutiny, criticismⅡ.Key Termsa. culture shock: It is a psychological phenomenon that is experienced most often by those who, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, in the process of adjusting themselves to a new culture.b. collectivist culture: It is a culture that places little value on individual identity and great value on group identity.c. hospitality: It means cordial and generous reception of or disposition toward guests.d. politeness: It refers to consideration for others, tact, and observance of accepted social usage.e. privacy: It could be understood as the right of an individual to self-determination as to the degree to which the individual is willing to share with others information about himself that may be compromised by unauthorized exchange of such information among other individuals or organizations.Ⅲ.Short Answera. 1) There is a tendency for foreigners to treat strangers as equals, seen in the politeness with which foreigners treat out-group members and their willingness to follow public rules and laws that guarantee the rights of all. 2 ) There is a desire for independence and separateness, found in foreigners' needs for their own privacy and autonomy and in the freedom they give to children. 3) There is a lack of inhibition on the part of foreigners in terms of expressive behaviors, seen in their lack of concern about drawing attention to themselves and their willingness to disclose feelings and emotions. 4) There is a lack of understanding if the reciprocal bonds and duties that regulate in-group members, found in foreigners' casual attitudes towards hospitality. 5) There is a lack of concern at public displays of physical or sexual intimacy.b. The reason might be that even the freedom with which foreigners express love and sexual desire can be seen as a valorization of the individual's pursuit of personal pleasure and happiness. That this is offensive tocollectivists is not surprising, as intense dyadic fusion is a kind of personal involvement that draws loyalty on attention from the group and focuses it on individual needs.c. Individualists tend to believe in equality; their communication norms stress equal treatment of subordinate and superior, friend and stranger. In contrast, collectivists’ communication norms often stress deference; a clear demarcation is made between one’s treatment of those above and below one in the social hierarchy. Clearly, to a collectivist, the way individualists treat strangers will seem unusual and unnecessarily polite.Ⅳ.Case studya. The mistake is that the westerner used his question as an invitation. The girl understood it only as a question. According to the Chinese tradition, the man should have invited her to lunch since their appointment was to have lunch first.b. Yes. The Chinese student felt disappointed at British hospitality because she used the Chinese way of showing hospitality to judge the British one. In the story taking place in China, the westerner couldn't imagine that there should be sixteen dishes prepared for her. When she ate from the eight cold dishes, she couldn't eat anymore. It is because a Western meal normally severs one main course plus a starter and sweets or desserts. The fact is that different people in the world show their different hospitality in different ways.。