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《英语词汇学》课程教学大纲课程编码：30615008 学分： 2 总学时：36说明【课程性质】《英语词汇学》为英语专业的专业任意选修课程。
【教学目的】本课程是英语专业高年级阶段的一门专业任意选修课。
本课程的教学目的在于要求学生掌握英语词汇学的基本知识和基本理论，从而更科学地学习英语词汇，运用词汇学中所学到的基本知识和理论来分析和理解英语词汇，正确地使用英语词汇。
【教学任务】《英语词汇学》以帮助学生扩大词汇量，有效运用英语词汇；更深入的理解词义，更有效的组织划分和贮存词汇；增强学生对词义和用法的了解，使学生准确使用词汇；使学生掌握使用参考书的技能，增加解决问题的能力和学习英语的有效性；提高学生的语言接受能力和语言使用能力为教学任务。
【教学内容】词的基本知识、英语的亲属关系与英语词汇的形成和发展、词的形态结构和构成方法、词的意义、语义关系、词义的演变、英语习语、英语词典【教学原则和方法】教学原则：本课程采用张维友编写的《英语词汇学教程》（华中师范大学出版社）为主要教材，在教学过程中坚持以学生为主体，教师为指导的原则，以教材为中心，并适时地向学生介绍英语词汇学的研究动态和最新方向，让学生对词汇学有一个全面系统的了解。
教学方法：在教学过程中，采用论述式、概述式和指引式讲解相结合对教学内容的新信息点、重点、难点进行论述式讲解，深入浅出地详述理论原理，用恰当的例证加以说明，以此帮助学生充分理解理论知识。
对容易懂的内容则进行简明扼要地讲解。
教学中以学习指定的教材为主，适当穿插一些相关的信息材料。
通过对英语词汇学中相关的概念即理论知识的学习和理解，要求学生尽量独立完成教材各部分后面所附的练习，必要时教师可给予适当的指导。
教学手段主要是抽取各部分中的精华部分进行讲解，并适时地采用专题讨论的方式进行学习。
【先修课程要求】要求学生具备英语语音、英语语法、基础英语、英语阅读、英语写作以及翻译等课程知识。
教材：张维友《英语词汇学教程》华中师范大学出版社，2004年。
Lecture1《英语词汇学》第一章教案Self IntroductionName: ZHENG JiaqinProfessional tile: Associate ProfessorAcademic degree: Bachelor?s degreeCellular phone: 135********E-mail:jiaqinzheng1966@/doc/9510006114.html, Ways of MarkingClassroom attendance20%Assignments 20%Final test60%Text Book:《现代英语词汇学概论》张韵斐主编,北京师范大学出版社，2004-10出版◆R eference books:1. 《现代英语词汇学》-新版(陆国强, 2002, 上海:上海外语教育出版社)2.《英语词汇学教程》（汪榕培，卢晓娟，1997,上海: 上海外语教育出版社）Leture 1讲授题目：1. A Brief Introduction to the Course---English Lexicology2. The Development ofEnglish Vocabulary所属章节：《现代英语词汇学概论》第1章计划学时：2 periods教学方法：传统讲授法参考资料：《英语词汇学教程》、《英语词汇学》教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，学生对英语词汇学的研究对象、性质、特点以及英语语言的发展进程等基本知识有了一定的了解。
IntroductionWhat is linguistics?Generally speaking, linguistics can be defined as the scientificstudy of language. To be more exact, linguistics studies the general principles upon which all human languages areconstructed and operate as systems of human communication.LEXICOLOGY1.The term lexicology contains two Greek morphemes: “lexikon”and “logie”; the former means “word or phrase”, while the latter “learning or the study of”.2. The literal meaning is the “science of the word”.3. It is the study of the signification/meaning and application/uses of words.4. Lexicology is a branch of linguistics inquiring into the origins and meanings of words ( WNWD-Webster?s New World Dictionary of the American Language ).THE FIVE SUB-BRANCHES OF LEXICOLOGY 1.Semantics: the study of the meanings of words and other parts of language.2.Etymology: studies the meanings, origin and history of individual words and their development.3. Historical lexicology: studies from a historical point of viewthe development of vocabulary4. Phraseology(成语学）: mainly deals with set expressionsand idioms.5. Lexicography: studies the writing and making ofdictionaries.English lexicologyEnglish lexicology deals with English words, their origin, meaning, morphological structures, semantic structures, sense relations , idioms, historical development, formation and usages.The Nature of English LexicologyEnglish lexicology is a theoretically-oriented course. It is chiefly concerned with the basic theories of words in general and of English words in particular. However, it is a practical course as well, for in the discussion, we shall inevitably deal with copious stocks of words and idioms, and many usages examples. Naturally, there will be a large quantity of practice involved.THE AIMS OF THIS COURSEOffer an insight into the origin and development of the Englishvocabulary.Give a systematic description of the English vocabulary.Discuss the problems of word-structure and word-formation Study the use of English words , their meanings and changes in meaning, their sense relations.THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE COURSEDevelop your personal vocabulary and consciously increase your wordpower (active vocabulary).Understand word-meaning and organize, classify and store words moreeffectively.Raise your awareness of meaning and usages, use words more accurately and appropriately.Develop your skills and habits of analyzing and generalizinglinguisticphenomena in your learning experiences.Ultimately improve your receptive and productive skills in languageprocessing as well as language production.TWO APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF ENGLISHLEXICOLOGYA synchronic approach is an approach to the study of a language at one period of time,A diachronic approach is an approach to the study of the change in a language that took place over a period of time.There are two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic. From a synchronic point of view, words can be studied at a point in time, disregarding whatever changes might be taking place. For example the word …wife? now means ……a married woman, esp. in relation to her husband??. This is the current meaning.It has an obsolete meaning …woman?, which is only preserved in midwife, housewife, Bathwife, etc. However if we take a diachronic perspective, we will consider the word historically, looking into its origin and changes in form and meaning. In this light, the word …wife? evolved from the old English … wif ?, meaning … woman?, but later it became specialized in the course of development to the modern meaning …a married woman?.TWO APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF ENGLISHLEXICOLOGYModern linguistics is mainly synchronic, focusing on the present-day language (English words), but we need the diachronic approach as a supplement, for a knowledge ofhistorical development of the vocabulary will definitely be of great help to us in our language study.Questions and Tasks1. What is lexicology?2. What is the nature and scope of English lexicology?3. Why should a student of English study English lexicology?。
从构词法角度看英语词汇记忆
刘琼
【期刊名称】《神州》
【年(卷),期】2012(000)017
【摘要】词汇量少是高职学生英语普遍存在的问题,而记忆单词则是高职学生的难题。
本文介绍了几种常见的构词方法,利用一些构词方法来有效的记忆单词,帮助学生提高英语词汇量。
【总页数】1页(P102-102)
【作者】刘琼
【作者单位】西安航空职业技术学院,陕西西安710089
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】H319.3
【相关文献】
1.从联想的角度看大学英语词汇记忆 [J], 林海霞
2.词缀构词法与英语词汇的科学记忆 [J], 薛婷
3.课堂环境下构词法与记忆术词汇习得效果比较研究——基于陕西省高中学生英语词汇习得状况的研究 [J], 雷宏友
4.英语词缀构词法与英语词汇记忆 [J], 范德中
5.如何运用构词法引导学生记忆英语词汇初探 [J], 杨维娜
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词汇记忆：想说爱你不容易发布时间：2021-03-11T09:37:47.630Z 来源：《中小学教育》2020年第32期作者：邓素琼[导读] 小学英语新课标要求，书本上的黑体单词，邓素琼湖北省宜昌市夷陵区龙泉镇龙镇小学443112小学英语新课标要求，书本上的黑体单词，要会“听、说、读、写”即我们通常说的“四会”，实际教学中，很多学生听、说、读都没有问题，但是不会拼写单词，考试过程中，老师口中的“送分题”变成了“送命题”，许多学生都认为记单词是一件十分头疼的事情，甚至有点“闻词色变”，从而失去了对英语学习的兴趣。
针对这一现象，我开始思考：如何帮助小学生记忆单词，提高学习兴趣呢？我主要从优化组织语言、激励语言、提问技巧三方面进行了尝试，取得了很好的教学效果。
第一、听音识词-----利用语音知识、拼读规则记忆单词。
在三年级学习字母的时候，学生就了解了26个英语字母的基本发音，四年级上册6个单元的let’s spell部分,也进一步教授了元音字母及字母组合“a-e”“o-e”“i-e”“u-e”的发音，我利用学生已经掌握的语音知识，教学生巧记英语单词。
例如，在记忆“cake”这个单词的时候，学生已经知道了“cake”这个单词的发音为[ke?k]? ，但是无法具体说出是由那几个字母组成的，我引导学生思考，这个单词的发音有三个音节，即[k] 、[e?]、[k]，其中[e?]是我们学过的发音，学生知道是a-e，还有两个音节，第一个音节[k]，是字母“c”的发音，而第二个音节[k]是辅音字母“k”的发音，于是学生便能根据发音[ke?k]?拼出单词“cake”了，这样，学生不需要死记，只要知道单词的发音，就能写出单词。
同理，在教授单词cat的时候，学生知道cat 的发音为[k?t]?，其中[?]?是我们学过的元音字母a的发音，第一个音节[k]?是字母c 的发音，[t]是字母t 的发音，我们只需要把这个单词的发音分解给学生，他们便知道每个音节对应的是哪个字母，记忆起来也就容易得多了。
英语词汇学讲义第一章英语词汇学简介(A Brief Introduction to English Lexicology)教学目的：●了解英语词汇学研究的现状及地位●掌握及分类●了解英语词汇学的研究范围和研究方法●了解学习英语词汇学的目的及意义教学重点：●英语词汇学的定义●英语词汇学的研究范围教学难点：●英语词汇学研究滞后的原因●英语词汇学的定义及研究范围教学方法：理论讲解为主，课堂讨论为辅教学步骤：课程导入：(10 分钟)Discussion: What do you think lexicology mainly studies?教学讲练内容：(80分钟)1.1英语词汇学研究的现状及地位1828 Noah Webster “lexicology”第一次出现20c初没有受到足够的重视1980s以前前苏联和中国有所研究1980s中期以后西方语言学家开始重视英语词汇学研究，专著陆续问世，并开始把词汇研究与其它学科的研究联系到一起词汇学研究没有受到重视的原因：醉汉找钱的故事(David Crystal 为Jean Tournier 的英语词汇学概论写的序言中提及)，说明西方语言学家避重就轻，因为在语言的三个要素中，语音体系和语法体系比较简单，易于归纳，便于研究，容易出成果；而词汇体系比较庞杂，不易归纳和研究，也不容易出成果。
实际课堂教学中，很少有教师会系统地讲授词汇学的理论(因为词汇学理论本身就是滞后的)，而学生在外语学习中最大的难点之一就在于如何学习和掌握词汇。
从实际需要的角度出发，词汇学研究引起西方语言学家重视也是迟早的事情。
此外，电脑应用的发展和普及以及语料库的形成为分析词汇的特征和总结词汇的规律性的原则创造了有利条件，在词汇体系的研究方面出现新的突破是指日可待的事情。
现在词汇学被看作是语言分析的一个层面。
语言分析的五分法(词汇学lexicology、音位学phonemics、形态学morphology、句法学syntax和语义学semantics)与传统的三分法(音位学、句法学和语义学)相比，最大的不同在于重视了词汇的作用，充分肯定了词汇学的地位。
xx著《现代英语词汇学概论》——解析第一部分Chapter Ⅰ英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary)Bloomfield 1933中对词的定义是，每个单词都是最小的自由词。
然而这个定义不够全面，存在着缺陷。
首先，不是所有的单词都可以独立出现，如the ，a ，my 这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义。
另外，Bloomfield的定义侧重在于语法（syntax）却没有涉及到词的意义。
随着词汇学的发展跟完善。
人们给词下了较为完整的定义。
“词，今指语言组织中的基础单位，能独立运用，具有声音、意义和语法功能。
”（《辞海》1984（上）375页，上海辞书出版社）一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。
纵观英语的发展历史，我们可以知道，大多数的英语词汇都是外来词，它从拉丁语，法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇，不断的扩充自己，为己所用。
特别是第二次世界大战之后，英语词汇得到了空前的发展。
现代英语词汇快速发展的原因主要有四方面。
一是科学技术的快速发展，二是社会经济的全球化，三是英语国家的政治和文化变化，最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响。
英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成，而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。
根据词的起源可以分为本族语和外来语；根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇，文学词汇。
口头词汇，俚语以及科学术语。
基础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征，稳定性，构词的能力和搭配能力。
第二部分Chapter Ⅱ到Chapter Ⅳ英语词汇的形态结构和词的构词(Morphological structure of Englishwords and word-formation )(一)词素（Morphemes）单词是有词素（morphemes）构成的。
词素即英语语言中有意义的最小单位，同时具有声音和意义。
单词可以有一个或一个以上的词素组成。
如：nation 是一个词素，national有nation+al 两个词素。
- 100-校园英语 / 职业教育英语语篇听力理解的主要障碍及对策研究江西财经职业学院/姜平【摘要】语篇听力理解已成为大学英语四六级听力考核的重点，也是学生英语学习的难点所在。
在实践教学中，笔者通过测试和调查发现其障碍来自语言基础、记忆能力、背景知识、语篇知识、情感因素几个方面，为此本文提出利用语篇特点提高理解、根据图式理论扩大知识面熟悉文化背景等对策，帮助学生提高短文听力水平。
【关键词】语篇理解 听力障碍 对策一、引言听力技能是一项重要的语言运用能力。
它是交际的基础，能帮听者获取信息，而且还能创造语言环境，提供语言输入，是语言学习者培养口语能力以及提高英语综合运用能力的重要途径。
大学英语四、六级考试中听力部分比重占到了35%，从2016年6月起该考试听力题型发生了调整，取消短对话和复合式听写，各新增3篇短篇新闻和3篇讲座/讲话，再加上保留原有的3篇短文听力理解，我们发现语篇听力理解成为大学英语听力考核的主要内容。
在听力教学中，语篇听力理解是学生训练的重点，也是难点，很难在短时间内得到提升。
究竟有哪些因素影响了学生的语篇听力理解水平以及有何解决办法是本文研究的主要问题。
二、英语语篇听力理解的主要障碍1.研究设计。
本研究选择笔者所在学院的大一2015级两个职教本科实验班共98名学生为研究对象，采用课堂测试、问卷调查和访谈研究方法，通过3次听力任务来检测学生的听力情况，每次听力测试由3篇短文和10个问题组成，均按四六级考试要求只播放一次，在每次任务完成后立即对学生进行问卷调查。
问卷调查设计涉及语言基础、记忆能力、背景知识、语篇知识、情感因素等方面的内容。
每题均用Likert 五级量表描述学生的赞同程度，用1-5表示从完全不赞同到完全赞同的5个等级。
研究分析依据两部分实验数据：受试学生的测试成绩和问卷调查，并辅以访谈的形式来全面、深入了解学生的真实看法。
2.研究结果与分析。
(1)语言基础。
根据问卷调查，学生反映语音、词汇、句子、语法、语速等英语基础知识的掌握很大程度上直接影响他们的听力水平(平均值在3.72)，例如bill 与beer 分不清楚，识别不出Hadn ’t-you better tell-him yourself?中的同化和弱化现象，造成听力困难。
《英语词汇学》课程教学大纲课程编号：4510311 课程名称：英语词汇学课程基本情况：1．学分：2 学时：322．课程性质：专业选修课3．适用专业：英语专业4．先修课程：基础英语、高级英语5．首选教材：《英语词汇学》汪榕培、王之江，上海外语教育出版社，2013 备选教材：《英语词汇学》，张维友编著，华中师范大学出版社，20046．考核形式：闭卷笔试7．教学环境：多媒体教室一、教学目的与要求《英语词汇学》是高等学校英语专业高年级的选修课。
本课程以现代语言理论为基础，以英语词汇为研究对象，着重讲解单词结构、构词法、词义和词义关系、英语词汇的构成、词义的历史演变、成语及词典知识。
本课旨在让学生比较系统地掌握英语词汇知识，比较深地了解英语词汇的现状及其历史演变，并对现代英语词汇发展中出现的现象和趋势做出分析和解释,提高运用英语的能力。
二、教学内容及学时分配三、课程内容及学时分配表四、教学内容安排第1单元英语词汇概说【教学目的】讨论解词、词汇、词汇学等有关概念，了解对它们进行学习、研究的必要性；了解当代英语词汇现状，展望英语词汇的发展趋势，探索英语词汇变化规律。
【教学重点】词、词汇、词汇学等有关概念【教学难点】英语词汇的发展趋势，英语词汇变化规律【教学方法】教师讲授和课堂练习【教学内容】第一节词、词汇、词汇学一、什么是词1.词的概念2.词的特征二、什么是词三、什么是词汇学第二节当代英语词汇现状一、英语词汇发展现状二、英语词汇发展展望第2单元英语基本构词法【教学目的】学习英语三大基本构词法及各自的特点，并能将其应用于实际的英语学习中，指导自己的词汇学习。
【教学重点】掌握基本构词方法【教学难点】复合词的语义辨析【教学方法】教师讲授和课堂练习【教学内容】第一节词缀法一、词缀的特点1. 词缀来源的多样性2. 词缀的多义性3. 词缀的同义性4. 词缀对词性和词义的影响5. 词缀构词能力的差异性6. 词缀变化的时代性二、派生词的结构第二节复合法一、复合词的特点1. 复合词的语法特点2. 复合词的语义特点3. 复合词的语音特点4. 复合词的书写特点二、复合词的构成1.复合名词的构成2.复合形容词的构成3.复合动词的构成第三节转化法一、转化法的特点二、转化词的构成1. 名词转化成动词2. 形容词转化成名词3. 动词转化为名词4. 形容词转化为名词5. 名词及其他此类转化为形容词第3单元其他构词方法【教学目的】熟悉英语其它构词法及各自的特点，并能将其应用于实际的英语学习中，指导自己的词汇学习。
英语词汇学汪榕培答案chapter 71、Many young people like to _______ at weekends. [单选题] *A. eat out(正确答案)B. eat upC. eat onD. eat with2、( ). The old man enjoys ______ stamps. And now he has1300 of them [单选题] *A. collectB. collectedC. collecting(正确答案)D. to collect3、95--Where and when _______ you _______ it? [单选题] *A. did; buy(正确答案)B. do; buyC. have; boughtD. will; buy4、--Shall we have a swim?--Yes, let’s _______ it at 9:00 next Sunday. [单选题] *A. putB. meetC. setD. make(正确答案)5、_________ along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience. [单选题]*A. TravelB. Traveling(正确答案)C. Having traveledD. Traveled6、If you know the answer, _______ your hand, please. [单选题] *A. put up(正确答案)B. put downC. put onD. put in7、Is there going to ______ a football match in the stadium next month?（）[单选题] *A. beingB. haveC. be(正确答案)D. having8、9．There will be a lot of activities at English Festival nest month. Which one would you like to ________? [单选题] *A．take part in (正确答案)B．joinC．attendD．go9、They will hold the party if they _____ the project on time. [单选题] *A. will completeB. complete(正确答案)C．completedD. had completed10、A brown bear escaped from the zoo, which was a（）to everyone in the town. [单选题] *A. HarmB. violenceC. hurtD. threat(正确答案)11、This girl is my best friend, Wang Hui. ______ English name is Jane.（）[单选题] *A. HeB. HisC. SheD. Her(正确答案)12、Where have you _______ these days? [单选题] *A. been(正确答案)B. beC. isD. are13、Be _______ when you are driving. [单选题] *A. afraidB. careful(正确答案)C. clearD. clean14、Jim wants to hang out with his friends at night, but his parents don’t allow him ______ so.（）[单选题] *A. doB. doneC. to do(正确答案)D. doing15、You can borrow my book, _____ you promise to give it back to me by the end of this month. [单选题] *A.even ifB. as long as(正确答案)C. in caseD. even though16、We had ____ wonderful lunch last Saturday. [单选题] *A. /B. theC. oneD. a(正确答案)17、People always _____ realize the importance of health _____ they lose it. [单选题] *A. not... untilB. don't... until(正确答案)C. /; untilD. /; not until18、--Mom, I will not eat fast food this year. Believe me.--If you make a _______, you must keep it. [单选题] *A. jokeB. noiseC. mistakeD. promise(正确答案)19、2．I think Game of Thrones is ________ TV series of the year. [单选题] *A．excitingB．more excitingC．most excitingD．the most exciting (正确答案)20、62．--There is? ? ? ? ? sale on in the shop today. Let’s go together.--Please wait? ? ? ? ? ?minute. I’ll finish my homework first. [单选题] *A．a; theB．a; a(正确答案)C．the; aD．the; the21、I have seldom seen my father（）pleased with my progress as he is now. [单选题] *A. so(正确答案)B. veryC. tooD. rather22、Nick has always been good _______ finding cheap flights. [单选题] *A. at(正确答案)B. forC. withD. to23、Our campus is _____ big that we need a bike to make it. [单选题] *A. veryB. so(正确答案)C. suchD. much24、______ visitors came to take photos of Hongyandong during the holiday. [单选题] *A. ThousandB. Thousand ofC. ThousandsD. Thousands of(正确答案)25、Since the war their country has taken many important steps to improve its economic situation. [单选题] *A. 制定B. 提出C. 讨论D. 采取(正确答案)26、You can distinguish the twins very easily, _____Tom is quite while Jack is active. [单选题] *A. soB. butC. for(正确答案)D. and27、People cut down many trees ______ elephants are losing their homes. （）[单选题] *A. ifB. butC. so(正确答案)D. or28、87．—Could you? ? ? ? ? ? me the way to the nearest hospital?—Sure. [单选题] *A．askB．tell(正确答案)C．talkD．speak29、79．–Great party, Yes? ---Oh, Jimmy. It’s you!（C）, we last met more than 30 years ago. [单选题] *A. What’s moreB. That’s to sayC. Believe it or not (正确答案)D. In other words30、There is something wrong with my teeth. I’ve had?a _______. [单选题] *A. toothache(正确答案)B. headacheC. stomachacheD. heartache。
CHAPTER 21. It is assumed that the world has about ___________ languages.A. 3000B. 2000C. 1000D.40002. It is assumed that the world has approximately 3000 (some put it 5000) languages, which can be grouped into roughly ___________ language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.A. 500B. 4000C. 300D.20003. The Indo-European Language Family accordingly fall into ___________ principle groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern set and Western set.A. eightB. sixC. fiveD. several4. In the Eastern set, ___________ and ___________ are each the only modern language respectively.A. Italic; GermanicB. Armenian; AlbanianC. Celtic; HellenicD. Balto-Slavic; Indo-Iranian5. The following words are derived from the dead language Sanskrit except ___________.A. PersianB. BengaliC. HindiD. Romany6. All these languages have some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has ___________ the English vocabulary.A. borrowed words fromB. enlarged words toC. decreased words toD. lent words into7. We find the following languages in the Celtic except ___________.A. ScottishB. IrishC. DanishD. Breton8. The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian and ___________.A. GreekB. RomanC. IndianD. Russian9. Indo-Iranian comprises the modern language except ___________.A. PersianB. BengaliC. Hindi, RomanyD. Polish10. The five Romance languages, namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called ___________.A. SanskritB. LatinC. CelticD. Anglo-Saxon11. The first peoples known to inhabit England were ___________.A. CeltsB. RomansC. Anglo-SaxonsD. Jutes12. Which of the following is not included in the Germanic tribes?A. Angles.B. Celtic.C. Saxons.D. Jutes.13. Some foreign languages have impact on old English except ___________.A. FrenchB. LatinC. NorwegianD. Danish14. After the ___________, the Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons, and Jutes came in great numbers.A. GreeksB. IndiansC. RomansD. French15. As a result, Celtic made only a ___________ contribution to the English vocabulary.A. smallB. bigC. greatD. smaller16. The introduction of ___________ at the end of the 6th century had a great impact on the English vocabulary.A. printingB. ChristianityC. French wordsD. all the above17. After the invading Germanic tribes settled down in Britain, their language almost totally blotted out the ___________.A. Old EnglishB. Middle EnglishC. Anglo-SaxonD. Celtic18. Old English has a vocabulary of about ___________ words.A. 30000 to 40000B. 40000 to 50000C. 50000 to 60000D. 60000 to 7000019. It is estimated that at least ___________ words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English.A. 1200B. 800C. 900D. 100020. Which of the following is not Scandinavian origin?A. Skirt.B. Alter.C. Their.D. Birth.21. The ___________ family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages.A. GermanicB. Indo-EuropeanC. AlbanianD. Hellenic22. Old English vocabulary was essentially ___________ with a number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian.A. ItalicB. GermanicC. CelticD. Hellenic23. The Norman Conquest in 1066 introduced a large number of words into the English vocabulary.A. FrenchB. GreekC. DanishD. Latin24. In the 9th century the land was invaded again by Norwegian and Danish Vikings. With the invaders, many ___________ words came into the English language.A. GreekB. RomanC. CelticD. Scandinavian25. Which of the following is NOT true about Old English?A. Users of Old English borrowed heavily from Latin and other languages.B. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50000 to 60000.C. Old English refers to the English language used from 450 to 1150.D. Old English was a highly inflected language.26. Identify the word that ___________ is of Scandinavian origin among the following.A. skirtB. dressC. modelD. status27. The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English ___________ of them are still in use today.A. Eighty-five percentB. Fifty-six percentC. Seventy-two percentD. Seventy-five percent28. By the end of the ___________ century, virtually all of the people who held political or social power and many of those in powerful Church positions were of Norman French origin.A. 10thB. 11thC. 12thD. 13th29. Modern English began with the establishment of ___________ in England.A. printingB. Bourgeois RevolutionC. Industrial RevolutionD. the Renaissance30. Considering the changes in ___________, we regard the year of ___________ as the divison line of Early and Late Modern English.A. grammar; 1600B. grammar; 1700C. vocabulary; 1600D. vocabulary; 170031. Since the beginning of the 20th century, ___________ has become even more important for the expansion of English vocabulary.A. word-formationB. borrowingC. semantic changeD. both B and C32. Which of the following is NOT one of the main sources of new words?A. The rapid development of modern science and technology.B. Geographical and political changes.C. The influence of other cultures and languages.D. Social and economic changes.33. Social, economic and political changes bring about such new words as the followings EXCEPT ___________.A. kungfuB. TV dinnerC. fast foodD. Watergate34. The modes of modern English vocabulary grow through three major channels: ___________, semantic change, ___________.A. exchange; lendingB. derivation; borrowingC. creation; borrowingD. affixation; creation35. In modern times, ___________ is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.A. creationB. semantic changeC. borrowingD. reviving archaic or obsolete words36. ___________ has played a vital role in the development of vocabulary, particularly in earlier times.A. creationB. semantic changeC. borrowingD. obsolete words37. Which of the following is one of the three channels through which modern English vocabularydevelops?A. Acronym.B. Blending.C. Elevation.D. Borrowing.38. ___________ means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need.A. CreationB. Semantic changeC. BorrowingD. Derivation39. The word of "recollection" is formed by ___________.A. creationB. semantic changeC. borrowingD. collocation40. It is assumed that the world has 3 000 languages, which can be grouped into roughly ___________ language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar. A. 200 B. 300C. 400D. 50041. The following languages all belong to the Eastern set except___________.A. Balto-SlavicB. Indo-IranianC. ArmenianD. Italic42. In the Eastern set, Armenian and___________ are the sole modern languages in two respective families.A. AlbanianB. RussianC. SlovenianD. Lithuanian43. Which language does not belong to the Italic?A. Portuguese.B. Spanish.C. Welsh.D. French.44. The early inhabitants of the British Isles spoke___________.A. EnglishB. CelticC. ScandinavianD. Hellenic45. The Germanic speakers took permanent control of the land that was later called___________ (the land of Angles).A. GermanB. GreeceC. EnglandD. American46. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50 000 to 60 000words, which is entirely Germanic with only a few borrowings from___________ and Scandinavian.A. LatinB. GreekC. CelticD. French47. The influx of French words into English did not occur until after___________.A. 1200B. 1300C. 1400D. 150048. In the Middle English period, the three main dialects of the land were Northern, ___________ and Midland.A. EasternB. WesternC. SouthernD. Oriental49. ___________ is the chief ancestor of Modern English, not Southern.A. EasternB. WesternC. NorthernD. Midland50. The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of___________ words into English.A. LatinB. GreekC. DanishD. French51. Midland is an ___________ dialect, as its name implies, and intelligible to Northerners and Southerners alike.A. middleB. intermediateC. interchangeableD. internal52. The number of ___________ words that poured into English was unbelievably great and covered every realm of culture and society in the Middle English period.A. FrenchB. GermanC. LatinD. Russian53. Before English regained social status in Middle English period, those in power spoke French; those who were literate read and wrote ___________; those who could educate their children taught them in ___________; and any young man who sought to earn his living as a scribe learned ___________or ___________.A. Latin; French; Latin; FrenchB. French; French; French; EnglishC. French; French; Latin; FrenchD. Greek; French; Greek; French54. In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge in learning ancient Greek and Roman classics, which is known in history as the ___________.A. RenewalB. RevivalC. ReboundD. Renaissance55. Since the beginning of the 20th century, particularly after World War II, although borrowing remains a channel of English vocabulary expansion, more words are created by ___________.A. analogyB. word-formationC. transferD. conversion56. The Anglo-Saxon in the Old English period was almost a "___________" language, which created new words from its own compound elements with few foreign words.A. uniqueB. fashionC. pureD. old57. As one scholar notes, old English was characterized by " ___________ endings", Middle English by "leveled endings", and Modern English by " ___________ endings".A. full; lostB. lost; fullC. full; pureD. pure; lost58. Old English which was a ___________ language has evolved to the present language.A. analytic; syntheticB. synthetic; analyticC. agglutinative; analyticD. isolating; synthetic59. Of all the foreign languages from which we have borrowed words, Latin, Greek, French, and ___________ stand out as the major contributors.A. ItalianB. GermanC. DutchD. Scandinavian60. In the Pre-Anglo-Saxon period, the words borrowed naturally from Latin reflected the new conceptions and experience in ___________ and ___________.A. war; economyB. economy; agricultureC. war; place namesD. war; agriculture61. In the Old English period, borrowings from Latin came in because of the introduction of Christianity, such as, ___________ and ___________.A. cook; candleB. shrine; sackC. candle; shrineD. mass; circle62. The ___________ centuries were especially prolific in Latin borrowings under the influence of Renaissance.A. 12th and 13thB. 13th and 14thC. 14th and 15thD. 15th and 16th63. Some late borrowings from Latin still retain their Latin forms. Which of the following was borrowed in the Modern English period?A. Frustrate.B. Focus.C. Logic.D. Trade.64. Which of the following does not come from Greek?A. Piano.B. Synonym.C. Philosophy.D. Lexicology.65. Typhoon is from ___________ and tatami is from ___________.A. Chinese; AfricanB. Chinese; JapaneseC. Arabic; TurkishD. Malay; Japanese66. Modern English vocabulary develops through ___________.A. terminology, analogy and borrowingB. creation* semantic change and borrowingC. creation, archaisms and semantic changeD. semantic change, denizens and argot67. Which of the following contemporary English vocabulary is from the rapid growth of science and technology?A. Fallout.B. Pant suit.C. Black belt.D. Mao jackets.68. The Scandinavian languages: Norwegian* Swedish, Danish and Icelandic, constitute the ___________ branch of the Germanic group.A. easternB. westernC. northernD. southern69. Reviving archaic or ___________ words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though insignificant.A. obsoleteB. oldC. usedD. ancient70. It is assumed that the world has about ___________ languages.A. 3,000B. 2,000C. 1,000D. 4,00071. All languages can be grouped into roughly ___________ language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.A. 200B. 300C. 400D. 50072. The Indo-European language family is made up of most of the languages in the following places except ___________.A. EuropeB. the Near EastC. IndiaD. Africa73. The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ___________ language.A. developedB. advancedC. inflectedD. complicated74. In the western set of the Indo-European language family, Greek is the modern language derived from ___________.A. HellenicB. CelticC. SpanishD. Dutch75. We find the following languages in the Celtic except ___________.A. ScottishB. IrishC. DanishD. Breton76. The first peoples known to inhabit on British Isles were ___________.A. RomansB. GermansC. CeltsD. Saxons77. Now people generally refer to ___________ as old English.A. Anglo-SaxonB. CelticC. LatinD. Armenian78. Which of the following is not included in the Germanic tribes?A. AnglesB. CelticC. SaxonsD. Jutes79. Old English has a vocabulary of about ___________ words.A. 40,000 to 50,000B. 50,000 to 60,000C. 60,000 to 70,000D. 30,000 to 40,00080. Old English refers to the language used between ___________ and ___________.A. 410, 1150B.450, 1150C. 410, 1100D.450, 110081. Some foreign languages have impact on old English except ___________.A. FrenchB. LatinC. NorwegianD. Danish82. It is estimated that at least ___________ words of Scandinavian origin have survived in Modern English.A. 1,200B. 800C. 900D. 1,00083. Which of the following is not Scandinavian origin?A. skirtB. alterC. theirD. birth84. Until 1066, the influence on English was mainly ___________.A. LatinB. FrenchC. GermanicD. Celtic85. After the Norman Conquest a continual flow of ___________ words into English.A. LatinB. FrenchC. GermanicD. Celtic86. Between 1250 and 1500, about ___________ words of French origin poured into English.A. 7,000B. 6,000C. 9,000D. 10,00087. ___________ of the words of French origin are still in use today.A. Eighty-five percentB. Fifty-six percentC. Seventy-two percentD. Seventy-five percent88. As many as 2, 500 words of ___________ origin found their way into Middle English.A. DutchB. FrenchC. LatinD. Celtic89. Modern English began with the establishment of ___________ in England.A. printingB. Bourgeois RevolutionC. Industrial RevolutionD. Renaissance Time90. Modern English began in ___________.A. 1700B. 1066C. 1500D. 190091. Considering the changes in ___________ Early and Late Modem English.A. grammar, 1600B. grammar, 1700C. vocabulary, 1600D. vocabulary, 170092. Modern English is considered to be a/an ___________ language.A. inflectedB. analyticC. syntheticD. new93. Generally, the number of the present day English vocabulary is about ___________.A. two millionB. three millionC. one millionD. four million94. Modern English vocabulary develops through ___________.A. creationB. semantic changeC. borrowingD. all the above95. ___________ is not the reason of growth of present-day English vocabulary.A. The rapid development of modern science and technologyB. Social, economic and political changesC. The efforts of linguistsD. The influence of other cultures and languages96. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: ___________, semantic change and ___________.A. exchange, conversionB. compounding, borrowingC. creation, borrowingD. suffixation, creation97. ___________ is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.A. CreationB. Semantic changeC. BorrowingD. Meaning change98. ___________ means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need.A. CreationB. Semantic changeC. BorrowingD. Derivation99. The word of "recollection" is formed by ___________.A. creationB. semantic changeC. borrowingD. collocation100. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: ___________.A. creation, conversion and borrowingB. creation, borrowing and back-formationC. creation, semantic change and borrowingD. semantic change, borrowing and back-formation101. The Norman Conquest in 1066 introduced a large number of ___________ words into the English vocabulary.A. FrenchB. GreekC. DanishD. Latin102. The introduction of ___________ had a great impact on the English vocabulary.A. HinduismB. ChristianityC. BuddhismD. Islam103. After the ___________, the Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons, and Jutes came in great numbers.A. GreeksB. IndiansC. RomansD. French104. After the invading Germanic tribes settled down in Britain, their language almost totally blotted out the ___________.A. Old EnglishB. Middle EnglishC. Anglo-SaxonD. Celtic105. Between 1250 and 1500 about ___________ words of French origin poured into English.A. 9,000B. 900C. 10,000D. 20,000106. Since the beginning of the 20th century, ___________ has become even more important for the expansion of English vocabulary.A. word-formationB. creationC. semantic changeD. both B and C107. The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly language.A. inflectedB. derivedC. developedD. analyzed108. The five Romance languages, namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called ___________.A. SanskritB. LatinC. CelticD. Anglo-Saxon109. By the end of the ___________ century, English gradually came back into the schools, the law courts, and government and regained social status.A. 12thB. 13thC. 14thD. 15th1. The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ___________ language.2. As the invading tribes took over and settled in Britain, the Celtic languages gradually ___________.3. The surviving languages show various degrees of ___________ to one another.4. The surviving languages accordingly fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern set: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and Albanian; a Western set: Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, ___________.5. Scandinavian language refers to Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish and ___________.6. After the Romans, the Germanic tribes came in great numbers. Soon they took___________ control of the land, which was to be called England.7. Augustine came to spread ___________ in Britain at the end of the 6th century.8. Now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as ___________.9. In the 9th century the land was ___________ again by Norwegian and Danish Vikings.10. Middle English lasted for more than three hundred years from ___________ to ___________.11. The four major foreign contributors to English vocabulary in earlier times are Latin, French, Scandinavian and ___________.12. By the end of the eleventh century, ___________ all of the people who held political or social power and many of those in powerful church positions were of Norman French origin.13. The English words "power", "crime" are derived from ___________.14. Modern English began with the ___________ of printing in England.15. In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient and Roman classics. This is known in history as the ___________.16. It is necessary to subdivide Modern English into Early (1500 -1700) and ___________ Modem English.17. If we say that Old English was a language of full endings, Middle English was one of ___________.18. It can be concluded that English has evoked from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present ___________ language.19. The rapid development of ___________ and ___________ contributes a lot to the vocabulary development.20. ___________ refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, ___________ and other elements.21. There're three modes of vocabulary development; creation, ___________ and borrowing.22. World languages can be grouped into roughly ___________ language families on the basis of similarities in the basic word stock and grammar.23. The surviving languages accordingly fall into ___________ principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern set and a Western set.24. Scandinavian language refers to Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish and ___________.25. Old English was the combination of three ___________ dialects which were used between ___________ and 1150.26. Old English was a highly ___________ language just like modern German.27. Old English has a vocabulary of about ___________ to ___________ words.28. Middle English lasted for more than three hundred years from ___________ to ___________.29. The four major foreign contributors to English vocabulary in earlier times are Latin, French, Scandinavian and ___________.30. The English words "power”, "crime" are derived from ___________.31. The introduction of ___________ into England marked the beginning of modem English period.32. Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England, and it can be subdivided into stages.33. Modern English is a ___________ language.34. The rapid development of ___________ and ___________ contributes a lot to the vocabulary development.35. ___________ refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, ___________ and other elements.36. There’re three modes of vocabulary development: creation, ___________ and borrowing.37. It is necessary to subdivide Modern English into Early (1500 - 1700) and ___________ Modern English.38. The language used in England between 450 and 1150 is called ___________.39. If we say that Old English was a language of full endings, Middle English was one of ___________.40. The surviving languages accordingly fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern set: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and Albanian; a Western set: Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, ___________.41. It can be concluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present ___________ language.42. Now people generally refer to ___________ as Old English.43. The language used between 450 and ___________ is called ___________, which has a vocabulary of ___________. Middle English refers to the language spoken from 1150 to ___________. Followed by the ___________ period, subdivided as early modern English (___________) and late ___________ (1700-up to now).( ) 1. English is more closely related to German than French.( ) 2. Scandinavian languages refer to Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish and Swedish.( ) 3. Old English was a highly inflected language.( ) 4. In early Middle English period, English, Latin and Celtic existed side by side.( ) 5.The introduction of printing into England marked the beginning of Modern English period. ( ) 6. Modern English is considered to be an analytic language.( ) 7. The four major foreign contributors to English vocabulary in earlier times are Latin, French, Scandinavian and Italian.( ) 8. In modern times, borrowing brings less than ten percent of modern English vocabulary. ( ) 9. The three major factors that promote the growth of modern English vocabulary are advances in science and technology* influence of foreign cultures and languages.( ) 10. The most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is creation of new words by means of word-formation.( ) 11. Old English vocabulary was in essence Germanic with a small quantity of words borrowed from Latin and Scandinavian.( ) 12. Middle English absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words but with little change in word endings.( ) 13. Old English refers to the language used between 100 and 450.( ) 14. We refer to Celtic as old English.( ) 15. Words of old English had full endings.( ) 16. In 55 B. C. -54 B. C., the Romans invaded the British Isles and were to occupy the land until about 410.( ) 17. Celtic made only a small contribution to the English vocabulary.( ) 18. Many religious terms such as abbot, candle, alter, amen were brought into English by Latin-speaking Roman missionaries.( ) 19. Middle English lasted for more than four hundred years.( ) 20. During the Middle English period, Celtic, Latin and English existed side by side.( ) 21. During early Middle English period, Norman French became the polite speech while native tongue was a despised language.( ) 22. Middle English was a language of full endings.( ) 23. Modern English is a synthetic language.( ) 24. After World War II, thousands of new words have been created to express new ideas, inventions and scientific achievements.( ) 25. The influence of other cultures and languages is one of the main sources of new words. ( ) 26. Semantic change is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.( ) 27. In the vocabulary development, some old words fell out of use.( ) 28. The introduction of printing into England by William Caxton marked the beginning of Middle English period.( ) 29. Historically speaking, American English is older than British English.( ) 30. The Norman Conquest virtually introduced French-English bilingualism into Britain. ( ) 31. The late Modern English period is characterized by the complete loss of endings.1.What are the main sources of new words?2. What are the features of Old English, Middle English and Modern English? What changes has English undergone as far as inflection is concerned?3. What are the reasons for the growth of contemporary English vocabulary?。
中国海洋大学本科生课程大纲课程属性：公共基础/通识教育/学科基础/专业知识/工作技能，课程性质：必修、选修一、课程介绍1.课程描述：词汇是语言学习三大要素（语音、语法、词汇）中最为重要和最难掌握的要素。
英语词汇学属于语言学的一个分支，主要研究英语词汇的形态（构成）、意义和使用，理论性强，是英语专业的主干课程之一。
该课程介绍“词”的基本知识，讨论词的形态结构及构成方式，探讨词的意义及语义关系，阐述英语词汇的发展变化乃至相关的词典知识。
学习本课程的目的是对英语词汇具有比较系统、比较完整的知识，较深入地了解英语词汇的现状及其历史演变过程，并能对现代英语词汇发展中出现的各种词汇现象做出分析和解释，提高对英语词语的理解、阐释和综合运用的能力。
2.设计思路：在讲解过程中，以《新编英语词汇学》为蓝本，但不拘泥于一种教材，并根据词汇学研究的发展和成果，博采众长，适量取舍和补充。
本课程作为外语专业学生的专业理论课，在多年教学和研究的基础上设计教材，博采众长，更新内容，旨在运用现代语言学的有关理论，研究英语语言中的词汇问题。
同时，本课程教学将根据讲授课时和实践课时的计划，引入研究性学习的思想，充分发挥学生的自主性；改变过于强调接受学习、死记硬背的现象，倡导学生主动参- 6 -与、乐于探究、勤于动手，培养学生搜集和处理信息的能力、获取新知识和理解语言学理论的能力、运用所学理论分析和解决问题的能力以及交流与合作的能力，以期通过改革将素质教育、创新教育落到实处，并构建一整套能够体现研究性学习理念的教学机制。
3. 课程与其他课程的关系：本课程是英语本科专业语言学课程系统中的主干课程之一，教学对象是本院英语专业二年级学生。
通过本课程的学习，学生可以系统掌握英语词汇知识和基本规律，并能对现代英语词汇发展过程中所出现的现象做出分析和解释，从而为三年级阶段《语言学》、《应用语言学》、《第二语言习得研究》等语言学课程的学习奠定基础。
中学英语词汇教学之我见摘要：本文从词汇教学的重要性入手，阐明了词汇在英语教学中的重要地位。
同时，遵循英语学科特点和学生的个性特征，分析了当前初中英语词汇教学中存在的一些问题，并结合实际情况，探讨了初中英语词汇教学的几点切实可行的做法，从而有助提高初中英语词汇教学的效果。
关键词：词汇教学实物教学创设情境词汇是英语学习的基础，在很大程度上决定着学生英语水平的高低。
对于初一学生，由于内容较少，词汇简单，尚能应付，但随着年级的增高，词汇量的增加，越来越多的学生感觉到记单词困难，逐渐对英语学习失去兴趣，甚至放弃。
因此，英语学科两极分化现象特别严重。
如何教学生有效地记忆单词，是中学英语教学的重要任务。
现结合自己多年的教学实践，谈一下对词汇教学的认识和做法。
一、词汇教学的重要性词汇是语言的三要素之一，是语言的基本材料，离开词汇就无法表达思想。
没有足够的词汇就不能有效地进行听、说、读、写，就无法有效地用英语进行交际。
同时，词汇量的大小也在一定程度上决定英语水平的高低。
由此可见词汇在英语教学中的重要性。
二、现阶段英语词汇教学中存在的问题1.学生拼读单词的能力不强，单词读音不准确，有相当一部分学生往往还用汉语为英语单词注音。
2.学生记单词有难度，而且容易遗忘。
原因主要是学生在记单词的时候，常常是死记硬背单词字母的组合，没有意识到字母在单词中的读音与单词的拼写有着一定的规律。
3.在记忆单词的意义的时候，过分留意该单词所对应的汉语意义的记忆，学生完全靠死记硬背掌握单词。
影响了学生学习英语的兴趣，从而给听说和阅读理解等能力的训练带来很大的困难。
三、词汇教学的几点做法1.加强读音规则的教学。
我们在词汇教学中，先让学生通过听英语单词分辨出单词的读音，把汉语拼音和英语音标进行类比：汉语拼音中的声母、韵母和声调分别类似于英语中的辅音、元音和重音符号，英语语音中的一个音节相当于一个汉字的汉语拼音，教给学生单词的正确的拼读方法，再进行读音规则的教学，，使学生能够根据字母在单词中的读音规律把单词拼写出来，力争做到听词能写，见词会读。
英语词汇学期末论文Differences between American English and British English外语学院英语专业单树琼2011312820Contents Abstract (3)Introduction (4)1.Differences in Pronunciation (5)1.1Differences in individual sounds (5)1.2Differences in stress (6)2.Differences in spelling (7)3.Differences in vocabulary and meaning (8)3.1Different words of the same meaning (8)3.2One word in different meanings (8)3.3Words of cross meaning (9)3.4Words have new meaning (9)3.5One country’s specific vocabulary (9)4.Different in uses (10)Conclusion (11)References (12)Differences between British English and American English Abstract: I want to explain the differences in the following aspects: pronunciation, spelling, meaning, vocabulary and usage. I will compare these two languages in theory and use some examples. I think we can learn more through this kind of research.Key words: differences, American English, British English, pronunciation, spelling, meaning, use.IntroductionEnglish is one of the most important languages in the world. It is important because of its worldwide use. Large numbers of people in the world speak and write English as a foreign language for the purpose of science, technology, and international communication. It is apparently that English is the most studied and used language in the world.English is unmistakably one language but can be grouped into two major varieties, British and American English which have their own character. Grammatical differences between British English and American English are few. What I want to explain in my thesis is mainly about lexical.I want to explain the differences in the following aspects: pronunciation, spelling, meaning, vocabulary and usage. I will compare these two languages in theory and use some examples. I think we can learn more through this kind of research.ⅠDifferences in Pronunciation：⒈differences in individual sounds：⑴Americans retain the r at the end of the words car, etc. , or before consonants as in hard, etc. ; in British English the r is not pronounced, as in teacher [＇ti:tʃə].BrE star [sta:] car [ka:]AmE star [stʌr] car[stʌr]⑵In terms of the consonant, the most obvious systematic difference is the pronunciation of /r/ behind vowels in American English. But this pronunciation do not exist in British English.Here are some examples:AmE BrEdoor /dɔ:r / /dɔ:/father / `f a:ðər/ / `f a:ðə/pleasure /`p l eʒər/ /`p l eʒə/⑶The other important systematic is the pronunciation of /t/ between two vowels. It pronounced as /t/ in British English but pronounced as /d/ in American English.e.g.: butter better matter fatter⑷Americans prefer to use flat a similar to /æ/, in words path, grass, answer, etc. against the broad a currently used by Englishmen.⑸The third obvious systematic difference is related to /l/. There is difference between clear /l/ and dark /l/ in British English but not in American English. Americans pronounced it as dark /l/ anytime.e.g.: calm /k a:l m/ /k a:m/⑹The letter a in consonant combinations at, ask, ass, ath, alf and ance is pronounced as/a:/ in British English, whereas a is pronounced as /æ/ inAmerican English.e.g.: after /a:f tə/ /æf tə/half /h a:f/ /hæf/⑺/ʌ/ in British English is pronounced as /ə/ in American English.e.g.: cup /kʌp/ /kəp/⑻Diphthongs in British English are replaced by long vowels in American English./ei/ by /e/ /əu/ by /ɔ//εə/ by /e/ /iə/ by /i/⑼/j u:/ in British English pronounced as /u:/ after a dental in American English.duke /d u:k/ /d j u:k/news /n u:z/ /n j u:z/⒉differences in stressThere is obvious change on stress in British English and American English. British English tends to stress strongly one syllable, usually the first and hurry over the rest of the word. American English tends to put the stress on the first syllable but also to put a secondary stress on the latter syllable and pronounces the remaining syllables more distinctly.⑴Loan words from French in American English usually put the stress on the last syllable and this is absolutely different from British English.e.g.: attaché/ætə`ʃei/ /ə`tæʃei/ballet /bæ`l ei/ /`bæl ei/⑵Words ended up with ate in American English always put the stress on the first syllable, but it was put on the last syllable in British English.Examples: like donate migrate vacate⑶Most words ended up with –ary, -ery, -ory put the stress on the first syllable, in American English, a secondary stress will be put on the penultimate syllable. But in British English the penultimate vowel usually be lightened or omitted.In a word, there are a lot of changes on stress in British English and American English. Compared with American English, changes on stresses in British English is more complex. Now American pronunciation of the stress in popular with the English people too, especially among the young generation.Ⅱ. Differences in spellingMost vocabulary’s spelling in the two languages are the same, but there are few words’ spelling have obvious differences. Some of the differences are the result of the development of American English, especially in the 19th century when Doctor Webster put the American characters into British English spelling. The other part reflected the different choices of British English and American English on the spelling of old English. Anyway, there are regularity in the different spelling of American English and British English.In a word, American spelling differs in small sides from rhat customary in English.⑴American spelling always more adjusted to the spelling regularity and pronunciation than British English. The most typical example in American English in use –or or –er instead of –our or -re.e.g.: color colour center centrehumor hunour kilometer kilometre⑵American spelling always avoid the repetition of the letter of consonant. Generally, l is not doubled in American English.e.g.: canceled canceling cancelled cancellingmarveled marveling marvelled marveling⑶American spelling always simplified some letter compound like –e -ae –oe -o -oue.g.: esthetic aesthetic mold mould⑷American spelling always omit the un-pronounced letters.e.g.: catalog catalogue ax axedialog dialogue good-by good-byeⅢDifferences in vocabulary and meaningDue to the differences in the population structure, physical environment, social and economic conditions, American English has diverged somewhat from British English. Most vocabulary in American English and British English have the same meaning. Few words reflect the differences in vocabulary and meaning. The differences can be divide in to four parts.⑴Different words of the same meaningUsing different words to describe one meaning is the most obvious difference between British English and American English. Some synonyms only can be used in one country. Words like emcee, faucet, muffler, rookie sophomore, washcloth are only familiar with the Americans. These words in British English are compeer, tap, silencer, first year member, second year student, face-flannel. Words like dynamo, hire purchase, naught, queue, spanner, treacle are only familiar with British people. These words in American English are generator, installment buying, zero, line, monkey wrench, molasses.There are other synonyms used in one country, but people in the other country also know its meaning. British people say ‘phone’ while the Americans say ‘call’. Other examples like these are can and tin, davenport and sofa, match and game, gas and petrol.A typical example is flat and apartment. American use apartment house to represent a building containing several individual apartment, while British people use block of flats to express the same meaning in the two languages. Here are some aspects and examples:AmE BrEto broil to grillcrepe pancake⑵One word in different meaningsSome vocabulary developed individually in the two languages. This phenomenon make the words lost their basic meaning and gradually obtained some new meanings. This finally changed the meaning of the vocabulary in thetwo languages. Subway as the meaning of a passage under something gradually disappeared. In American English subway means the train under the ground, while it means pavement under the ground in British English. We must pay special attention on this kind of words. Other examples: billion, wash up, .ect.⑶Words of cross meaningIt is a special phenomenon between the two former differences. A word may have different meanings in British English and American English. But it may have the same meaning in its modification with another word’s modification. Biscuit in British English means cookie in American English, while biscuit in American English means scone. It is very interesting that dessert in American English means pudding in British English, while pudding in American English means custard in British English. This kind of phenomenon is also very common in clothing.⑷Words have new meaningsIn addition to the former three phenomena in British English and American English, there are words have practical differences. The other part of the words are the same. This is mainly because while the words keeping their basic meanings, the modifications give them new meanings. A typical word is tube. It has the new meaning of pope in the two modifications. But it means subway in British English and television in American English.Sometimes, the new meaning only happens in one modification. Let us take dumb as an example. It means unable to speak in British English, but it means stupid in American English.⑸One country’s specific vocabularyThere are words applied specifically only in one country in English. American English has its specific vocabulary to describe its special geography and animals. But these words are unfamiliar with British people. Let us take some words for example.e.g.: everglades caribou canyon bankroll interstateThere are also many words can only be used in British English.e.g.: wicket bowler prince duke marquisⅣDifferences in usesThis kind of difference means that vocabulary’s different uses in different aspects in British English and American English. One word or a pair of words may have different vocabulary collocation and frequency of using them in British English and American English. In a survey, we can see the big difference in the two language. V ocation and holiday have the same meaning. In American English, these two words appear 71 times in every million words, while in British English they appear 143.6 times. What’s more, vocation appears 42 times in the 72 times in American English, while holiday appears 142 times in the 143.6 times. This example can obvious show the big difference in the frequency of using words in the two language. There are many other examples like perhaps and maybe. Compared with the differences on pronunciation, spelling, and meaning, differences on uses are always not that obvious. But it is very important to us to learn English well.ConclusionEnglish is one of the most important languages in the world. Large numbers of people in the world speak and write English as a foreign language for the purpose of science, technology, and international communication. In fact, no language is more widely studied and used as a foreign language than English. The desire to learn English is immense now and apparently insatiable not only in other countries, but also in China. English has also become a required subject in our middle schools, colleges, universities, and even in some primary schools.Therefore, only by knowing the differences between British English and American English, can we learn it well and avoid misunderstanding while using them. For a non-native learner, it is best to be receptive to both varieties, know the differences, and be able to communicate with either British English or American English.Moreover, it is not proper to say which is better, or which is superior, after we have a new recognize on the British English and American English. Any judgment that British English is "better" or "worse" than American English is a prejudice against the description of language。
