FEM Analysis On A Rear Axle Housing Oil-Leakage Prediction Of Four-Wheel Farm Transporters On COSMOS

Analysis of the axle fracture of the bucket wheel excavatorMile Savkovic´a ,⇑,Milomir Gašic ´a ,Miodrag Arsic ´b ,Radovan Petrovic ´a aUniversity of Kragujevac,Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljevo,Dositejeva 19,36000Kraljevo,Serbia b Institute for Testing Materials IMS,Bulevar Vojvode Mišic´a 43,11000Belgrade,Serbia a r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 4May 2010Received in revised form 27September 2010Accepted 28September 2010Available online 27October 2010Keywords:Bucket wheel excavator Bucket wheel axle Failure analysis Experimental testinga b s t r a c tThe common design of the bucket wheel drive mechanism in some bucket wheel excava-tors (BWE)consists of a gearbox and a hollow shaft,while the bucket wheel is supported bythe axle passing through the hollow shaft.Improper maintenance and inadequate elimina-tion of axis misalignment of the hollow shaft and the bucket wheel axle are the maincauses of excavator failure and axle fracture.The paper examines the causes of bucketwheel axle fractures.Experimental testing of the chemical composition and mechanical properties of thematerial used to make the bucket wheel axle and metallographic inspections of the frac-ture surfaces in the bucket wheel axle by means of electronic and light microscope carriedout in the first part of the paper have shown that there are no significant inhomogeneitiesand errors in the material of the axle.The second part of the paper presents the FEM analysis of influences of disturbances onthe manner of support of the bucket wheel axle on the fracture.It shows that the negativeinfluences of support of the axle reflected through the increase in the stress concentrationand occurence of the initial crack are the main causes of the axle fracture.Ó2010Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionDigging and depositing of layers of materials in open pit mines are most frequently performed by bucket wheel excava-tors (BWE).BWE SRs 2000.32/5.0+VR92(Fig.1a)is used in the open pit mine in ‘‘Kolubara”–Serbia.After more than 40,000h of exploitation of the BWE SRs 2000.32/5.0+VR92(Fig.1a)during a period of ten years,there occurred a fracture of the bucket wheel axle (Fig.1b and c),which caused the failure of the BWE.Since the digging drive in the BWE represents a subsystem of vital importance for the reliability in operation and stability of the BWE,research into the cause of the fracture of the bucket wheel axle is of particular significance [1].For the mentioned BWE,the largest diameter of the axle is 550mm,the length is 4500mm,the mass is 5934kg and the frequency of rotation is 4.394min À1.The bucket wheel axle was made by forging.The gearbox of the mass ffi51,000kg is connected to the bucket wheel by means of the hollow shaft.Additional support of the gearbox on the bucket wheel axle through the hollow shaft is accomplished through the sliding bushing (Fig.2).After the BWE had been exploited for more than 10years,at the end of 2006there occurred pronounced misalignment between the hollow shaft and the bucket wheel axle,which was most noticeable in the zone of the hollow shaft ending.Without prior analysis of the cause of misalignment between the hollow shaft and the bucket wheel axle,the user,wishing to solve the problem that had arisen,inserted a split bronze bushing in the zone of the hollow shaft ending (Fig.2).1350-6307/$-see front matter Ó2010Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.engfailanal.2010.09.031⇑Corresponding author.Tel.:+38136383392;fax:+38136383380.E-mail address:savkovic.m@mfkv.kg.ac.rs (M.Savkovic´).2.Examination of the causes of fracture of the bucket wheel axleAfter more than 8500h of exploitation of the BWE,there occurred a fracture of the bucket wheel axle.For the purpose of investigating the causes of the fracture,an experimental procedure was carried out and it covered the examination of the chemical composition and mechanical properties of the material [2],visual and metallographic inspection of the fracture surface on the axle as well as the analysis of the stress state of the bucket wheel axle.2.1.Experimental procedureAccording to the manufacturer’s data,the bucket wheel axle is made of steel 30CrMoV9V.Samples for analysis of the chemical composition and preparation of test pieces for examination of the mechanical properties of the bucket wheel axle were taken from the points presented in Fig.3b.The results of examination of the chemical composition of the samples taken at the point of fracture are shown in Table 1.The test results of the mechanical properties of the bucket wheel axle are shown in Table 2.The hardness of the material of the axle is appropriate,in compliance with the requirements for the mentioned type of steel,i.e.259–260HB 5/750.The measured hardness at the point of fracture in the longitudinal and lateral directions shows that there is no significant scattering and that it is uniform for all samples taken at the points marked in Fig.3b.excavator SRs 2000.32/5.0+VR92:(a)outlook of BWE,(b)bucket wheel axle before the failure and (c)bucket2.2.Visual and metallographic examinationFor the purpose of obtaining as realistic a picture of the fracture surface on the bucket wheel axle as possible,besides visual examination,stereoscopy was performed.Metallographic examination was made using Axiovert25,ZEISS.Fracto-graphic examinations were made using SEM JOEL JSM-5800.The fatigue fracture initiation on the bucket wheel axle of the BWE SRs 2000.32/5.0+VR92is shown in Fig.4.The en-larged initial crack is shown in Fig.5,and the structure of the material in the longitudinal section in the polished and etched states with non-metallic inclusions,in the zone of fatigue failure,is presented in Fig.6.The enlarged crack in the material in the zone of plastic fracture is shown in Fig.7,and the structure of the material of the longitudinal section in the polished and etched states with fractures in the zone of plastic fracture is shown in Fig.8.2.3.Discussion of the results of the examinationThe results of examination of the samples taken at the point of the bucket wheel axle fracture have shown that the chem-ical composition and mechanical properties correspond to the quality of steel 30CrMoV9V (according to DIN 17200;1987).The external appearance of the fracture surface (Figs.3and 4)indicates the fracture was due to material fatigue in which characteristic signs of tearing can be seen [3–5].The fatigue fracture initiation can also be clearly seen (Fig.4).The state of the structure of material of the bucket wheel axle is improved.The analysis of the microstructure of the material of the bucket wheel axle in the lateral and longitudinal sections has shown that there is slight anisotropy,i.e.the inclusions shown are slightly elongated.By examining the micro strength in the cross section on the sample surface,it was established that there was no decarburization according to ASTM 381standard.The performed experimental procedure of testing the chemical composition and mechanical properties of the material,as well as the visual and metallographic examination of the fracture surface on the axle,show that the fracture did not occur due to an error in the material.3.Calculation of the stress stateThe analysis of the stress state of the bucket wheel axle was carried out by applying the FEM method [6–8].By the anal-ysis ANSYS program was used [9].According to the project documentation (case 1),the axle support was realized through bearings A and B with the existence of contact between the axle and the hollow shaft through the sliding bushing C (Figs.2Fig.2.Position of the bucket wheel axle within the bucket wheel drive.and 9a ).The user having inserted the split bronze bushing,the new additional contact D between the axle and the hollow shaft was formed (Fig.9b).By synthesis of 3D models of all structural parts,a 3D model of the bucket wheel axle was built (Fig.10).The model represents a continuum discretized by 10-node tetrahedral elements [6]for the purpose of creating an FEM model (45124nodes,25016elements).surface on the bucket wheel axle:(a)general look and point of transition from plastic fracture into the zone of brittle for examination.Table 1The results of examination of the chemical composition of the samples taken at the point of fracture.Elements (%)C Si S P Mn Cr Mo V Prescribed values 30CrMoV9V DIN17200;1987from 0.28max max max 0.40 2.300.150.10to 0.350.400.0300.0350.70 2.700.250.20Values obtained by testing 0.290.230.0160.0150.59 2.350.230.19Table 2The test results of the mechanical properties of the bucket wheel axle.Elements (%)R p 0,2(N/mm 2)R m (N/mm 2)A 5(%)K (J)Prescribed values 30CrMoV9V DIN17201;1987from min 800min min to 5909501435Values obtained by testing 60280117.544In compliance with the norms defined by the German code[10],the analysis of the bucket wheel axle was carried out for static(H1a)and variable(H1b)loads.The variability of digging resistance is the source of variable loads,which leads to the occurrence of dynamic inter-actions and impacts at the point of contact between the bucket wheel axle and the hollow shaft relized through the bushing.The uniaxial stressfield,according to the Huber-Hencky-von Mises hypothesis[11–13],for case1of the load,is presented in Fig.11.The maximum value of the uniaxial stress was obtained for case2,in the zone of support,Fig.12.3.1.Discussion about the results of the FEM analysisOn the basis of the FEM results,it can be concluded that:The stress state for case2is considerably more unfavourable.Due to the additional support,there occurs the stress con-centration in the zone of contact between the axle and the hollow shaft by means of the bushing.The level of the stress state in the zone of axle fracture for the case of additional support of the hollow shaft on the bucket wheel axle is very high.The values of uniaxial stresses,at the point of support are3.1times higher than the stresses for the basic case of load.The degree of safety of the axle in the characteristic section for case1of support is S¼r yr eq;max;I ¼613114¼5:4,while for case2S¼r yr eq;max;II ¼613498¼1:23.of fatigue fracture initiation on the bucketFig.7.The enlarged crack in the material in the zone of plastic fracture.longitudinal section in the polished and etched states with cracks,in9.Model of supports of the bucket wheel axle:(a)case1and(b)caseM.Savkovic´et al./Engineering Failure Analysis18(2011)433–441441 4.ConclusionOn the basis of the presented research results,the following conclusions can be made:The chemical composition and mechanical properties of the material from which the bucket wheel axle is made are within the prescribed limits for steel30CrMoV9V(according to DIN17200;1987).The metallographic examination of the fracture surface show that the fracture did not occur due to any errors in the material.Elimination of the misalignment between the bucket wheel axle and the hollow shaft of the gearbox,realized through the additional split bronze bushing,resulted in considerable increase in uniaxial stresses in the bucket wheel axle.That increase is3.1times higher than the stress without any additional supports,where the degree of safety of the axle at that point decreased from5.4to1.23,which is the main cause of the bucket wheel axle fracture.The bucket wheel axle fracture is caused by improper elimination of axis misalignment of the bucket wheel axle and the hollow shaft which resulted in:-An increased stress concentration in the bucket wheel axle,-A triple increase of uniaxial stresses in the axle,-A quadruple decrease of the degree of safety of the axle.References[1]Kowalczyk M,Czmochowski J,Rusinski E.Construction of diagnostic models of the states of developing fault for working parts of the multi-bucketexcavator.Maint Reliab2009;2(42):17–24[In Polish].[2]Rusinski E,Czmochowski J,Iluk A,Kowalczyk M.An analysis of the causes of a BWE counterweight boom support fracture.Eng Fail Anal2010;17:179–91.[3]Failure analysis and prevention.ASM handbook,vol.11.Metals park,Ohio:ASM International;2002.[4]Brooks RC.Metallurgical failure analysis.New York:McGraw-Hill;1993.[5]Fry PR.Loads and stresses–the real cause of failures in surface mining machinery.J Fail Anal Prev2003;3(2):7–14.[6]Rusinski E,Harnatkiewicz P,Kowalczyk M,Moczko P.Examination of the causes of a bucket wheel fracture in a bucket wheel excavator.Eng Fail Anal2010;17:1300–12.[7]Rusinski E,Czmochowski J,Moczko P.Failure reasons investigations of dumping conveyor breakdown.J Achieve Mater Manuf Eng2007;23(1):75–8.[8]Yin Y,Grondin GY,Obaia KH,Elwi AE.Fatigue life prediction of heavy mining equipment.Part2:behaviour of corner crack in steel welded box sectionand remaining fatique life determination.J Constr Steel Res2008;64:62–71.[9]Göksenli A,Eryürek IB.Failure analysis of an elevator drive shaft.Eng Fail Anal2009;16:1011–9.[10]Design fundamentals of large-scale equipment in open pit mine(Berechnungsgrundlagen für Großgeräte in Tagebauen).Düsseldorf:Der Minister fürWirtschaft und Verkehr des Landes Nordhein-Wesstfalen;1960.[11]Bošnjak S,Zrnic´N,Simonovic´A,Momcˇilovic´D.Failure analysis of the end eye connection of the bucket wheel excavator portal tie-rod support.Eng FailAnal2009;16:740–50.[12]Rusinski E,Czmochowski J,Moczko P.Half-shaft undercarriage systems-designing and operating problems.J Achieve Mater Manuf Eng2009;33(1):62–9.[13]Rusinski E,Harnatkiewicz P,Bobyr B,Yakhno B.Caterpillar drive shaft damage causes analysis.Arch Civ Mech Eng2008;VIII(3):117–29.。

THE NEEDSEvides Waterbedrijf required measurement of turbidity and flow to monitor water quality in the distribution network and manage the network. Until recently, this data had been recorded manually and analysed with outdated equipment. This process no longer fitted with the strategic pillar “digitising primary processes” which was an important aim of the Netherlands water provider. Evides Waterbedrijf developed an all-in-one measuring device which allowed them to make all distribution network measurements. During the measurement process, turbidity, flow and GPS location were all recorded and logged in real-time from the field. This data could be used to determine water quality of the distribution network, assess the effectiveness of previously implemented drainage actions and continue to optimise drainage plans. The process being largely automated. The flow meter was part of the total standpipe solution which was lightweight and easy to dismantle in the field.THE SOLUTIONTo support the needs of EvidesWaterbedrijf, Honeywell Smart Energyoffered their Q4000 electromagneticmeter as part of the standpipe solution.Featuring high quality design andengineering, Honeywell’s Q4000electromagnetic water meter is builtfor maintaining highly accurateperformance and lasting durabilityin demanding environments.With an unrestricted flow tube with nomoving parts and a 10-year batterylife, the Q4000 offers unrivalledperformance for an electromagneticwater meter. Delivering consistentaccuracy over a wide flow-ratemeasuring range, the meter can beadapted to suit either predominantlyhigh or low flow rates, and is ideal fordistribution network applications.The Q4000 is a high-performingelectromagnetic meter, ideal for networkmanagement and leakage monitoring.HON EYWELL’SW A TER M ETERCase StudySupports Accurate Real-Time Distribution Network AnalysisGood quality water supply is provided for the entire population in the Netherlands. Water consumption is one of the lowest in developed countries at 128 litres per capita per day and water leakage in the distribution network is one of the lowest in the world at only 6%.The Q4000 water meter forms part of the total standpipe solution.The Q4000 from Honeywell Smart Energy is a high-performing electromagnetic meter, ideal for bulk flow metering applications such as network management and leakage monitoring.-It has a fast continuous sampling rate, providing highly accurate and reliable measurement.-The Q4000’s extremely tough stainless steel constructionensures a long working life, while its lightweight body makes storage, transportation and installation both simpler and safer.-With an unrestricted flow tube, the Q4000 ensures minimal pressureABOUT EVIDES WATERBEDRIJFEvides Waterbedrijf supplies safe and clean drinking water 24 hours a day, 365 days a year to 2.5 millioncustomers and the business community in Zeeland, in the South West of Holland and the Brabantse Wal.Additionally, Evides Waterbedrijf offers tailor-made industrial water services to large industrial customers in the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany.THE BENEFITSloss, even at the highest flowrates, resulting in reduced network system pressures, helping to prevent leakage from burst pipes. -A large, bright and easy-to-read LCD, showing volume and instantaneous flow rate, is ideal for real-time network control and water management. -With the Q4000’s 10-yearcontinuous battery life and no need for calibration, expensive regular maintenance is a thing of the past. -With bi-directional pulse outputs, the Q4000 provides dependable connectivity to critical water management systems including AMR and data logging devices.All rights reserved.The company’s policy is one of continuous product improvement and the right is reserved to modify the specifications contained herein without notice. These products have been manufactured with current technology and in accordance with the applicable referenced standards.SS-20-2 ENG | 02/20© 2020 Honeywell International Inc.For more informationElster Water Metering Ltd130 Camford Way Sundon Park, Luton Bedfordshire, LU3 3AN United Kingdom T +44 1582 846400F +44 1582 564728*************************。

ross elementary analysis 2ed solution -回复Ross Elementary Analysis 2nd Edition SolutionIntroduction:Elementary Analysis is a branch of mathematics that deals with the study of real numbers and functions. The Ross Elementary Analysis 2nd Edition Solution is a comprehensive guide to the study of this important subject. In this article, we will explore the main topics covered in the Ross Elementary Analysis 2nd Edition Solution and provide a step-by-step guide to solve the problems that are found in the book.Chapter 1: The Real NumbersThe first chapter of the Ross Elementary Analysis 2nd Edition Solution covers the basics of the real numbers. It includes topics such as the properties of the real numbers, the Archimedean property, and the density of the rational numbers in the real numbers. The following are some of the problems found in this chapter.Problem 1: Prove that if x and y are positive real numbers, then x + y > 2 √xy.Solution:Let x and y be positive real numbers. Then, by the AM-GM inequality we have,x + y > 2 √(xy)Thus, x + y > 2 √xy, as required.Problem 2: Prove that if a and b are positive real numbers, then (a + b)²> 4ab.Solution:Let a and b be positive real numbers. Then,(a + b)²= a²+ 2ab + b²By the AM-GM inequality, we have,(a²+ b²)/2 ≥√(a²b²)a²+ b²≥2abThus,a²+ 2ab + b²> 4ab(a + b)²> 4abChapter 2: SequencesThe second chapter of the Ross Elementary Analysis 2nd Edition Solution covers the study of sequences. It includes topics such as the convergence and divergence of sequences, the Cauchy criterion, sub-sequences, and the monotone convergence theorem. The following are some of the problems found in this chapter.Problem 1: Determine whether the sequence {an} = (−1)n/n converges or diverges.Solution:The sequence {an} = (−1)n/n diverges because the limit of the absolute values of the terms is equal to lim an = lim 1/n = 0, which is not equal to zero.Problem 2: Determine whether the sequence {an} = (5n −3)/(3n + 7) converges or diverges.Solution:The sequence {an} = (5n −3)/(3n + 7) converges. To see this, we can divide the numerator and denominator of the sequence by n, and we get{an} = (5 −3/n)/(3/n + 7/n)Since both the numerator and denominator converge to 5/3 as n →∞, the original sequence {an} also converges to 5/3.Chapter 3: Limits and ContinuityThe third chapter of the Ross Elementary Analysis 2nd Edition Solution covers the study of limits and continuity. It includes topics such as the definition of limits, one-sided limits, continuity, and the intermediate value theorem. The following are some of the problems found in this chapter.Problem 1: Find the limit of the function f(x) = (x²−3x + 2)/(x −2) as x approaches 2.Solution:If we try to use direct substitution to find the limit, we get an indeterminate form of 0/0. However, we can factor the numerator to getf(x) = ((x −2)(x −1))/(x −2)Then, we can cancel out the (x −2) terms to getf(x) = x −1Therefore, the limit of f(x) as x approaches 2 is 1.Problem 2: Prove that the function f(x) = x²cos(1/x) is not continuous at the point x = 0.Solution:To prove that the function f(x) = x²cos(1/x) is not continuous at x = 0, we need to show that there exists an ε> 0 such that for any δ> 0, there exists an x in the interval (0, δ) or in the interval (−δ, 0) such that f(x) −f(0) > ε.Choose ε= 1 and consider any δ> 0. Let x = 1/(2nπ), where n is a positive integer. Then,f(x) −f(0) = x²cos(1/x) −0 = 1/(4n²π²)cos(2nπ) = 1/(4n²π²)As n →∞, f(x) −f(0) →0, which implies that there exists no δ> 0 such that for any x in the interval (0, δ) or in the interval (−δ, 0), f(x) −f(0) > 1. Therefore, f(x) is not continuous at x = 0.Conclusion:The Ross Elementary Analysis 2nd Edition Solution is an excellent resource for anyone interested in learning about elementary analysis. By studying the topics covered in this book and working through the problems, one can gain a deep understanding of the concepts of real numbers, sequences, limits, and continuity. With a clear understanding of these fundamental concepts, one can then move on to more advanced topics in mathematics.。

某型重卡平衡悬架结构综合优化设计冯琦;王宗彦;王凡;陆春月【摘要】针对某型重卡平衡悬架结构存在V型推力杆安装困难和结构冗余、质量大的问题,根据企业需求,改铆接横梁为整体铸造式横梁并且不改变原有平衡轴支架铸造工艺的前提下,对其结构进行综合优化设计.为满足制造工艺和装配工艺要求,先确定了其基础结构模型;以此为优化对象,在极限工况下,以降低结构总质量为目标,以结构强度为约束条件,对平衡悬架系统进行拓扑优化设计;根据拓扑结果,应用形状和尺寸优化方法并结合铸造工艺和设计经验对其结构进行详细设计,得到了最终的综合优化设计结果.优化后结构,在符合企业工艺要求的同时解决了实际装配问题;在满足强度的前提下,达到了轻量化目标,这对平衡悬架的结构改进有重要的参考价值.【期刊名称】《机械设计与制造》【年(卷),期】2016(000)001【总页数】4页(P258-261)【关键词】平衡悬架;横梁;拓扑优化;综合优化;轻量化【作者】冯琦;王宗彦;王凡;陆春月【作者单位】中北大学机械与动力工程学院,山西太原030051;中北大学机械与动力工程学院,山西太原030051;中北大学机械与动力工程学院,山西太原030051;中北大学机械与动力工程学院,山西太原030051【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TH16平衡悬架是重型卡车底盘系统中重要的承载部件，其结构对重卡载重量有至关重要的影响；同时，其装配工艺性能对重卡的综合使用及维修保养有着重要的影响。

平衡悬架主要由平衡轴支架、横梁、中后桥、板簧组件和上下推力杆等组成[1]，整个系统通过平衡轴支架固定在底盘车架上，推力杆传递车辆的制动力和驱动力，悬架系统整体承载着来自车身以及地面的复杂力，平衡悬架对整车的稳定性和安全性等主要性能起到重要的作用[2-4]。

因此，对平衡悬架整体结构进行综合优化，以简化装配工艺、减少整体悬架质量以及增强结构中横梁支撑的稳定性，有利于提高重卡车身载重量，提升使用性能，同时达到轻量化目的。

职称英语《理工A》阅读理解练习题及答案（2）2017职称英语《理工A》阅读理解练习题及答案参考答案36.C。

推理题。

题干：从第一段可以推断出欧洲的每个大城市都__________。

利用题干关键词可以定位到文章的第一段，该处对欧洲大城市中心区的共同点作了一个概述。

它们是否都有大广场、是否都有许多摩天大楼、是否有让旅游者和自己的配偶见面的中心，这些都没有提到。

但文章提到了当地居民和旅游者共同创造了一种令人兴奋的大都市氛围，由此可以推断，这些城市每年都吸引了大量的旅游者。

37.D。

细节题。

题干：下列有关Covent Garden表述，哪+项是不对的?利用题干关键词或者选项关键词可以定位到第三段中间，该处讲到了位手伦敦的Covent Garden。

选项A、B、C的内容在这段都可以找到，但D的内容找不到。

38.D。

细节题。

题干：为什么人们认为Venice是伟大的?利用题干关键词可以定位到第四段，即社会历史学家Joel Garreau在接受美国一本杂志采访时所说的话：“The reason people think Venice is so great is you don’t see all the mistakes…Those have all been removed.”39.B。

细节题。

题干：Parisian以什么而著名?利用题干关键词可以定位到文章的倒数第二段，首先讲了咖啡文化对保持这些城市的活力所具有的.重要性，然后说了巴黎正是如此。

巴黎市民是出了名的热衷于聊天的(famous enthusiastib conversationalists)，他们喜欢边喝咖啡边聊天。

故答案为B。

40.A。

细节题。

题干：最后一段引用Duomo的例子说明。

利用题干关键词可以定位到最后一段第四句，可见作者把the Duomo作为一个例子来说明教会和社会之间的密切关系。

part CLiving on WaterDesperately short of living space and dangerously prone toflooding, the Netherlands plans to start building homes, businesses and even roads on water.With nearly a third of the country already covered by water and half of its land mass below sea level and constantly under threat from rising waters, the authorities believe that floating communities may well be the future.Six prototype wooden and aluminum floating houses are already attached to something off Amsterdam, and at least a further 100 are planned on the same estate, called Ijburg."Everybody asks why didn't we do this kind of thing before," said Gijsbert Van der Woerdt,director of the firm responsible for promoting the concept. "After Bangladesh we're the most densely populated country in the world. Building space is scarce and government studies show that we'll need to double the space available to us in the coming years to meet all our needs."Before being placed on the water and moved into position by tugboats (拖船), the houses are built on land atop concrete flat-bottomed boats, which encase giant lumps of polystyrene (聚苯乙烯) reinforced with steel. The flat-bottomed boats are said to be unsinkable and are anchored by underwater cables. The floating roads apply the same technology.The concept is proving popular with the Dutch. "The waiting list for such homes, which will cost between euros 200,000, 500,000 to buy, runs to 5,000 names," claims Van der Woerdt.With much of the country given over to market gardening and the intensive cultivation of flowers, planners have also come up with designs for floating greenhouses designed so that the water beneath them irrigates the plants and controls the temperature inside.A pilot project, covering 50 hectares of flooded land nearAmsterdam's Schiphol airport, is planned for 2005.The opportunities for innovative developers look promising. "We have 10 projects in the pipeline --floating villages and cities complete with offices, shops and restaurants," Van der Woerdt said.41. The Netherlands plans to start building floating communities on water becauseA. most parts of the country are covered by water.B. the country is constantly threatened by floods.C. it will promote the cultivation of flowers.D, people think it better to live on water.42. By citing "Everyone asks why didn't we do this kind of thing before", the author wants to tell us thatA. building floating communities is a very good idea.B. the director of the finn didn't want to answer the question.C. the Netherlands should follow the example of Bangladesh.D. people are not satisfied with the government's work.43. The floating houses will beA. reinforced with steel.B. made of concrete.C. constructed in water.D. built on boats.44. According to the author, the floating communities on waterA. can promote market gardening.B. are beyond the reach of most Dutch people.C. will increase the cost of gardening.D. will be very popular by the year of 2005.45. "10 projects in the pipeline" in the last paragraph meansA. 10 pipelines to provide gas.B. 10 companies to lay the pipelines.C. 10 floating houses to be built on water.D. 10 building projects planned and started.参考答案41.B。

Simulation Analysis on Airflow Field of Plot Harvester Yingchun Xiao 1, a , Shuang Wang 1, Min Liao 1, Jian Liang 1 Junfu Zhang 21School of Mechanical Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China2Key Laboratory of Fluid and Power Machinery, Ministry of Education, Xihua University, Chengdu610039, Chinaa ****************Keywords: Plot harvester, Air-and-screen, Airflow field, CFD Simulation analysis, Fisheye sieve.Abstract . Airflow field play an important role on the cleaning performance of the air-and-screen cleaning device of the plot harvester, and an unreasonable airflow field can lead to poor cleaning quality. In order to understand the cleaning chamber airflow distribution and improve the cleaning quality of the cleaning device, the orthogonal experiment method is used for the numerical simulation on the plot harvester. The workbench is utilized to extract geometric model flow and mesh division on condition that the original shape and size of the fisheye sieve are kept. By means of CFD software FLUENT, the plot harvester airflow field is simulated and analyzed by changing the cross flow fan angle, the clear inclination of sieve and the cross flow fan speed . Test results show that the effective separation parameter is: the cross flow fan speed is 12m/s, the cross flow fan angle is 20°, and cleaning sieve angle is 6°. 1. IntroductionThe cleaning room is used as the screening environment to separate the impurity and grain, and the cleaning quality is directly related to the distribution of the airflow field in the chamber. For the plot harvester, in addition to the requirements of the low loss rate of cleaning and high cleaning rate of grain, the plot harvester with excellent performance is also required to keep a low grain residue. A lot of researches have been carried out about the main influence factors-vibration amplitude and frequency, eccentric wheel speed, scaly sieve angle etc.[1, 2] The CFD software has been used to analyze the airflow field of the cleaning device. [3, 4] But at present the airflow field simulation on fisheye sieve is scarce, and fisheye sieve, compared with other kinds of sieves (scaly sieve, plane punching sieve, knitting sieve) differs greatly. In recent years, CFD software FLUENT has been widely used in the field of agricultural equipment research, and has been recognized by researchers at home and abroad. [5-7] By means of the airflow field simulation in place of the testing device, the research and development cycle can be shortened, the cost saved, and thus manpower and material resources reduced. Therefore, the plot harvester airflow field was simulated by the software FLUENT. The airflow field analyzed with different structure parameters by orthogonal test method, the distribution and the effective separation parameters are obtained. 2. Airflow field mathematical modelGas dynamics differential control equations[8]: Continuity equation:()0i iu t x ρρ∂∂+=∂∂ (1) Navier-Stokes equation:''()()()i i i j i j i i i i ju p u u u u u S t x x x x ρρμρ∂∂∂∂∂+=-+-+∂∂∂∂∂ (2) International Conference on Mechatronics Engineering and Information Technology (ICMEIT 2016)In order to close (1), (2) equation, the RNG k ε- turbulent model control equation is adopted. The RNG k ε-turbulence model is more suitable for large eddy current field, which can reflect the complex flow field distribution more clearly.()()[()]t i k b M k i j k jk k ku G G Y S t x x x μρρμρεσ∂∂∂∂+=+++--+∂∂∂∂ (3) 2132()()[()]()t i k b i j j u C G C G C S Re t x x x k kεεεεεμεεερερεμρσ∂∂∂∂+=+++-+-∂∂∂∂ (4)Where,(1)13203C Re kημρηηεβη-=+,()2j i it k t j i ju u u k C G x x x μμρμε∂∂∂==+∂∂∂ ,22t b iM t t iTG g Y M Pr x μβρε∂==∂Where,t μ-Turbulent viscosity; k G -Turbulent kinetic energy induced by the mean velocity gradient; b G -Turbulent kinetic energy induced by the buoyancy effect; M Y -Effect of compressible turbulent expansion on the total dissipation rate; k σ-Turbulent kinetic energy corresponding to the Prandtl number; εσ-Dissipation rate corresponding to the Prandtl number; ,,i k S S S ε-Source term; β-Thermal expansion coefficients; t M -Mach number. 3. Physical model and calculation modelAs shown in figure 1, it’s the plot harvester separating cleanin g system structure diagram, where α is cross flow fan angle and β is cleaning sieve angle. The cleaning device is composed of several parts, including grain rod roller, concave beater, straw shaker, cleaning sieve, air deflector, grain collector, oscillating grain pan, cross flow fan, conveyer belt and concave grate. After crops threshing through grain rod roller threshing device, most of the wheat grains and draft stem fall on the conveyor belt and are conveyed to the cleaning sieve by oscillating grain pan. However, long straw and a small number of wheat grains are thrown by the concave beater to the straw shaker. By reciprocating motion of the oscillating grain pan, it can effectively separate the wheat grains and the broken ears from the long straws. The wheat grains and the broken ears, through the fisheye sieve hole, fall down to the cleaning sieve after the oscillations of straw shaker while the long straws are thrown to the outside. Meanwhile, the broken ears are blown away with the help of the cross flow fan, and the wheat grains and slight impurities fall to the grain collector. Because of the complexity of the clearing room, considering that the straw shaker is responsible for the long straw throwing work mostly, and the requirement of airflow between the cavity and straw shaker is low in the cavity. According to the characteristics of the axial uniform distribution of the cross flow fan air outlet,[9] when the consistency between the computation domain and the actual flow field is guaranteed the calculation domain model is simplified. The cleaning chamber cavity region along the axial width of the cross flow fan is reduced, at the same time, the region between the straw shaker and wall was canceled. As shown in Figure 2, A, B, C three points respectively represent the fisheye sieve hole center which is located in a certain section. CREO software is used to create geometric model, and workbench to extract geometric model flow and mesh division. The simplified model of the chamber cavity model is created. In order to vividly simulate airflow through fisheye sieve as much as possible, the original shape and size are retained, where height is 12mm, and length is 25 mm.[10]1. Grain rod roller2.Concave beater3.Straw shaker4. Cleaning sieve5. Air deflector6. Grain collector7.Oscillating grain pan8.Cross flow fan9.Conveyer belt 10.Concave grateFig. 1 The plot harvester separating cleaning system structure diagramFig. 2 Computational domain model of the clearing room4. Solution algorithm and initial boundary conditionThe solution is based on the pressure-based of the SIMPLEC separation algorithm, meanwhile, in order to get higher accuracy and less numerical value, second order upwind discretization scheme is adopted. Working environment is set as a standard atmospheric pressure; external boundary conditions: The air outlet of the cross flow fan is defined as the velocity inlet boundary, cleaning sieve tail export is defined as the outflow boundary, other settings are retained default values.[11] 5. Analysis on airflow field in the cleaning chamber5.1 Test principleAccording to the theory of air cleaning, we make use of the difference of the aerodynamic characteristics of the grain mixture to separate. When the updraft speed of fisheye sieve exceeds the floating speed of impurities, and less than the floating speed of grain, it can separate the grain from the mixture effectively. As shown in figure 3, the inclined airflow with velocity v is acting on the material at θ angle with the sieve surface, the material floating speed v l needs to be overcome by vertical upward flow velocity v y , satisfied v y =vsinθ, v y >v l .According to the floating speed of several different of materials in Table 1, if we want to be able to separate the impurities effectively, we need to ensure 6m/s < v y < 8.9m/s. In the process ofA pointC pointB point12346 25 αβ78910moving on the sieve surface, the grain mixture is changed from thick to thin, so, it is important to ensure the sieve surface front airflow velocity 7~8 m/s, central airflow velocity of 5~6 m/s and the rear airflow velocity of 1~2 m/s.[10]Fig. 3 Vector diagram of airflow velocityTable 1 Floating speed of several different materialsCategory F loating speed /m•s-1D ensity /g•cm-3Wheat 8.9～11.5 1.22Light weed 4.5～5.6 1.02Rice wheat husk 0.6～5 0.4Short stalk 5～6Threshed ear of wheat 3.5～55.2 Design and results of orthogonal experimentIn order to investigate the sieve surface along the length direction of fisheye sieve center airflow velocity on A point, B point and C point. The cross flow fan speed, the cross flow fan angle and the cleaning sieve angle three parameters are selected as influencing factors and orthogonal experiment are carried out with three factors and three levels. [12]The orthogonal experiment table is shown in Table 2.Table 2 Factors and levels of orthogonal experimentLevelsfactorsCross flow fan speed Cross flow fan angle Cleaning sieve angle X/ m•s-1Y/(°) Z/(°)1 10 15 22 12 20 43 15 25 6According to the L9 (34) orthogonal experiment table, 9 groups of representative combinations are arranged to carry out simulation tests in the fluent, the test groups and results are shown in table 3.Table 3 Groups and result of simulationTest numberFactors A pointairflowvelocityB point airflowvelocityC point airflowvelocity Cross flowfan speedCross flowfan angleCleaning sieveangleX/ m•s-1Y/(°) Z/(°) / m•s-1/ m•s-1/ m•s-11 10 152 5.11 5.38 1.952 10 20 4 5.73 6.32 1.683 10 25 6 5.86 7.02 1.324 12 15 4 5.91 7.15 1.955 12 206 7.25 8.14 1.536 12 25 2 5.96 6.78 2.507 15 15 6 9.39 10.20 2.018 15 20 2 7.32 8.09 2.929 15 25 4 7.91 9.33 2.305.3 Test data analysisAs shown in figure 4～6, according to the results of simulation, the speed of A, B, C three points are expressed as the change of the three factor and three level with the chart.It can be seen from Figure 4 that the airflow velocity change of the cross flow fan has obvious influence on the airflow velocity of A, B and C three points. With the airflow velocity increasing, the velocity of the cross flow fan presents an upward trend.As shown in figure 5, the influence of the cleaning sieve angle on the airflow velocity of each point is different.The airflow velocity of A and B have an upward trend with the increase of the sieve surface inclination, however, the airflow velocity of C has a decreasing trend.As shown in figure 6, when the cross flow fan angle is changed,because of the air deflector and the sieve cleaning position has not changed, the airflow velocity of three points changes little.According to the test data obtained in table 3 and the requirement of three part airflow velocity of sieve, combined with the floating speed of grain, the combination of test parameters to meet the requirements of the cleaning is determined by X 2Y 2Z 3- the cross flow fan speed is 12m/s, the cross flow fan angle is 20°, the cleaning sieve angle is 6°. As shown in Figure 7, the airflow field velocity vector diagram for the parameter combination X 2Y 2Z 3.Fig. 7 Airflow field velocity vector diagram of the cleaning roomAs shown in figure 7, under the condition of parameter combination for X 2Y 2Z 3, the airflow field is relatively smooth, at this point, the A point at a speed of 7.25 m/s, B points at a speed of 8.14 m/s, C points at a speed of 1.53 m/s. Due to the change direction of the front of the sieve surface affected by the Oscillating grain pan. A point y direction of the velocity components is less than B point y direction of the velocity components, and B point speed is less than the floating speed of wheat grains, it can effectively separate the miscellaneous and wheat grains.C pointA pointB point246810246A pointB pointC pointa i r f l o w v e l o c i t y /m •s -1Fig.5 Effect of cleaning sieve angle on airflow velocitycleaning sieve angle /(°)6.Conclusion(1)Simulation on cleaning chamber flow field is carried out by means of CFD software FLUENT, and distribution of the whole cleaning room airflow field is conducted. The three flow velocity of the surface A, B, C is respectively calculated.(2)Orthogonal simulation experiment with three factors and three levels is utilized. The test results show that: the cross flow fan speed is12m/s, the cross flow fan angle is 20°, the cleaning sieve angle is 6°, which are the best parameter combination in the experiment.(3)The analysis focuses on cross flow fan speed, cross flow fan angle, cleaning sieve angle. Other factors that affect the distribution of the airflow field (such as the air deflector angle) are not analyzed, but the ideas and theoretical basis can be provided for the further design improvement. AcknowledgmentsThis work was financially supported by the Research Project of Application Basis of Sichuan Province (2014JY0055), the Science and Technology Support Project of Sichuan Province (2015NZ0055), the Research Project of Key Laboratory of Fluid and Power Machinery (Xihua University), Ministry of Education (JYBFX-YQ-1), the Innovation Fund of Postgraduated, Xihua University (ycjj2015079).References[1]. Yifeng Zhang, Shujuan Yi. Experiment research on multi factors of air-and-screen cleaningdevice of vertical axial flow[J]. Machinery Design & Manufacture, 2012(02):30-32.[2]. Wei Tian, Shujnan Yi, Li Zhang. Experimental Research on the Air-and-screen Cleaning DeviceParameters[J]. Journal of Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, 2010, 22(04):77-79. [3]. Hua Li, Meina Zhang, Wenqing Yin, et al. Optimization of Airflow Field on Air-and-screenCleaning Device Based on CFD[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2013, 44(z2):12-16.[4]. Quan Zhou, Yaoming Li, Hongchang Li. Impact of the Main Structural Parameters on theAirflow Field the Air and Screen Cleaning Mechanism[J]. Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research, 2012, 34(03):29-32.[5]. Gebrehiwot M G, Baerdemaeker J D, Baelmans M. Effect of a cross-flow opening on theperformance of a centrifugal fan in a combine harvester: Computational and experimental study[J]. Biosystems Engineering, 2010, 105(2):247-256.[6]. Hongchang Li, Yaoming Li, Fang Gao, et al. CFD–DEM simulation of material motion inair-and-screen cleaning device[J]. Computers & Electronics in Agriculture, 2012, 88(2):111-119.[7]. Panneerselvam R, Savithri S, Surender G D. CFD modeling of gas–liquid–solid mechanicallyagitated contactor[J]. Chemical Engineering Research & Design, 2008, 86(12):1331-1344. [8]. Fang Li, Yaoming Li. Optimization and Simulation Research of the Airway of Tangential - axialCombine Harvester Cleaning Room[J]. Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research, 2015(02):75-78.[9]. Xiaoqiang Du, Menghua Xiao, Xiaoqin Hu, et al. Numerrical simulation and experiment ofgas-solid two-phase flow in cross-flow grain cleaning device[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2014(03):27-34.[10]. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences. Agricultural Machinery DesignManual (down) [M]. China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, 2007.[11]. Pengfei Li, Minyi Xu, Feifei Wang. FLUENT GAMBIT ICEM CFD Tecplot[M]. POSTS &TELECOM PRESS, 2011.[12] .Qiyi Tang, Mingguang Feng. DPS DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM-Experiment Design,Statistical Analysis and Data Mining[M]. Science Press, 2006.。

Finite Element Analysis (FEA) Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a powerful tool used in engineering and scientific fields to simulate and analyze the behavior of complex structures and systems. It is a numerical technique that breaks down a larger system into smaller, more manageable parts called finite elements. These elements are then analyzed to predict how the entire system will behave under various conditions such as stress, heat, vibration, and fluid flow. One of the key benefits of FEA is its ability to provide insight into the performance of a design without the need for physical prototyping. This can significantly reduce the time and cost involved in the product development process. Additionally, FEA allows engineers to explore a wide range of design options and make informed decisions based on the analysis results. This can lead to more efficient and optimized designs that meet performance requirements while minimizing material usage. FEA is widely used in industries such as aerospace, automotive, civil engineering, and biomechanics to analyze and improve the performance of components and systems. For example, in the aerospace industry, FEA is used to simulate the behavior of aircraft structures undervarious loading conditions, helping engineers ensure the safety and reliability of the aircraft. In the automotive industry, FEA is used to optimize the design of vehicle components such as chassis, suspension systems, and engine components to improve performance and fuel efficiency. Despite its many advantages, FEA alsohas its limitations and challenges. One of the main challenges is the need for accurate input data, such as material properties, boundary conditions, and loading conditions. Inaccurate input data can lead to unreliable analysis results, highlighting the importance of careful model setup and validation. Additionally, FEA requires specialized software and expertise to use effectively, which can be a barrier for smaller companies or organizations with limited resources. Furthermore, FEA is not a substitute for physical testing and validation. While FEA can provide valuable insights into the behavior of a design, physical testingis still necessary to verify the accuracy of the analysis results and ensure the safety and reliability of the final product. Moreover, FEA can be computationally intensive, especially for large and complex models, requiring significant computational resources and time to complete the analysis. In conclusion, FiniteElement Analysis (FEA) is a valuable tool for engineers and scientists to simulate and analyze the behavior of complex structures and systems. It offers numerous benefits such as cost and time savings, design optimization, and insight into performance without physical prototyping. However, it also comes with its own set of challenges and limitations, such as the need for accurate input data, specialized software and expertise, and the necessity of physical testing for validation. Despite these challenges, FEA remains an essential tool in the modern engineering and scientific toolkit, enabling the development of safer, more efficient, and innovative designs.。

2-3 习题(含解答)目录第1章编译原理概述 (1)第2章PL/O编译程序的实现 (4)第3章文法和语言 (4)第4章词法分析 (13)第5章自顶向下语法分析方法 (28)第6章自底向上优先分析 (39)第7章LR分析 (42)第8章语法制导翻译和中间代码生成 (60)第9章符号表 (67)第10章目标程序运行时的存储组织 (70)第11章代码优化 (73)第12章代码生成 (76)综合练习一 (79)综合练习二 (84)综合练习三 (90)综合练习四 (95)综合练习五 (101)综合练习六 (107)第1章编译原理概述一、选择题1.一个编译程序中，不仅包含词法分析，语法分析，中间代码生成，代码优化，目标代码生成等五个部分，还应包括 (1) 。

其中， (2) 和代码优化部分不是每个编译程序都必需的。

词法分析器用于识别 (3) ，语法分析器则可以发现源程序中的 (4) 。

(1) A.模拟执行器 B.解释器 C.表格处理和出错处理 D.符号执行器(2) A.语法分析 B.中间代码生成 C.词法分析 D.目标代码生成(3) A.字符串 B.语句 C.单词 D.标识符(4) A.语义错误 B.语法和语义错误 C.错误并校正 D.语法错误2.程序语言的语言处理程序是一种 (1) 。

(2) 是两类程序语言处理程序，他们的主要区别在于 (3) 。

(1) A.系统软件 B.应用软件 C.实时系统 D.分布式系统(2) A.高级语言程序和低级语言程序 B.解释程序和编译程序C.编译程序和操作系统D.系统程序和应用程序(3) A.单用户与多用户的差别 B.对用户程序的查错能力C.机器执行效率D.是否生成目标代码3.汇编程序是将翻译成，编译程序是将翻译成。

A.汇编语言程序B.机器语言程序C.高级语言程序D. A 或者BE. A 或者CF. B或者C4.下面关于解释程序的描述正确的是。

(1) 解释程序的特点是处理程序时不产生目标代码(2) 解释程序适用于COBOL 和 FORTRAN 语言(3) 解释程序是为打开编译程序技术的僵局而开发的A. (1)(2)B. (1)C. (1)(2)(3)D.(2)(3)5.高级语言的语言处理程序分为解释程序和编译程序两种。

behavioural analysis -回复[Behavioural Analysis]Introduction:Behavioural analysis is a psychological approach that involves studying, understanding, and interpreting human behaviour. This field of study aims to observe and analyze human actions, reactions, and patterns to gain insights into their thoughts, emotions, and personality traits. By examining behaviour, psychologists, researchers, and practitioners can better understand the motives, intentions, and underlying processes of individuals. In this article, we will explore different aspects of behavioural analysis, including its methods, applications, and significance.Methodology:Behavioural analysis employs several methods to study human behaviour. These methods include direct observation, interviews, surveys, and experiments. Direct observation involves carefully observing and noting down behavioural patterns in specific settings. Researchers may conduct structured or unstructured interviews to gather information about individuals' experiences, perspectives, and attitudes. Surveys are another common method that employs questionnaires to collect data on a larger scale. Lastly, experiments are conducted to test hypotheses and explorecause-and-effect relationships between specific variables and behaviour.Applications:Behavioural analysis finds applications in various fields, including psychology, sociology, education, marketing, and criminal justice. Psychologists use this approach to diagnose and treat mental health conditions. Understanding patterns and triggers behind certain behaviours allows therapists to develop more effective treatment plans. Moreover, behavioural analysis is relevant in education as it helps identify learning difficulties, behavioural disorders, and social challenges among students. Teachers can then adapt their teaching methodologies to accommodate these individual needs.In the marketing industry, behavioural analysis plays a pivotal role in understanding consumer purchasing behaviour. By studying consumer habits, preferences, and decision-making processes, companies can design targeted marketing campaigns and develop products that align with customers' needs and wants. In the criminal justice system, behavioural analysis contributes significantly to crime investigation and profiling. Detectives and criminal profilers analyze crime scenes, offender behaviour, and eyewitness accounts to predict the characteristics and motivationsof criminals. This aids in the apprehension and prevention of future crimes.Significance:Behavioural analysis is significant as it provides valuable insights into human behaviour, enabling professionals to make informed decisions and implement effective strategies. By understanding the factors that influence behaviour, individuals can gain self-awareness and make positive changes in their lives. The knowledge acquired through behavioural analysis also helps society in general by fostering better understanding and empathy towards others.Behavioural analysis allows researchers to explore the complex interaction between biology, cognition, and the environment. It aids in uncovering the underlying reasons for certain behaviours, including biases, attitudes, and beliefs. This understanding is crucial in addressing societal issues such as discrimination, prejudice, and inequality.Moreover, behavioural analysis helps in predicting and preventing harmful or deviant behaviours. By identifying risk factors and early warning signs, professionals can intervene and provide necessary support to individuals at risk. For example, in the field of mental health, behavioural analysis assists in identifyingwarning signs of potential self-harm or suicide. This enables mental health professionals to take appropriate measures to prevent tragedy and provide the necessary care and intervention.Conclusion:Behavioural analysis is a comprehensive approach that delves into the intricacies of human behaviour. Through various methods, this field of study unlocks valuable insights into the motives, intentions, and underlying processes that drive our actions and reactions. The applications of behavioural analysis span across multiple disciplines, all helping us gain a better understanding of ourselves and others. By recognizing the significance of behavioural analysis, we can cultivate a more empathetic and inclusive society while effectively addressing individual and societal challenges.。

Journal of Medical Biomechanics, Vol. 21 No. 4, December 2006317文章编号：1004-7220(2006)04-0317-05收稿日期：2006-3-22；修回日期：2006-05-15基金项目：教育部博士点基金资助项目(20040710001); 陕西省自然科学基金资助项目(2005E 204)作者简介：赵均海(1960-)，男，博士，教授，博士生导师；研究方向：固体力学、生物力学和结构工程等的教学和科研工作通讯作者：赵均海，Tel: (029)82337238; E-mail: zhaojh@আᏭ၊ೆሆ৹৷።ೆॊᇜ赵均海, 刘彦东（长安大学建筑工程学院，西安 710061）摘要: 目的　对人体在行走时身体发生扭曲、跌倒等情况下股骨可能发生在弯矩和压力复合荷载作用下的受力问题进行研究，为人工股骨头置换的设计和手术提供指导。

方法　应用大型通用有限元软件ANSYS 进行受力分析，根据人体股骨的实际尺寸，采用plate42单元建立平面模型，将股骨头传递的关节力的作用点向外偏移为0mm 、5mm 、10mm 、15mm ，模拟股骨头受弯矩作用的情况下股骨应力分布。

结果　得出了在弯压复合荷载下股骨的变形、应力云图、股骨颈和股骨干上端的截面应力。

结论　股骨颈存在较大的应力集中现象，股骨颈外侧承受较大的拉应力，股骨颈内侧承受较大的压应力，股骨干在垂直方向上外侧为拉应力，内侧为压应力。

随着弯矩的增加股骨的应力有明显增加。

关键词: 弯压复合荷载；股骨；应力；有限元分析中图分类号: R318.01 文献标识码: AAnalysis on femur stress under complex loadZHAO Jun-hai, LIU Yan-dong. (School of Civil Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710061, China)Abstract: Objective To study the stress of human femur under the bending moment and compressive load withconsidering accident twist or tumble happens to the human body in walk. Methods Adopted the Finite Element Methodanalysis software ANSYS. Based the trim size of human femur, develop plane model using plate42 cell. Excursion theload of node j to outside δ 0 mm 、5 mm 、10 mm 、15mm passed by femur head, simulate the stress distributing of thefemur head under the bending moment. Results Obtained the distortion deformation 、stress nephogram 、sectionstress of femur neck and upside of femoral shaft of the femur under the bending moment and compressive load.Conclusion There’s a large stress concentration at femur neck. The large tension stress is concentrated at the outsidestress nephogram of femur neck, while the inside of it has large compressive stress. The outside of femoral shaft haslarge tension stress in perpendicular orientation, while the inside of it has large compressive stress. With the increase ofbending moment, the stress of femur increases evidently.Key words: Bending moment and compression load; Femur; Stress; Finite element analysis股骨是人体下肢承重的主要组成部分，股骨的研究对股骨骨折、人工股骨头置换等领域都有很大的帮助。

0引言缩径管件主要采用推压缩径方法制造，分为无芯轴的自由推压缩径和芯轴推压缩径两种方式［1］。

采用自由推压缩径，模具结构简单，生产效率高，但壁厚增加量较大［2］，而且缩径后管件端部存在翘曲［3］，存在较大的残余应力，易造成轴向开裂［4］。

采用芯轴推压缩径，虽可减小壁厚增加量，但传力区轴向应力过大，易失稳起皱［5］。

为解决大变形缩径问题，王连东等［6］提出了推压-拉拔复合缩径新工艺，即缩径前将芯轴推入管坯内部，缩径凹模由管端向内部工进的同时，芯轴以大于管坯的伸长速度由管坯内部向端部拉出。

大变形缩径一般采用热轧无缝钢管，其价格相对较低，但管坯壁厚存在较大偏差。

壁厚偏差势必对管坯缩径成形产生影响，宋希亮［7］对无缝钢管双向等长自由缩径进行了有限元模拟及试验，结果表明，较大的初始壁厚偏差可能引起管坯周向起皱及轴向开裂等现象；陈国强［4］在对小型汽车桥壳所用无缝钢管进行双向等长自由缩径时发现：壁厚偏差大的管坯，在第二次或第三次缩径后，管端出现轴向开裂。

对于大变形推压-拉拔复合缩径，成形过程中管坯内部的芯轴向外拉拔，其成形机理与自由缩径不同，管坯的壁厚偏差对成形的影响也比自由缩径复杂，但目前尚未见报道，工艺也未见实际应用。

1无缝钢管测量及几何模型的建立1.1无缝钢管测量某载重6.5t 胀压成形汽车桥壳初始管坯选用热轧无缝钢管（GB 17395—2008），单根总长为11700mm ，外直径为219mm ，理论壁厚为7.5mm 。

随机抽取9根钢管测量壁厚分布：①将钢管放置收稿日期：2017-07-27基金项目：河北省自然科学基金资助项目（E2016203352）；燕山大学研究生创新基金资助项目（2017XJSS056）带壁厚偏差的无缝钢管推压-拉拔复合缩径刘超1，2王连东1刘恒1高缘1王志鹏11.燕山大学车辆与能源学院，秦皇岛，0660042.河北机电职业技术学院，邢台，054000摘要：通过测量、分析某载重6.5t 胀压成形汽车桥壳用钢管的轴向及周向的壁厚，建立了带壁厚偏差管坯的几何模型及推压-拉拔复合缩径的力学模型，分析了薄壁侧、厚壁侧管坯的受力及变形差异；通过对不同壁厚偏差管坯两侧的推压-拉拔复合缩径进行数值模拟，揭示了壁厚偏差对传力区应力及管坯壁厚的影响规律，并基于传力区不失稳条件给出了初始管坯的周向壁厚偏差的最大值；在专用缩径设备上成功试制出缩径样件，试验结果与有限元模拟所得规律一致。

多轴车辆轴荷的分配与影响因素研究王镇;贾志绚;张喜清【摘要】Axle shaft load is an essential parameters of the chassis design and vehicle dynamics analysis of a nine-shaft all terrain crane. The axleload calculation model was adopted to get the axle load of a nine-shaft all terrain crane. The simulation based on the FEM analysis for a nine-shaft all terrain crane was made to verify the rationali-zation of the model and the calculation method. It can be used to get the axle load in consideration the axle dis-tance,Spring stiffness and the convexity of road for nine-shaft all terrain crane. It also offers guidance for a nine shaft all terrain crane designing and assignment.%车轴轴荷是多轴车辆底盘设计和整车动力学分析的必备参数。

文章采用力学方法，基于车架为刚性体，以某九轴全地面起重机为算例，建立了九轴轴荷的计算模型，并采用有限元仿真方法和模型计算结果进行了对比，证明该计算模型的合理性。

通过此模型对轴距、弹簧刚度、以及路面凸起高度等因素对全地面起重机的各轴轴荷分配的影响进行了分析与探讨，结论表明了其对该型全地面起重的底盘设计具有指导意义。

analysis数学-回复Analysis数学是数学的一个重要分支，它研究实数和复数空间上的连续性和极限性质。

这一学科涉及到极限、连续性、导数、积分等概念，这些概念在数学、物理、工程等领域中起着关键作用。

在本文中，我们将一步一步回答关于Analysis数学的问题，以帮助读者更好地理解这个学科。

首先，让我们了解一下Analysis数学的起源和背景。

Analysis数学的发展可以追溯到古希腊时期，当时数学家们提出了一些基本的概念和方法，例如无理数和连续性。

之后，这一领域的发展经历了漫长的历史过程，在17世纪的微积分的突破性发展中取得了重要进展。

古典数学中的很多概念和理论都是基于Analysis数学的基础上建立起来的。

现在，让我们来看一下Analysis数学的核心概念。

首先是极限，这是Analysis数学的基石之一。

极限是指一个函数或数列在无限接近某个值时的趋势。

在数学中，我们使用极限来描述函数在某一点附近的行为。

例如，当自变量趋向于某个值时，函数的极限可能是一个确定的值，也可能是无穷大或无穷小。

极限理论是微积分的基础，它在描述变化率、曲线斜率以及近似计算等方面发挥着重要作用。

接下来，让我们来谈谈连续性。

连续性是Analysis数学中的另一个重要概念，它描述了函数在某个点附近的平滑性和连贯性。

如果一个函数在某个点的左右两侧无缝连接，并且在这个点处取得一个确定的值，那么它就是连续的。

反之，如果函数在某个点处出现断裂或跳跃，那么它就是不连续的。

连续性的理论为我们提供了一种方法来判断函数在某个点处的行为，并且它在分析函数的性质和解决实际问题时都起着至关重要的作用。

导数是微积分中一个重要的概念，它描述了函数在某一点的变化率。

导数可以通过求极限的方法来定义，它是表示函数的切线斜率的一种方式。

导数的应用非常广泛，如在物理学中用于描述物体的运动和变化，以及在经济学中用于分析市场的供需关系等。

通过求导数，我们可以获得函数的一些重要性质，例如最大值、最小值和拐点等，这对我们研究函数的性质和应用都具有重大意义。

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Spring 空气弹簧Pocket 凹槽Pocket Facing 凹槽镶面Power Steering 动力转向Presentation 展示Push Button 按钮Push-on Spring Nut 顶推弹簧螺母Quarter Panel 后顶盖侧板Quarter Window 侧车窗Radiator 散热器Raised Roof 高顶Rear Overhang 后悬Rear View Mirror 后视镜Rear Wall 后围Reclining 倾斜Reflector 反射板Regulation 法规Reinforcement 加强件Rendering 效果图Requirement 要求Resin 树脂Retainer 护圈Rigidity 刚度Rivet 铆钉Roof Console 高架箱Roof Hatch 天窗Roof Panel 车顶板Room Lamp 室内灯Root-Mean-Square 均方根Round Oval Instrumentation 环抱式仪表板Safety 安全性Screw 螺钉Screw Grommet 密封圈螺钉Scuff 压条（门槛处）Seat Bench 长排座Seat Support 座椅支架Seat Track 座椅导轨Self-Supporting 自承载式Service Parts 修理配件Set Screw 定位螺钉Shim 调整垫片Shin-Knee Contour 膝部包络线Shock Absorber 减振器Side View 侧视图Sight Line 视线Silencer *****Sill 横梁Simulation 模拟Sketch 草效果图Sleeper 卧铺Sleeping Bed 卧铺Sleeping Berth 卧铺Slide Adjuster 前后滑动调节器Snap Ring 开口环Snorkel 进气管Snowplow 除雪车Spacer 隔环Speedometer 车速仪Splash Apron 侧挡泥板Spot Welding 点焊Static 静态的Steering Column 转向柱Steering Column Adjuster 转向柱调整器Steering Gear 转向机构Steering Wheel 方向盘Step Plate 踏脚板Step Protector 脚踏板护板Stiffener 加强肋Stiffness 刚度Stop Lamp 制动灯Stopper 挡块Strain 应变Strength 强度Stress 应力Structure 结构Styling 造型Sun Visor 遮阳板Surfacing 线图Suspension 悬架Switch 开关Tachograph & Speedometer 自记式转速记和车速表Tachometer 发动机转速表Tail Lamp 尾灯Tapping Screw 自攻螺钉Template 模板Ticket/Card Holder 名片夹Tilt 翻转（驾驶室）Tipper 自卸车Tonnage 吨位Torsional Stiffness 扭转刚度Tread 轮距Trim 饰件Trim Panel 装饰板Turning Radius 转弯半径Upper Console 高架箱Variant 变形车Ventilation 通风Vertical 垂直方向的Vinyl 乙烯基Washer 垫圈Water Proof Film 防水层Weather Strip 密封条Wear-Resistant 防磨Windscreen 风窗b248b24807-09-08 12:22轮椅升降机Wheel chair lift图例legend工位station吊运装置overhead hoist更衣室restroom1号厂房工艺布置方案图proposal of the Plant I layout合笼mate底盘平移台chassis shuttle车辆转移台bus transfer前围角板front wall angle cover后围侧板rear wall side cover保险杠bumper三类底盘three type chassis左侧围应力蒙皮R/S stretching skin (road side)中涂floating coat拼装台collectorwheel -arch cutting内饰trim线束harness返工re-doing轮罩护板wheel house发车前准备pre-delivery举升hoist小批量产品be pilot2 套two kits配电站power transformer substation裙板skirt发动机托架engine holding 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returnability转向盘转角脉冲试验steering wheel impulse input test转向盘转角阶跃输入试验steering wheel step input or transient state yaw response test极限侧向加速度试验limiting lateral acceleration test汽车平顺性随机输入行驶试验automobile ride random input running test汽车平顺性单脉冲输入行驶试验automobile ride single pulse input running test汽车悬挂系统固有频率与阻尼比的测定试验measurement of natural frequency and damping raito of suspension 功率突然变化影响试验test of effect of sudden power change收油门后控制试验test of control at breakway横风稳定性试验test of crosswind stability反冲试验kick-back test轮胎*****响应时间试验test of burst response of tyre绕过障碍物试验obstacle avoidance test移线试验lane change testJ型转弯试验test of J turn频率响应时间试验frequency response test瞬态响应时间试验transient response test阶路响应时间试验step response test脉冲响应试验pulse response test静态操舵力试验static steering effort test悬架举升试验jack-up test of suspension耐翻倾试验test of overturning immunity轮辋错动试验rim slip test风洞试验wind tunnel test制动稳定性试验test of braking stability最小转弯直径试验minimum turning diameter test操舵力试验steering effort test汽车发动机类型type发动机engine内燃机intenal combusiton engine动力机装置power unit汽油机gasoline engine汽油喷射式汽油机gasoline-injection engine火花点火式发动机spark ignition engine压燃式发动机compression ignition engine往复式内燃机reciprocating internal combustion engine 化油器式发动机carburetor engine柴油机diesel engine转子发动机rotary engine旋轮线转子发动机rotary trochoidal engine二冲程发动机two-stroke engine四冲程发动机four-stroke engine直接喷射式柴油机direct injection engine间接喷射式柴油机indirect injection engine增压式发动机supercharged engine风冷式发动机air-cooled engine油冷式发动机oil-cooled engine水冷式发动机water-cooled engine自然进气式发动机naturally aspirated engine煤气机gas engine液化石油气发动机liquified petroleum gas engine 柴油煤气机diesel gas engine多种燃料发动机multifuel engine石油发动机hydrocarbon engine双燃料发动机duel fuel engine热球式发动机hot bulb engine多气缸发动机multiple cylinder engine对置活塞发动机opposed piston engine对置气缸式发动机opposed-cylinder engine十字头型发动机cross head engine直列式发动机in-line engine星型发动机radial engine筒状活塞发动机trunk-piston engine斯特林发动机stirling engine套阀式发动机knight engine气孔扫气式发动机port-scavenged engine倾斜式发动机slant engine前置式发动机front-engine后置式发动机rear-engine中置式发动机central engine左侧发动机left-hand engine右侧发动机right-hand engine短冲程发动机oversquare engine长冲程发动机undersquare engine等径程发动机square engine顶置凸轮轴发动机overhead camshaft engine双顶置凸轮轴发动机dual overhead camshaft engine V形发动机V-engine顶置气门发动机valve in-head engine侧置气门发动机side valve engine无气门发动机valveless engine多气门发动机multi-valve engine卧式发动机horizontal engine斜置式发动机inclined engine立式发动机vertical engineW形发动机I形发动机I-engineL形发动机L-engineF形发动机F-engine性能performance二冲程循环two-stroke cycle四冲程循环four-stroke cycle狄塞尔循环diesel cycle奥托循环otto cycle混合循环mixed cycle定容循环constant volume cycle 工作循环working cycle等压循环constant pressure cycle 理想循环ideal cycle热力循环thermodynamic cycle 冲程stroke活塞行程piston stroke长行程long stroke上行程up stroke下行程down stroke进气行程intake stroke充气行程charging strokecompression stroke爆炸行程explosion stroke膨胀行程expansion stroke动力行程power stroke排气行程exhaust stroke膨胀换气行程expansion-exchange stroke换气压缩行程exchange-compression stroke止点dead center上止点top dead center(upper dead center)下止点lower dead center(bottom dead center) 上止点前budc(before upper dead center)上止点后atdc(after top dead cetner)下止点前bbdc(before bottom dead center)下止点后abdc(after bottom dead center)缸径cylinder bore缸径与行程bore and stroke空气室energy chamber气缸余隙容积cylinder clearance volume燃烧室容积combustion chamber volume气缸最大容积maximum cylinder volume压缩室compression chamber排气量发动机排量engine displacement活塞排量piston swept volume气缸容量cylinder capacity单室容量single-chamber capacity容积法volumetry压缩比compression ratio临界压缩比critical compression ratio膨胀比expansion ratio面容比surface to volume ratio行程缸径比stroke-bore ratio混合比mixture ratio压缩压力compression pressure制动平均有效压力brake mean effective pressure(bmep) 空燃比air fuel ratio燃空比fuel air ratio燃料当量比fuel equivalence ratio扭矩torque单缸功率power per cylinder升功率power per liter升扭矩torque per liter升质量mass per liter减额功率derating power输出马力shaft horsepower马力小时，马力时horsepower-hour总马力gross horse power总功率gross power净功率net power燃油消耗量fuel consumption比燃料消耗率specific fuel consumption 空气消耗率air consumption机油消耗量oil consumption有效马力net horse power额定马力rated horse power马力重量系数horsepower-weight factor 制动功率brake horse power制动热效率brake thermal efficiency总效率overall efficiency排烟极限功率smoke limiting horsepower 功率曲线power curve机械损失mechanical loss机械效率mechanical efficiency有效热效率effective thermal efficiency 充气系数volumetric efficiency过量空气系数coefficient of excess air适应性系数adaptive coefficient扭矩适应性系数coefficient of torque adaptibility转速适应性系数speed adaptive coefficient强化系数coefficient of intensification校正系数correction factor换算系数conversion factor活塞平均速度mean piston speed发动机转速engine speed (rotational frequency) 怠速转速idling speed经济转速economic speed起动转速starting speed最低稳定工作转速lowest continuous speed with load 最大扭矩转速speed at maximum torque最高空转转速maximum no load governed speed 调速speed governing超速overspeed怠速idling转速波动率speed fluctuation rate工况working condition(operating mode) 额定工况declared working condition变工况variable working condition 稳定工况steady working condition 空载no-load全负荷full load超负荷overload部分负荷part load充量（进气）charge旋转方向direction of rotation顺时针clockwise逆时针counter-clockwise左转left-hand rotation右转right-hand rotation外径major diameter中径pitch diameter内径minor diameter径向间隙radial clearance发动机性能engine performance加载性能loading performance起动性能starting performance加速性能acceleration performance 动力性能power performance排放性能emission performance空转特性no load characteristics负荷特性part throttle characteristics调速特性governor control characteristics万有特性mapping characteristics稳定调速率steady state speed governing rate气缸体和气缸盖cylinder block and head气缸体cylinder block整体铸造cast inblock (cast enblock)发动机罩engine bonnet气缸体加强筋engine block stiffening rib气缸cylinder（转子机）缸体statorb248b24807-09-08 12:23缸径cylinder bore气缸体机架cylinder block frame气缸盖cylinder head配气机构箱valve mechanism casing气缸体隔片cylinder spacer气缸盖密封环cylinder head ring gasket气缸盖垫片cylinder head gasket气缸套cylinder liner(cylinder sleeve)干式缸套dry cylinder liner湿式缸套wet cylinder liner气缸水套water jacket膨胀塞expansion plug防冻塞freeze plug气缸壁cylinder wall环脊ring ridge排气口exhaust port中间隔板intermediate bottum导板guideway创成半径（转子机）generating radius缸体宽度（转子机）operating width机柱column燃烧室combustion chamber主燃烧室main combustion chamber副燃烧室subsidiary combustion chamber预燃室prechamber涡流燃烧室`swirl combustion chamber分开式燃烧室divided combustion chamber涡流式燃烧室turbulence combustion chamber半球形燃烧室hemispherical combustion chamber浴盆形燃烧室bathtub section combustion chamberL形燃烧室L-combustion chamber楔形燃烧室wedge-section combustion chamber开式燃烧室open combustion chamber封闭喷射室closed spray chamber活塞顶内燃烧室piston chamber爆发室explosion chamber燃烧室容积比volume ratio of combustion cahmber燃烧室口径比surface-volume ratio of combustion chamber 通道面积比area ratio of combustion chamber passage曲轴箱通气口crankcase breather凸轮轴轴承座camshaft bearing bush seat定时齿轮室罩camshaft drive(gear)cover曲轴箱检查孔盖crankcase door曲轴箱防爆门crankcase explosion proof door主轴承盖main bearing cap气缸盖罩valve mechanism cover飞轮壳flywheel cover扫气储器scavenging air receiver活塞piston裙部开槽活塞split skirt pistonU形槽活塞U-slot piston滚花修复活塞knurled piston圆顶活塞dome head piston平顶活塞flat head piston凸顶活塞crown head piston(convex head piston) 凹顶活塞concave head piston阶梯顶活塞step-head piston筒形活塞trunk piston椭圆形活塞oval piston抗热变形活塞autothermic piston不变间隙活塞constant clearance piston镶因瓦钢片活塞invar strut piston直接冷却式活塞direct-cooled piston间接冷却式活塞indirect cooled piston滑裙活塞slipper piston活塞速度piston speed活塞顶部piston head活塞裙部piston skirt整体活塞裙solid skirt活塞裙扩大衬簧piston skirt expander滑履式活塞裙slipper skirt隔热槽heat dam活塞标记piston mark活塞销piston pin活塞销孔piston pin boss活塞销衬套piston pin bushing全浮式活塞销full-floating piston pin半浮式活塞销semifloating piston pin固定螺钉式活塞销set screw piston pin活塞环piston ring组合式活塞环compound piston ring同心活塞环concentric piston ring偏心活塞环eccentric piston ring自由环free ring闭合环closed ring梯形环keystone ring半梯形环half keystone ring矩形环rectangular ring油环oil control ring开槽油环slotted oil control ring螺旋弹簧加载双坡口油环coil spring loaded slotted oil control ring 涨环expander双坡口油环double bevelled oil control ring内上坡口internal bevel top内下坡口internal bevel bottom边缘坡口油环bevelled-ege oil control ring 刮油环scrapper ring钩形环napier ring镀铬活塞环chrome plated piston ring活塞衬环piston ring expander活塞环槽piston ring groove活塞环区ring zone活塞环岸piston ring land活塞环内表面back of ring曲柄连杆机构connecting rod中心曲柄连杆机构central-located connecting rod 偏心曲柄连杆机构offset connecting rod铰接曲柄边杆机构hinged connecting rod连杆connecting rod连杆小头connecting rod small end连杆大头connnecting rod big end连杆杆身connecting rod shank副连杆slave connecting rod叉形连杆fork-and-blade connecting rod 主连杆main connecting rodboxed rod绞链式连杆hinged type connecting rod 活节式连杆articulated connecting rod 连杆盖connecting rod cap连杆轴承connecting rod bearing曲轴crankshaft整体式曲轴one-piece crankshaft组合式曲轴assembled crankshaft右侧曲轴right-hand crankshaft左侧曲轴left-hand crankshaft改变行程的曲轴stroked crankshaft曲轴前端crankshaft front end曲轴主轴颈crankshaft main journal轴颈重叠度shaft journal overlap圆角fillet主轴承main bearing曲轴止推轴承crankshaft thrust bearing 薄臂轴瓦thin wall bearing shell曲轴油道crankshaft oil passage曲柄crank曲柄臂crank arm曲柄销轴套bush曲柄转角crank angle曲柄半径crank radius抛油圈oil slander角度轮degree wheel动平衡机dynamic balancer平衡重balancer weight扭振减振器torshional vibration damper扭振平衡器torsion balancer谐振平衡器harmonic balancer振动平衡器vibration balancer曲轴链轮crankshaft sprocket转子轴颈rotor journal偏心轴eccentric shaft曲轴箱crankcase闭式曲轴箱通风装置closed-crankcase ventilating system 飞轮flywheel飞轮齿圈flywheel ring gear飞轮芯棒cantilever飞轮芯轴flywheel spindle飞轮的惯量矩flywheel moment of inertiaflywheel mark当量系统equivalent system当量轴长equivalent shaft length一级往复惯性力reciprocating inertia force,1st order 二级往复贯性力reciprocating inertia force, 2nd order 离心惯性力centrifugal inertia force配气机构valve gear凸轮轴camshaft凸轮cam整体式凸轮轴one-piece camshaft组合式凸轮轴assembled camshaft凸轮轴驱动机构camshaft drive赛车用凸轮轴race camshaft凸轮轴轴颈camshaft bearing journal凸轮轴轴承camshaft bearing凸轮轴偏心轮camshaft eccentric凸轮轴链轮camshaft sprocket凸轮轴正时齿轮camshaft timing gear凸轮轴齿轮camshaft gear wheel进口凸轮inlet cam排气凸轮汽车词汇（2）出处：作者：swm45100 FanE『翻译中国』2004-5-27 14:07:30 中间齿轮intermediate gear(counter gear)副轴齿轮counter shaft gear副轴counter shaft变速器输入轴transmission imput shaft变速器输出轴transmission output shaft变速器主动齿轮轴transmission drive gear shaft变速器主轴transmission main shaft变速器中间轴transmission countershaft变速器轴的刚度rigidity of shaft变速齿轮比（变速比）transmission gear ratio传动比gear ratio主压力line pressure调制压力modulated pressure真空调制压力vacuum modulator pressure速控压力governor pressure缓冲压力compensator or trimmer pressure限档压力hold presure前油泵front pump (input pump )液力传动装置充油压力hydrodynamic unit change pressure后油泵gear pump (output pump )回油泵scavenge oil pumppressure -regulator vavle电磁阀调压阀solenoid regulator valve液力变矩器旁通阀converter bypass valve速控阀governor valve选档阀selectro valve换档阀shift valve信号阀signal valve继动阀relay valve换档指令发生器shift pattern generator档位指示器shift indicator(shift torwer)先导阀priority valve流量阀flow valve重迭阀overlap valve液力减速器控制阀retarder control valve液力起步fluid start零速起动stall start液力变矩器锁止converter lockup全液压自动换档系统hydraulic automatic control system 电液式自动换档系统electronic -hydraulic automatiec换档shift升档upshift降档动力换档power shfit单向离合器换档freewheel shfit人工换档manual shfit自动换档automaitc shfit抑制换档inhibited shift超限换档overrun shift强制换档forced shift换档点shift point叶片转位blade angle shift换档滞后shift hysteresis换档循环shift schedule换档规律process of power shift动力换档过程timing换档定时property of automatic shift 换档品质property of automatic shft换档元件engaging element换档机构gearshift操纵杆control lever变速杆stick shift(gear shift lever) （副变速器）变速杆range selector变速叉shifting fork (gear shift fork)b248b24807-09-08 12:23空档位置neutral position直接驱动direct drive高速档top gear(high gear)低速档bottom gear(low speed gear)第一档first gear第二档second gear超速档overdirve gear经济档economic gear倒档reverse gear爬行档creeper gear驱动特性drive performance反拖特性coast performance定输入扭矩特性constant input torque performance全油门特性full throttle performance寄生损失特性no load (parasitic losses)performance 原始特性primary characteristic响应特性response characteristic吸收特性absorption characteristic全特性total external characteristic输入特性characteristic of enhance输出特性characteristic of exit力矩特性torque factor(coefficient of moment) 过载系数overloading ratio变矩系数torque ratio能容系数capacity factorr几何相似geometry similarity运动相似kinematic similarity动力相似dynamic similarity透穿性transparency万向节和传动轴universal joint and drive shaft万向节universal joint非等速万向节nonconstant velocity universal joint 等速万向节constant velocity universal joint准等速万向节near constant velocity universal joint 自承式万向节self-supporting universal joint非自承式万各节non self suporting universal joint 回转直径swing diameter等速平面constant velocity plane万向节夹角true joint angle十字轴式万向节cardan (hookes)universal joint 万向节叉yoke突缘叉flange york滑动叉slip yoke滑动节，伸缩节slip joint花键轴叉slip shaft yoke轴管叉（焊接叉）tube(weld yoke)十字轴cross(spider)十字轴总成cross assembly挠性元件总成flexible universal joint球销式万向节flexible member assembly双柱槽壳housing球环ball球头轴ball head球头钉button中心球和座centering ball and seat球笼式万向节rzeppa universal joint钟形壳outer race星型套inner race保持架cage可轴向移动的球笼式万向节plunging constant velocity joint筒形壳cylinder outer race柱形滚道星形套inner race withcylinder ball grooves 偏心保持架non-concentric cage滚动花键球笼式万向节ball spline rzeppa universal joint外壳outer housing内壳体inner housing球叉式万向节weiss universal joint球叉ball yoke定心钢球centering ball三球销万向节tripod universal joint三柱槽壳housing三销架spider双联万向节double cardan universal joint凸块式万向节tracta universal joint凸块叉fork yoke榫槽凸块tongue and groove couplijng凹槽凸块groove coupling传动轴drive shaft(propeller shaft)传动轴系drive line传动轴形式drive shaft type两万向节滑动的传动轴two -joint inboard slip ddiveshaft 两万向节外侧滑动传动轴two joint ouboard slip drive shaft 单万向节传动轴single joint coupling shaft组合式传动轴unitized drive shaft传动轴减振器drive shaft absorber传动轴中间轴承drive shaft center bearing传动轴管焊接合件weld drive shaft tube assembly传动轴特征长度drive shaft length传动轴谐振噪声resonant noise of rive shaft传动轴的临界转速critical speed of drive shaft传动轴总成的平衡balance of drive shaft assembly允许滑动量slip相位角phase angle传动轴安全圈drive shaft safety strap驱动桥drive axle(driving axle)类型type断开式驱动桥divided axle非独立悬架式驱动桥rigid dirve axle独立悬架式驱动桥independent suspension drive axlesteering drive axle贯通式驱动桥tandem axles“三速”贯通轴"three-speed" tandem axles单驱动桥single drive axle多桥驱动multiaxle drive减速器reducer主减速器final drive单级主减速器single reduction final drive双级主减速器double reduction final drive前置式双级主减速器front mounted double reduction final drive后置式双级主减速器rear mounted double reduction final drive上置式双级主减速器top mounted double reducton final drive行星齿轮式双级主减速器planetary double reduction final drive贯通式主减速器thru-drive双速主减速器two speed final drive行星齿轮式双速主减速器two speed planetary final drive双级双速主减速器two speed double reduction final drive轮边减速器wheel reductor(hub reductro)行星圆柱齿轮式轮边减速器planetary wheel reductor行星锥齿轮式轮边减速器differential geared wheel reductor(bevelepicyclick hub reductor) 外啮合圆柱齿轮式轮边减速器spur geared wheel reductor差速器锥齿轮式差速器bevel gear differential圆柱齿轮式差速器spur gear differential防滑式差速器limited -slip differential磨擦片式自锁差速器multi-disc self -locking differential凸轮滑滑块自锁差速器self-locking differential with side ring and radial cam plate 自动离合式自锁差速器automotive positive locking differential强制锁止式差速器locking differential液压差速器hydraulic differential轴间差速器interaxial differential差速器壳differential carrieer(case)主降速齿轮final reduction gear驱动轴减速比axle ratio总减速比total reduction ratio主降速齿轮减速比final reduction gear ratio双减速齿轮double reduction gear差速器主齿轮轴differential pinion-shaft差速器侧齿轮differential side gear行星齿轮spider gear(planetary pinion)螺旋锥齿轮spiral bevel gear双曲面齿轮hypoid gear格里林齿制gleason tooth奥林康型齿制oerlikon tooth锥齿轮齿数number of teeth in bevel gears and hypoid gears锥齿轮齿宽face width of tooth in bevel gears and hypoid gears 平面锥齿轮plane bevel gear奥克托齿形octoid form平顶锥齿轮contrate gear齿面接触区circular tooth contact齿侧间隙backlash in circular tooth差速器十字轴differential spider差速器锁止机构differential locking -device差速器锁止系数differential locking factor差速器壳轴承carrier bearing桥壳axle housing整体式桥壳banjo housing可分式桥壳trumpet-type axle housing组合式桥壳unitized carrier-type axle housing对分式桥壳split housing冲压焊接桥壳press-welding axle housing钢管扩张桥壳expanded tube axle housing锻压焊接桥壳forge welding axle housing整体铸造式桥壳cast rigid axle housing半轴axle shaft全浮式半轴full-floating axle shaft半浮式半轴semi-floating axle shaft四分之三浮式半轴three-quarter floating axle shaft 驱动桥最大附着扭矩slip torque驱动桥额定桥荷能力rating axle capactiy驱动桥减速比driveaxle ratio驱动桥质量drive axle mass单铰接式摆动轴single-joint swing axle双铰接式摆动轴double joint swig axle悬架系suspension system悬架suspension类型type非独立悬架rigid axle suspension独立悬架independent suspension平衡悬架equalizing type of suspension 组合式悬架combination suspension可变刚度悬架。

摘要德国慕尼黑市阿尔诺夫帕克中心住区小学方案源于慕尼黑市2007年举办的一次建筑设计竞赛。

海 斯一塔尔霍夫一库斯米尔兹建筑事务所和埃尔德曼基契赫尔景观建筑事务所的合作方案赢得竞赛第一名。

该 设计对小学的功能性、城市文脉，以及设计理念的经济有效性等一系列问题进行考虑，以有秩序的方法组 织独立的学习空间，建立小学生们对学校的深刻认同感。

关键词城市文脉学习屋公共社区空间材料与色彩 ABST RAC T The central accommodations at Arnulfpark in Munich c ame from a n architectural competition ，which was announced by the city of Munich in 2007 The design of Hess]-alhof Kusmierz Architekten und Stadtplaner with Erdmann Kicherer Landscape Architects won the first prize Th e functionality of the school ，the urban context and the economic efficiency of the concept were considered in the design Th e pedag ogi c concept of the designwa s impresslve ， which was showed in the structural approach with individual learninghouses and would lead to ahigher identificatio n of the pupils with their sch001．KEY WORDS urban context ，learning house ，communal space ，material and colour 中图分类号T U 244．2 文献标识码B 文章编号1000—3959(2014)01—0112一06约翰内斯·塔尔霍夫Johannes Talhof 任翔j 译Tr ．by Ren Xiang 赵纪军校Proofread by Zhao Jijun德国慕尼黑市阿尔诺夫帕克中心住区小学The Elementary School at Arnulfpark in Munich的合作方案赢得了第一名。

预测单桩承载力的连续飞行螺旋执行新方法（CFA）Wael N. Abd ElsameeFaculty of Engineering, Sinai University, El Arish, EgyptEmail: wael_nashaat74@2013、elsamee版权©Wael N.。

这是一个开放存取论文知识共享署名许可下发布，允许无限制地使用，分配，在任何媒体上引用。

摘要桩承载力的研究是很复杂的，从理论公式计算与荷载试验得出结果。

设计的电阻可以计算使用传统的静压桩设计理论。

承台的深度应该预定之前一个站点勘察安装。

确定现场每下一次和估计成堆的负荷能力,现场桩应进行负载测试。

在位于亚历山大和埃及调查的网站约100×110米的这项研究中，对现场单桩载荷试验数据进行分析，为端承桩极限承载力的估算。

岩土工程现场调查进行到45米的最大深度，四个土样已经完成。

测试是在两骨架结构建筑是CON构造筏板基础落在长螺旋桩进行现场执行的。

四桩的荷载试验是在600毫米直径和27米的长度进行的。

桩的极限承载力是根据不同的方法确定。

它的结论是，得出摩擦负荷的比例占沿桩长轴的比例大约是46%的总负载而负载占端轴承负荷总量的54%。

提出了一种新的方法进行预转从单桩载荷试验桩的极限承载力计算。

该方法取决于桩的沉降不考虑弹性变形。

一个经验公式是从由于摩擦端承只扣除弹性变形的桩身应力与沉降之间的关系。

然而，得到的结果对端承桩的极限承载力是比其他方法更准确。

该方法的出现给出的结果与理论预测一致。

确定的方法更简单，更快，更可靠。

关键词：土壤单桩承载力螺旋（CFA）端承桩桩的荷载目录1.简介 (3)2. 土壤调查 (4)3. 桩承载力的理论预测 (6)4. 长螺旋桩施工方法（CFA） (8)5. 桩的荷载试验 (9)6. 现场开挖和排水系统 (10)7. 采用现场荷载试验结果桩极限承载力 (11)7.1 埃及的代码 (12)7.2 切线法 (12)7.3 汉森法（1963） (12)7.4 Chin’s的方法（1970） (13)7.5 Decourt’s的方法（1999） (13)8. 荷载试验的极限承载力的确定方法 (14)9. 对极限承载力的测定方法比较 (16)10. 采用端承摩擦沿轴荷载 (17)11. 结论 (18)12 .致谢 (19)1.简介桩相对较长，一般细长结构基础成员传递上部结构荷载向深层土壤。

steinharmonic analysisStein's harmonic analysis, developed by mathematician Elias M. Stein, is a powerful mathematical tool used to study functions in signal processing, image analysis, and various other areas of mathematics. In this article, we will explore the key concepts and techniques involved in Stein's harmonic analysis.Harmonic analysis is a branch of mathematics that deals with the representation and decomposition of functions as a sum of simpler periodic functions called harmonics. Stein's harmonic analysis focuses on the study of functions and their properties using harmonic analysis techniques.One of the fundamental concepts in Stein's harmonic analysis is the Fourier transform. The Fourier transform of a function is a mathematical operation that decomposes the function into a collection of sinusoidal functions with varying frequencies and amplitudes. This decomposition provides valuable information about different components of the function, which can be useful in understanding and analyzing signals.The Fourier transform can be visualized as a way to transform afunction from the time/space domain to the frequency domain. In the frequency domain, the function is represented as a sum of sinusoidal functions, each associated with a particular frequency. This transformation allows us to analyze the function in terms of its frequency content, enabling us to identify important features and patterns that may be hidden in the time/space domain representation.Stein's harmonic analysis builds upon the Fourier transform by introducing techniques such as wavelet analysis andtime-frequency analysis. Wavelet analysis is a mathematical tool used to analyze signals at different resolutions. Unlike the Fourier transform, which provides a global frequency analysis, wavelet analysis allows for a localized analysis of the frequency components of a signal. This can be particularly useful when dealing with signals that contain transient or localized events.Time-frequency analysis, on the other hand, focuses on analyzing how the frequency content of a signal changes over time. This can be achieved using techniques such as the short-time Fourier transform or the spectrogram. These methods provide a representation of the signal that captures both its time andfrequency properties, allowing for a detailed analysis of transient events and changes in frequency content.Stein's harmonic analysis also incorporates concepts from functional analysis, which deals with the study of vector spaces of functions and operators. Functional analysis provides a rigorous mathematical framework for studying the properties and behavior of functions and operators in a more general context.One of the key contributions of Stein's harmonic analysis is the development of theory and techniques for dealing with non-linear and time-varying systems. Traditional harmonic analysis techniques often assume linearity and time-invariance, which may not hold in many practical applications. Stein's approach allows for the analysis of more complex systems that exhibit non-linear and time-varying behavior.In conclusion, Stein's harmonic analysis is a valuable mathematical tool for studying functions and their properties in various fields, including signal processing and image analysis. The concepts and techniques involved, such as Fourier transforms, wavelet analysis,and time-frequency analysis, provide powerful tools for analyzing and understanding the frequency content and behavior of functions. By incorporating ideas from functional analysis, Stein's approach also allows for the analysis of more complex andnon-linear systems. Overall, Stein's harmonic analysis has proven to be a versatile and powerful tool in the field of mathematics.。

Accommodation 适应性Aerodynamics 空气动力学Air Conditioner 空调Air Drag 风阻Air Suspension 空气悬挂Analysis 分析Anti Corrosion 防腐Anti Rust 防锈Ashtray 烟灰盒Assembly 装配Assistant’s seat 副驾驶座Attaching Parts 附件Azimuth 方位（角）（极坐标）Back Angle 靠背角Backrest 靠背Backup Lamp 倒车灯Binocular Obstruction 双眼盲区BIW （Body-In-White）白车身Blower 风机Body 车身,车体Bolt 螺栓Bonneted Cab 凸头驾驶室Bracket 托架Breakdown 分块Bumper 保险杠Bushing 衬套Case 壳体Caution Plate 警告牌Centroid 重心Cigarette Lighter 点烟器Chassis 底盘Chassis Frame 车架Check Arm 限位器Clip 卡扣Cluster Meter 组合仪表盘Coat Hanger 衣帽架Coat Hook 衣帽钩Collar 套环Combination Switch 组合开关Comfort 舒适性Component 总成Concealed Wipers 隐藏式雨刮器Condenser 冷凝器Contour 轮廓线Controls 控制件Convex Mirror 凸面镜Coolant 冷却液Cooler 制冷器Crash 碰撞Cup Holder 水杯架Curtain 窗帘Curtain Rail 窗帘滑轨Curvilineal 曲线的Dash Board 前围内板Delivery of the Drawing 出图Displacement 位移Door Check 限位器Door Header Rail 车门顶轨Door Lock 车门锁Door Opening 门洞Door Outer Handle 车门外手柄Door Outer Panel 车门外板Door Panel 门护板Door Pocket 门袋Door Regulator 车门玻璃升降器Door Sash 车门窗框Door Striker 锁环Door Trim 车门护板Door Ventilator 三角窗Drip Rail 滴水凹槽顶轨Drive Configuration 驱动形式Dummy Plate 平衡板Dynamic 动态的Ellipsoid Surface 椭球面Emblem 商标Engine 发动机Engineering 工程Entrance Handrail 上车门扶手Entry ＆Exit 进出Ergonomics 人机工程学Eyellipse 眼椭圆Fatigue Analysis 疲劳分析FEM (Finite Element Method）有限元Fender 翼子板Fender Protector 挡泥护板Fender Stay 挡泥撑条Fender Welt 挡泥衬板Field of View 视野Finish Washer 精加工垫圈Fire Fighting Truck 消防车Fixed 固定的Flange Bolt 凸缘螺栓Fleece 绒毛织物Floor Insulator 地板隔热层Fluid Reservoir 贮液罐Fog Lamp 雾灯Fore/aft 前后Forward Control 平头Frame 车架Front Overhang 前悬Front Panel 前挡板,前围外板Front Turn Signal Lamp 前转向灯Fuse ＆Relay Box 保险丝和继电器箱Garnish 装饰板Gauge 量表Glare—free 防眩目Glass Run Channel 玻璃滑槽Glazing Rubber Plate 镶玻璃用橡胶板Glove Box 杂物盒Gradeability 爬坡度Grille 格栅Grip 扶手Grommet 密封圈Ground Clearance 离地间隙Halogen Headlamp 卤素大灯Handle Cover 手柄罩Head Contour 头廓包络线Head Restraints 头枕Headlamp 前大灯Headliner 顶棚Headlining 顶棚内饰Headrest 头枕Heater 加热器Heater Plumbing 取暖装置管路Height Adjuster 高度调节器High-mount 高位Hinge 铰链Hinge Bracket 铰链托架Holder 支架Hood 发动机罩Hook 挂钩Hose 软管Impact 碰撞In—line 直列Ingress/egress 进出Inside Lock Knob 内锁止按钮Instrument Panel 仪表板Interior Trim 内饰Intermittent Wiper 间歇式刮水器Joint 接头Joint Duct 连接管道Kinematics 运动学Lateral 横向Lever 杆籁绅士Plate 牌照籁绅士Plate Bracket 牌号托架籁绅士Plate Lamp 车牌灯Lift-up Type 翻转式（前围外板）Linear 线性的Load 载荷Lock Cylinder ＆Key 锁芯和钥匙Longitudinal 长度方向的Loose Panel 可卸盖板Lower Apron 下挡板Lumbar Support 腰托Luxury Interior Level 豪华内饰Mud Guard 挡泥板Mud Shield 挡泥板（侧）Male—to—Female Ration 男女比例Manikin 人体模型Manoeuvrable 操纵灵活的Meeting Minutes 会议纪要Member 横梁Meter ＆Gauge 仪表盘Meter Cable 仪表电缆Meter Cluster 仪表束Meter Cover 仪表面罩Meter Face 仪表面Meter Hood 仪表罩Milling 铣Mirror Holder 后视镜支架Model 模型Moquette 绒面Mount 悬置Movable Part 运动件Mudguard 挡泥板Muffler 排气消声器Muscular Contour 强壮的外形（造型风格)））Non—linear 非线性的Nozzle 喷嘴Nut 螺母Operation Hardware 开闭、锁紧装置Optimization 优化Ornament 标识Outlet 出风口Overhead Console Box 高架箱Packing 衬垫Parking Brake Lever 驻车制动手柄Percentile 百分位Perimeter 周长、周边Pillar 立柱Pin 销Pivot Point 关节点Plain Washer 平垫圈Plan View 俯视图Plate ＆Label 名牌和标识Plate Nut 板螺母Pneumatic Spring 空气弹簧Pocket 凹槽Pocket Facing 凹槽镶面Power Steering 动力转向Presentation 展示Push Button 按钮Push-on Spring Nut 顶推弹簧螺母Quarter Panel 后顶盖侧板Quarter Window 侧车窗Radiator 散热器Raised Roof 高顶Rear Overhang 后悬Rear View Mirror 后视镜Rear Wall 后围Reclining 倾斜Reflector 反射板Regulation 法规Reinforcement 加强件Rendering 效果图Requirement 要求Resin 树脂Retainer 护圈Rigidity 刚度Rivet 铆钉Roof Console 高架箱Roof Hatch 天窗Roof Panel 车顶板Room Lamp 室内灯Root—Mean-Square 均方根Round Oval Instrumentation 环抱式仪表板Safety 安全性Screw 螺钉Screw Grommet 密封圈螺钉Scuff 压条（门槛处）Seat Bench 长排座Seat Support 座椅支架Seat Track 座椅导轨Self—Supporting 自承载式Service Parts 修理配件Set Screw 定位螺钉Shim 调整垫片Shin—Knee Contour 膝部包络线Shock Absorber 减振器Side View 侧视图Sight Line 视线Silencer 消声器Sill 横梁Simulation 模拟Sketch 草效果图Sleeper 卧铺Sleeping Bed 卧铺Sleeping Berth 卧铺Slide Adjuster 前后滑动调节器Snap Ring 开口环Snorkel 进气管Snowplow 除雪车Spacer 隔环Speedometer 车速仪Splash Apron 侧挡泥板Spot Welding 点焊Static 静态的Steering Column 转向柱Steering Column Adjuster 转向柱调整器Steering Gear 转向机构Steering Wheel 方向盘Step Plate 踏脚板Step Protector 脚踏板护板Stiffener 加强肋Stiffness 刚度Stop Lamp 制动灯Stopper 挡块Strain 应变Strength 强度Stress 应力Structure 结构Styling 造型Sun Visor 遮阳板Surfacing 线图Suspension 悬架Switch 开关Tachograph & Speedometer 自记式转速记和车速表Tachometer 发动机转速表Tail Lamp 尾灯Tapping Screw 自攻螺钉Template 模板Ticket/Card Holder 名片夹Tilt 翻转(驾驶室）Tipper 自卸车Tonnage 吨位Torsional Stiffness 扭转刚度Tread 轮距Trim 饰件Trim Panel 装饰板Turning Radius 转弯半径Upper Console 高架箱Variant 变形车Ventilation 通风Vertical 垂直方向的Vinyl 乙烯基Washer 垫圈Water Proof Film 防水层Weather Strip 密封条Wear—Resistant 防磨Windscreen 风窗Windshield 风窗Windshield Washer 挡风玻璃洗涤器Windshield Wiper 挡风玻璃刮水器Wiper 刮水器Wiper Arm 刮臂Wiper Blade 刮片Wiper Link Assembly 刮水器连杆组件Wiring Harness 线束07-0轮椅升降机Wheel chair lift图例legend工位station吊运装置overhead hoist更衣室restroom1号厂房工艺布置方案图proposal of the Plant I layout合笼mate底盘平移台chassis shuttle车辆转移台bus transfer前围角板front wall angle cover后围侧板rear wall side cover保险杠bumper三类底盘three type chassis左侧围应力蒙皮R/S stretching skin （road side）中涂floating coat拼装台collector切割轮口wheel —arch cutting内饰trim线束harness返工re-doing轮罩护板wheel house发车前准备pre-delivery举升hoist小批量产品be pilot2 套two kits配电站power transformer substation裙板skirt发动机托架engine holding frame诊断报警系统diagnosis and alarming system互换性interchangeability缩微图纸microfiche files总装final assembly磷化phosphating仪表板dash board切齐trimming结构完整性structure integrity自动愈合的防腐材料self-healing corrosion preventative material 长途客车inter-city bus改装厂refitting factory遮阳板sun visor随车工具tool box钢化玻璃toughened grass异形钢管special steel pipe全天候空调系统full range A/C强制通风ram-air ventilation停机时间downtime无公害柴油clean diesel宽敞悬臂式座椅roomy cantilevered seat防滑地板no—skid floor织物纹里铝合金textured aluminum extrution 爬坡能力grade ability排水阀drain valve除湿器moisture ejector怠速时at idle琴式驱动桥banjo type drive axle通风口duct恒温控制thermostatic control平衡水箱surge tank变光开关simmer switch消音器muffler防破坏vandal resistant聚碳化透镜poly—carbonate len镀锌板galvanized plate搭接lap亮丽的外表smart apperance隐藏式固定concealed fastening水洼ponding发动机中置式客车bus with under floor engine 组合式客车车身modular bus body薄壳式结构shell construction衬垫pad空气导流板air deflector搁梁shelf beam腰梁waist rail梭梁stabilizing beam腰带式安全带diagonal safety belt压条trim strip嵌条insertion strip翼板fender斜撑bracing piece转向盘回正性试验test of steering wheel returnability转向盘转角脉冲试验steering wheel impulse input test转向盘转角阶跃输入试验steering wheel step input or transient state yaw response test极限侧向加速度试验limiting lateral acceleration test汽车平顺性随机输入行驶试验automobile ride random input running test汽车平顺性单脉冲输入行驶试验automobile ride single pulse input running test汽车悬挂系统固有频率与阻尼比的测定试验measurement of natural frequency and damping raito of suspension 功率突然变化影响试验test of effect of sudden power change收油门后控制试验test of control at breakway横风稳定性试验test of crosswind stability反冲试验kick—back test轮胎爆破响应时间试验test of burst response of tyre绕过障碍物试验obstacle avoidance test移线试验lane change testJ型转弯试验test of J turn频率响应时间试验frequency response test瞬态响应时间试验transient response test阶路响应时间试验step response test脉冲响应试验pulse response test静态操舵力试验static steering effort test悬架举升试验jack—up test of suspension耐翻倾试验test of overturning immunity轮辋错动试验rim slip test风洞试验wind tunnel test制动稳定性试验test of braking stability最小转弯直径试验minimum turning diameter test操舵力试验steering effort test汽车发动机类型type发动机engine内燃机intenal combusiton engine动力机装置power unit汽油机gasoline engine汽油喷射式汽油机gasoline—injection engine火花点火式发动机spark ignition engine压燃式发动机compression ignition engine往复式内燃机reciprocating internal combustion engine 化油器式发动机carburetor engine柴油机diesel engine转子发动机rotary engine旋轮线转子发动机rotary trochoidal engine二冲程发动机two—stroke engine四冲程发动机four—stroke engine直接喷射式柴油机direct injection engine间接喷射式柴油机indirect injection engine增压式发动机supercharged engine风冷式发动机air—cooled engine油冷式发动机oil—cooled engine水冷式发动机water-cooled engine自然进气式发动机naturally aspirated engine煤气机gas engine液化石油气发动机liquified petroleum gas engine 柴油煤气机diesel gas engine多种燃料发动机multifuel engine石油发动机hydrocarbon engine双燃料发动机duel fuel engine热球式发动机hot bulb engine多气缸发动机multiple cylinder engine对置活塞发动机opposed piston engine对置气缸式发动机opposed—cylinder engine十字头型发动机cross head engine直列式发动机in—line engine星型发动机radial engine筒状活塞发动机trunk—piston engine斯特林发动机stirling engine套阀式发动机knight engine气孔扫气式发动机port—scavenged engine倾斜式发动机slant engine前置式发动机front-engine后置式发动机rear—engine中置式发动机central engine左侧发动机left—hand engine右侧发动机right—hand engine短冲程发动机oversquare engine长冲程发动机undersquare engine等径程发动机square engine顶置凸轮轴发动机overhead camshaft engine双顶置凸轮轴发动机dual overhead camshaft engine V形发动机V—engine顶置气门发动机valve in—head engine侧置气门发动机side valve engine无气门发动机valveless engine多气门发动机multi—valve engine卧式发动机horizontal engine斜置式发动机inclined engine立式发动机vertical engineW形发动机I形发动机I-engineL形发动机L—engineF形发动机F—engine性能performance二冲程循环two—stroke cycle四冲程循环four—stroke cycle狄塞尔循环diesel cycle奥托循环otto cycle混合循环mixed cycle定容循环constant volume cycle 工作循环working cycle等压循环constant pressure cycle 理想循环ideal cycle热力循环thermodynamic cycle 冲程stroke活塞行程piston stroke长行程long stroke上行程up stroke下行程down stroke进气行程intake stroke充气行程charging strokecompression stroke爆炸行程explosion stroke膨胀行程expansion stroke动力行程power stroke排气行程exhaust stroke膨胀换气行程expansion—exchange stroke换气压缩行程exchange—compression stroke止点dead center上止点top dead center(upper dead center)下止点lower dead center（bottom dead center）上止点前budc（before upper dead center）上止点后atdc（after top dead cetner）下止点前bbdc（before bottom dead center)下止点后abdc（after bottom dead center）缸径cylinder bore缸径与行程bore and stroke空气室energy chamber气缸余隙容积cylinder clearance volume燃烧室容积combustion chamber volume气缸最大容积maximum cylinder volume压缩室compression chamber排气量displacement发动机排量engine displacement活塞排量piston swept volume气缸容量cylinder capacity单室容量single-chamber capacity容积法volumetry压缩比compression ratio临界压缩比critical compression ratio膨胀比expansion ratio面容比surface to volume ratio行程缸径比stroke-bore ratio混合比mixture ratio压缩压力compression pressure制动平均有效压力brake mean effective pressure(bmep) 空燃比air fuel ratio燃空比fuel air ratio燃料当量比fuel equivalence ratio扭矩torque单缸功率power per cylinder升功率power per liter升扭矩torque per liter升质量mass per liter减额功率derating power输出马力shaft horsepower马力小时,马力时horsepower-hour总马力gross horse power总功率gross power净功率net power燃油消耗量fuel consumption比燃料消耗率specific fuel consumption 空气消耗率air consumption机油消耗量oil consumption有效马力net horse power额定马力rated horse power马力重量系数horsepower-weight factor 制动功率brake horse power制动热效率brake thermal efficiency总效率overall efficiency排烟极限功率smoke limiting horsepower 功率曲线power curve机械损失mechanical loss机械效率mechanical efficiency有效热效率effective thermal efficiency 充气系数volumetric efficiency过量空气系数coefficient of excess air适应性系数adaptive coefficient扭矩适应性系数coefficient of torque adaptibility转速适应性系数speed adaptive coefficient强化系数coefficient of intensification校正系数correction factor换算系数conversion factor活塞平均速度mean piston speed发动机转速engine speed (rotational frequency）怠速转速idling speed经济转速economic speed起动转速starting speed最低稳定工作转速lowest continuous speed with load 最大扭矩转速speed at maximum torque最高空转转速maximum no load governed speed 调速speed governing超速overspeed怠速idling转速波动率speed fluctuation rate工况working condition(operating mode）额定工况declared working condition变工况variable working condition 稳定工况steady working condition 空载no-load全负荷full load超负荷overload部分负荷part load充量（进气）charge旋转方向direction of rotation顺时针clockwise逆时针counter—clockwise左转left—hand rotation右转right—hand rotation外径major diameter中径pitch diameter内径minor diameter径向间隙radial clearance发动机性能engine performance加载性能loading performance起动性能starting performance加速性能acceleration performance 动力性能power performance排放性能emission performance空转特性no load characteristics负荷特性part throttle characteristics调速特性governor control characteristics万有特性mapping characteristics稳定调速率steady state speed governing rate气缸体和气缸盖cylinder block and head气缸体cylinder block整体铸造cast inblock (cast enblock）发动机罩engine bonnet气缸体加强筋engine block stiffening rib气缸cylinder（转子机）缸体stator07—0 reock frameadhanism casingacer环ad ring gasketad gasketer(cylinder sleeve)r linerer lineretplugallrtte bottum转子机）radius转子机）widthn chamberustion chamber combustion chamberrustion chamber室mbustion chamber室combustion chamber室cal combustion chamberction combustion chamberon chambertion combustion chamberustion chamberay chamber烧室mberhamber比io of combustion cahmber比olume ratio of combustion chamberof combustion chamber passage口breather座earing bush seat罩rive（gear）cover孔盖door门explosion proof doorng caphanism coververair receiver塞iston塞tonpistonistond piston（convex head piston) ead pistonpistonn塞c piston塞earance piston活塞piston活塞led piston活塞oled pistononedd衬簧expander裙tkbossbushing销ng piston pin销g piston pin活塞销piston pin环piston ringpiston ringiston ringngne ringr ringringcontrol ring载双坡口油环loaded slotted oil control ring elled oil control ringvel topvel bottom环ege oil control ring ngted piston ringexpandergrooveland面g构rod杆机构cated connecting rod 杆机构ecting rod杆机构necting rodrodrod small endg rod big endrod shankecting rodblade connecting rod ecting rode connecting rod connecting rod rod caprod bearingcrankshaftcrankshaftd crankshaftrankshaft曲轴ankshaftfront endmain journalal overlapng承thrust bearing earing shelloil passageeuseelalancereightvibration damperanceralanceralancersprocketalhaft通风装置nkcase ventilating system ng gearindle矩oment of inertiaarksystemshaft length性力ng inertia force，1st order 性力ng inertia force，2nd order inertia force轴camshaft轴camshaft机构rive轴haftearing journalearing轮ccentricprocket齿轮ming gearear wheel）:swm45100 FanE『翻译中国』2004-5—27 14：07:30 te gear(counter gear）aft gearaft轴on imput shaft轴on output shaft齿轮轴on drive gear shafton main shaft轴on countershaft刚度shaft（变速比）on gear ratiorepressure力odulator pressureressureor or trimmer pressurere（input pump )置充油压力mic unit change pressure（output pump ）il pumpegulator vavle阀gulator valve旁通阀bypass valvealvelvee生器n generatortor(shift torwer)veve控制阀ntrol valve锁止ockup换档系统utomatic control system 换档系统-hydraulic automatiec换档shfititshfithiftiftte shiftresisulepower shift程automatic shift automatic shft lementer（gear shift lever））变速杆ctork (gear shift fork）杆ar shift forkpedal叉道轨）ge(direct control）速ft （handle change）controle07-空档位置neutral position直接驱动direct drive高速档top gear（high gear）低速档bottom gear（low speed gear)第一档first gear第二档second gear超速档overdirve gear经济档economic gear倒档reverse gear爬行档creeper gear驱动特性drive performance反拖特性coast performance定输入扭矩特性constant input torque performance全油门特性full throttle performance寄生损失特性no load （parasitic losses）performance 原始特性primary characteristic响应特性response characteristic吸收特性absorption characteristic全特性total external characteristic输入特性characteristic of enhance输出特性characteristic of exit力矩特性torque factor（coefficient of moment）过载系数overloading ratio变矩系数torque ratio能容系数capacity factorr几何相似geometry similarity运动相似kinematic similarity动力相似dynamic similarity透穿性transparency万向节和传动轴universal joint and drive shaft万向节universal joint非等速万向节nonconstant velocity universal joint等速万向节constant velocity universal joint准等速万向节near constant velocity universal joint自承式万向节self—supporting universal joint 非自承式万各节non self suporting universal joint 回转直径swing diameter等速平面constant velocity plane万向节夹角true joint angle十字轴式万向节cardan (hookes)universal joint 万向节叉yoke突缘叉flange york滑动叉slip yoke滑动节,伸缩节slip joint花键轴叉slip shaft yoke轴管叉（焊接叉）tube（weld yoke）十字轴cross（spider）十字轴总成cross assembly挠性元件总成flexible universal joint球销式万向节flexible member assembly双柱槽壳housing球环ball球头轴ball head球头钉button中心球和座centering ball and seat球笼式万向节rzeppa universal joint钟形壳outer race星型套inner race保持架cage可轴向移动的球笼式万向节plunging constant velocity joint筒形壳cylinder outer race柱形滚道星形套inner race withcylinder ball grooves 偏心保持架non-concentric cage滚动花键球笼式万向节ball spline rzeppa universal joint外壳outer housing内壳体inner housing球叉式万向节weiss universal joint球叉ball yoke定心钢球centering ball三球销万向节tripod universal joint三柱槽壳housing三销架spider双联万向节double cardan universal joint凸块式万向节tracta universal joint凸块叉fork yoke榫槽凸块tongue and groove couplijng凹槽凸块groove coupling传动轴drive shaft(propeller shaft）传动轴系drive line传动轴形式drive shaft type两万向节滑动的传动轴two —joint inboard slip ddiveshaft 两万向节外侧滑动传动轴two joint ouboard slip drive shaft 单万向节传动轴single joint coupling shaft组合式传动轴unitized drive shaft传动轴减振器drive shaft absorber传动轴中间轴承drive shaft center bearing传动轴管焊接合件weld drive shaft tube assembly传动轴特征长度drive shaft length传动轴谐振噪声resonant noise of rive shaft传动轴的临界转速critical speed of drive shaft传动轴总成的平衡balance of drive shaft assembly允许滑动量slip相位角phase angle传动轴安全圈drive shaft safety strap驱动桥drive axle(driving axle)类型type断开式驱动桥divided axle非独立悬架式驱动桥rigid dirve axle独立悬架式驱动桥independent suspension drive axlesteering drive axle贯通式驱动桥tandem axles“三速”贯通轴"three—speed" tandem axles单驱动桥single drive axle多桥驱动multiaxle drive减速器reducer主减速器final drive单级主减速器single reduction final drive双级主减速器double reduction final drive前置式双级主减速器front mounted double reduction final drive后置式双级主减速器rear mounted double reduction final drive上置式双级主减速器top mounted double reducton final drive行星齿轮式双级主减速器planetary double reduction final drive贯通式主减速器thru-drive双速主减速器two speed final drive行星齿轮式双速主减速器two speed planetary final drive双级双速主减速器two speed double reduction final drive轮边减速器wheel reductor（hub reductro）行星圆柱齿轮式轮边减速器planetary wheel reductor行星锥齿轮式轮边减速器differential geared wheel reductor(bevelepicyclick hub reductor) 外啮合圆柱齿轮式轮边减速器spur geared wheel reductor差速器锥齿轮式差速器bevel gear differential圆柱齿轮式差速器spur gear differential防滑式差速器limited —slip differential磨擦片式自锁差速器multi—disc self -locking differential凸轮滑滑块自锁差速器self—locking differential with side ring and radial cam plate 自动离合式自锁差速器automotive positive locking differential强制锁止式差速器locking differential液压差速器hydraulic differential轴间差速器interaxial differential差速器壳differential carrieer（case）主降速齿轮final reduction gear驱动轴减速比axle ratio总减速比total reduction ratio主降速齿轮减速比final reduction gear ratio双减速齿轮double reduction gear差速器主齿轮轴differential pinion-shaft差速器侧齿轮differential side gear行星齿轮spider gear(planetary pinion）螺旋锥齿轮spiral bevel gear双曲面齿轮hypoid gear格里林齿制gleason tooth奥林康型齿制oerlikon tooth锥齿轮齿数number of teeth in bevel gears and hypoid gears锥齿轮齿宽face width of tooth in bevel gears and hypoid gears 平面锥齿轮plane bevel gear奥克托齿形octoid form平顶锥齿轮contrate gear齿面接触区circular tooth contact齿侧间隙backlash in circular tooth差速器十字轴differential spider差速器锁止机构differential locking —device差速器锁止系数differential locking factor差速器壳轴承carrier bearing桥壳axle housing整体式桥壳banjo housing可分式桥壳trumpet-type axle housing组合式桥壳unitized carrier—type axle housing对分式桥壳split housing冲压焊接桥壳press-welding axle housing钢管扩张桥壳expanded tube axle housing锻压焊接桥壳forge welding axle housing整体铸造式桥壳cast rigid axle housing半轴axle shaft全浮式半轴full—floating axle shaft半浮式半轴semi-floating axle shaft四分之三浮式半轴three—quarter floating axle shaft 驱动桥最大附着扭矩slip torque驱动桥额定桥荷能力rating axle capactiy驱动桥减速比driveaxle ratio驱动桥质量drive axle mass单铰接式摆动轴single—joint swing axle双铰接式摆动轴double joint swig axle悬架系suspension system悬架suspension类型type非独立悬架rigid axle suspension独立悬架independent suspension平衡悬架equalizing type of suspension组合式悬架combination suspension可变刚度悬架。

numerical methods in finite element analysis Numerical Methods in Finite Element AnalysisIntroductionFinite Element Analysis (FEA) is a widely used numerical method for solving engineering problems. It involves dividing a complex geometry into simple elements and solving equations to determine the behavior of the structure under different loading conditions. Numerical methods are essential in FEA as they provide efficient and accurate solutions to complex problems. This article will discuss the numerical methods used in FEA.1. Basics of Finite Element AnalysisFEA involves dividing a complex geometry into simple elements such as triangles or rectangles. Each element is defined by a set of nodes and equations are solved at these nodes to determine the behavior of the structure. The equations are usually based on the principle of virtual work, which states that the work done by external forces on a structure is equal to the internal work done by stresses within the structure.2. Types of ElementsThere are different types of elements used in FEA, including linear, quadratic, and cubic elements. Linear elements have straight edges, while quadratic and cubic elements have curved edges. The choice of element depends on the complexity of the geometry and accuracy required for analysis.3. Numerical IntegrationNumerical integration is used to evaluate integrals that arise in FEA equations. The most commonly used integration methods include Gauss-Legendre quadrature and Newton-Cotes formulas such as trapezoidal rule and Simpson's rule.4. Matrix ManipulationThe equations generated from FEA are usually represented in matrix form, which requires manipulation using matrix algebra techniques such as inversion, multiplication, andaddition/subtraction.5. Solution TechniquesThere are different solution techniques used in FEA, including direct solvers, iterative solvers, and preconditioners. Direct solvers involve solving the entire system of equations at onceusing matrix inversion techniques such as LU decomposition or Cholesky factorization. Iterative solvers involve solving the system one equation at a time using iterative methods such as Jacobi or Gauss-Seidel. Preconditioners are used to improve the convergence rate of iterative solvers.6. Boundary ConditionsBoundary conditions are essential in FEA as they define the behavior of the structure at its boundaries. The most commonly used boundary conditions include fixed boundary conditions, which prevent movement in a particular direction, and symmetry boundary conditions, which assume that the structure is symmetric about a plane.7. Mesh GenerationMesh generation is the process of dividing a complex geometry into simple elements for FEA analysis. There are different mesh generation techniques, including structured meshing, unstructured meshing, and adaptive meshing.8. Error EstimationError estimation is essential in FEA as it provides an indication of the accuracy of the solution. The most commonly used errorestimation techniques include residual-based error estimation and recovery-based error estimation.ConclusionIn conclusion, numerical methods are essential in Finite Element Analysis as they provide efficient and accurate solutions to complex engineering problems. The choice of numerical method depends on the complexity of the geometry and accuracy required for analysis. Understanding these methods is crucial for successful application of FEA in engineering design and analysis.。

高层建筑管钢筋混凝土管的非线性有限元分析阿卜杜勒:副教授，结构与材料系，土木工程系，马来西亚工艺大学。

李菘凌晨:研究生，土木工程学院，马来西亚工艺大学，2004。

摘要非线性有限元分析（NLFEA）具有潜在的作为一个易于使用的和可靠的与计算机技术的可用性土木结构分析。

结构行为和破坏模式的钢筋混凝土筒中筒结构的高层建筑中通过计算机程序即宇宙/米中的应用。

三维模型进行本研究使用的方法是基于非线性材料。

大幅度提高了精度通过修改一个季度模型的变形形状整体筒中筒高层建筑双曲。

最终的结构钢筋混凝土筒中筒结构的高层建筑是由混凝土的开裂和破碎失败了。

本文提出的模型把一个额外的建议，在高层建筑结构管型导电管NLFEA季度模型工程师。

介绍在高层建筑中管管有LED概念在结构效率显著提高侧阻力。

其基本形式，该系统包括一个核心周围的周边框架由封闭间隔周边柱绑在每层的水平梁形成管状结构。

通常这些建筑计划是对称的，其主要结构的行动发生在四个正交的框架形成的周边管与中央核心（Avigdor RUTENBERG和摩西Eisenberger等人，1983）。

在水平荷载作用下，框筒的行为像一个悬臂箱梁的抗倾覆力矩和像二管内管外的核心。

为了使分析结果更准确，中央核心设计可能不仅对重力荷载也抵抗侧向荷载。

地板结构关系的外部和内部管一起作为一个单一的单位和他们的互动地面系统的设计模式。

在这项研究中被认为是没有扭转效应，从而有效地枢接地板系统允许水平力传递前建设的主要垂直结构元素。

组合剪力墙和框架结构已被证明能够提供高层建筑适当的横向加劲。

当剪力墙偏转，剪力和弯矩的梁和连接引起的轴向力引起的墙体板。

周边的框架和中央墙作为一个复合结构和变形，如图1。

侧向力是通过在建筑物的上部和下部框架的核心主要。

偏转形成在下部的弯曲型和剪切在上部轮廓。

轴向力作用于壁流附近的基地和帧帧抑制墙顶部。