关系分句的限制性与非限制性问题
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第十二章关系分句限制性与非限制性关系分句分两种:限制性关系从句与非限制性关系从句。
这两种关系分句的划分非常重要,因为它们不仅形式不同,作用也不同。
①Jilian Brown.who lives next door is travelling in Scotland.吉连·布朗,住在隔壁,现在正在苏格兰旅行。
②The girl who lives next door is now travelling in Scotland.住在隔壁的那个女孩子现在正在苏格兰旅行。
③Ann e returned my book to the library by mistake, whichJ bought ata bookstore at Cambridge.安妮误把我的书错还给图书馆了,那本书是我在剑桥一个书店买的。
④This is the book(which/that) I bought at a bookstore at Cambridge.这是我在剑桥一个书店买的书。
首先,在①和③中的非限制性关系分句在书写时用逗号隔开,在口语中有轻微的停顿和前后语调的变化。
在句②和④中的限制性关系分句没有这些特征。
其他形式上的区别还包括代词的选择。
如果一个分句是象④句中那样由that来引导(或者是萋羞运贫词歹,那么这个分句一定是限制性关系分句。
但如果是象③句中那样由which引导(或其他wh-词),那么它可能是限制性也可能是非限制性关系分句。
鬯乡趸拳思王韭堡型关系分句中。
其次,两种关系分句作用不同。
限制性关系分句是名词词组不可分割的一部分,为确定先行项的所指对象提供必不可少的信息。
在句②中女孩的身份决定于她的住址。
句④也一样,其中关系分句为书的所指对象提供必不可少的信息。
另一方面,非限定性关系分句只提供那些对确定我们所谈论的人或物的所指对象来说不需要的附加信息,所以,如果省略了非限定性关系分句,并不影响先行项的所指意义。
作者: 霍金根
出版物刊名: 外国语
页码: 49-52页
主题词: 关系分句;逗号;定语从句;英语教学;英语课堂;限制性;主句动作;所指意义;语义;名词词组
摘要: <正> 在长期的英语教学中,笔者发现不少师生对'限制性关系分句'与'非限制性关系分句'的理解和阐述比较绝对化和简单化.有的老师教学生'只要有逗号就是非限制性关系分句,没有逗号就一定是限制性关系分句.'一些语法书在讲述这一问题时也失之武断,比如说'……这种定语从句(指限制性关系分句)和主句关系密切,不可用逗号与主句隔开.'又说'……这种定语从句(指非限制性关系分句)与主句的关系比较松散,一定要用逗号.'这就是说,区别限制性与非限制性关系分句的标准就是看它是否带有逗号.长期以来,这个观点统治着我们的英语课堂,其实,这是一种比较简单化的说法.。
限定性语句与非限定性语句的不同一、在句中作用不同限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用,使该词的含义更具体,更明确。
限制性定语从句不能被省略,否则句意就不完整。
非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切,只是对其作一些附加说明,不起限定制约作用。
如果将非限制性定语从句省去,主句的意义仍然完整。
二、外在表现形式不同限制性定语从句因与先行词关系密切,所以不可以用逗号将其与主句隔开;而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切,所以可用逗号将其与主句隔开。
例 1. Do you remember the girl who taught us English?你还记得教我们英语的那个女孩吗?例 2. Clock is a kind of instrument which can tell people time.钟是一种能够告诉人们时间的仪器。
例 3. This is the place where he used to live.这就是他过去居住的地方。
例 4. Mr. Zhang, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of mine.张先生昨天来看我,他是我的一位朋友。
例 5. We walked down the village street, where they were having market day.我们沿着村里的大街向前走去,村民们正在那里赶集。
析:在前三个例句中,定语从句与先行词关系密切,为限制性定语从句,不可用逗号将其与主句隔开。
在后两个例句中,定语从句与先行词关系不密切,为非限制性定语从句,可用逗号将其与主句隔开。
三、先行词内容有所不同大多数限制性和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语,而特殊情况下非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句,此时非限制性定语从句常由 which 引导。
例 1. A middle-aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much.一个中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫,这令我十分恐惧。
关系分句——定语从句简介:关系分句即定语从句,就是由关系词引导的分句结构。
这种分句的主要功能就是作名词修饰语(即定语)。
依据定语从句与先行项的语义关系:1、限制性定语从句2、非限制性定语从句热身体验:1、限制性定语从句:缺少定语,作为先行项的名词便不能明确表示其所指对象。
例如: He is the boy who damaged the vase、2、非限制性定语从句:省略定语,先行项所指意义不受影响。
例如:My cousin, who is an engineer, went to Europe last week、限制性定语从句1、限制性定语从句在口语中前后没有停顿,在书写中通常不用逗号。
例如The man who did the robbery has been caught、The chair (which) i sat was a broken one、Can you show me the house where Shakespeare once lived?The reason why i was alone in the mountains is that i had a difficulty with my guide、2、限制性定语从句通常出现在下列搭配中:2、1、当名词中心词带有表示类别的不定冠词时,其后的定语从句通常为限制性定语从句。
She was a woman who must be treated decently、He spoke to me in a tone which i don’t at all like、2、2、当名词中心词带有前照应定冠词时,其后的定语从句也必定就是限制性的。
例如: He is the man who told me the newsThis is the car i bought last year、2、3、当名词中心词带有all, any, some, every, no 等不定限定词时,其后的定语从句也通常就是限定性的。
关系分句(Relative Clause)关系分句也叫定语从句(attributive clause)限制性关系分句于非限制性分句:限制性分句与先行词是不可分割的。
缺了它,句子的表述就不完整。
Stone is one of the teachers (who) I like most.非限制性关系分句与先行词的关系比较松散,没了,句子也完整。
Stone’s speech, which bored everyone, went on and on, he ignoring our protest.一般来说,当先行词带有表示类别的不定冠词,定冠词或all, any, some, every, no等限定词的时候,其后的关系分句是限定性的。
She was a woman who must be treated decently.He is the man who told me the news.Anyone who knows the answer please raise your hands.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词或指示代词所修饰时,后面的关系分句是非限定的(P420)。
My cousin, who is an engineer, went to Europe last week.Stone, who is my grammar teacher, is a very perverted/obscene man.但是也有定冠词the修饰先行词,后面用限制性关系分句的。
The Chairman, who spoke first, sat on my right.另外一点,非限制性关系分句还可以修饰整个句子,把前面的主句作为先行词。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.除了which外,as也能引导非限制关系分句,区别(P421 讨论)关系词的选择:1. 用that不用which的情况1) 先行词既指人又指物,后面用that不用who。
限制性分句和非限制性分句限制性分句的类型限制性关系分句主要是对先行词起修饰作用。
它可以用于修饰、限制主句中主语、宾语、介词宾语或表语。
修饰主句的主语There are many people who want to see you.The book which I borrowed from the library tells about bionics.修饰主句的宾语I have visited a plant which produces chemical fertilizer.Do you know the man whom they invited to give a report?修饰主句的介词宾语We are interested in the film which tells about the life of the peasants in the mountainous areas. We are fond of the course professor Smith gives us.修饰主句中的表语He is the best man I have cooperated with.Is that the book you bought last week?限制性关系分句主要用于以下场合:1、无连词关系分句一般都是限制性关系分句The family he lived with adored him very much.This is the knife we cut bread with.2、先行词前有定冠词(限制性关系分句中先行词前的定冠词the代表特指意义,非限制性关系分句中,先行词前也有用the的,但一般指上文提到过的人或事)或被最高级形容词修饰The man you are looking for has left for Beijing.This is the most difficult exercise I have found in this workbook.3、先行词被序数词或only等词修饰The first thing (that) we should do is to work out the plan.He is always the last person who leaves the workshop.That was the only method we could use in our experiment then.4、先行词是不定代词something, anything, someone, anyone, one等时I cannot tell you anything he told me.There is someone who wants to see you.The man I will choose should be the one who works selflessly.5、those或泛指人称代词作先行词时Those who agreed to the plan put up their hands.He who did such a thing could not deserve respect.6、先行词前有不定冠词或先行词前不用冠词,但先行词又是复数形式时A woman who can achieve so much is certainly worth respecting.People who live in this area have begun to live a comfortable life.Lucy talked about things and events which interested her during her tour to Beijing.7、关系代词as,that与such the same,as so等连用时I have never met such a person as you described just now.Here is so big a stone as no man can lift.Have you bought the same book as I referred to you?Will you take with you the same book that I told you?非限制性分句的类型1、先行词是主句中的主语John Smith, who teaches English in an American university, has been invited to be a visiting professor in our university.Hangzhou, which is famous for its West Lake, will become a city for tourists.2、先行词是主句中的宾语She studies English, which is widely spoken in the world.This note was left by Mr. Hood, who was here a moment ago.3、先行词是主句中的表语This is Mr. Robert, who came to China last year.This is my mother, who works in a hospital.4、先行词是主句中的状语She is going to spend the summer holidays in Changsha, where she has some relatives.He was born in 1949, when China was liberated.5、先行词是整个主句He caught up with his class in his studies within such a short period, which pleased the teacher.非限制性关系分句主要用于以下场合1、先行词是专有名词,专有名词不需要任何限制和修饰,只需要加以说明或描述,专有名词后的关系分句一般是非限制性的。
关系分句-—定语从句简介:关系分句即定语从句,就是由关系词引导得分句结构。
这种分句得主要功能就是作名词修饰语(即定语)。
依据定语从句与先行项得语义关系:1、限制性定语从句2、非限制性定语从句热身体验:1、限制性定语从句:缺少定语,作为先行项得名词便不能明确表示其所指对象。
例如: He is the boy who damagedthevase、2、非限制性定语从句:省略定语,先行项所指意义不受影响。
例如:Mycousin,who isan engineer,went to Europe last week、限制性定语从句1、限制性定语从句在口语中前后没有停顿,在书写中通常不用逗号。
例如Theman who didthe robbery has been caught、Thechair (which)i satwas a brokenone、Can youshow me thehouse where Shakespeareonce lived?The reason why i wasalone in the mountains is that i hadadifficulty with my guide、2、限制性定语从句通常出现在下列搭配中:2、1、当名词中心词带有表示类别得不定冠词时,其后得定语从句通常为限制性定语从句。
Shewas awoman who mustbetreated decently、He spoke tome in a tone whichidon’t atalllike、2、2、当名词中心词带有前照应定冠词时,其后得定语从句也必定就是限制性得。
例如:He isthe man who told methenewsThis is thecaribought last year、2、3、当名词中心词带有all,any,some,every, no 等不定限定词时,其后得定语从句也通常就是限定性得.例如:Thefirst flame fromRainbarrowspranginto thesky,attractin galleyes thathadbeen fixed on the distant conflagration、Any man who smokes cigarettes is,thedoctorssay,risking his health、Some friendsthati made in colleges were more interestedin grades th an inlearning、He has read almostevery book on linguisticsthat he could get hold of in the library、No visitorswho e to Beijingwould fail to see theGreat Wall、非限定性定语从句1、这种定语从句在口语中有停顿,在书写中常用逗号隔开.引导词通常就是who,whom,whose与which等wh-词,但也并不绝对排除that.例如:The chairman, who spoke first,sat on my right、His speech, which bored everyone,went onand on、The chairman’sdaughter, whose name is Ann,gaveme apatientsmile、She isdevilishlikeMiss Cutter,that i usedto meetatDumdum、2、关系副词where与when也能引导非限定性定语从句。
(完整版)限制性定语从句和⾮限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句与⾮限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句提供有关主语或宾语的重要信息,起限定作⽤,与被修饰部分的关系紧密,如果省略该从句会使主句语义表达不完整。
例如:This is the very person that is wanted by the police.He is the man who /that lives next door.It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at the time.⾮限制性定语从句只是⽤来对被修饰部分作补充性的说明,与先⾏词关系⽐较松散,先⾏词与从句间可以⽤逗号隔开,从句可略去:He will not be able to spend the holiday with his family, which is a big annoyance to him.The minister, who is to visit our university, is said to be a Qinghua University graduate.The book, which your sister bought you in Xinhua Bookstore, isvery useful in improving your spoken English.The businessman, whose suitcase has been found by a stranger,has left for Beijing.如果定语从句的先⾏词是专有名词或是带有形容词性物主代词(my, his, etc)或形容词性指⽰代词(this, that, etc)作限定词的名词词组,其后的定语从句通常为⾮限制性的。
例如:The Thames, which is now clean enough to swim in, was polluted for over a hundred years.My mother, who has been on a visit to Australia, will fly back tomorrow.All of these books, which have been donated by visitingprofessors, are to be used by the children in Hope School.限制性定语从句的先⾏词只能是名词,代词或名词性词组,⽽⾮限制性定语从句的先⾏词除了是名词及名词性词组外,还可能是句⼦的⼀部分或是整个句⼦。
关系分句的多功能性关系分句分名词性关系分句和非名词性关系分句。
名词性关系分句由what,whatever,where,wherever,who,whoever,whichever等wh-词引导的关系分句叫做名词性关系分句,这类分句从语义关系上相当于带有关系分句作后置修饰语的名词词组。
从语法结构形式看是分句形式,从语义关系看相当于名词词组,从语义关系看wh-词含有“先行项+关系代词(名词性、副词性关系代词)”的关系。
所以,根据语法结构形式和语义关系称这一类的语法结构为名词性关系分句,“分句”作中心词,所以主要是根据语法结构形式归类命名的。
它在句子中能充当主语、宾语、主语补语或介词补足成分就不言而喻了。
举例说明如下。
1.Whoever told you to quit smoking was quite right.(告诉你要戒烟的人是完全正确的。
)Whoever told you to quit smoking是主语从句。
它相当于带有限制性关系分句作后置修饰语的名词词组(Anyone who told you to quit smoking),这种情况不能使用Who。
Whoever表示特指、泛指、类指均可。
用Whoever比用Anyone who简洁。
2.So that's who he's working for.(确实,这就是他的雇主。
)who he's working for是主语补语从句。
3.I'm who you'er looking for.(我就是你要找的人。
)who you'er looking for是主语补语从句。
特指的who最常见于充当主语补语的分句,尤其在that's后面。
4.Quality is what counts most.(特指,what=that which)(质量是最重要的。
)what counts most是主语补语从句。
非限制性定语从句及限制性定语从句语法知识点与相关练习语法知识点非限定性定语从句起补充说明作用,缺少也不会影响全句的理解,在非限定性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开,如若将非限定性定语从句放在句子中间,起前后都需要用逗号隔开。
①引导非限定性定语从句的关系代词:指代对象指代人指代物主格who which,as宾格whom which,as所有格of whom, whose which, of which, whose②引导非限定性定语从句的关系副词主要有:when,where使用规则及注意事项1. which引导的非限定性定语从句是用来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分。
2. 在引导非限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于in which, for which或at which 。
其中,介词的选用,依据从句中的动词所需搭配的介词来选用。
例句:①Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed.人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。
②I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it.我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐,而他恰恰与我相反。
③We arrived the day that(on which) they left.刚好我们到的那天他们走了。
3. as有时也可用作关系代词。
4. 在非限定性定语从句中,关系词不能用that。
区别1.限定性定语从句: 从句不能省略,如果省略整个句子意思不完整。
非限定性定语从句: 从句可以省略,如果省略整个句子意思仍然完整。
2.限定性定语从句: 先行词可以用that 引导。
限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句定语从句分为限制性和非限制性两种。
限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确。
例如:“This is the house which we bought last month.”(这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。
)非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思。
它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。
例如:“The house。
which we bought last month。
is very nice.”(这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。
)当先行词是专有名词、物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。
例如:“Charles Smith。
who was my former teacher。
XXX.”(XXX去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。
)“My house。
which I bought last year。
has got a lovely garden.”(我去年买的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
)“This novel。
which I have read three times。
is very touching.”(这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。
)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰。
这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
例如:“Heseems not to have grasped what I XXX。
XXX.”(他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。
)“Liquid water changes to vapor。
which is called XXX.”(液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。
)需要注意的是,关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区别在于,限定性定语从句不能省略,如果省略整个句子意思不完整。
而非限定性定语从句可以省略,如果省略整个句子意思仍然完整。
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句提供有关主语或宾语的重要信息,起限定作用,与被修饰部分的关系紧密,如果省略该从句会使主句语义表达不完整。
例如:This is the very person that is wanted by the police.He is the man who /that lives next door.It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at the time.非限制性定语从句只是用来对被修饰部分作补充性的说明,与先行词关系比较松散,先行词与从句间可以用逗号隔开,从句可略去:He will not be able to spend the holiday with his family, which is a big annoyance to him.The minister, who is to visit our university, is said to be a Qinghua University graduate.The book, which your sister bought you in Xinhua Bookstore, isvery useful in improving your spoken English.The businessman, whose suitcase has been found by a stranger,has left for Beijing.如果定语从句的先行词是专有名词或是带有形容词性物主代词(my, his, etc)或形容词性指示代词(this, that, etc)作限定词的名词词组,其后的定语从句通常为非限制性的。
例如:The Thames, which is now clean enough to swim in, was polluted for over a hundred years.My mother, who has been on a visit to Australia, will fly back tomorrow.All of these books, which have been donated by visitingprofessors, are to be used by the children in Hope School.限制性定语从句的先行词只能是名词,代词或名词性词组,而非限制性定语从句的先行词除了是名词及名词性词组外,还可能是句子的一部分或是整个句子。
一、定语从句的种类根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的紧密程度,我们将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
二、定义1. 限制性定语从句:限制性定语从句时先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语,用于修饰和限定先行词。
如果去掉,主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。
从句和主句的关系十分密切,中间不能用逗号分开;关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。
引导限制性定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which;关系副词有when,where, why。
This is the computer (that) he bought for his son yesterday.这是他昨天为儿子买的电脑。
(that在定语从句中作宾语时,that可省略,也可用which替换)The foreigner who/that visited our school is Amy’s English teacher. 参观我们学校的那个外国人是艾米的英语老师。
2.非限制性定语从句:非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不是十分密切,只是对先行词或主句作些附加或补充说明,如果去掉,主句的意思仍然完整、清楚。
这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开。
引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词和关系副词,与限制性定语从句略有不同。
除that和why不能引导外,其他都可以。
He is English, which I know from his accent.他是美国人,那是我通过他的口音知道的。
I heard a terrible noise, which brought my heart into my mouth.我听到了一个可怕的声音,这使我非常害怕。
三、非限制性定语从句引导词的使用1. 非限制性定语从句的引导词无论指“物”还是指“人”,都不能用that。
指人时,如果引导词在从句中作主语,则用who,作宾语时则用whom;指物时要用which。
即使引导词在从句中作宾语也不能省略。
第十二章关系分句限制性与非限制性关系分句分两种:限制性关系从句与非限制性关系从句。
这两种关系分句的划分非常重要,因为它们不仅形式不同,作用也不同。
①Jilian Brown.who lives next door is travelling in Scotland.吉连·布朗,住在隔壁,现在正在苏格兰旅行。
②The girl who lives next door is now travelling in Scotland.住在隔壁的那个女孩子现在正在苏格兰旅行。
③Anne returned my book to the library by mistake, whichJ bought at a bookstore at Cambridge.安妮误把我的书错还给图书馆了,那本书是我在剑桥一个书店买的。
④This is the book(which/that) I bought at a bookstore at Cambridge.这是我在剑桥一个书店买的书。
首先,在①和③中的非限制性关系分句在书写时用逗号隔开,在口语中有轻微的停顿和前后语调的变化。
在句②和④中的限制性关系分句没有这些特征。
其他形式上的区别还包括代词的选择。
如果一个分句是象④句中那样由that来引导(或者是萋羞运贫词歹,那么这个分句一定是限制性关系分句。
但如果是象③句中那样由which引导(或其他wh-词),那么它可能是限制性也可能是非限制性关系分句。
鬯乡趸拳思王韭堡型关系分句中。
其次,两种关系分句作用不同。
限制性关系分句是名词词组不可分割的一部分,为确定先行项的所指对象提供必不可少的信息。
在句②中女孩的身份决定于她的住址。
句④也一样,其中关系分句为书的所指对象提供必不可少的信息。
另一方面,非限定性关系分句只提供那些对确定我们所谈论的人或物的所指对象来说不需要的附加信息,所以,如果省略了非限定性关系分句,并不影响先行项的所指意义。
语法归纳:限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的密切程度,定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句与非限制性
定语从句两种。
★限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的宾语,如果去掉,主句的意思就不完整或将
失去意义;从句与主句不用逗号分开。
限制性定语从句的先行词一般为单个的名词或代词。
含限制性定语从句的句子先译从句,后译先行词,即:将从句放在先行词前译;
★非限制性定语从句用来补充说明先行词,如果去掉,主句的意思仍然清楚;从句和主语往
往用逗号分开。
非限制定语从句的先行词既可以是单个的名词或代词,也可为整个主句或其
中的一部分。
非限制性定语从句的句子一般先译先行词,后译从句,形成两个分句。
引导定语从句的词叫作关系词,包括关系代词和关系副词。
★关系代词
that(不能引导非限制定语从句) which who whom whose as ;
★关系副词
where when why(不能引导非限制性定语从句)
用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于关系词在从句中作什么成分,若关系词在从句中作状语,则用关系副词,否则用关系代词。