Netherlands Presents Sustainable Agriculture in China

希金斯可持续增长模型英文文献Higgins's Sustainable Growth Model.Higgins's Sustainable Growth Model is a theoretical framework that aims to explain the relationship between economic growth and environmental sustainability. The model posits that economic growth is not inherently sustainable, and that it can only be sustained if it is accompanied by environmental protection and conservation measures.The model is based on the following assumptions:Economic growth is driven by the consumption of resources.Resources are finite.Environmental degradation is a negative externality of economic growth.The model suggests that if economic growth is not accompanied by environmental protection and conservation measures, it will eventually lead to environmental degradation. This degradation will, in turn, negatively impact economic growth, as it will reduce the availability of resources and increase the costs of production.The Higgins's Sustainable Growth Model has been used to inform a variety of policy decisions, including the development of environmental regulations and the promotion of sustainable economic practices.Chinese Answer.希金斯可持续增长模型。

Journal of Integrative Agriculture2012, 11(1): 1-8January 2012© 2012, CAAS. All rights reserved. Published by Elsevier Ltd.COMMENT ARYMaking More Food Available: Promoting Sustainable Agricultural ProductionRudy Rabbinge 1 and Prem S Bindraban 2, 31 Food Security and Sustainable Development, Wageningen UR, PO Box 88, 6700AB, Wageningen, the Netherlands2 ISRIC-World Soil Information, PO Box 353, 6700AJ Wageningen, the Netherlands3Plant Research International, Wageningen UR, PO Box 616, 6700AP, Wageningen, the NetherlandsINTRODUCTIONDuring the 20th century food availability worldwide has increased considerably. The increase in population was outnumbered by the productivity increase in agriculture mainly by higher yields per ha. Globally there is more food available per person than ever before. In the com-ing decades the world population will further increase and diets will change requiring a doubling of plant pro-duction worldwide by 2050. Especially the increase in demand will be substantial in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.The strategies to attain food security in these two continents have to be different, making use of agro-ecological potentials and eliminating limitations through measures that are geared to location specific condi-tions (WRR 1995; InterAcademy Council 2004). It is important in this regard to note the production systems in agriculture evolve over time depending on the devel-opment stage of society because of their changing desires, advances in technology and institutional and market conditions (Pingali 1997). With regard to the entire national and global food system, revolutionary changes take place in different stages and components of food production (e.g., Fig. 1) to processing, market and institutional structures to manage food distribution,such as private of public storage of food, and in the competition in allocation of natural resources to pro-duce different goods and services.In this paper historical trends will be discussed and possibilities for food security in the decades to come will be described as will be the way to do that by ad-dressing the major challenges for the 21st century.These options will be illustrated indicating that ecologi-cal modernization based on basic principles offers op-portunities and chances that should be optimally utilized.That may also contribute considerably to the conserva-tion of natural ecosystems and the better use of eco-systems services.MEGATRENDS IN AGRICULTUREAgricultural development during the last decades may be characterized with six megatrends overarching and major changes that occur everywhere and at places less and others very pronounced (Rabbinge 1995).These trends occur worldwide, but are not explicitly visible in every place. Nevertheless they may be seen as typical changes in worldwide agriculture and the glo-bal food system. The following megatrends are distinguished.Productivity rise per ha, per man-hour, and per kg inputThe yield increases in the major staple crops explain more than 70% of all food (rice, wheat and maize) pro-duction increase revealing the importance of this strat-egy to limit expansion of agricultural land into natural lands for food production. The yield increases per ha were such that for example average yields of wheat in the Netherlands went up from 800 kg ha -1 in the year 1400 to 1 800 kg ha -1 in 1900 and 9 000 kg ha -1 in 2000,while associated labour requirements dropped fromReceived 10 November, 2011 Accepted 9 December, 2011Rudy Rabbinge, E-mail: rudy.rabbinge@wur.nl; Correspondence Prem S Bindraban, E-mail: Prem.Bindraban@wur.nl2Rudy Rabbinge et al .some 600 h ha -1 in the year 1400 to 240 h ha -1 in 1900and only 12 h ha -1 in 2000. Unexpectedly and counter-intuitively yield per kg external agro-chemical input in-creased 2-4 times during the last four decades which means that eco-efficiency increased considerably. More precise application of these inputs in time, space, amount and composition, tuned to the condition of the crop in the field rather than preventive and untargeted applications, as in precision agriculture and integrated pest, disease and weed management have been at the base of these favourable achievements. Improvement of overall management increases use efficiency of resources, in line with the statement by de Wit (1992)that ‘most production resources are used more efficiently under improving conditions of resource endowment’.That synergism is theoretically well described and in prac-tical experience of many farmers very visible. Fig. 2illustrates this by showing that changes in other manage-ment practices than fertilization increases the efficiency of fertilizer use (de Wit 1979). Also see the illustrative experiment in Fig. 3. Several of these interrelated input variables can be found for instance in de Koning et al .(1995) that describes agricultural production opportuni-ties for the European Union.Changes in the character of agricultural productionMore and more industrial technologies are used in agro-ecosystems and as a result production conditions are affected such that crop and animal husbandry systems can be optimized and meet more stringent societal demands. Most impressive is modern glasshouse cul-tivation where the climate is fully controlled and fertigation in combination with recycle systems to maxi-mize use efficiency of nutrients and water, while bio-logical control in combination with resistance breeding limit input of pesticides to a minimum. Energy use in glasshouses is already considerable reduced and even energy producing glasshouses have already been intro-duced where surplus energy in summer is stored in the aquifer and used in winter (Sonneveld et al . 2010). Zero energy use is already possible and energy productionwith glasshouses is no longer in its infancy.Fig. 1 Production systems are a consequence of complex interaction of agro-ecological and economic conditions within a socio-institutional environment (Bindraban et al . 2009).Fig. 2 Cereal yields (t ha -1) as associated with fertilizer consumption for 1961 (open dots) and 2000 (closed dots) (from Bindraban et al .2008).Making More Food Available: Promoting Sustainable Agricultural Production3Chain managementThe third megatrend concerns the change in food sys-tems where all parts of the chain from soil to shelf or from spade to plate are considered. Integration of the activities in the chain provide opportunities to optimize input/output relations over the entire chain and not only per isolated activity. Tracing and tracking enable au-diting of production and trading systems to guarantee that chain actors minimize environmental and health effects and maximize biosafety and profit by matching consumer demand with products of specific quality and optimal production practice (Galiæ et al. 2011).Multiple objectivesA fourth megatrend concerns the need to address mul-tiple objectives simultaneously. To justify a licence to produce, agriculture has to address not only produc-tion and economic objectives, but also environmental and other societal objectives such as maintaining land-scape scenery, guaranteeing animal welfare, securing safe labour circumstances, and maintaining nature and biodiversity. Combining these multiple objectives re-quires agro-eco-production systems that make maxi-mal use of ecological knowledge, but is not dogmatic or based on bans, myths and unjustified claims (Bindraban and Rabbinge 2011). Therefore no bans on fertilizers, pesticides or GMO’s, but careful and thrifty use and with maximal use of basis ecological and physi-ological principles. That has considerable consequences for the way of farming and managing farming systems. It requires clear choices, such as maintaining functional biodiversity on the farmland, but these objectives should not be confused with the maintenance of structural biodiversity as found in undisturbed or scarcely affected ecosystems (Schneiders et al. 2011).Food and healthThe fifth megatrend concerns the increasing connection between food and health (Szakály 2011). Healthy aging, but also the first 1000 d of human life require specific fine-tuned diets based on good understanding of the physiological background of diseases, deficiencies and genetic determined traits. That results in fine-tuning of food to specific genetic characteristics contributes to preventive public health care (Marino et al. 2011).Biobased economyThe sixth megatrend concerns the increasing impor-tance of biobased economy (V andermeulen et al. 2011). The role of biological organisms such as plants, micro-organisms, animals, and fungi in producing specific molecules and compounds is more and more seen as effective and efficient sustainable solutions. It will re-place part of the chemistry fully based on fossil mate-rial such as gas, oil and coal, by the plant as factory. The paradigm of building molecules through synthesis on basis of ethene may be replaced by separation and purifying techniques.These megatrends characterizing the changes in agriculture, agribusiness, food, biotechnology, andFig. 3 Interaction in agro-eco-production systems. An integrated agro-ecological approach is essential because of the strong interactions between production factors. Plant 1 (from the left) is grown in a poor unfertilized soil with little water and remains small. Adding water would be expected to improve growth, which is not the case as the poor soil fertility puts a stronger limit to its growth (plant 2). Adding fertilizers rather than water does enhance growth indicating that the strongest limiting production factor (i.e., nutrients) was eliminated (plant 3). At the same time this third plant shows that water is used more efficiently under these fertilized conditions as the same amount of water was applied as in plant 1. Adding both nutrients and water boosts growth to a level where neither of these factors is limiting but where other factors, like radiation, set a ceiling to growth (plant 4).4Rudy Rabbinge et al.chemistry that occur everywhere although the phase of development may differ. The megatrends may be used to identify specific development pathways for re-gion and specific conditions to address the big chal-lenges for the future food situation.CHALLENGESThese megatrends may continue but it is very clear that substantial challenges are demanding a considerable change in the way agro-food systems may function in the future. Moreover the expansion of objectives are challenges, sometimes threats but merely opportunities for the new agriculture. These challenges have to be addressed by the agricultural systems and agricultural sciences of the future. The first and the foremost chal-lenge is securing sufficient food of good quality and composition tuned to the needs of the ever growing world population. The population increase up to 9-10 billion in 2050 as such requires more food, but more importantly the diet changes towards more animal pro-teins when people/nations become more wealthy; there-fore doubling plant production before 2050 is necessary. This in turn calls for a double or ever green revolutions, discontinuities in productivity increase per ha and no expansion of agricultural area. This is neces-sary because it will reduce environmental side effects, provide viable economic systems, ensure continuity of production systems, and save many hectares for struc-tural biodiversity and sustenance of ecosystems ser-vices (see also Fig. 4).The second challenge for agricultural systems is deal-ing with environmental, and more specifically climate change. Agricultural systems have to become less vul-nerable to shifts in temperature and sudden weather events. They should be robust, but that requires vari-eties bred for ever harsher circumstances and/or ad-equate agronomic measures or appropriate land use. Even with less water and less hectares, robust produc-tion systems should reduce the vulnerability of agricul-ture to climate change (Declaration of the Hague 2010). That is climate smart agriculture, a real challenge for the agriculture of the future.The third challenge concerns the need for better food fine-tuned to the dietary needs and as a continuity of the mega-trend of food and health to address the wish to healthy infancy and ageing. There are ample oppor-tunities as knowledge and expertise increase, especially of the generic basis of health and the relation with hab-its and diets.The fourth challenge for world agriculture is the growing demand from the biobased economy. The shift in paradigm from petro-chemistry based economy to a more biobased economy is urgently needed and that requires an interdisciplinary approach of biosciences and chemical and physical sciences. The biobased economy offers new chances and is promising, not because we are out of oil, or because we have to raise the dikes, but because it offers new avenues of less dependence on fossil energy, cleaner, less losses and more tuned to the changing needs of an affluent society.The challenges may be addressed by incremental change but a unifying concept is needed to enable a thought through productive way of working. The prin-ciples of production ecology offer such a framework.PRINCIPLES OF PRODUCTION ECOLOGYAgriculture, the production of plants and animals mak-ing use of land, water, nutrients and the sun is based on elementary physical, chemical, biological and ecologi-cal principles. These principles dictate the potentials and limitations of primary production (van Ittersum and Rabbinge 1997).The potential yield level is determined by the growth-defining factors, i.e., incoming solar radiation, tempera-ture and characteristics of the crop when the crop isFig. 4 Different routes through which the increase in food volumes have been realized. Dotted arrow indicates desired yield increase strategies to minimize claims on additional land. Based on FAO data (2009) from Bindraban et al. (2009).Making More Food Available: Promoting Sustainable Agricultural Production5optimally supplied with water and nutrients and is com-pletely protected against growth-reducing factors. Wa-ter-limited and nutrient-limited yield levels are lower than the potential, due to a suboptimal supply of water and/or nutrients, respectively. The actual production level is determined by actual supplies of water and nutrients, and by the degree that the crop is protected against growth-reducing factors or escapes their effects. Farmers may influence the growth factors and yield levels by various cultivation practices. The actual yield level can be improved to attainable levels by yield-pro-tecting and yield-increasing measures. Yield-increas-ing measures are related to non-substitutable inputs such as water and nutrients, whereas inputs related to yield protection are often substitutable to some extent. Given a certain location and plant species, the growth-defining factors and thus the potential production level can only be influenced indirectly via breeding and man-agement tactics such as sowing date and plant spacing. Thus various levels of pr oduction may be distinguished: potential, attainable, actual and available food. Attainable yields are determined by nutrient and water available, actual production level by crop growth reducing factors such as pests, diseases and weed, and the available food is determined by post-harvest losses.O PT I MI Z I NG AG RO-EC O L O G I CAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMSThese basic production-ecological principles indicate that ‘most production resources are used more effi-ciently under improving conditions of resource endowment’. In other words, simultaneous use of water and fertilizers and/or a mix of fertilizers have synergistic effects. Nutrients will be used more effi-ciently by crops when provided with sufficient water, and/or when protected against diseases.In addition, applying inputs at the right place (e.g., near the roots), at the right time (e.g., when crop growth is fast), in the right amounts and at the right composi-tion will yield most efficient use of resources. Ad-vanced technologies can optimize such inputs through integrated nutrient (INM), pest (IPM) and crop (ICM) management. Integrated approaches make high pro-duction systems most effective in resource use efficiency, while limiting impact on the environment (Glendining et al. 2009). Excessive use of inputs, e.g., excess fertilizer, used with the intention of reducing risk, might jeopardize the environment (Cui et al. 2006). Lack of such inputs leads to degradation of land (Stoorvogel 1993), which might push already poor people into a downward spiral of poverty.Technological innovations, including advanced and conventional breeding, and information and communi-cation technology, will be essential for optimal use of natural resources. But they must be properly designed for prevailing conditions, or used when favourable con-ditions are created for the technology to work. Inte-grated approaches could limit claims on land and other resources and should be further developed. Much can be done to increase yield while containing adverse envi-ronmental affects, yet the rate at which yield can be increased will be slow because of the dwindling avail-ability of resources.Yield increases in arable crops may help consider-ably but the recoupling with animal husbandry may even lead to much higher efficiencies. The use of external inputs and the implementation of sophisticated livestock systems will lead to a dramatic increase of efficiencies at farm level (Lantinga and Rabbinge 1997).FOOD SECURITY GLOBALLYThe increase of world food production in absolute terms and per capita has not resulted in regional food security and abolishment of hunger. On the contrary, the num-ber of people has increased in some regions in absolute and in relative terms. Europe, the America’s and parts of Asia are completely self-reliant but not so in other continents.Food security in AsiaBased on the principles described above it may be analysed/explored what potential yield level may be achieved at various agro-ecosystems in Asia. The growth of the population in Asia and the change in diet is showing an enormous increase in demand. However, increase of agricultural productivity by expansion of cultivated land is virtually impossible, as nearly all well-endowed land is already in use and due to urbanization that acreage in fact decreases (Chen 2007). The situa-6Rudy Rabbinge et al.tion in Asia is very different from Africa where ample land is still available.For Asia the only way to go is “increased productiv-ity per ha”, while reducing the environmental load. The gap between actual and potential productivity per ha is in many crops still considerable; however in irrigated rice the increase in yield by improved pest and disease control and better availability of water and nutrients is limited. Here however a transformation of inundated rice cultivation in water saving cultivation has shown to reduce water requirement by half or more and to increase use efficiency of nutrients. Significant amounts of water can be made available for other agricultural production, urban or industrial water (Hengsdijk et al. 2006).More specifically for the host country of the Sci-ence Forum, China, such increased productivity per ha is of particular interest. The intention to fulfil the chal-lenge of production of more than 150 million tons of food more in 2050 than in 2010 may be partly fulfilled with the present crops but the intention to increase po-tato in the diet and give the crop a pivotal place in pro-ductivity rise is very useful. Potato with its high har-vest index, efficient water use and its possibility to pro-duce also in an incomplete growing season may indeed be very attractive. However, diseases and requirement of sufficient inputs may indeed require a very sophisti-cated production system.Yet another great opportunity is to dramatically lower environmental pressure and reduce cost of production. Excessive use of N fertilizers in China where grain pro-duction increased by 71% from 1977 to 2005, while N application increased by 271%, is estimated at some 89 to 104 kg N ha-1 yr-1, totalling about 11.8 million tons. If this ‘excess’ N fertiliser was instead used in sub-Sa-haran Africa, it would represent an average annual N fertilisation rate of 68 kg N ha-1 over 174 million ha of cropland, which could lead to a potential doubling of cereal productivity in sub-Saharan Africa (Keating et al. 2010).Food security in AfricaThe absence of a green revolution in sub-Saharan Af-rica has been analysed in detail in a study of the InterAcademy Council (2004). Absolute production increased but population growth was higher and a mul-titude of causes affected the absence of a stronger growth in productivity. Opportunities are certainly there and the promise and potential of African agriculture can indeed become reality when the policy measures are taken and the appropriate institutions and instruments are present. That is now taking place under the guid-ance of former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan (AGRA 2011).Environmental issues may determine the research agenda of the future as high productivity can be very well combined with a great agro-biodiversity. That may help to limit pesticide use and to stimulate advanced ecological literacy. Ample opportunity for yield increase in all production systems is possible, but difficult in rice ecosystems.In high productive rice systems the need for an in-crease in the yield ceiling (potential yield) may be necessary. Research to increased photosynthesis and introducing C4 characteristics in the C3 rice plant was started about a decade ago and is resulting nowadays in prototypes that may be full-fledged producing varieties within 10 yr. The need for increasing the ceiling is as important as the increase in nutritive value and also there is considerable progress, by the introduction of the modern biotechnological methods, such as cisgenesis and transgenesis. The greatest progress however is found in developing best ecological means in crop and cropping systems, and to improve food systems as holistic systems.Best ecological means in farming systems are pro-moting efficient use of natural resources and optimal use of biological control. Precision agriculture, inte-grated pest, disease and weed management are key in such systems. It requires sophisticated knowledge and insight in the way biological processes may best be used. Agrobiodiversity is fundamental in that approach leading to high productivity per ha and very low use of pest and disease control with pesticides. This high pro-ductivity per ha safeguards conservation of natural eco-systems and also enables the better use of ecosystems services such as good freshwater, nature parks, etc.Food security in Latin AmericaThe production capacity of Latin America is more thanMaking More Food Available: Promoting Sustainable Agricultural Production7twenty times that amount of food needed for self-suf-ficiency (WRR 1995). It is not surprising therefore that current most extensive expansion of agricultural land takes place on this continent. Advanced insights in agronomy and the introduction of African Bracchiaria grass species allowed the utilization of the vast areas of the Cerrado savannah in Brazil. Starting with the con-version for grassland, the lands are turned into soybean cultivation. Increasing areas in the Chaco in Argentina (Gasparri and Grau 2009) are used for grassland and soybean, though production risks are high due to highly variable rainfall. The global importance of Latin America in providing food, feed and fuel to the world is so vast that it even becomes a concern for the international community as to how Latin American countries man-age their natural resources. Overexploitation of the enormous biodiversity of world largest rainforest area, for instance, would not only affect the economy and ecology of Latin America, but of the world as a whole (Santilli et al. 2005). Intensification and integration of crop-livestock production systems inherit great poten-tial to limit the loss of biodiversity due to reduced expansion.UrbanizationThe number of people living in urbanized areas has sur-passed the number in rural areas in 2010 and the need for fresh food and appropriate diets for the growing urban population can be partly fulfilled with metropoli-tan agriculture that offers a productive, environmen-tally safe and sustainable way of producing in metro-politan area (Smeets 2009).In highly populated areas the Metropolitan agricul-ture may take place in agro-production parks using in-tegration of various agriculture or horticultural related activities.V egetables and flowers grown in glasshouses on hy-droponics may be combined with aquaculture, inten-sive cattle breeding in feed labs or dairy farming. That results in mutual gains and considerably less energy use or waste production. Typical examples are found in some big/large cities such as Shanghai, Amsterdam/ Rotterdam, Sao Paulo or Detroit. These forms of agro-production parks could help considerably in the strongly urbanizing Asian continent.The opportunities for food security in Asia are there, the challenges are stimulating and the role of research is for that reason indispensable.ReferencesAGRA. 2011. Alliance for a green revolution in Africa.[2011-9-10]. / Bindraban P S, Rabbinge R. 2011. European food and agricultural strategy for 21st century. International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology, 9, 80-101.Bindraban P S, Bulte E H, Giller K E, Meinke H, Mol A P J, van Oort P, Oosterveer P J M, van Keulen H, Wollni M.2009. Beyond competition-Pathways for Africa’sa g ri cu l t u r a l d ev el op m e n t.Pl a n t R e s e a r c hInternational, Wageningen UR, Report 242. http:// edepot.wur.nl/8400Bindraban P S, Löffler H, Rabbinge R. 2008. 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雅思为各位考生推荐复习材料-剑桥雅思7TEST 3 PASSAGE 3 参考译文：欧洲森林保护计划,相应的解析，请点击：剑桥雅思7阅读+答案解析Test3Passage3。

TEST 3 PASSAGE 3 参考译文：欧洲森林保护计划森林是自然遗产的主要元素之一。

过去15年欧洲森林的退化程度已经逐渐让人们意识并了解到这种严重失调对他们的威胁。

欧洲国家越来越重视欧洲森林受到的主要威胁，除了地理和气候性的威胁以外，其他的都是不分国界的，诸如空气污染、土壤退化、与日俱增的森林火灾，有时候甚至是我们对林地和森林的管理不善。

人们也越来越清楚地认识到各国需要联合起来协调政策。

1990年12月，在法国斯特拉斯堡举行了第一次以保护欧洲森林为主题的部长级会议，来自东西欧的31国家代表汇集一堂。

会议的议题包括：如何协调研究对森林的破坏，如何防范森林火灾，以及欧洲森林生态系统研究项目的扩大。

会议举行前召开了两次专家会议来做会前准备工作。

他们最初的任务是决定在欧洲森林所面临的诸多问题中，哪个问题所涉及的国家最多，可作为各国联合行动的主题。

因此那些受特殊地理条件限制的地区，如地中海以及北欧国家就被排除在外了。

但是以后他们还是有可能参与进来的。

总体而言，欧洲国家认为森林有三重功能——生物、经济和娱乐功能。

第一重是扮演地球的“绿色之肺”;通过光合作用，森林在太阳能量转换过程中释放。

对人类而言，它是不可替代的巨大而无污染的能量来源。

同时，通过不断再生的木材，森林还为人类活动提供了原材料。

最后，森林还为那些在城市里每周五天深陷于工作的上班族们提供了无与伦比的自由氛围去释放心情，参与游猎、骑马以及远足等休闲活动。

森林的经济功能从人类起源开始就被发现了——木材就是最初的燃料。

其他功能的发现仅有几个世纪的历史，但它们变得越来越重要。

因此，整个欧洲十分关注威胁到森林使其不能扮演这三重基本功能的破坏性行为。

有关天然森林的古老神话还在欧洲大陆流传着，而事实上，真正的原始森林已经不复存在了。

欧洲药品和食品监管的政府机构及其网站●European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products（欧洲药品评价署）www.emea.eu.int●European Commission: DG Enterprise（欧洲委员会：DG企业）www.europa.eu.int/comm/enterprise●European Commission: DG Enterprise: Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics（欧洲委员会：DG企业：药品和化妆品）●European Commission: DG Agriculture（欧洲委员会：DG农业）www.europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/agriculture/index_en.htm●European Commission: DG Fisheries（欧洲委员会：DG渔业）www.europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/fisheries●E uropean Commission: DG Health and Consumer Protection（欧洲委员会：DG卫生与消费者保护）www.europa.eu.int/comm./dgs/health-consumer/index-en.htm●Andorra: Ministry of Health and Welfare （安道尔：卫生与福利部）www.salutibenestar.ad/index2.htm （加泰罗尼亚语）●Armenia: Ministry of Health（亚美尼亚：卫生部）www.armhealth.am●Armenia: Drug and Medical Technology Agency（亚美尼亚：药物和医学技术署）www.pharm.am●Austria: Secretariat of Health（奥地利：卫生秘书处）www.bmsg.gv.at/bmsg/relaunch/gesundheit/welcome.htm （德语）●Austria: Mini stry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management （奥地利：农业、林业、环境和水利管理部）www.lebensministerium.at/en●Belarus: Ministry of Agriculture and Food（白俄罗斯：农业和食品部）mshp.minsk.by/mcx_e.htm（俄语）●Belgium: Ministry of Social Affairs, Public Health and the Environment（比利时：社会事务、公共卫生与环境部）www.minsoc.fgov.be*●Belgium: Pharmaceutical Inspectorate（比利时：药品检查处）www.afigp.fgov.be●Belgium: Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain（比利时：联邦食物链安全署）www.afsca.be/indexEN.htm●Bulgaria: Ministry of Health（保加利亚：卫生部）ernment.bg（保加利亚语）●Bulgaria: Drug Agency（保加利亚：药物署）www.bda.bg●Bulgaria: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry（保加利亚：农业和林业部）ernment.bg/mz_eng/default.asp●Croatia: Ministry of Health（克罗地亚：卫生部）www.tel.hr/mzrh/e-index.htm●Croatia: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry（克罗地亚：农业与林业部）www.mps.hr●Czech Republic: Ministry of Health（捷克共和国：卫生部）www.mzcr.cz （捷克语）●Czech Republic: State Institute for Drug Control（捷克共和国：国家药物管制所）www.sukl.cz●Czech Re public: Ministry of Agriculture （捷克共和国：农业部）www.mze.cz/eng●Czech Republic: Agriculture and Food Inspection Authority （捷克共和国：农业和食品检查局）www.czpi.cz/eng （捷克语）●Denmark: Ministr y of Health（丹麦：卫生部）www.im.dk/Index/mainstart.asp?o=1&n=3&s=4●Denmark: Medicines Agency（丹麦：药物署）egemiddelstyrelsen.dk/index_en.htm●Denmark: Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries（丹麦：食品、农业和渔业部）www.fvm.dk/fvm_uk/high_final_uk.asp?page_id=226●Denmark: Veterinary and Food Administration（丹麦：兽医和食品管理局）.foedevaredirektoratet.dk/forside.htm●Estonia: Ministry of Social Affairs（爱沙尼亚：社会事务部）/oia/www.sm.ee/gopro30/web/gpweb.nsf*●Estonia: State Agency of Medicines（爱沙尼亚：国家药物署）www.sam.ee●Estonia: Ministry of Agriculture（爱沙尼亚：农业部）www.agri.ee/eng●Finland: Ministry of Social Affairs and Health（芬兰：社会事务和卫生部）www.vn.fi/stm/english/index.htm●Finland: National Agency for Medicines（芬兰：国家药物署）www.nam.fi/english/index.html●Finland: National Food Agency（芬兰：国家食品署）www.nfa.fi/english/index.html●Finland: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry（芬兰：农业与渔业部）www.mmm.fi/english●France: Ministr y of Health（法国：卫生部）www.sante.gouv.fr（法语）●France: Sanitary Safety of Health Products Agency（法国：健康产品卫生安全署）agmed.sante.gouv.fr（法语）●France: Agency for Food Safety（法国：食品安全署）www.afssa.fr●France: General Directorate of Competition, Consumption and Repression of Fraud（food control）（法国：竞争、消费和抑制欺诈总理事会［食品管制］） www.finances.gouv.fr/DGCCRF （法语）●France: National Agency for Veterinary Medicinal Products（法国：国家兽用药品署）www.anmv.afssa.fr/en_anmv●France: Agriculture, Fisheries and Food（法国：农业、渔业和食品）www.agriculture.gouv.fr （法语）●Georgia: Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Security（格鲁吉亚：劳动、卫生和社会保障部）www.parliament.ge/gov/ministries/healthcare.html●Georgia: Ministry of Agr iculture and Products（格鲁吉亚：农业及产品部）www.parliament.ge/gov/ministries/agriculture.html●Germany: Ministry of Health（德国：卫生部）www.bmgesundheit.de●Germany: Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices（德国：联邦药物与医疗器械所）www.bfarm.de/de/gb_ver/index.html●Germany: Robert Koch Institute（德国：罗勃特?高兹所）www.rki.de （德语）●Germany: Federal Institute for Risk Assessment（德国：联邦风险评估所）www.bgvv.de/cms/detail.php?template=internet_en_index_js●Germany: Ministry of Consumer Protection, Food and Agriculture（德国：消费者保护、食品和农业部）www.verbraucherministerium.de●Greece: Ministry of Health and Welfare（希腊：卫生与福利部）www.ypyp.gr （希腊语）●Greece: National Organi zation for Medicines（希腊：国家药物组织）www.eof.gr/Welcome3_en.htm●Greece: Hellenic Food Authority（希腊：希腊食品局）www.efpolis.gr●Greece: Hellenic Ministry of Agriculture（希腊：希腊农业部）www.minagric.gr/en/index.html●Hungary: Ministry of Health, Social and Family Affairs（匈牙利：卫生、社会与家庭事务部）www.eum.hu/eum/index.html●Hungary: Na tional Institute of Pharmacy（匈牙利：国家药房所）www.ogyi.hu/index.php?lang=en●Hungary: Ministry of Agriculture（匈牙利：农业部）www.fvm.hu/english/english.html●Iceland: Ministry of Health and Social Security（冰岛：卫生与社会保障部）brunnur.stjr.is/interpro/htr.nsf/pages/forsid_ensk*●Iceland: Medicines Control Agency（冰岛：药物管制署）www.lyfjastofnun.is/page/enska●Iceland: Environmental and Food Agency（冰岛：环境与食品署）www.hollver.is/english/emain.html●Iceland: Ministry of Fisheries（冰岛：渔业部）brunnur.stjr.is/interpro/sjavarutv/English.nsf/pages/front●Iceland: Ministry of Agriculture（冰岛：农业部）brunnur.stjr.is/interpro/lan/lan.nsf/pages/lan（冰岛语）●Ireland: Department of Health and Children（爱尔兰：卫生与儿童部）www.doh.ie●Ireland: Medicines Board（爱尔兰：药物委员会）www.imb.ie●Ireland: Food Safety Authority（爱尔兰：食品安全局）www.fsai.ie●Ireland: Department of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development（爱尔兰：农业、食品与农村发展部）www.irlgov.ie/daff●Italy: Ministry o f Health（意大利：卫生部）www.ministerosalute.it （意大利语）●Italy: National Institute of Health（意大利：国家卫生所）www.iss.it●Italy: Ministry of Agricultural Policy（意大利：农业政策部）www.politicheagricole.it （意大利语）●Latvia: State Agency of Medicines（拉脱维亚：国家药物署）.lv●Latvia: Ministry of Agriculture（拉脱维亚：农业部）.lv●Lithuania: Ministry of Health（立陶宛：卫生部）www.sam.lt/index_en.html●Lithuania: State Medicines Control Agency（立陶宛：国家药物管制署）www.vvkt.lt/ENG/default.htm●Lithuania: Ministry of Agriculture（立陶宛：农业部）terra.zum.lt/min/index.cfm●Luxembourg: Ministry of Health（卢森堡：卫生部）www.etat.lu/MS （法语）●Luxembourg: Food Sa fety（卢森堡：食品安全）www.etat.lu/SECALIM （法语）●Malta: Ministry of Health（马耳他：卫生部）.mt●Malta: Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries（马耳他：农业与渔业部）.mt/en/ministries-and-departments/default.asp●Netherlands: Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport（荷兰：卫生、福利与体育部）www.minvws.nl/english/index.html●Netherlands: Medicines Evaluation Board（荷兰：药物评价委员会）www.cbg-meb.nl●Netherlands: Ministry of Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries（荷兰：农业、自然管理与渔业部）www.minlnv.nl/international●Netherlands: Inspectorate for Health Protection and Veterinary Public Health （荷兰：健康保护和兽医公共卫生检查处）www.keuringsdienstvanwaren.nl/return-engels.html●Norway: Ministry of Health and Social Affairs（挪威：卫生与社会事务部）www.odin.dep.no/shd/engelsk●Norway: Norwegian Board of Health（挪威：挪威卫生委员会）www.helsetilsynet.no/english.htm●Norway: Food Control Authority（挪威：食品管制局）www.snt.no （挪威语）●Norway: Norwegian Medicines Agency（挪威：挪威药物署）www.legemiddelverket.no （挪威语）●Norway: Ministry of Agriculture（挪威：农业部）www.odin.dep.no/ld/engelsk/index-b-n-a.html●Norway: Ministry of Fisheries（挪威：渔业部）www.odin.dep.no/fid/engelsk●Poland: Ministry of Health and Social Security（波兰：卫生与社会保障部）.pl （波兰语）●Poland: Drug Institute（波兰：药物所）www.il.waw.pl/eng.htm●Pola nd: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development（波兰：农业与农村发展部）.pl/glowna-eng.html●Portugal: Ministry of Health（葡萄牙：卫生部）www.min-saude.pt （葡萄牙语）●Portugal: National Institute of Pharmacy and Medicines（葡萄牙：国家药房与药物所）www.infarmed.pt/home.html （葡萄牙语）*●Portugal: Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Fisheries（葡萄牙：农业、农村发展与渔业部）www.min-agricutura.pt/oportal/extcnt/portal30.html●Romania: Ministry of Health and the Family（in Romanian）（罗马尼亚：卫生与家庭部）www.ms.ro （罗马尼亚语）●Romania: Minis try of Agriculture, Alimentation and Forests（罗马尼亚：农业、营养与林业部）www.maap.ro●Russian Federation: Ministry of Public Health（俄罗斯：公共卫生部）www.minzdrav-rf.ru （俄语）●Russian Federation: Ministry of Agriculture and Food（俄罗斯：农业与食品部）www.aris.ru/WIN_E●San Marino: Ministry of Health and Social Security（圣马力诺：卫生与社会保障部）www.sanita.segreteria.sm （意大利语）●Slovak Republic: Ministry of Health（斯洛伐克共和国：卫生部）.sk/english.html*●Slovak Republic: State Institute for Drug Control（斯洛伐克共和国：国家药物管制所）www.sukl.sk/sukl_en.htm●Slovak Republic: Ministry of Agriculture（斯洛伐克共和国：农业部）www.mpsr.sk/english/index.htm●Slovenia: Ministry of Public Health（斯洛文尼亚：公共卫生部）.si/mz/mz-spiet.nsf（斯洛文尼亚语）●Slovenia: Institute of Public Health（斯洛文尼亚：公共卫生所）www.sigov.si/ivz/indexang.html●Slovenia: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food（斯洛文尼亚：农业、林业与食品部）.si/mkgp/slo/index.htm●Spain: Ministry of Health and Consumption（西班牙：卫生与消费部）www.msc.es （西班牙语）●Spain: Spanish Drug Agency（西班牙：西班牙药物署）www.msc.es/agemed/main.htm●Spain: Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food（西班牙：农业、渔业与食品部）www.mapya.es （西班牙语）●Sweden: Medical Products Agency（瑞典：药品署）www.mpa.se●Sweden: National Board of Health and Welfare（瑞典：国家卫生与福利委员会）www.sos.se/sosmenye.htm●Sweden: National Food Administration（瑞典：国家食品管理局）www.slv.se/engdefault.asp●Sweden: Ministry of Agriculture, food and fishers （瑞典：农业、食品和渔业部）www.jordbruk.regeringen.se/inenglish/index.htm●Sweden: National Board of Fisheries（瑞典：国家渔业委员会）195.17.253.245/index2.htm（瑞士语）●Switzerland: Federal Office of Public Health（瑞士：联邦公共卫生办公室）www.bag.admin.ch/e/index.htm●Switzerland: Agency fo r Therapeutic Products（瑞士：治疗产品署）www.swissmedic.ch●Switzerland: Federal Veterinary Office（瑞士：联邦兽医办公室）www.bvet.admin.ch/0_navigation-e/0_index.html●Switzerland: Federal Office for Agriculture（瑞士：联邦农业办公室）www.blw.admin.ch●Turkey: Ministry of Health（土耳其：卫生部）.tr （土耳其语）●Turkey: Ministry of Agri culture and Rural Affairs（土耳其：农业与农村事务部）.tr/english/english.htm●Ukraine: Ministry of Health（乌克兰：卫生部）.ua●Ukraine: Minist ry of Agroindustrial Complex（乌克兰：农工联合体部）www.minagro.kiev.ua/index.html●UK: Department of Health（英国：卫生部）●UK: Medical Devices Agency（英国：医疗器械署）●UK: Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency（英国：药物和保健产品监管署）/home.htm●UK: National Institute for B iological Standards and Control（英国：国家生物学标准和管制所）●UK: Food Standards Agency（英国：食品标准署）●UK: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs（英国：环境、食品和农村事务部）●UK: Veterinary Medicines Directorate（英国：兽药理事会）。

The concept of an environmentally friendly bridge,often referred to as a green bridge,is a structure that is designed with sustainability and ecological considerations at its core.Heres a detailed essay on the topic:The Green Bridge:A Sustainable ConnectionIn the everevolving landscape of urban development,the concept of sustainability has become a cornerstone of modern infrastructure.One such manifestation of this philosophy is the green bridge,a structure that not only serves as a conduit for transportation but also as a testament to our commitment to the environment.This essay will explore the various aspects of green bridges,their importance,and the role they play in fostering a harmonious relationship between human development and the natural world. Design Principles of Green BridgesGreen bridges are designed with several key principles in mind:1.Material Efficiency:The use of sustainable and recycled materials in construction minimizes the environmental footprint and reduces waste.2.Energy Conservation:Incorporating solar panels,wind turbines,or other renewable energy sources to power lighting and other utilities.3.Biodiversity:Providing habitats for local flora and fauna,often through the integration of green spaces,such as gardens or meadows,on the bridge itself.4.Water Management:Designing the bridge to collect and filter rainwater,reducing runoff and promoting water conservation.5.Aesthetics and Integration:Ensuring that the bridge blends seamlessly with its surroundings,enhancing the visual appeal and contributing positively to the local landscape.Environmental BenefitsThe environmental benefits of green bridges are manifold:Reduced Carbon Emissions:By utilizing renewable energy sources,green bridgescontribute to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.Habitat Creation:Serving as ecological corridors,green bridges help maintain biodiversity by providing safe passage for wildlife across humanmade barriers.Pollution Control:Some designs include mechanisms for air and water pollution control, such as phytoremediation,where plants are used to absorb pollutants.Sustainable Transportation:Encouraging the use of nonmotorized transportation like walking and cycling,which reduces reliance on fossil fuels.Social and Economic ImpactsBeyond the environmental considerations,green bridges also have significant social and economic implications:Community Spaces:They often serve as public spaces,fostering a sense of community and providing areas for recreation and relaxation.Economic Development:Attracting investment and tourism,green bridges can stimulate local economies and enhance property values in the surrounding areas.Educational Opportunities:Acting as living laboratories,they offer opportunities for environmental education and awareness.Challenges and SolutionsDespite the numerous benefits,the implementation of green bridges faces challenges:Cost:Initial construction costs may be higher due to the incorporation of advanced technologies and sustainable materials.Maintenance:The upkeep of green spaces and renewable energy systems requires ongoing investment.Regulatory Hurdles:Navigating the complex regulatory landscape can be a barrier to the development of green bridges.To overcome these challenges,collaborative efforts between governments,private sectors, and communities are essential.Financial incentives,publicprivate partnerships,andcomprehensive planning can help make green bridges a reality.ConclusionThe green bridge is more than just a structure it is a symbol of our collective aspiration for a sustainable future.By integrating environmental,social,and economic considerations into their design,green bridges pave the way for a new era of infrastructure that respects and preserves the natural world.As we continue to urbanize, the adoption of such innovative and ecofriendly solutions will be crucial in ensuring that our cities are not only efficient and prosperous but also in harmony with the environment.This essay provides a comprehensive overview of green bridges,highlighting their design principles,environmental benefits,and the challenges faced in their implementation.It underscores the importance of such structures in creating sustainable urban environments.。

高三英语植物保护的可持续发展策略单选题20题1.Protecting plants is important because _____.A.they provide food and oxygenB.they are beautifulC.they can be sold for a lot of moneyD.they take up space答案：A。

解析：保护植物很重要是因为它们提供食物和氧气。

选项 B 它们美丽不是最重要的原因；选项 C 它们能卖很多钱不是普遍意义上保护植物的主要原因；选项D 它们占用空间不是保护植物的理由。

2.Sustainable development means _____.ing resources without thinking about the futureB.developing quickly at any costC.meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needsD.only focusing on economic growth答案：C。

解析：可持续发展意味着满足当前需求而不损害后代满足其自身需求的能力。

选项A 不考虑未来使用资源不是可持续发展；选项 B 不惜任何代价快速发展不是可持续发展；选项 D 只关注经济增长不是可持续发展。

3.Which of the following is an example of sustainable plant protection?A.Cutting down all old trees to make room for new onesing pesticides without any restrictionsC.Planting different species of plants togetherD.Never watering plants答案：C。

农业可持续发展英语Sustainable Agriculture: A Pathway to a Greener Future.Sustainable agriculture, often referred to as agroecology, is an approach that aims to meet the current food and fiber needs of society while preserving the environment and enhancing the economic well-being of farmers. It involves the integration of ecological, economic, and social aspects of farming, ensuring that agriculture is both productive and sustainable.The need for sustainable agriculture has become increasingly urgent in recent years, as the global population continues to grow and the impacts of climate change become more apparent. Traditional farming methods, which often prioritize high yields at the cost of environmental degradation, are no longer sustainable. As a result, there is a growing movement towards more sustainable farming practices that can feed the world without devastating the planet.One of the key principles of sustainable agriculture is the conservation and restoration of soil health. Healthy soil is essential for crop growth and productivity, and it also acts as a natural carbon sink, helping to mitigate the impacts of climate change. However, traditional farming methods, such as tillage and the overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, can lead to soil erosion and degradation. Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation, the use of cover crops, and conservation tillage, help to maintain soil health and prevent erosion.Another important aspect of sustainable agriculture is the promotion of biodiversity. Biodiversity refers to the variety of plants, animals, and microorganisms in an ecosystem, and it is crucial for maintaining the health and resilience of agricultural systems. Biodiversity provides a range of benefits, including natural pest control, soil fertility enhancement, and the provision of ecosystem services such as pollination and water filtration. However, intensive farming practices can lead to the loss of biodiversity, as they often favor a few high-yielding cropvarieties and eliminate native habitats. Sustainable agriculture aims to protect and enhance biodiversity by promoting the use of native plants and animals, and by maintaining a balance between crop production and ecosystem health.In addition to soil health and biodiversity, sustainable agriculture also focuses on the economic well-being of farmers. Traditional farming methods often leave farmers vulnerable to market fluctuations and price swings, leading to economic instability and poverty. Sustainable agriculture aims to address these issues by promoting fair trade practices, ensuring that farmers receive a fair price for their products, and by providing them with access to markets and resources. This not only helps to improve the livelihoods of farmers but also encourages them to adopt more sustainable farming practices in the long run.To achieve these goals, sustainable agriculture requires a multifaceted approach that involves government policies, farmer education and training, and community engagement. Governments need to invest in research anddevelopment to promote sustainable farming practices and to provide farmers with the necessary resources and support. Farmers themselves need to be educated and trained on sustainable farming techniques, and they also need to be incentivized to adopt these practices through policies such as subsidies and tax breaks. Community engagement is also crucial, as it helps to build support for sustainable agriculture and to create a culture of environmental stewardship.In conclusion, sustainable agriculture is a crucial component of our future food security and environmental sustainability. It involves the integration of ecological, economic, and social aspects of farming to ensure that agriculture is both productive and sustainable. By conserving and restoring soil health, promoting biodiversity, and improving the economic well-being of farmers, sustainable agriculture can help to feed the world without devastating the planet. However, achieving this goal requires a concerted effort from governments, farmers, and communities alike. By working together, we can create agreener and more sustainable future for ourselves and our planet.。

Green food,a term that has increasingly gained popularity in recent years,refers to food products that are produced and processed in an environmentally friendly and sustainable way,without the use of harmful chemicals or additives.These products are considered healthier and safer for consumption,and they are often marked with a green food label to distinguish them from conventionally produced foods.The concept of green food is closely linked to the broader movement of sustainable agriculture and organic farming.Advocates of green food argue that it not only benefits individual health but also contributes to the protection of the environment and the promotion of biodiversity.Here are some key points to consider when discussing green food in an English essay:1.Definition and Importance:Begin by defining what green food is and why it is important.Explain how it differs from conventionally produced food in terms of production methods and the impact on health and the environment.2.Production Methods:Discuss the specific practices involved in the production of green food.This includes the use of natural fertilizers,the avoidance of synthetic pesticides, and the implementation of crop rotation to maintain soil health.3.Health Benefits:Highlight the health benefits of consuming green food.This could include lower levels of pesticide residues,higher nutritional content,and the absence of genetically modified organisms GMOs.4.Environmental Impact:Explore the environmental benefits of green food production. This might involve reducing chemical runoff into waterways,preserving soil quality,and promoting biodiversity by avoiding monoculture farming practices.5.Economic Considerations:Address the economic aspects of green food,such as the potential for higher market prices due to increased consumer demand and the challenges faced by smallscale farmers in adopting sustainable practices.6.Challenges and Solutions:Discuss the challenges that the green food industry faces, such as the higher costs of production,the need for consumer education,and the regulatory hurdles.Propose solutions to these challenges,such as government incentives for sustainable farming or increased consumer awareness campaigns.7.Future Prospects:Conclude by looking at the future of green food.Consider how technological advancements might improve the efficiency of green food production and how consumer attitudes might evolve to further support this sector.8.Cultural Perspectives:It can be insightful to include how different cultures view and integrate green food into their diets.This could involve looking at traditional farming practices that have sustainability at their core.9.Personal Reflection:If appropriate,you might want to include a personal reflection on your own experiences with green food,whether that be through dietary choices or personal involvement in sustainable agriculture.10.Call to Action:End your essay with a call to action,encouraging readers to consider the benefits of green food and to make informed choices about the food they consume.Remember to use clear and concise language,provide evidence to support your arguments,and maintain a logical flow of ideas throughout your essay.By doing so,you will effectively communicate the importance and benefits of green food to your readers.。

人们怀疑可持续产品英语作文英文回答：As a consumer, I have also had doubts about the sustainability of products on the market. It seems like every company is jumping on the "green" bandwagon, claiming their products are eco-friendly and sustainable. But how do we really know if these claims are true?One example that comes to mind is the trend of "greenwashing", where companies use misleading marketing tactics to make their products appear more environmentally friendly than they actually are. For instance, a clothing brand may advertise their clothes as being made from "recycled materials", but in reality, only a small percentage of the fabric is recycled. This can be misleading to consumers who are trying to make more sustainable choices.Another issue is the lack of transparency in supplychains. Many companies claim to source their materials ethically and sustainably, but it can be difficult toverify these claims. For example, a beauty brand may say their products are cruelty-free, but without access to information about their suppliers, it's hard to know ifthis is actually the case.中文回答：作为一个消费者，我对市场上产品的可持续性也有疑虑。

CHUANGXINKEJI 2014.05在读完奥兰·海斯特曼（Oran Hesterman ）的著作《公平的食物》（Fair Food ）后，我意识到，在如何使得食物能被可持续利用的领域，他也许是这个星球上最富有经验的科学家。

奥兰在北加州的一个农场中长大，随后帮助加州大学圣克鲁斯分校建立了一个农场，这一农场后来成为农业生态学与可持续食物系统研究中心（Center for Agroecology&Sustain-able Food Systems ）。

在20世纪70年代初期，奥兰创立了一家成功的苜蓿种植企业并开始学习植物科学，最终获得了农学和植物遗传学的博士学位。

在他开始参与推广可持续食物之前，他曾在密歇根州任教。

他最早与家乐氏基金会合作开展这项非盈利的运动，之后又和公平食品网络进行合作。

他几乎了解过去20年中每一个能够改善美国食物状况的手段和相关人物。

我们进行了电话采访。

记者：很多试图促进食物系统向更具可持续性发展的工作都将重心放在使人们更加了解食物的隐藏价值并为它们买单上，比如CIW （伊莫卡利工人同盟）就成功做到了这点。

我认为，尽管我们多少都听说过这些工作，但并不清楚他们具体做了什么。

那么，CIW 的工作体现了哪些创新点呢?奥兰：卢卡斯·贝尼特斯（Lucas Benitez ）及其小组的工作中，有一点在很久之前我就注意到创新之处——相比于代表种植工人向种植园主索取更多的工资，他开始用一种更系统化的角度审视问题，寻求创造共赢的方法。

而对他们而言，在这种共赢的方法便是让工人了解，与其把农场主视作敌人，不如大家一起做朋友。

如果农场工人得到更高的薪酬和更好的工作环境，自然会使农场更加高产。

但农场主也是人，不时也会手头紧，所以他们也只是“见钱行事”。

上一代的农场工人一直抱着抵制的心态工作——我想起的例子是凯萨·查维兹（Cesar Chavez ）和他的葡萄。

卢卡斯·贝尼特斯所做的是利用“励制”来取代往日的“抵制”。

The concept of a green world is a captivating and increasingly relevant topic in our modern society.It encompasses a wide range of ideas and practices aimed at promoting sustainability,reducing environmental impact,and ensuring a harmonious coexistence between humans and nature.Heres an essay on the subject,exploring the various dimensions of creating a greener world.The Pursuit of a Green World:A Sustainable FutureIn an era where environmental concerns are at the forefront of global discourse,the vision of a green world is not just a utopian dream but a necessity for our survival.A green world is one where the delicate balance of ecosystems is preserved,resources are used judiciously,and the wellbeing of all living beings is prioritized.This essay delves into the multifaceted nature of achieving such a world,from individual actions to global policies.The Importance of Green SpacesThe heart of a green world is its green spaces parks,forests,and natural reserves that act as the lungs of our cities and the habitat for countless species.These spaces are crucial for biodiversity conservation and provide a buffer against the effects of urbanization. They also offer respite for city dwellers,allowing them to connect with nature and experience its restorative effects.Sustainable Practices in AgricultureAgriculture is a cornerstone of human civilization,but it has also been a significant contributor to environmental degradation.The shift towards sustainable farming practices is essential for a green world.This includes organic farming,permaculture,and agroforestry,which prioritize soil health,reduce chemical inputs,and promote biodiversity.These practices not only benefit the environment but also produce healthier food for consumers.The Role of Renewable EnergyEnergy consumption is a major driver of climate change,with fossil fuels being the primary culprits.Transitioning to renewable energy sources such as solar,wind,and hydroelectric power is a critical step towards a green world.These energy sources are not only cleaner but also more sustainable in the long run,reducing our dependence on finiteresources and mitigating the impact of climate change.The Impact of Waste ManagementWaste is a byproduct of our modern lifestyle,but its management is crucial for a green world.Reducing,reusing,and recycling are the three Rs that guide sustainable waste management.By minimizing waste production,maximizing the use of materials,and recycling as much as possible,we can reduce the environmental footprint of waste disposal and conserve resources.The Need for Green PoliciesIndividual actions are important,but they are not enough.The creation of a green world requires the support of green policies at the local,national,and international levels.These policies should promote environmental protection,encourage sustainable development, and ensure that economic growth does not come at the expense of the environment.They should also be inclusive,ensuring that the benefits of a green world are accessible to all.The Power of Education and AwarenessFinally,the pursuit of a green world is a collective effort that requires education and awareness.By educating the public about the importance of environmental conservation and the steps they can take to contribute,we can foster a culture of sustainability.This includes promoting the understanding of the interconnectedness of all life on Earth and the need for a global approach to environmental issues.In conclusion,the vision of a green world is a complex tapestry woven from the threads of individual actions,community initiatives,and global policies.It is a world where humans live in harmony with nature,respecting its limits and celebrating its diversity. Achieving this vision requires a commitment to sustainability,a respect for the environment,and a recognition of our shared responsibility to protect our planet for future generations.。

The Importance of Sustainable Packaging Sustainable packaging has become an increasingly important topic in recent years, as the negative impact of traditional packaging materials on the environment has become more apparent. As consumers become more conscious of the environmental impact of their purchasing decisions, the demand for sustainable packaging solutions has risen. This has led to a shift in the way companies approach packaging, with many seeking out more eco-friendly alternatives. In this response, we will explore the importance of sustainable packaging from various perspectives, including its environmental, economic, and social implications. From an environmental perspective, the importance of sustainable packaging cannot be overstated. Traditional packaging materials such as plastic and Styrofoam have been shown to have devastating effects on the environment, including contributing to pollution and harming wildlife. By using sustainable packaging materials, such as biodegradable plastics or recycled paper, companies can significantly reduce their environmental impact. This not only helps to protect the natural world, but also ensures that future generations will be able to enjoy it as well. Furthermore, sustainable packaging can also have significant economic benefits. While there may be an initial investment required to transition to sustainable packaging materials, the long-term cost savings can be substantial. For example, using recycled materials can often be cheaper than producing new materials, and many sustainable packaging options are designed to be reusable, reducing the need for constant repurchasing. Additionally, as consumer demand for sustainable products continues to grow, companies that prioritize sustainable packaging may gain a competitive edge in the market, attracting environmentally conscious consumers and boosting their brand image. In addition to the environmental and economic benefits, sustainable packaging also has important social implications. By choosing sustainable packaging options, companies can demonstrate their commitment to corporate social responsibility and environmental stewardship. This can help to build trust and loyalty among consumers, who are increasingly looking to support companies that align with their values. Furthermore, the use of sustainable packaging can also create opportunities for job growth in industries that produce and utilize sustainable materials, contributing to a more sustainableand equitable economy. Despite these clear benefits, the transition to sustainable packaging is not without its challenges. Many companies may behesitant to make the switch due to concerns about cost, availability of materials, or the logistics of implementing new packaging solutions. Additionally, there may be a lack of awareness or education about the benefits of sustainable packaging, both among businesses and consumers. Addressing these challenges will require collaboration and innovation across industries, as well as continued advocacy for sustainable practices. In conclusion, the importance of sustainable packaging cannot be overstated. From its environmental benefits to its economic and social implications, sustainable packaging offers a multitude of advantages for both businesses and society as a whole. While the transition to sustainable packaging may present challenges, the long-term benefits far outweigh the initial obstacles. By prioritizing sustainable packaging, companies can demonstrate their commitment to environmental stewardship, gain a competitive edge in the market, andcontribute to a more sustainable and equitable future. As consumers continue to prioritize sustainability in their purchasing decisions, the demand for sustainable packaging will only continue to grow, making it an essential consideration for businesses in the modern era.。

外刊精读精练地球快要变成“塑料星球”导读：气候变化仅仅是地球遇到的挑战之一，我们所居住的星球还面临着堆积如山的垃圾和废弃物，尤其是白色垃圾。

一项研究说，自1950年至今，人类已生产出83亿吨塑料制品，并尚未找到有效处理和回收塑料制品的方法。

我们能做些什么呢？一、语篇泛读Vocabulary: Environment 词汇: 环境Here’s a staggering statistic. Scientists have calculated the total amount of plastic ever made: 8.3 billion tonnes. Looked at another way, that’s as heavy as 25,000 Empire State Buildings or one billion elephants. And incredibly, almost all of it has been made in the last 65 years.So what’s the problem? Much plastic is in the form of packaging which is used just once and then thrown away. According to a major new study from the University of California, 9% of this is recyled, 12% is incinerated and 79% goes to landfill. And because most plastic doesn’t biodegrade, once it’s in the ground, it stays there.It’s a situation that has led the paper’s lead author,ecologist Dr Roland Geyer, to say that we are “rapidly heading towards ‘Planet Plastic'”. He believes that there’s already enough waste out there to cover the whole of Argentina.The team behind this report also estimate that eight million tonnes of plastic waste are escaping into the sea every year. This has generated concern that plastic is entering the food chain, though fish and other sea life which ingest the smaller fragments.Of course, the reason why there’s so much plastic around is that it’s an amazingly useful material. We can’t get enough of it. It’s durable and adaptable, and is used for everything from yoghurt pots to spaceships. But it’s precisely this quality which makes it a problem. The only way to destroy plastic is to heat or burn it – although this has the side effect of harmful emissions.So what’s the alternative, other than using less plastic? Oceanographer Dr Erik van Sebille from Utrecht University says we’re facing a “tsunami” of plastic waste, and that the global waste industry needs to “get its act together”.Professor Richard Thompson, a marine biologist from Plymouth University, say s it’s poor design that’s at fault. He says that if products are currently designed “with recyclability in mind”, they could be recyled around 20 times over.Dr Geyer agrees: “The holy grail of recycling is to keep material in use and in the loop forever if you can. But it turns out in our study that actually 90% of that material that did get recycled - which I think we calculated was 600 million tonnes - only got recycled once.”二、词汇表staggering 令人震惊的packaging 包装材料incinerate 被焚毁的landfill 垃圾填埋场biodegrade 生物降解ecologist 生态学家food chain 食物链ingest 咽下（食物）fragment 碎片，碎块durable 耐用的adaptable 适应性强的emission 排放物oceanographer 海洋学家tsunami 海啸get your act together合理安排，有条理地筹划marine biologist 海洋生物学家at fault 有责任，有过错recyclability可再利用性loop 循环turn out 结果是（尤指出乎意料的结果）三、测试与练习阅读课文并回答问题。

实现单一世界货币是很遥远的理想，要使金融市场更为安全，应该朝着储备货币多元化方向发展。

金融危机之后，如何加强双边、多边合作，减少金融市场风险，是中、日、韩三国面临的共同课题。

当大家互相持有各自债券的时候，对各自的经济风险也更加关心，在宏观政策方面可以更好地进行协调与合作。

亚洲地区经贸合作当中，都希望出现区域债券市场，这也是区域经贸合作中的一个重要议题，但可惜多年来相对停滞。

通过相互持有对方国家债券，也是推动区域金融市场、债券市场发展的重要步骤。

经济学家樊纲国家现在已经有一个组合的方案抑制通胀，假定政策管理效应能够到位，今年把通货膨胀的形势控制在5%以内，目前GDP 就是一个可承受的水平。

因为可承受、不可承受是与收入增长相联系。

相比第一季度12.5%的收入增长，GDP 与通胀都是可承受的。

她认为中国经济的平均水平可以承受6%的通胀。

如果没有适当的通胀，经济也没有办法增长。

银河证券首席经济学家左晓蕾世界两大资产泡沫今年要爆发，第一是黄金，第二是中国房地产，因此中国的投资者不要再盲目追涨资产，炒股也不要碰地产股等五类股票。

今年是中国经济最危险的一年。

如果以10年为一个周期，1990年到2000年这段时期里，资产和美元对冲，因为资产是美元定价的，所以美元上涨，资产在下跌。

经济学最重要的规律是卖掉高位资产，去买低位资产，但是我们国家没有及时购置资产。

现在资产价格暴涨，中国面临的困难要比想象中大得多，盲目追涨资产只能是加大困境。

经济学家国世平Frontier Information:赵迪文章称，官方的救灾进度缓慢，一些灾民决心自救，尽早恢复赖以谋生的行当。

战后的釜石逐渐变得繁荣。

家具厂、海鲜加工厂、谷物加工和渔业、成排的餐馆和单间就餐的酒肆，所有这些构成了一个国际性港口城市的要素，它还受到巨大的防浪大堤的保护。

据《吉尼斯世界记录大全》称，全球的海啸专家认为，釜石市拥有世上最好的海港保护设施。

这座深达63米(207英尺)，长约2公里(6430英尺)的防浪大堤是世上最大的人造物。

主题：最近发表的英文文章2500词文章内容：1. 概述最近，一篇题为《The Impact of Climate Change on Global Food Security》的英文文章引起了广泛关注。

这篇文章共计2500词，探讨了气候变化对全球粮食安全的影响，并提出了一些有益的观点和建议。

下面将对这篇文章进行详细分析和总结。

2. 文章内容概述在文章的开头部分，作者首先介绍了气候变化对全球粮食供应的不利影响，包括干旱、洪涝、热浪等特殊天气事件的增多，以及农作物产量和质量的下降。

随后，作者深入讨论了这些影响对不同地区的粮食安全状况所带来的挑战，并提出了一些应对策略和解决方案。

3. 文章主要观点和论据作者在文章中提出，气候变化对全球粮食安全的影响日益严重，需要采取紧急的行动。

他引用了大量的科学研究数据，证实了气候变化对农业生产的负面影响，比如干旱地区农作物产量下降、洪涝灾害导致的农田损失等。

他还列举了一些成功的案例，说明了一些国家或地区采取的有效的粮食安全保障措施，为读者提供了有益的借鉴和启示。

4. 结论与建议在文章的结尾部分，作者进一步总结了气候变化对全球粮食安全的严重威胁，呼吁国际社会加强合作，共同应对气候变化带来的粮食安全危机。

他提出了一些建设性的建议，包括加大投入气候适应型农业研究和技术开发、推动绿色发展和可持续农业生产等方面。

这些建议有助于改善全球粮食安全状况，提高人类社会对气候变化的适应能力。

5. 个人观点和思考针对这篇文章，我认为作者深刻洞察了气候变化对全球粮食安全的影响，提出了一些切实可行的对策和建议。

然而，我也认为在未来的研究和报告中，应当进一步加强对气候变化对不同地区农业生产的影响和适应策略的探讨，以便更好地指导国际社会的行动。

6. 结束语这篇英文文章2500词，对气候变化对全球粮食安全的影响进行了深入分析和研究，提出了一些有益的观点和建议。

希望通过这篇文章的传播和讨论，能够引起更多人对气候变化和粮食安全的关注，促进国际社会共同应对气候变化带来的挑战。

2023年高考英语外刊时文精读精练 (1)Biodiversityconservation conversation生物多样性保护对话主题语境：人与自然主题语境内容：人与环境，人与动植物【外刊原文】（斜体单词为超纲词汇，认识即可；下划线单词为课标词汇，需熟记。

）the tone for COP15, the largest UN biodiversity gathering in a decade. The conference, taking place in two parts, is being hosted by China for the firstpostponed（推迟）. The host city is the capital of Yunnan, a south-western provincefrom steamy jungle to mountain glaciers.limiting emissions (排放). The theme for Kunming is its homegrown ideaThe term was written into China’s constitution (宪法)in 2018, suggesting how central it now is in guiding development. The Kunming declaration is filled with other favourite greening concepts of Beijing, including the “two-mountains theory”. This states that “green mountains are gold mountains”: that is, thefive decades to 2000 over half of the country’s mangroves (红树林)disappeared. Some 90% of grasslands are at varying stages of degradation（退化）or desertification（荒漠化）, and almost half of wild-animal populations are inYet, despite the damage of urbanization（城市化）, China has much left to protect. It is home to 10% of the world’s plant species,14% of animal ones and 20% offish. At the second meeting, representatives will set goals for 2030 to preserve global plant and animal life. In October China's Presidentparks, covering 230,000 sq km, home to over a quarter of China’s terrestrial(陆生的)wildlife species.country to carbon neutrality（碳中和）by 2060. Then in September he announcedremains the largest consumer of coal and emitter of carbon dioxide.Greenpeace called the Kunming declaration “a toothless tiger”.Keeping citizens happy is becoming a powerful incentive（动机）for China. They are complaining about more than polluted water and poisonous air. Thedestroying habitats and trading wildlife. In【课标词汇】1.approval 赞成；同意；称许•He showed his approval by smiling broadly.他持赞成的态度，这从他开心的微笑就看得出来。