论《围城》中汉语文化负载词的英译

汉语文化负载词的英译研究《城南旧事》是林海音的一部自传体短篇小说集，以其独特的叙事风格和深刻的社会洞察力，赢得了广泛的国际声誉。

这部作品描绘了20世纪20年代中国北京城南的生活画卷，其中包含了许多富有文化内涵的负载词。

这些负载词的翻译，对于传递原作的情感、意境和历史背景至关重要。

在英译本中，负载词的翻译大致可以分为两类：保留原文和解释性翻译。

保留原文的方法在传递原文的情感色彩和文化内涵方面具有优势，但有时可能导致读者理解困难。

解释性翻译则更注重在目标语言中传达原文的含义，但可能在一定程度上损失原文的文化特色。

例如，在《城南旧事》中，“胡同”是一个具有丰富文化内涵的负载词。

在英语翻译中，直接保留了“hutong”这一词汇，保留了原文的文化色彩。

然而，对于不熟悉中国文化的英语读者来说，可能需要在注释中对其含义进行解释。

另一个例子是“洋车夫”。

在英语翻译中，这个词被翻译为“rickshaw puller”。

虽然这样的翻译在语法上没有问题，但“rickshaw puller”并不能完全传达“洋车夫”在中国文化中的含义。

在这个情况下，解释性翻译可能更为合适，例如将“洋车夫”译为“taxi driver”，并在注释中解释其在中国文化中的含义。

《城南旧事》英译本中的文化负载词翻译大体上成功地传达了原文的含义和情感。

然而，在某些情况下，直接保留原文可能会导致读者理解困难，而解释性翻译则可能更好地平衡文化差异和读者理解。

对于翻译者来说，如何在保留原文文化特色的同时，确保读者能够理解和接受，仍是一个需要仔细考虑的问题。

对于希望进一步研究《城南旧事》英译本的读者，建议阅读由台湾的版本，其中包含了许多有关负载词翻译的注释和背景信息。

这些注释有助于读者更好地理解原文的文化内涵和历史背景。

也可以对比不同版本的英译本，以获取更全面的理解和欣赏这部经典作品的机会。

《城南旧事》英译本中的文化负载词翻译是成功且富有启发性的。

它们不仅传递了原文的情感和意境，还在一定程度上保留了原文的文化特色。

本科生毕业设计（论文）题目On Translation of Culture-Loaded Words In Fortress Besieged from the Perspectiveof Reader’s Response Theory从读者反应论看《围城》中文化负载词的翻译专业英语院部外国语学院学号姓名杨代英指导教师从读者反应论看《围城》中文化负载词的翻译学生：杨代英指导教师：摘要：钱钟书的《围城》在国内外都享有盛名。

其英译本也是文学翻译中的佼佼者。

在《围城》中有大量的文化负载词,它们极大地推动情节深化主题。

因此在翻译时对这些文化负载词的翻译就不容忽视。

本文从读者反应论的角度看《围城》英译本中文化负载词的翻译,探讨对文化负载词的翻译。

从读者反应论看由珍妮·凯利和茅国权翻译的《围城》比较成功地再现《围城》原文中生态文化、社会文化、物质文化、宗教文化、语言文化。

尽管在某些方面依旧存在着文化缺失,但译文基本上能让目标语读者体会到原文本中那些文化负载词所承载的文化。

关键词：文化负载词；读者反应论；翻译On Translation of Culture-Loaded Words in Fortress Besieged from the Perspective of Reader’sResponse TheoryUndergraduate: Yang DaiyingSupervisor:Abstract: Qian Zhongshu‟s Fortress Besieged, a well-known novel, is popular both at home and abroad. The English version of the novel is also great success in the literature translation. In the novel, a great many culture-loaded words are used, and all of these have contributed significantly to developing the plot and deepening the theme. So the translation of those words cannot be ignored. This paper studies on translation of culture-loaded words from reader‟s response theory, and how to cope with those culture-loaded words in translation. From the view of reader‟s response theory, the translation of culture-loaded words show the English version translated by Jeanne Kelly and Nathan K. Mao reproduce those social culture, ecological culture, material culture, religious culture, and linguistic culture in Fortress Besieged successfully. To some extent, there are some parts existing culture loss, but the translation can let the target readers fundamentally understand those culture-loaded words carrying abundant culture in the original text.Key Words: Cultured-loaded words; Reader‟s response theory; TranslationContents1. Introduction (1)2. Literature Review (1)2.1 Introduction to Fortress Besieged (1)2.2 Introduction to Reader‟s Response Theory (2)2.3 Previous Studies on the Culture-Loaded Words from Fortress Besieged (3)3. Culture-loaded Words in Fortress Besieged (4)3.1 Ecological Culture-loaded Words (4)3. 2 Material culture-loaded words , (4)3.3 Social Culture-Loaded Words (4)3. 4 Religious Culture-loaded Words (5)3. 5 Linguistic Culture-loaded Words (5)4. Reader‟s Response Theory and the Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Fortress Besieged (6)4.1 Reader‟s Response Theory and the Translation of Ecological Culture-loaded Words in Fortress Besieged (6)4.2 Reader‟s Response Theory and the Translation of Material Culture-loaded Words in Fortress Besieged (8)4.3 Reader‟s Response Theory and the Translation of Social Culture-loaded Words in Fortress Besieged (10)4.4 Reader‟s Response Theory and the Translation of Religious Culture-loaded Words in Fortress Besieged (12)4.5 Reader‟s Response Theory and the Translation of Linguistic Culture-loaded Words in Fortress Besieged (13)5. Conclusion (15)Bibliography (15)Acknowledgment (16)1. IntroductionJohn Lyons asserts in his Semantics (1969:30), “Language is a part of culture. Differences on the language usage will expose the features of the social culture in terms of the substances, customs and other activities.” Meanwhile language is the carrier of culture, and some particular words are called culture-loaded words, which carry abundant cultural connotations and rich regional character istics. What‟s more, many of the translation errors are not because of grammar but of misunderstanding the source culture. When coping with text, a translator should firstly understand the source language firstly, especially culturally-loaded words. Therefore, it is very necessary to study the proper translation of culture-loaded words in the cross-cultural communication.Qian Zhongshu, a famous scholar, whose novel Fortress Besieged translated into English, French, Japanese, German, and Russian accordingly is popular both at home and abroad. And the English version of the novel is a great success in the literature translation. In the novel, a great many culture-loaded words deepen the plot and theme significantly, which give readers a hint the people‟s eve ry aspect of life during the Anti-Japanese War. Therefore, those words cannot be ignored when translators translate them into other languages. In this paper, studies on the translation culture-loaded words will be performed from the perspective of reader‟s response theory. From the view of reader‟s response theory, the translation of culture-loaded words show the English version translated by Jeanne Kelly and Nathan K. Mao reproduce those social culture, ecological culture, material culture, religious culture, and linguistic culture in Fortress Besieged successfully. To some extent, there are some parts existing culture loss, but the translation can let the target readers fundamentally understand those culture-loaded words carrying abundant culture in the original text.First of all, a review of Fortress Besieged,reader‟s response theory, and previous studies on the Culture-Loaded Words from Fortress Besieged are conducted. The following part is culture-loaded words in the original text of Fortress Besieged are classified into five types, and some typical culture-loaded words of each type are demonstrated. And then, the translations of different types of selected culture-loaded words in Fortress Besieged are analyzed from reader‟s response theory accordingly. Then the conclusion of this paper is conducted.2. Literature Review2.1 Introduction to Fortress BesiegedQian Zhongshu is a respected scholar, and his novel Fortress Besiege describing the educated intellectuals living situation during the Anti-Japanese War(1937-1945), and it is also of high literature value. Qian Zhongshu points out very clearly in thepreface of this novel “I intended to write about a certain segment of society and a certain kind of people in modem China”.The title “fortress besieged” itself stands for a dilemma that everyone may confront in the real world. Fortress Besieged are highly appraised, what‟s more, only people with rich both Chinese and Western culture can they really appreciate the wisdom, irony, and irony of the author because of many classical allusions, metaphors and culture-loaded words in the novel.The English version, one of “the most outstanding academic works”, published at an academic press Indiana University Press in 1979. In the translation, the translators Jeanne Kelly and Nathan K. Mao try to explain the cultural allusions and Chinese customs which are employed in the novel by listing many notes. However, there are also many criticisms such as impure English, inadequacies, rigid cultural transplantation. For instance, Dennis T. Hu commented on the first three sections of the version and concluded as the following: some expressions are inadequate and mistranslated; the target language is not pure English but with such a rich Chinese characteristic; and most of idioms are directly translated without any proper adjustment to English culture (Dennis T. Hu，1977)In the introduction written by Nathan K. Mao, he holds that Fortress Besieged is “scholar novel”, and the English version of Fortress Besieged is the most outstanding academic works. At the same time, in order to grasp the excellence of Fortress Besieged, both Chinese readers and target readers are needed to keep Chinese traditional knowledge and western knowledge in the mind. From this, we can assume that most of the target readers are educated people who eager to learn more about Chinese traditional culture through Fortress Besieged. In order to let these people can fully comprehend the irony and humor created by the scholar Qian Zhongshu, it is of importance for Jeanne Kelly and Nathan K. Mao to reproduce those social culture, ecological culture, material culture, religious culture, and linguistic culture in Fortress Besieged.2.2 Introduction to Reader’s Response TheoryAs one of the contemporary western l iterary criticisms, reader‟s response theory is different from traditional theories focusing on authorial intention in a text and the text itself. Reader-response theory holds it is the readers who play the important role in reading process. Reader‟s respo nse critics (Guerin and others 1999:357) hold that it is the reader who makes a text exist and the reading process is also a process of interpretation. Wolfgang Iser (1978) argues that in the reader‟s response, reader‟s past experiences and background knowledge are the key factors to fill the blank which the writers have created. Meanwhile, readers grasp the meaning according to their own background biases, expectation, need, reading ability, and so on. What‟s more, readers who have different cultural background and values, thus the readers are able to responsedifferently and have various ideas about the same text. Nevertheless, the readers‟ interpretations are not infinite because the text restricts them. During the dynamic reading process, readers do not follow the author‟s the social and cultural values passively but have their own understanding or opinions towards the same issue with their own values at the same time.In The theory and Practice of Translation, special and intense classification of reader‟s response theory and propose evaluating from reader‟s response theory are conducted by Nida. He was the first one to introduce the reader into the field of translation studies. Based on the reader‟s response theory, he put forward his famous “dynamic equivalence theory”. He holds that dynamic equivalence refers to the degree which the target readers‟ response to the translation actually is the same manner as the readers of source language do (Nida 1969:24).Above all, reader‟s response theory is an indi spensable elem ent in Nida‟s translation theory, and the target readers play an important place during the translation process. During the translation, the translator should keep the essence of the source text, what‟s more, the translator should also keep i n mind that the importance of reader‟s response. From reader‟s response theory, the choice of translation strategies is affected by reader‟s expectation and reader‟s reaction is different due to different life experiences, academic background even for the same text. At the same time, with the development of cross-cultural communication and in different time, even for the same text, reader‟s expectation is not the same and readers‟ acceptance var ies from time to time. Therefore, it is significant for translators to take the target readers into consideration while choosing the specific translation strategy.2.3 Previous Studies on the Culture-Loaded Words from FortressBesiegedWang Fang (2008) analyzed Qian Zhongshu and his literary works Fortress Besieged from the perspectives of cultural presupposition on the basis of Skopo‟s theory. Yang Hongying (2011) did a research on how to retain the original‟s grace and charm in the translation of Fortress Besieged, so that the English readers can appreciate Qian‟s linguistic manipulation. Wang Jing, Ma Xiuli, Xiao Ying (2009) gave some translation strategies to translate culture-loaded words from Fortress Besieged. Gao Linxia (2012) analyzed the translation of culture-loaded words from Purpose Theory. Cheng Hui (2012) under the guidance of aesthetics of reception, aimed at analyzing the relationship between translated version of Fortress Besieged and readers‟ expectation, and tried to offer some suggestions on the translation of culture-loaded words.3. Culture-loaded Words in Fortress BesiegedIn this chapter, culture-loaded words are classified into five categories namelyecological culture-loaded words, material culture-loaded words, social culture-loaded words, religious culture-loaded words and linguistic culture-loaded words. Then some of these five types of Culture-loaded words in the Fortress Besieged will be listed accordingly.3.1 Ecological Culture-loaded WordsSeasons, rain, wind, rivers, mountains, and other geographical features makes up the ecological culture. Different nations have formed and developed their own ecological cultures because of their different climates and geographical features. Generally speaking, It is not easy for the people from one country to understand and receipt the ecological culture which is of other countries. There are many words and expressions which show the special ecological culture of China. Therefore, It is necessary for translator to keep in mind that to get a general idea of different ecological culture between English-speaking countries and China, which is the key to let people from different countries to have a access to cross culture to communicate.In Fortress Besieged, there are many ecological cultural-loaded words in Fortress Besieged. For instance, “San-fu”,“the rainy season”,” smile radiantly”, “autumn tiger” and so forth.3. 2 Material culture-loaded Words ,Material culture-loaded words reflect material culture characteristic of a certain country which covers tools of production, daily appliances, food and costumes, etc. On account of people‟s habits and culture background differing from one country to another country, the material culture-loaded words are used to play different roles in different culture. Material Culture-loaded words can be picked up easily in the novel of Fortress Besieged, such as “wedding dinner”, “yamen”, “majhong”, “sedan-chair”, “pack his bedding”, “outlet”, “baked sesame buns, fried puffs and five-spice beans”, “mou”, “li”, “Chinese dress”, etc.3.3 Social Culture-Loaded WordsThose words refer to social culture are named social culture-loaded words. For that different societies own different history background, political features and cultural practice, Social culture is the richest and most complicated. It includes everything non-material. Social culture-loaded words carry their unique social characteristics. And China as one of the most ancient civilizations in the word, there is no doubt that many social culture-loaded words. Moreover, nearly all these social culture-loaded words in Chinese have no counterparts in English. When translators translate those social culture-loaded words they are not just coping with words but two totally different cultures.Social Culture-loaded words can be easily picked up in Fortress Besieged, su ch as “The Flower in the Mirror”, “dowry”, “I”, “father-in-law”,“my wife”,“bowed and genuflected “,“horoscope”, “Chen-yuan times”,“at expert in all eighteen of the military arts”,“pull the empty-town bluff”, “Shaoxing operas”,“sympathy-getting ploy”,“The one installed three days earlier becomes the wife”, etc.3. 4 Religious Culture-loaded WordsIt is Religious culture that plays a crucial role in the process of human culture. Almost in every nation you can find religions. For the most westerners, they have faith in Christianity. And since the ancient times, Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism have great influences on Chinese culture, the language of Chinese, and people‟s thinking patterns.Those religious culture-loaded words have no equivalence in the target language English due to their unique religious beliefs. In order to transmit the connotations of religious culture, the translators are supposed to use the proper translation strategies to let the target readers react to text just like the readers in the original language do. In Fortress Besieged, there are numerous words which are embedded with religious culture. “choose an auspicious date”, “goddess of Mercy chant”, “a friend read my fortune”, “along the way bad luck will turn to good”, “ultima tely everything came out well, and we reach the Western Paradise [Buddhist heaven]”, “affinity”, “Kitchen God”, and so on.3. 5 Linguistic Culture-loaded WordsLanguage, as a part of culture, itself also make a contribution to human culture. Linguistic culture-loaded words can reflect the linguistic characteristics of a certain language community. It is a common knowledge that Chinese belongs to Sino-Tibetan language family while English belongs to Indo-European language family. Since Chinese and English belong to different language family, so they own different language features.Qian Zhongshu who is a master of language applied numerous verbal techniques in Fortress Besieged to make the language humorous and enrich the novel‟s linguistic culture. Under the circumstance, the translation of linguistic culture-loaded words is far more difficult than above four kinds of culture-loaded words.There are a lot of linguistic culture-loaded words in the novel of Fortress Besieged, which show author‟s superb language skills, such as, “after the bitter comes the sweet”, “call him …Granny‟”, “when they were equals”, “chattered”,“as western science moves forward, Chinese scientists move upward”, “this man should have this disease”, “The same manner as the peerless beauty whose one glance could conquer city and second glance could vanquish an empire”, etc.4. Reader’s Response Theory and the Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Fortress BesiegedIn the following part, some translations of five types of culture-loaded words in Fortress Besieged are picked up to analyze from reader-response theory. What‟s more, several translation methods are employed in the translation of those culture-loaded words. At last, from the view of reader‟s response theory, the tra nslation of culture-loaded words show the English version translated by Jeanne Kelly and Nathan K. Mao reproduce those social culture, ecological culture, material culture, religious culture, and linguistic culture in Fortress Besieged successfully. To some extent, there are some parts existing culture loss, but the translation can let the target readers fundamentally understand those culture-loaded words carrying abundant culture in the original text.4.1 Reader’s Response Theory and the Translation of EcologicalCulture-loaded Words in Fortress BesiegedIn Fortress Besieged, there are many ecological cultural-loaded words. A detailed analysis of some ecological cultural-loaded words in Fortress Besieged from reader‟s response will be given.1. 这是七月下旬,合中国旧历的三伏,一年最热的时候。

文化负载词汉英翻译
Culture-loaded Words
文化负载词是指在某个特定文化中具有特殊意义或情感色彩的词汇。

这些词汇在跨文化交流中容易引起误解或产生文化冲突。

例如，中国
人常用的“红色”代表喜庆和吉祥，而在西方文化中，“红色”则常
常与危险和警告联系在一起。

为了避免文化冲突，跨文化交流中应当注意文化负载词的使用。

在进
行跨文化交流时，应当尽量使用中性词汇，避免使用具有特殊文化意
义的词汇。

同时，也应当了解对方文化中的文化负载词，以便更好地
理解对方的意思。

除了语言上的文化负载词，还有许多其他方面的文化负载词，如礼仪、习俗、信仰等。

在跨文化交流中，了解对方的文化背景和价值观是非
常重要的，这样才能更好地进行交流和合作。

扩展：
文化负载词是跨文化交流中需要注意的一个重要问题。

除了语言上的
文化负载词，还有许多其他方面的文化负载词，如礼仪、习俗、信仰
等。

在不同的文化中，同一件事情可能会被赋予不同的意义和价值。

例如，在西方文化中，握手是一种常见的问候方式，而在一些东方文化中，握手可能被认为是不礼貌的行为。

在跨文化交流中，了解对方的文化背景和价值观是非常重要的。

这样才能更好地理解对方的意思，避免误解和文化冲突。

同时，也应当尽量使用中性词汇，避免使用具有特殊文化意义的词汇。

如果必须使用文化负载词，应当在交流中进行解释和说明，以便对方更好地理解。

文化图式理论视角下《围城》中文化负载词的英译研究作者：俞思倩杨成虎来源：《名作欣赏·学术版》 2018年第1期⊙俞思倩杨成虎［宁波大学科学技术学院，浙江宁波315200］摘要：汉语文化负载词蕴含着独特的中国文化，在文学作品的翻译与文化传递中至关重要。

笔者提出以文化图式理论为基础，以《围城》中英本作为双语语料，从文化图式理论在翻译中出现的三种表现出发，对照中英本的文化负载词的翻译处理进行分析，研究其翻译策略。

通过分析，笔者认为应对不同文化图式表现，灵活采取不同的翻译策略，有助于传达原文含义并促进中国特色文化的传播。

关键词：文化图式理论文化负载词翻译研究《围城》一、引言在文化全球化的大背景之下，翻译研究越来越重视语言间的文化传递，翻译并非简单的两种语言本身之间的转化，更是语言背后两种文化间的交流与传递。

《围城》作为钱钟书先生“锱铢积累”写成的一部长篇小说，在中国现代文学史上风格独特。

文中蕴涵大量具有中国特色的词汇及表达，与源语文化背景紧密相关。

在翻译文学作品的过程中，如何处理这些文化负载词对于译文读者了解作品内涵起着关键作用。

本文采用文化图式这一理论，其核心内涵正是注重不同文化间的转换传递，两者在这一方面正相契合；因此，从这一视角切入分析，具有较多的研究价值。

二、文化图式理论综述及其在翻译中的应用（一）文化图式理论研究综述文化图式理论是图式理论的一个分支，是由图式理论延伸出的一个相对较新的理论。

“图式”一词源于希腊词汇，最早由德国哲学家ImmanuelKant将其作为一个哲学概念在1781年的《纯粹理性批判》一书中提出，强调了已有知识对信息传递的重要性；Kant指出：新的信息、新的观念只有与个体已知信息存在一定关联时，才会对此产生意义。

在心理学领域，最先由英国心理学家BartlettF.C.引入，在其1932年出版的Remembering中，将“图式”（schema）理解为是过去反映或过去经历的活跃组织。

《围城》英译本中文化负载词的翻译策略及启示作者：慕琳琳来源：《文艺生活·文艺理论》2015年第11期摘 ; 要：本文从文化负载词的定义出发，展示了文化负载词是翻译过程中的难点和重点，同时，在关联理论的视角下，本文以《围城》为例，从《围城》英译本中找出具有代表性的文化负载词翻译语句进行探讨，以期探索文化负载词的有效翻译途径。

关键词：关联理论;文化负载词;翻译策略;《围城》英译本中图分类号：H315.9 ; ; ; ;文献标识码：A ; ; ; ;文章编号：1005-5312（2015）32-0247-01一、关联理论选择转换关联理论选择转换指译者在翻译过程中“对语言形式的适应性选择转换”。

山于东西方思维方式不同，英汉两种语言在语言表达方而差异很人。

翻译时，在充分考虑翻译整体生态环境的基础上，需要对词汇进行选择调整，对语言形式进行转换，从而产生较佳译文《围城》译者在翻译时也力求充分尊重原作的语言特色，创造胜地再现源语，向读者展不了中国语言的特色。

例1：你这人就爱吃醋，吃不相干的醋。

（P67）You like ;being ;jealous and ;it’s over ;nothing.（P71）中文“醋”和英文“vinegar "的概念意义相同，但从文化内涵和民族色彩角度来看，意义相差甚远“醋”在汉语中表“妒忌”之意，而“vine-gar”在英文中则有“尖酸、刻薄”之意。

译者没有只从语言层而的对等视角出发，把“吃醋”直译为"have vinegar"，而是通过考虑整体环境，对词汇进行选择调整。

例2：他跟周太太花烛以来，一直就让着她。

（P107）From the day he married his wife ; he had always yielded to her every wish. P109。

花烛本是旧式结婚新房里点的红蜡烛，上而多有龙凤等做装饰。

顺应论视角下的《围城》文化负载词的英译The novel "The Besieged City" is a classic work of modern Chinese literature, which together with its cultural load words has been extensively recognized by readers in both home and abroad. With the culturalload words, readers can comprehend the essence of the novel, especially the viewpoint of architecture in the book.In "The Besieged City", the author uses three words--"moat", "wall" and "gate" focusing on the theme of architecture. Through the metaphor of "moat" and "wall", the author implies the idea that all things in the world are living in a city that has walls and a moat, thus the external immaterial forces are kept at bay. He suggests that everyone, everyone has her orhis own city and moat, and thatthe world is full of varying isolation and detachment. The community is barricaded and chaotic, which hints at the somberness and fluidity of life. In addition, the use of "gate" implies that despite the barriers of our city, whichis full of internal sorrows, someone should leave the city open, leaving the heavy gates that are blocking our tenderness, allowing the love and sentiments to flow out of the city and into the world.In conclusion, the three words—"moat", "wall" and "gate" used in the novel "The Besieged City" are notonly about architecture, but also about the sentiments of people in this trapped city. By means of these three words, the author is invoking readers to think about relationship between man and nature, and to realize the importance of leading a life withprinciple and kindness.。