西安交大研究生综合英语汉译英与英译汉

UNIT 31. Most Americans would have a difficult time telling you, specifically, what the values are that Americans live by. They have never given the matter much thought.2. Even if Americans had considered this question, they would probably, in the end, decide not to answer in terms of a definitive list of values. The reason for this decision is itself one very American value —their belief that every individual is so unique that the same list of values could never be applied to all, or even most, of their fellow citizens.3. Although Americans may think of themselves as being more varied and unpredictable than they actually are, it is significant that they think they are. Americans tend to think they have been only slightly influenced by family, church or schools. In the end, each believes, “I personally chose which values I want to live my own life by.”4. The different behaviors of a people or a culture make sense only when seen through the basic beliefs, assumptions and values of that particular group. When you encounter an action, or hear a statement in the United States that surprises you, try to see it as an expression of one or more of the values listed here.5. Before proceeding to the list itself, we should also point out that Americans see all of these values as very positive ones. They are not aware, for example, that the people in many Third World countries view some of these values as negative or threatening.In fact, all of these American values are judged by many of the world’s citizens as negative and undesirable. Therefore, it is not enough simply to familiarize yourself with these values. You must also, so far as possible, consider them without the negative or derogatory connotation that they might have for you, based on your own experience and cultural identity.Personal Control over the Environment6. Americans no longer believe in the power of Fate, and they have come to look at people who do as being backward, primitive, or hopelessly naive. To be called “fatalistic” is one of the worst criticisms one can receive in the American context; to an American, it means one is superstitious and lazy, unwilling to take any initiative in bringing about improvement.7. In the United States, people consider it normal and right that Man should control Nature, rather than the other way around. More specifically, people believe every single individual should have control over whatever in the environment might potentially affect him or her. 1.大多数美国人在谈起其赖以生存的价值观时会感到力不从心。

Unit 1Translation of Text如何应对恭维H·艾伦·史密斯尽管我确信蓄胡子会使我更加气度不凡，走在大街上会使女性发笑，但我从不留胡子，原因是我不敢冒险，因为哪怕蓄一点点胡子也很危险，它会招来别人的恭维。

例如，如果一位女士走到我跟前，说道：“你的胡子最迷人，”我会无所适从，不知怎样回答才好。

我可能会惊慌得脱口而出：“我也喜欢您的胡子。

”在社会交往中，应对恭维比对付辱骂要艰难得多，这话听起来有点矛盾，却有一定的道理。

闲聊时来句恭维话，往往让我们大多数人不知所措。

例如，有人对我们说上一句动听、赞美的话，我们就慌得说不出话来，膝盖开始瑟瑟发抖。

如果别人称赞不是真正属于我自己的东西时，我根本无法欣然接受。

我家住在一个小山上，俯瞰山下一片宽广的谷地。

来访者惊叹道：“天哪！你这儿的景色太美了！”整个山谷原本就在那里，不是我造的，也不属于我。

然而我傻乎乎地笑着说：“噢，没什么——无非是过去留下的一片土地而已。

”我在接受这种特定的恭维时，表示最能完全接受的说法就是“嗯，我们喜欢。

”采用这种答话必须得小心谨慎。

就某样东西说“我们喜欢”，言外之意就是，还有许多其他人都认为它很令人讨厌。

不久前，我和一批人在一起时，其中有位来自澳大利亚的地球物理学家在滔滔不绝地谈论宇宙中的奇观。

“我们生活的这个地球，”他说道，“是个了不起的、生机勃勃的、旋转的行星，是由一些不可思议的奇观组合而成。

”随后便是长时间的停顿。

这时，一位被他的这种极度夸张的恭维话所吸引的妇女，禁不住说道，“嗯，我们喜欢这个地球。

”我认为，对待恭维采取否定和贬低的态度是错误的。

“多漂亮的礼服啊！”你的朋友赞美道。

“噢，这么破的旧衣服！”你回答道。

这种情景，与我上述提出的观点非常相似。

别人赞美你的礼服，你无权为此感到羞愧或恼怒——除非这件礼服恰好是你自己亲手缝制的。

如果你这么说，“我是在麦茜商场的地下室和另一个妇女经过一番争抢才买下来的，”你可能会感觉更好些。

UNIT71. Several leading modern business leaders seem, surprisingly, to downplay the importance of strategy. You can make too much fuss about strategy, they imply--- you have a few clear options; just choose one and get on with it. is it really that simple?2. “Strategy is straightforward---just pick a general direction and implement like hell.”Jack Welch, for example---the chairman and CEO of the USA’s General Electric Company; the man who grow the company from a market capitalization of $27 billion to a $140 billion, making GE the largest and most valuable company in the world. he must know a thing or two about strategy. But here’s what he says: “In real life, strategy is actually very straightforward. You pick a general direction and you implement like hell.”Or Allan leighton, the man who was recruited by Archie Norman to help res cue the UK’s ailing Asda supermarket chain, and went on to build the company into one of Britain’s most successful retailers. “Strategy is important,” says Leighton, “but it is a compass, not a road map. It tells you in which direction you are heading, but the important bit is how you get there.”Or Louis Gerstner, the man who rescued IBM in the 1990’s when the struggling mainframe supplier was about to be driven into extinction by the new, smaller and more agile personal computer manufacturers. “It is extremely difficult to develop a unique strategy for a company; and if the strategy is truly different, it is probably highly risky. Execution really is the critical part of a successful strategy. Getting it done, getting it done right, getting it done better than the next person is far more important than dreaming up new visions of the future.”3. So strategy is simple. And having an ingenious new strategy is less important than carrying it out successfully. In fact it might be dangerous. It that right?Let’s look at one last quote from Mr. Welch. “When I became CEO in 1981, we launched a highly publicized initiative: be number one or number two in every market, and fix, sell or close to get there. This was not our strategy, although I’ve often heard it descri bed that way.It was a galvanising mantra to describe how we were going to do business going forward. Our strategy was much more directional. GE was going to move away from businesses that were being commoditized toward businesses that manufactured high-value technology products or sold services instead of things.”Grand strategy versus strategy4. I would argue that these CEO’s blue chip corporations are taking a slightly Olympian view of the concept of “strategy.” Let’s call what hey are talking about “grand strategy” a strategy, but in the overarching sense, like the American car industry saying that they are going to move out gas-guzzlers and into smaller, more fuel-efficient models. 1.一些领先的现代企业领导人似乎，奇怪的是，淡化战略的重要性。

Unit11、他们被背包压得弯下了腰，在山坡上的松树林里一步步向上爬，全身淌着汗。

Bending under the weight of the packs, sweating, they climbed steadily in the pine forest that covered the mountainside.2、我们在无聊的时候，往往把注意力集中在时间的流逝上，这样会使大脑活动产生错觉，总觉得时钟似乎走得更慢。

Concentrating on time passing, as we do when bored, will trigger brain activity which will make it seem as though the clock is ticking more slowly.3、法国第二季度的失业率飙升，并且该国财长称，即使全球经济复苏加快，就业局面仍将继续恶化。

这是自2006年初以来最糟糕的季度失业率。

Unemployment shot up in France during the second quarter, and the country’s top finance official said the situation will continue to aggravate even if a global economic recovery gathers pace. It was the worst quarterly unemployment in France since early 2006.4、社会实践是不断发展的，我们的思想认识也应不断前进，应勇于根据实践的要求进行创新。

As social practice continues to develop, we should keep renewing our ideas and make innovations courageously in light of practical needs.5、自行车被看成是比公共汽车更实惠的交通工具，因为公共汽车票价在最近几年内涨了三倍。

UNIT 1(1) The fascination generated by exploration will inspire our young people to study math, science and engineering, and create a new generation of innovators and pioneers.(2) Upon returning to England, he employed the favorable media attention as a launching pad for his foray into politics.(3)Owning to the nature of every growing business, you will need to be on the go constantly, and also be on the go prepared to work shift work, including nights and weekends.(4) In Australia, gasoline prices have retreated, although falls have been limited because of the weakness of the Australian dollar against its American counterpart.(5) The Asian economy has presented a positive trend. Some countries have overcome the impact of the financial crisis and revived development. Asia has once again become the spotlight of global economic growth.(6) China’s accession to the WTO can promote not only the development of Chinese economy, but also that of the world economy and will inject new impetus into the progress of Asian economy and world economy.(7) The growing quantity of information, couple with the development of technologies, erable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before.(8) The future is something which everyone reaches at the rate of sixty minutes an hour, whatever he does, whoever he is.2) Translate the following paragraph into English. It ’ s actually pretty natural, and almost unavoidable, for managers to form expectations of their workers. Research has found that in an organization, our expectations of others can be tied directly to productivity, profitability, and yes －motivation! If you have high expectations of your employees, you will possess a powerful and effective tool for improving performance and motivation within your organization.Performance is often a matter of expectations. Managers and supervisors form expectations of others, which then influence how they interact with those people. If you don’t expect much f rom your employees, they will sense that and perform poorly. Why? Because your expectations of them affect their desire to do well. The point is that people naturally try to live up to our expectations of them, or live down to them, whatever the case may be. So expect the best from your employees and don’t be surprised if that’s exactly what you get! b. English to ChineseUNIT 2(1)Rising oil prices are typically negative for corporate profits since they boost expenses and eat into consumers’discretionary income.(2)And it follows from this, Hobbes believes, that the sovereign has the right to decide what opinions, what books, what ideas are conducive to peace and which ones aim simply to stir up war and discontent?(3)Researchers in Germany say that a cancer fighting substance found in hops could be enhanced to brew a special anti cancer beer.(4)A fabled bird, identified with the kingfisher, was supposed to have the power to calm the wind and the waves while it nested on the sea during the winter solstice.(5)Bicyclists often ride as though two wheeled vehicles are exempt from all traffic laws.(6)The instructor should not rebuke the girl student for her small mistake in front of all classmates. Given that she is inexperienced, she has done a good job.(7)From a broader perspective, higher attrition rate would affect the development of the industry as a whole. So the necessity is to shorten the apprenticeship.(8)I have to level with you because I don’t want any misunderstanding between us, so how can you justify spending so much money?（2）Translate the following paragraph into English. The error—the heresy—is to think that the entire purpose of education is to get you a better job: that the entire function of an individual life is to make as much money as possible. No one said to me, read Finnegans Wake and you’ll make a bloody fortune; that’s the whole point of reading the damn thing. It’s a terrible shame, and I feel horribly sad for the people who must go through it all, carrying the burden of economic expectation rather then the spirit of exploration and adventure. We were all too busy trying to suss out the meaning of life to be sidetracked by such side issues as careers, until the time came to meet reality head on. That hasn’t stopped a number of old university friends from being conspicuously successful. Therefore, the purpose of education is supposed to make you rich, not wealthy.UNIT 3(1)Gaining real knowledge requires taking risks and keeping the mind open—but most people prefer to be reassured rather than to learn the complex and often unsettling truth about anything.(2)The soldiers were so courageous that they sworn to wipe out any enemy that dare to invade into their country.(3)They’re so lacking in confidence in the attraction of broadcasting the games on TV that they feel they have to hype up with some hysterical commentator in order to get anyone to watch them.(4)What’s worse, there are those who would unleash malicious network attacks designed to exploit these hidd en vulnerabilities to uncover the prized data within.(5)The change of the government’s interference strategies on housing ushered in a period of stable house prices.(6)This shows true leadership, sustained vision, and solid commitment. They were applauded for sticking with it for so many years with great subtlety.(7)How to single out the most succinct way to finish the work still remains a problem.(8)But Defense Secretary Gates said the United States has put a lot on the table in terms of missile defense proposals and it is time for the Russians to reciprocate.(2)Translate the following paragraph into English. According to some media reports recently, the cyber attacks to Google and many American companies seemed to have originated in China. The Chairman of Chinese Internet Association refutes that it was an irresponsible prejudice to allege on that cyber attacks originated in China without thorough investigation,and was therefore absolutely arbitrary. With the rapid development on internet in the globe, it was difficult to determine the origin because of the ease of hiding identities online. The hacker may hide identities, log on the computer of a foreign country and commit cyber attacks to the computers in the third one.However, China’s information network, as well as many other countries, also faces severe threat of cyber attacks. Chinese government has always attached great importance to the security of the computer network and strengthened international cooperation to crack down on cross border cyber crimes, as well as enhanced its crackdown through consultation and collaboration with the International Criminal Police Organization. Therefore, it is wholly nonsense to allege on that cyber attacks originated in China judging merely from computer IP address of China.UNIT 4(1)Potential investors exploring more promising areas, such as low carbon energy and infrastructure, are stymied because of the lack of a clear policy framework.(2)Fortunately, most managers welcome such initiative, and they are increasingly willing to give their employees more responsibility, autonomy, and authority in their jobs.(3)We are offering a package deal which includes the whole office computer system, staff training and hardware maintenance.(4)Although this so called continuous speech recognition approach has indeed improved accuracy, it is by no means infallible.(5)This is a concrete illustration of what we mean by one and the same thing having two contradictory aspects.(6)Actual demand in a particular year, in particular in the private sector, depends on the economic factors and the commercial decisions of developers and consumers.(7)If you ever need a blood transfusion, it’s important that you only receive blood compatible with your own type.(8)Therefore, the Europeanization of Chinese does not stem from an internal force, but rather originates from an external pressure.2)Translate the following paragraph into English. Most of us, when young, had the experience of a sweetheart being taken from us by somebody more attractive and more appealing. At the time, we may have resented this intruder—but as we grew older, we recognized that the sweetheart had never been ours to begin with. It was not the intruder that “caused”the break, but the lack of a real relationship.On the surface, many marriages seem to break up because of a “third party”. This is, however, a psychological illusion. The other woman or the other man merely serves as a pretext for dissolving a marriage that had already lost its essential integrity.But the rejected lover or mate cannot afford to believe that his beloved has freely turned away from him—and so he ascribes sinister or magical properties to the interloper. He calls him a hypnotist or a thief or a home breaker. In the vast majority of cases, however, when a home is broken, the breaking has begun long before any “third party”has appeared on the scene.Unit 5(1)Some people dub China as “The Bicycle Kingdom”. Yet in the past, you could hardly see anyone from this kingdom in the international cycling events.(2)The WHO says anyone exposed to the bird flu should be quarantined to avoid contact with sufferers of regular human influenza.(3)The great “Spanish flu”pandemic of 1918~1919 was considered the worst plague in history, killing up to 40 million people with half of the world’s population infected in only a few months.(4)The time for talk is over. The time for action is now. Because we know that if we don’t act, a bad situation will become dramatically worse. Crisis could turn into catastrophe for families and businesses across our country.(5)Called plant factories, these anonymous looking warehouses have sprung up across the whole world and can churn out immaculate looking lettuces and green leaves 24 hours a day, seven days a week.(6)I think, learning English can boil down to three simple ingredients: persistence, proper ways and good teachers.(7)Usually, when we put the blame on others, we would be blind of our own mistakes. And if we don’t acknowledge or learn from our own mistakes, chances are high that we are going to repeat them.(8)To defuse your anger, try a simple stress management technique. Take a couple of breaths and think of something that gives you pleasure: a beautiful scene in nature, someone you love.2)Translate the following paragraph into English. Even in rich countries, it will be months before everyone who wants the vaccine can get it. Poor countries will get little if any vaccine. The pandemic vaccine should make you and your family safe from this virus, but you may not get it for months, if you can get it at all. Some countries, including the US and the UK, have ordered enough to vaccinate everyone and immunization began this month. Most poor countries will get only a little, or none. In rich countries many will still get sick, and some will die, before they can be vaccinated. And yet even people who can get it are hesitating. Nearly half the parents in the US say they will refuse to vaccinate their kids, even though children are a priority group for vaccination, due to unfounded rumors about the risks of the various swine flu vaccines.Unit 6(1)To dismiss John from his job when his wife has just left him would be hitting a man when he is down.(2)We were all astonished beyond measure on hearing that Tom and Jane are getting married after knowing each other for merely two weeks.(3)She began to put the house straight, making beds and washing dishes, cleaning and tidying; but she could summon up no enthusiasm for it.(4)Beyond all differences of race or creed, we are one country, mourning together and facing danger together.(5)With love I will tear down the wall for suspicion and hate which they have built round their heartsand in its place will I build bridges so that my love may enter their souls.(6)John Travolta has been obsessed with planes and flying since he was a little boy. When he was eight years old, his mother and sister pitched in to get him a fancy toy plane for Christmas.(7)Wish you a very successful semester as you dig into the science of psychology and put it into practice in your own lives, and think about how to take psychology from the classroom to the world.(8)They are a group of fearless fighters, and as a group they have conqured one difficulty after another. And today they carried out this plan with determination and devotion though they met with many difficulties.2) Translate the following paragraph into English. The past 30 years of reform and opening up have also brought about historical changes in China ’s relations with the rest of the world. China, once a closed and semi closed society, has opened itself to the outside world. It is an active participant in international and regional cooperation, and it has become a major engine propelling global economic growth. It has established extensive contacts with the international community and taken an active part in international and regional affairs. Faithfully fulfilling its international obligations and playing a responsible and constructive role, China is now an important force for maintaining world peace and promoting common development. Any country that wants to develop itself should not only rely on its own efforts, but also carry out reform and opening up and pursue win win progress and common development with other countries. This is the conclusion we have drawn from the success of China’s development endeavors. And we are keenly aware that in this increasingly globalized world China’s future is inseparably bound up with the future of the world.。

Unit 1(1) The fascination generated by exploration will inspire our young people to study math, science and engineering, and create a new generation of innovators and pioneers.(2) Upon returning to England, he employed the favorable media attention as a launching pad for his foray into politics.(3) Owning to the nature of every growing business, you will need to be on the go constantly, and also be on the go prepared to work shift work, including nights and weekends.(4) In Australia, gasoline prices have retreated, although falls have been limited because of the weakness of the Australian dollar against its American counterpart.(5) The Asian economy has presented a positive trend. Some countries have overcome the impact of the financial crisis and revived development. Asia has once again become the spotlight of global economic growth.(6) China’s accession to the WTO can promote not only the development of Chinese economy, but also that of the world economy and will inject new impetus into the progress of Asian economy and world economy.(7) The growing quantity of information, couple with the development of technologies, erable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before.(8) The future is something which everyone reaches at the rate of sixty minutes an hour, whatever he does, whoever he is.哪些做法才能区分以人为本的公司呢？我们至少可以列出四条：第一，它们重视文化的多样性。

UNIT 31. Most Americans would have a difficult time telling you, specifically, what the values are that Americans live by. They have never given the matter much thought.2. Even if Americans had considered this question, they would probably, in the end, decide not to answer in terms of a definitive list of values. The reason for this decision is itself one very American value — their belief that every individual is so unique that the same list of values could never be applied to all, or even most, of their fellow citizens.3. Although Americans may think of themselves as being more varied and unpredictable than they actually are, it is significant that they think they are. Americans tend to think they have been only slightly influenced by family, church or schools. In the end, each believes, “I personally chose which values I want to live my own life by.”4. The different behaviors of a people or a culture make sense only when seen through the basic beliefs, assumptions and values of that particular group. When you encounter an action, or hear a statement in the United States that surprises you, try to see it as an expression of one or more of the values listed here.5. Before proceeding to the list itself, we should also point out that Americans see all of these values as very positive ones. They are not aware, for example, that the people in many Third World countries view some of these values as negative or threatening.In fact, all of these American values are judged by many of the world’s citizens as negative and undesirable. Therefore, it is not enough simply to familiarize yourself with these values. You must also, so far as possible, consider them without the negative or derogatory connotation that they might have for you, based on your own experience and cultural identity.Personal Control over the Environment6. Americans no longer believe in the power of Fate, and they have come to look at people who do as being backward, primitive, or hopelessly naive. To be called “fatalistic” is one of the worst criticisms one can receive in the American context; to an American, it means one is superstitious and lazy, unwilling to take any initiative in bringing about improvement.7. In the United States, people consider it normal and right that Man should control Nature, rather than the other way around. More specifically, people believe every single individual should have control over whatever in the environment might potentially affect him or her. 1.大多数美国人在谈起其赖以生存的价值观时会感到力不从心。

UNIT6What does it feel like to help dying patients through their final days? Experience it through the eyes of hospice nurse Jill Campbell, who does her job with grace, compassion, and gratitude.1.Outside, it's noisy on this busy block of row houses in Baltimore. But inside one tidy living room, all is quiet except for the sound of a woman's raspy breathing. The patient is huddled in an easy chair under a handmade pink-and-blue afghan, a knit cap on her head and booties on her feet. She has trouble staying warm these days. Her cancer has returned with a vengeance and she has only a few weeks to life.Hospice nurse Jill Campbell kneels down beside her patient, listens to her breathing, and then checks her blood pressure. Campbell has already hauled in oxygen tanks, showed family members how to work them, organized the medicine, and assessed how her patient has been eating and sleeping.2.But now is a moment to connect one-on-one. Campbell wraps her hands around the woman’s hands and rubs them together to warm them. She looks into her face. “are you feeling a little better?” she asks softly.3.Getting to know her patients and helping them through the toughest time of their lives is what Campbell, 43, appreciates most about being a hospice nurse. “I don’t know of another position where you can do more for people,” she says.4.Her patients have all been told that they have six months or less to live. Rather than continue with often-difficult or painful treatments that probably won’t extend their lives, they have decided to stop trying for a cure. Instead, with the help of hospice care, they’ll focus on comfort and on living whatever they have left of their lives to the fullest ---usually in their own home.5.Being able to die at home is a major part of the appeal of hospice, but patients and family members may not see it that way at first. “A lot of people still view hospice as giving up and letting the disease in,” says Campbell. That’s why the decision to call in hospice care can be an incredibly difficult one for a family to make. Once they do, though, most patients and their families soon understand the value of having a team of dedicated professionals---including social workers, health aides, chaplains, and nurses---work together to provide not only physical but also emotional and spiritual support. 帮助即将离世的患者度过最后的时光会是怎样的感受呢？让我们借助吉尔·坎贝尔的所见经历这一切吧。

UNIT81. In the last year, MOOCs have gotten a tremendous amount of publicity. Last November, the New York Times decided that 2012 was “the Year of the MOOC,” and columnists like David Brooks and Thomas Friedman have proclaimed ad nausea that the MOOC “revolution” is a “tsunami” that will soon transform higher education. As a Time cover article on MOOCs put it — in a rhetorical flourish that has become a truly dead cliché — “College is Dead. Long Live College!”2. Where is the hype coming from? On the one hand, higher education is ripe for “disruption” — to use Clayton Christensen’s theory of “disruptive innovation” — because there is a real, systemic crisis in higher education, one that offers no apparent or immanent solution. It’s hard to imagine how the status quo can survive if you extend current trends forward into the future: how does higher education as we know it continue if tuition fees and student debt continue to skyrocket while state funding continues to plunge? At what point does the system simply break down? Something has to give.3.At the same time, the speed at which an obscure form of non-credit-based online pedagogy has gone so massively mainstream demonstrates the level of investment that a variety of powerful people and institutions have made in it. The MOOC revolution, if it comes, will not be the result of a groundswell of dissatisfaction felicitously finding a technology that naturally solves problems, nor some version of the market’s invisible hand. It’s a tsunami powered by the interested speculation of interested parties in a particular industry. MOOCs are, and will be, big business, and the way that their makers see profitability at the end of the tunnel is what gives them their particular shape.4. After all, when the term itself was coined in 2008 — MOOC, for Massively Open Online Course — it described a rather different kind of project. Dave Cormier suggested the name for an experiment in open courseware that George Siemens and Stephen Downes were putting together at the University of Manitoba, a class of 25 students that was opened up to over 1,500 online participants. The tsunami that made land in 2012 bears almost no resemblance to that relatively small — and very differently organized — effort at a blended classroom.For Cormier, Siemens, and Downes, the first MOOC was part of a long-running engagement with connectivist principles of education, the idea that we learn best when we learn collaboratively, in networks, because the process of learning is less about acquiring new knowledge “content” than about building the social and neural connections that will 1. 去年，“大规模在线开放课程”得到了广泛的宣传。

硕士综合英语教程1参考译文Unit 1创建低碳经济概述1. 对于主要由人类活动而迅速积累的温室气体引发了全球变暖这一事实，没有人再持有异议。

除非我们协同一致，快速转向低碳经济，否则全球变暖的趋势将会愈演愈烈。

这一危机日益彰显逼近。

正如获得2007年诺贝尔和平奖的联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）主席拉金德拉?帕乔里所声称的：“如果在2012年之前我们还没有采取行动，那就为时已晚了。

我们在未来两到三年中的所作所为将决定我们的未来。

这是决定性的时刻。

”2. 同工业化前的水平相比，地球平均温度已经上升了0.8摄氏度（1.4华氏度左右），速度为自1975年以来每十年增加0.2摄氏度；如果我们仍然一意孤行，那么温度还会继续发生永久性的变化。

这种温度变化听起来似乎不大，但事实并非如此。

最后一个冰河时代时的全球平均气温不过比现今低约5.4摄氏度（9.7华氏度）。

3. 很多权威的气候学家们都曾发出过这样的警告：如果我们现在的温度超过工业化前2摄氏度（3.6华氏度）的话，我们将会迈进一个危险的未知国度。

没有人能知道到底全球变暖具体达到多少度会变得无法控制，并且造成像干旱、洪水、飓风以及热浪等自然灾害的逐渐恶化，造成诸如格陵兰岛或西南极洲大冰原坍塌以及伴随的全球海平面上升等意外的灾难性变化。

但是我们还依然在我们唯一的家园上不断做着危险而又不受约束的尝试，这也是为什么越来越多的年轻人开始将气候变化视为他们这一代人的一项挑战。

4. 《华盛顿邮报》4月刊报导到：“对于许多儿童和青年而言，全球气候变暖无异于当今的原子弹。

对于环境危机的担忧正影响着这一代人，正如经济大萧条、第二次世界大战、越南战争和冷战等等挥之不去的‘战争游戏’影响了20世纪的灵魂一样。

”5. 有些可怕的预测可能并不会发生，但考虑到那些最优秀的科学家们发出的警告，如果我们再冒险尝试将是极不负责任的做法。

科学家告诉我们，如果我们不尽快采取行动，想要避免全球变暖引发的最严重恶果则为时晚矣。

UNIT11. Recently, one of us had the opportunity to speak with a medical student about a research rotation that the student was planning to do. She would be working with Dr. Z, who had given her the project of writing a paper for which he had designed the protocol, collected the data, and compiled the results. The student was to do a literature search and write the first draft of the manuscript. For this she would become first author on the final publication. When concerns were raised about the proposed project, Dr. Z was shocked. "l thought I was doing her a favor," he said innocently, "and besides, I hate writing!"2. Dr. Z is perhaps a bit naive. Certainly, most researchers would know that the student's work would not merit first authorship. They would know that "gift" authorship is not an acceptable research practice. However, an earlier experience in our work makes us wonder. Several years ago, in conjunction with the grant from the Fund for the Improvement of Pott Secondary Education (FIPSE), a team of philosophers and scientists at Dartmouth College 2 ran a University Seminar series for faculty on the topic "Ethical Issues in scientific Research."At one seminar, a senior researcher (let's call him Professor R) argued a similar position to that of Dr. Z. In this case Professor R knew that "gift" authorship, authorship without a significant research contribution, was an unacceptable research practice. However, he had a reason to give authorship to his student.The student had worked for several years on a project suggested by him and the project had yielded to publishable data. Believing that he had a duty to the student to ensure a publication, Professor R had given the student some data that he himself had collected and told the student to write it up. The student had worked hard, he said, albeit on another project, and the student would do the writing. Thus, he reasoned, the authorship was not a "gift."3. These two stories point up a major reason for encouraging courses in research ethics: Good intentions do not necessarily result in ethical decisions. Both of the faculty members in the above scenarios "meant well." In both cases, the faculty members truly believed that what they were doing was morally acceptable. In the first case, Dr. Z's indefensible error was that he was unaware of the conventions of the field.In particular, he seemed blissfully oblivious to the meaning of first authorship. In the second case, Professor R was do ng what he thought best for the student without taking into consideration that moral. ty is a public system and that his actions with regard to a single student have public consequences for the practice of science as a profession.4. Well-meaning scientists, such as those just mentioned, can, with the best of intentions, make unethical decisions. In some cases, such decisions may lead individuals to become embroiled in cases of 1. 最近，我们当中的一员有机会与一名医科学生谈论她正计划要做的一个实验室轮转项目。

新编研究生英语综合教程（上册）翻译Unit 1:1.英译汉Cases of misconduct are not simple matters to evaluate. One source of concern is confusion within the field of science about just what constitutes a punishable infringement of ethical standards. In the fields of engineering, law, and medicine, clear written guidelines exist for defining ethical conduct. 学术不端并不是能够简单评价的问题。

其中一个重要问题是，在科学领域里，对于什么样的行为有违伦理规范，应当受到惩罚，仍然模棱两可。

工程，法律，和医学领域对道德行为的定义有明确的书面指导原则。

Although some particularly difficult cases may test the limits of these guidelines, most do not. In scientific research, a written code of conduct is not available. The federal government and individual institutions have been struggling to clarify the standards under which misconduct can be adjudicated. 虽然某些特别复杂的案例会挑战这些原则的底线，但多数原则具有指导意义。

科学研究也并不提供书面的行为准则。

联邦政府和私人机构一直试图阐明学术不端行为的裁定标准，比如一些描述科研不端行为的核心定义，包括编造，篡改和等等。

UNIT41. Think for a moment about your own life — the activities of your day, the possessions you enjoy, the surroundings in which you live. Is there anything you don’t have at this moment that you would like to have? Anything that you have, but that you would like more of? If your answer is “no,” then congratulations — either you are well advanced on the path of Zen self-denial, or else you are a close relative of Ted Turner . The rest of us, however, would benefit from an increase in our material standard of living. This simple truth is at the very core of economics. It can be restated this way: we all face the problem of scarcity.2 Almost everything in your daily life is scarce. You would benefit from a larger room or apartment, so you have a scarcity of space. You have only two pairs of shoes and could use a third for hiking; you have a scarcity of shoes. You would love to take a trip to Chicago, but it is difficult for you to find the time or the money to go — trips to Chicago are scarce.3 Because of scarcity, each of us is forced to make choices. We must allocate our scarce time to different activities: work, play, education, sleep, shopping, and more. We must allocate our scarce spending power among different goods and services: food, furniture, movies, long-distance phone calls, and many others.4 Economists study the choices we make as individuals and how those choices shape our economy. For example, the goods that each of us decides to buy ultimately determine which goods business firms will produce. This, in turn, explains which firms and industries will hire new workers and which will lay them off.5. Economists also study the more subtle and indirect effects of individual choice on our society. Will most Americans continue to live in houses, or — like Europeans will most of us end up in apartments? Will we have an educated and well-informed citizenry? Will museums and libraries be forced to close down? Will traffic congestion in our cities continue to worsen, or is there relief in sight? These questions hinge, in large part, on the separate decisions of millions of people. To answer them requires an understanding of how people make choices under conditions of scarcity.6. Think for a moment about the goals of our society. We want a high standard of living for all citizens: clean air, safe streets, and good schools. What is holding us back from accomplishing all of these goals in a way that would satisfy everyone? You probably already know the answer: scarcity. 1. 想一想你的生活：你每天从事的活动，你所拥有的财产，你所居住的环境。

Text：In Praise of the F Word对F的赞美Tens of thousands of 18-year-olds will graduate this year and be handed meaningless diplomas. These diplomas won’t look any different from those awarded their luckier classmates.Their validity will be questioned only when their employers discover that these graduates are semiliterate.今年，将有成千上万的18岁学生毕业并被授于毫无意义的文凭。

这些文凭对每个人都是一样的,没有一点差别，而不管学生的成绩如何.但当雇主发现他们没有实际能力时，文凭的有效性就会被质疑。

Eventually a fortunate few will find their way into educational repair shops-adult-literacy programs, such as the one where I teach basic grammar and writing. There, high school graduates and high school dropouts pursuing graduate-equivalency certificates will learn the skills they should have learned in school . They will also discover they have been cheated by our educational system.即使少数幸运的人找到了成人进修的地方，像我教语法和写作的地方。

硕士英语综合教程1 （课后答案）目录Unit 1 Low Carbon Economy(1) Bending under the weight of the packs, sweating, they climbed steadily in the pine forest that covered the mountainside.(2) Concentrating on time passing, as we do when bored, will trigger brain activity which will make it seem as though the clock is ticking more slowly.(3) Unemployment shot up in France during the second quarter, and the country’s top finance official said the situation will continue to aggravate even if a global economic recovery gathers pace. It was the worst quarterly unemployment in France since early 2006.(4) As social practice continues to develop, we should keep renewing our ideas and make innovations courageously in light of practical needs.(5) Bicycles are regarded as an economical alternative to buses whose fares have increased 3 times in the past few years.(6) The U.S. government has called on people to save water because the scarcity of water has become a source of globaltension ecologically, economically and politically. (7) In order to be a recognized leader in the industry, it’s essential for a company to improve production quality and tap the overseas market through the help of state of the art technologies and equipment.(8) If you are thinking about coming to Britain for Christmas, it might be a good idea to think again. That’s because thousands of Christmas travelers have been stranded in the UK as adverse weather conditions caused massive disruption to the transport infrastructure.unit 2Translate the following sentences into English. (1) Aliens in China shall abide by Chinese law and no behaviors will endanger the national security of China , harm its public interests or disturb its public order.(2) Love doesn’t lie in gazing at each other but in looking forward together in the same direction.(3) When learning any foreign language, one has to learn, first and foremost, its new phonological and grammar systems, which means acquiring a totally unfamiliar set of language learning habits.(4) Financial experts suggest that to the women under 30, the income of this phase in general is the lowest.(5) China will increase dialogue and co operation with the United States and the international community to crack down on all forms of terrorist activities.(6) Now it is time to make a well organized schedule from the list, so you need to put first and urgent things first and set the high priorities.(7) In accordance with your request I am sending sample pages of the dictionary and meanwhile, your valuable suggestions on amendment are welcomed.(8) In addition, advertisers appeal to the desire for health and prestige, to the desire to be in style, to pride, and to envy and jealousy.Unit 3 Culture Shock1Confucianism has a long history and a profound impact on China ’s politics, ideology, science, culture, art; it is an important part of traditional Chinese culture.2 In fact, what we have done with the products over the past for years and will do in the future coincide with the requirement of WTO.3 Religious and cultural diversity in a globalizing world needs to be used as the promotion of social justice, tolerance and understanding, as well as internationalpeace and security, and not as a rationale for a new ideological and political confrontation.4 The initial period of marriage involves more than accommodating to the presence and habits of another person.5 Whether you’ve used the software before or not, you may already be familiar with some of its features, but the new version represents a major milestone in the progression of its development.6 By default, when you delete files on most Windows systems the files are not really deleted, they are instead moved into the Recycle Bin, so they still take up disk space.7 The effect of the pain killer will naturally wear off within a few hours, but its advantage is that it has few side effects.8 Ecological civilization is the only way to global sustainable development, the best approach to saving the earth’s ecosystem, and the inevitable choice of human development.Unit 4 Artificial Intelligencea. Chinese to English1) Translate the following sentences into English. (1) It often happens, however, that thinking lags behindreality; this is because man’s cognition is limited by numerous social conditions.(2) Something big was in the offing, so big that the workers at the Simonson plant had been virtually placed under arrest to prevent any information from leaking out. (3) Only by understanding the nature of thinking mode, can man bring forth new ideas in philosophy, and the crux of philosophical innovation lies in the change of man’s thinking mode.(4) From then on, he struggled in his attempts to overcome his humble origins and insinuate himself into upper class society.(5) It’s a far cry from the days when I was just a clerk in a supermarket and nobody paid me any attention. (6) The invention of microprocessors set the stage for the arrival of the microcomputer, or personal computer—an affordable machine for the masses.(7) So there’s no such thing as an enemy in absolute terms. The enemies we fight are only in relative terms, constantly changing with the times.(8) Taiwan , viewed from the historical facts and the international law, is beyond dispute one part of Chinesesacred territory and it is an inviolable mission of the entire Chinese people to reunify the motherland.Unit 6a. Chinese to English1) Translate the following sentences into English. (1) There are a lot more wonderful and exciting things waiting for you in New Beijing, a dynamic modern metropolis with 3,000 years of cultural and historical treasures woven into the urban prosperity.(2) He is such an enthusiastic football fan that he tends to hold forth on his favorite team whenever it is mentioned.(3) The educational system has to be able to outfit the young generation with necessary knowledge, attitudes and values that would ensure they are in time for the new age in which there might be no jobs but only opportunities.(4) The anxious mother searched high and low for her missing son, only to find him sleeping sound in the mess of toys in his own bedroom.(5) In order to find better detection and treatment, the hospital will actively cooperate with a local research institute to look for genetic markers that correlate with this chronic disease.(6) The accounting system of an enterprise consists of the methods, procedures, and devices used by an economic entity to keep track of its financial activities and to summarize these activities.(7) When she graduated from college, Cindy decided to go back to work in the orphanage where she had been brought up, because her heart was overstuffed with gratitude and warmth for those who had generously helped her in her growth and she wanted to be like them also to give help to the kids who had lost their parents.(8) NASA planned to splurge on the feasibility of the project of sending astronauts to Mars and having them settle down on it.Unit 7 Chinese to English1) Translate the following sentences into English. (1) Now people in Tibet are highly conscious of the importance of protecting wild animals, and the once rampant hunting of Tibetan antelopes has been brought under control.(2) The journalist had been traveling a lot lately—to Iceland to interview the famous actress there; to Hollywood for the Oscars—but he was stingy with details.(3) We should adhere to the policy of expanding domestic demand, continue to implement the proactive fiscal policy and prudent monetary policy, and ensure a double pull effect on economic growth from both consumption demand and investment demand.(4) The employees of the Human Resource Department have to sift through very carefully the application forms that just came in this morning to separate the wheat from the chaff.(5) Making its debut in 1994, Friends and its cast of easygoing single people caught on with viewers looking for an escape from the fast paced 1990s.(6) On the new Pocket PCs, the interface looks more like Palm’s, complete with larger icons and fewer pull down menus.(7) Over the next five years, he continued to evolve his own unique musical style—a style that would become the template for a whole new musical genre.(8) What I love most is to arrive in a place I have never been before and immerse myself in a new culture and environment—to experience first hand what I thought I knew, but which turns out to be much more interesting and surprising once you are there.。

Unit 1Translation BOutlines are essential to effective speeches. By outlining, you make sure that related ideas are together, that your thoughts flow from one to another, and that the structure of your speech is coherent. You will probably use two kinds of outlines for your speeches--the detailed preparation outline and the brief speaking outline.In a preparation outline, you should state your specific purpose and central idea, and identify main points and sub--points using a consistent pattern. The speaking outline should consist of brief notes to help you while you deliver the speech. It should contain key words or phrases to bolster your memory. In making up your speaking outline, follow the same visual framework used in your preparation outline. Keep the speaking outline as brief as possible and be sure it is plainly legible.发言提纲是有效发言的基础。

硕士英语综合教程1u n i t1-6课后汉译英答案-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1Unit11. Bending under the weight of the packs, sweating, they climbed steadily in the pine forest that covered the mountainside.2. Concentrating on time passing, as we do when bored, will trigger brain activity which will take it seem as though the clock is ticking more slowly.3. Unemployment shot up in France during the second quarter, and the country is top finance official said the situation would continue to aggravate even if a global economic recovery gathers pace. It was the worst quarterly unemployment in France since 2006.4. As social practice continues to develop, we should keep renewing our ideas and make innovations courageously in light of practical needs.5. Bicycles are regarded as an economical alternative to buses whose fares have increased three times in the past few years.6. The U.S. government has called on people to save water, because the scarcity of water has become a source of global ecological, economic and political problems.7. In order to be a recognized leader in the industry, it is essential for a company to improve production quality and tap the overseas market through the help of state-of-the-art technologies and equipment.8. If you are thinking about coming to Britain for Christmas, it might be a good idea to think again, because thousands of Christmas travelers have been stranded in the UK as adverse weather conditions caused massive disruption to the transport infrastructure.Unit21. Foreigners in China must abide by Chinese laws and should not endanger the national security of China, harm public interests and disrupt public order.2. Love does not lie in gazing at each other but in looking forward together in the same direction.3. When learning any foreign language, one has to learn, first and foremost, its new phonological and grammar systems, which means acquiring a totally unfamiliar set of language learning habits.4. Financial experts suggest that to the women under 30, the income of this phase in general is the lowest.5. China will increase dialogue and cooperation with the U.S. and the international community to crack down on all forms of terrorist activities.6. Now is the time to make a careful plan according to the list, so you should put the most important and urgent thing first.7. In accordance with your request, we are sending the sample pages of the dictionary, and meanwhile your valuable suggestions are welcomed.8. In addition, advertisers appeal to the people's desire for health and reputation, to desire to be in fashion, self-esteem, psychological of make others envy and jealousy. Unit31. The Confucian thought has a long history. It have a profound impact on China's political, ideological, science, technology, culture and art, it is an important part of traditional Chinese culture.2. In fact, what we have done over the past years and will do in the future with the products must coincide with the requirement of WTO.3. In an increasingly globalized world, the diversity of religious and cultural should be used to promote social justice, tolerance and understanding, as well as international peace and security, it's not as a reason for a new ideological and political confrontation.4. The initial stage of marriage doesn't only involves adapting to another man's existence and their habits.5. Whether you have used the software or not, you may already be familiar with some of its functions, but the latest version is rated as an important milestone in the progression of its development.6. In the case of default, when you delete most of the files, you do not really delete these files, they are just moved to the Recycle Bin, so still take up disk space.7. The effect of painkillers will wear off within a few hours，but its advantage is few side effects.8. Ecological civilization is the only way to global sustainable development，the best way to protect the Earth's ecosystems, the inevitable choice of human development. Unit41. However, it often happens that the thinking lags behind the actual, because human cognition is limited by many social conditions.2. Something big was in the offing, so big that the workers at the Simonson plant had been arrested to avoid any information leaked out.3. Only by understanding the nature of thinking mode, can man put forward new ideas in philosophy, and the crux of philosophical innovation lies in the change of man's thinking mode.4. From then on, he struggled in his attempts to overcome his poor social status and insinuate himself into upper-class society.5. It is a far cry from the days when I was just a clerk in a supermarket and nobody paid me ant attention.6. The invention of the microprocessor set the stage for the microcomputer——personal computer revolution——ordinary people can afford the price of this kind of computer.7. So there is no such thing as an enemy in absolute terms. The enemies we face are only in relative terms, constantly changing with the times.8. Whether from history or the perspective of international law, Taiwan beyond dispute is one part of China's sacred territory and it is an inviolable mission of the entire Chinese people to reunify the motherland.Uint61. There are many wonderful and exciting things waiting for you in New Beijing, a vibrant modern metropolis with 3,000 years of history and culture woven into the urban prosperity.2. He is such an enthusiastic fans that he tends to hold forth on his favorite team whenever it is mentioned.3. The education system must outfit the young generation with the necessary knowledge, attitudes and values to ensure they keep up with the new age which there might be no jobs but only opportunities.4. The anxious mother searched high and low for her missing son, only to find him sleeping sound in the mess of toys in his own bedroom.5. In order to find a more effective treatment methods, the hospital will actively cooperate with a local research institute to look for genetic markers that correlate with this chronic disease.6. The accounting system of an enterprise consists of the methods, procedures, and devices used by an economic entity to keep track of its financial activities and to summarize these activities.7. When she graduated from college, Cindy decided to go back to work in the orphanage where she had been brought up, because her heart was overstuffed with gratitude and warmth for those who had generously helped her in her growth and she wanted to be like them also to give help to the kids who had lost their parents. 8. NASA planned to splurge on the feasibility of the project of sending astronauts to Mars and having them settle down on it.。