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2006年8月12日口语部分第一个问题如何当好父母，好的父母应该具有什么品质第二个问题你认为集体工作好还是单独工作好第三个问题先读一个ANNOUNCEMENT,关于食堂要取消热食而只售冷食，这样的话，1，因为冷食比热食更有营养，2，学生可以因此省钱。
然后听一段学生间的对话，一个女生对学校的这种改变极为不满，并表达了相反的意见。
总结女生的意见但要与所读的ANNOUNCEMEN相结合。
第四个问题关于一篇教授的讲座，他指出人们应该对自己所要做的事情有一个安排，并举列说如果你将来用不到化学，那么现在也没有必要学习化学。
总结其意第五个问题关于广告策略的，有两种方法，第一种就是不停的重复，说的你不得不信，举例是用一辆小车不停的接人放人，大家都说车够宽敞，天天说，结果大家就真觉得车宽敞了。
第二种就是找名人代言，里面举了用一位赛车手代言一部小车，并说这小车好，快，说的大家都认为这个小车其实也快。
听完这段对话，将这两点总结出来并复述。
写作部分2006年10月18日口语：口语里听的部分挺简单的，感觉比delta简单，delta我都记不下来，这次考试都记下来了1. What is a important opportunity in your life. Describe why it is important. （跑题了，光顾地说怎么利用这个机会了。
哭。
）2. do you agree or disagree with the following statement: student should not be allowed tobring cellphone into the class.3. 图书馆把大桌子换成小隔间，一个大兄弟不同意，说没法做group project了，应该增加meeting room，说overcrowd了，现在大桌子正合适，换什么换阿4. 动物之间是怎么知道别人要干什么的，有一个专门的词，忘了，有定义。
2009新托福写作机经第一篇：2009新托福写作机经2009年新托福写作机经ps: 红色的部分是重复以往的，黄色部分是在中国考试的题目，剩余部分是在北美考试的题目。
1月10日（U.S）Improving schools is the most important factor in successful development of country.1月10日(重复2008.12.20&2007.12.1) People should pay to use public transport facilities.1月17日(U.S)The advertising is the main cause of unhealthy eating habits.1月18日It is important for families to regularly eat their meals together.1月23日Young people should try different job before they decide which job or career they will do in the long term.2月14日（U.S）Becoming well-informed must get information from different news sources.2月21日（U.S）Newspapers and magazines are the best way of learning about a foreign country.2月22日The purpose of television should be all educative, not entertain.2月27日（U.S）A job with more vacation time is better than a job with high salary but less vacation time.2月28日Teachers should be paid at least as much as doctors, lawyers or business leaders are paid.3月7日It's better to use own knowledge and experience to solve question, or ask other people for advice？3月14日（重复08.12.13&07.5.18）It is better to spend money on traveling and vacation than to save money for the future.3月21日（U.S）Do you think success is important, or it is more important to remain happy and optimistic when you fail？3月22日（似08.5.10 那题是重视艺术还是竞技体育）Governments should focus more on the preservation of environment rather than economic development.3月28日Do you agree or disagree: teacher should make their social or political views known to students? 3月29日（U.S）（重复07.8.4)In 20 years from now on, students will not use printed books anymore.4月3日The best way to improve the quality of education is to increase teachers' salary.5月9日In order to become a financially responsible adult, people should be taught how to manage money at a early age.5月15日（U.S）Professional athletes such as football players should earn much more money.5月16日(重复07.10.17)University students should learn one more course of the culture of a country rather than their own.5月30日（U.S）Younger school children(ages five to ten)should be required to study art and music in addition to math language, science and history.5月31日（重复07.11.24）People will spend less time on cooking food.6月5日（重复08.6.22）The most effective method of improving health care is to reduce environmental problems.6月7日（重复08.8.2 U.S）People will have more leisure time in twenty years.6月12日（U.S）Should university student do part-time job?6月13日（似08.8.9 U.S那题考science class）All university students should be required to take history courses no matter what field they study in.6月21日Technology make people's lives simpler in turn to make people's lives more complicated.6月27日For future career success, is relate well to other people more important than studying hard at school?7月12日（重复07.1.14）Drivers should pay a certain amount of fees so that they can be permitted to drive out in traffic busy time.7月25日Being creative，rather than planning carefully，will come up with best solution to a problem.8月2日（重复08.1.18）People will feel happier when they finish a challenging or difficult work than they finish an easy work.8月8日（重复07.10.28）Teachers should be paid according to how well their students perform.8月22日It is better to achieve high efficiency with more mistakes or lower efficiency with fewer mistakes.9月12日Children should only study or play and don't have to do household chores.9月19日（U.S）Government should more support art museum and music performance than recreational facilities, such as swimming pool or play ground.9月20日People in the past were more friendly than they are now.10月10日（重复08.8.2）People nowadays more easily achieve success than in the past.10月17日（U.S）Movies and televisions should always show audience goodpeople are being rewarded and bad people are being punished.10月24日（重复09.6.12）It is better for parents to encourage their children to take a part-time job.10月25日Visiting museums is the best way to learn about a country.10月31日（U.S）It is often not a good thing to move to a new city or a new country because ofthe lose of old friends.11月1日（重复07.8.17）Getting advice from friends who are older than you is more valuable than getting advice from friends your same age.11月7日（U.S）For successful development of a country, a government should focus its budget more onyoung children 's education rather than on universities.11月8日（重复08.6.21）Good looks and dresses are more important for success than good ideas.11月13日（U.S）It is better to invite more people to hold a big party rather than a small one with fewer close friends and family members.11月21日（U.S）Parents should give money to praise their child for high marks in school.11月22日People buy things not because they need them but because other people have them.12月4日（U.S）People should buy things made in their own country, even if the price of the products is higher than that of the same things made somewhere else.12月5日As for young people, the ability to plan and organize is essential.12月11日（U.S）Parents do not understand their children so well as parents did 50 years ago.12月12日（完全重复前一天北美的）Parents do not understand their children so well as parents did 50 years ago.12月19日（U.S）People would be happier if they had fewer possessions.12月20日The ability to read and write is more important now than in the past.第二篇：托福写作机经的使用方法官方网站：托福写作机经的使用方法在笔者眼中，题目中的问题本不该成为一个问题。
TOEFL Independent Writing1.句子扩充：将一个简单句扩充，增加到15,25,35个字。
2.句式变化：3.如何将一个论点展开成一段？多问自己为什么？4.ETS作文评分标准：✓观点鲜明，论点清晰✓文章结构完整、恰当、漂亮（首段+中间三段+尾段）✓论点论证充分（不讲大道理，要examples, reasons, details, 而且数量越多越好）✓句式、词汇变换丰富（长短句、陈述疑问句、简单复杂句变换使用）✓语法、拼写无误✓力戒表意不清，题外罗嗦话5.如何写好TOEFL作文：✓语法正确✓高超的衔接手段✓充足的词汇量✓各种表达手段综合运用的能力✓清晰的逻辑和结构✓高超的笔记能力✓良好的阅读习惯和听力水平6.TOEFL作文的要求：✓3种时态：✓语态：✓语气：✓词汇量：✓阅读训练：✓听力：7.熟悉写作题库8.TOEFL作文的写作原则：✓正式文体✓完成结构✓明确观点✓精彩纷呈✓正式形式✓通顺连贯✓扬长避短9.TOEFL 作文题库题型分类：✓观点选择类：✓比较对比类：✓自主定义类：✓10.TOEFL作文的审题：1)确定题目的类别，确定切入点：【驳论方法一】先承认钱是工作中的重要因素；【驳论方法二】先承认钱是工作中的重要因素；【驳论】有时候是可以凭外表判断一个人的；11.TOEFL作文驳论点的写法：TOEFL作文驳论据的写法：12.TOEFL作文论点的写法：13.TOEFL作文论据的写法：(黄金规则二)✓健康安全✓便利✓交流✓习惯与心理✓亲情✓成就感✓环保✓经济✓品格✓科技✓教育TP:15.寻找理由的方法：✓有什么条件可以这样？凭什么✓如果这样有何好处或坏处？✓如果不这样有什么好处或坏处？✓如果要这样，人们必须怎么办？可行么？✓如果不能这样，人们应该怎么办？PDERCR：TOEFL 文章结构：✓“2-1”A型：✓“2-1”B型：✓折中方案：16.关于TOEFL写作人称问题：17.TOEFL文章的开篇第一段写法：1)背景法：背景+反方观点及理由+过渡+正方观点+作者观点及理由2)实例法：事例+论题+各方观点及理由+作者观点及理由3)实例的三种来源：18.主题句：19.TOEFL作文结尾段的写法：20.TOEFL作文段落的实现：1)例证法2)因果法3)比较法✓整体比较4)分项比较5)分类法6)定义法21.TOEFL作文的衔接手段：1)使用连词和短语2)使用代词3)使用语意粘连22.TOEFL 黄金句型（黄金规则四）✓强调句(emphasis)✓The more… the more(more)✓倒装句(reversion)✓比较结构和倍数关系(compare)✓修辞问句（question）✓并列结构(parallel)✓虚拟语气（if）✓插入语(insertion)23.T OEFL Integrated Writing1.综合写作评分标准：✓Successfully select the important information from the lecture and coherently and accurately present this information in relation to the relevant information presented inthe reading✓The response is well organized✓And occasional language errors that are present do not result in inaccurate or imprecise presentation of content or connections2.TOEFL综合作文注意事项：✓听力部分的内容是最重要的✓不能表达重复，不清楚或者与文章无关✓听完后要尽最大努力去回忆并补全听力材料内容的笔记，写的越全越好✓只要听力内容丢掉一个key point，最高只能得3分✓只出现在综合阅读材料的专有名词一定不重要；在阅读和演讲材料中都出现的专有名词是重要的✓把注意力放在带来分数的点上，而不是均衡放在所有内容上✓千万不能发表个人的观点✓写作采用一般现在和一般过去时态3.TOEFL综合写作出题方式：✓Points in the lecture contradict, refute, depart from, challenge or cast doubt on points in the reading4.综合写作听力材料内容要点通常包括：（黄金规则四）✓主题句✓被重复的语意✓因果、比较、对比、比喻✓定义✓带有倾向性和变化的n./adj./adv./v.等✓强调✓问题及答案✓态度词汇✓转折后的内容✓结论5.综合写作阅读材料的读法：✓不需要做笔记；但是需要把专有名词的首字母提炼出来✓阅读材料里面的客观描述（如故事情节；历史；史实；发展历程等）是不可能被驳倒的，所以不是阅读的重点6.综合写作考前训练步骤：✓看阅读听力材料，寻找要点（3-5篇）✓真实模考（5-10篇）7.综合写作文章框架✓“总-分-总”=“1+3+1”模式✓中间每段都要有阅读观点，演讲观点及二者的关系8.综合写作精彩句型：✓The lecture discuss...which differs from the main idea in the reading that…(首段)✓The professor made the point that…; on the contrary/however, the writer demonstrated a contradictory idea that…✓Contrary to the belief in the reading passage that…, the professor says that…(中)✓The professor refutes the viewpoint showed in the passage that…by saying that…（中）✓The lecture contradicts the idea in the reading by saying that…(中)✓First of all, the professor, in the listening passage, made the point that… The reading materials, in contrast, held a different view by stating that…✓Another important point shows in the listening material is that…, but the reading material presents a conflicting idea that…✓In terms of …, the listening material contradicts the reading material✓Finally, the professor states that…, which challenges the standpoint made by the writer who says that…✓In general, the professor discussed the issue of … that the reading viewed in a contrary/different angle. (结尾)9.综合写作材料的指称：✓The speaker/lecturer/professor/listening material/lecture✓The writer/author/reading material/passage【注意】1、例子一定要specific一个example，一个research2、记得用些ly副词3、用插入语4、长短句结合5、句式变换6、每个例子，就是每段最后一句话必须是总结。
新托福考试2009年01月23日北美机经写作部分section 1 侏罗纪时代的生物灭绝了，文章说可能是因为彗星撞地球，依据就是一些发现的古老的生物还是什么的碎片，然后它们可以dating back to XXX年以前，并且在中国，日本还有某个国家都有发现，然后发现某个沟壑还是海峡有可能就是那个坑speech说第一那些碎片的化学物质没有因为地壳运动受热而改变，所以时间应该很短，应该没有250-million-old这么老第二碎片只在那三个国家被发现过，如果冲击力那么强的话，那碎片应该是散落在全世界的，第三，类似那个坑的坑到处都是，火山运动也会是造成沟壑的原因，该是地球内部地质活动形成的section2 Do you think that young people should take several different kinds of job before they take a career in a long term?[独立作文另一版本:young people should try different job before they decide which job or career they will do in the long term ]新托福考试2009年01月23日北美机经口语部分第一讲述一个你学到新东西的过程，你是怎么克服困难学到的[另1版本：你怎么学习新科目，举例子说明]第二每天听或看新闻，还是不定期看新闻。
第三短文介绍了为什么动物要迁徙，因为温度的变化和天敌的威胁，还有就是他们需要食物speech教授举了squid的例子。
白天沉到黑暗的水里躲避天地，晚上浮出水面觅食题目要求解释为什么动物要迁徙第四一个女生想听一个很有名的教授的creative writing的课，但是教授要求大家写一篇short story，然后他自己选择学生。
这个女生从来不看short story，但是擅长写诗，发表过作品，就问对话中的男生是应该硬着头皮写short story还是应该写诗以替代哈哈~我上学期的课就有creative writing，所以我说我的很强调short sotry和poem 是有区别的，如果她写诗，教授不高兴;再者她都不能写第一篇，又怎么能听懂老师讲的课完成作业呢口语5 图书馆限制借书到10本，理由是学生一次借太多书看不过来。
托福综合写作讲义-202X年学习资料TOEFL Integrated Writing Lecture Notes - Study Materials for 202XIntroduction:- Welcome to the TOEFL Integrated Writing Lecture. Today, we will discuss the key strategies and techniques to improve your performance in the TOEFL Integrated Writing section.- The Integrated Writing section requires you to read a passage and listen to a lecture on a particular topic. You will then need to write an essay summarizing the main points from both sources and provide your opinion.- This section assesses your ability to read, listen, and writein English, as well as your critical thinking and analytical skills.Understanding the Prompt:- Before you start writing, it is crucial to understand the prompt fully. Read the passage and listen to the lecture carefully.- Identify the main topic or issue discussed in both the passage and the lecture. Highlight the key points and arguments presented in each source.- Pay attention to any contrasting or supporting ideas between the passage and the lecture. Take notes to help you structure your essay.Organizing Your Essay:第1页/共4页- Start your essay with an introduction that briefly summarizes the topic and introduces your opinion. State whether you agree or disagree with the main ideas presented.- In the body paragraphs, discuss the main points from the passage and the lecture. Use specific examples and references from both sources to support your arguments.- Present contrasting or supporting ideas in separate paragraphs. Clearly indicate which source supports or opposes a particular point.- Use transitional phrases to guide your reader through the essay and make it easy to follow your ideas.- Finally, end your essay with a conclusion that restates your opinion and summarizes the main points from the passage and the lecture.Writing Style and Grammar:- In the TOEFL Integrated Writing section, it is essential to demonstrate your English language skills. Pay attention to your writing style, grammar, and vocabulary.- Avoid simple or repetitive sentences. Use a variety of sentence structures to showcase your language proficiency.- Ensure that your grammar is accurate. Avoid spelling mistakes and punctuation errors.- Use academic vocabulary and phrases to express your ideas effectively. This will enhance the overall quality of your essay.Time Management:- Time management is crucial in the TOEFL Integrated Writing section. Plan your time wisely to allocate sufficient time for reading, listening, and writing.- Use the available time to read the passage carefully and take notes. Then, listen to the lecture attentively and compare it with the main points from the passage.- Allocate enough time to outline your essay. This will help you organize your thoughts and ensure a coherent structure.- Reserve ample time to write your essay. This includes drafting, revising, and editing.- Remember to leave a few minutes at the end to review your essay for any grammar or spelling mistakes.Practice and Feedback:- Practice is key to improving your performance in the TOEFL Integrated Writing section. Familiarize yourself with various topics, practice reading and listening skills, and write timed essays regularly.- Seek feedback on your essays from English teachers or native English speakers. They can provide valuable insights and suggestions for improvement.- Review sample essays and analyze the strengths and weaknesses of each. This will help you understand the scoring criteria and identify areas for improvement.- Focus on improving your ability to effectively summarize the main points from both the passage and the lecture, as well as providing clear and logical arguments in your essay.Conclusion:- The TOEFL Integrated Writing section may seem challenging at first, but with practice and the right strategies, you can improve your performance significantly.第3页/共4页- Remember to understand the prompt, organize your essay effectively, use proper grammar and vocabulary, manage your time wisely, and seek feedback to continually improve.- Good luck with your TOEFL Integrated Writing preparation, and remember to practice and stay confident!。
独立写作讲义（1）对立观点题型。
Some people prefer to eat at food stands or restaurants. Other people prefer to prepare and eat food at home. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.It has been said, "Not all learning takes place in the classroom." Compare and contrast knowledge gained from personal experience with knowledge gained from classroom instruction. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why?引言段思路：阐述背景，明确表明自己支持的观点。
模板：Nowadays it is widely acknowledged that __ has played an essential role in peoples life, (可具体描述该主题的重要性)As a result the question is often raised as to whether___________________ or _______________. To this question, people’s opinions vary, with some claiming that it is much better to ______________and others holding that ________ is a better choice. (背景阐述)Taking into account the major factors involved, I cast my vote for the former/latter opinion, and this essay will explore the reasons for my stance（明确立场）.可以用自己的语言来开头，尤其是背景阐述，可以针对论题进行简单描述。
托福写作讲义复习建议敲字和单词量，电脑上听写、写字板里练习写作反复阅读官方指南第五章249-293和321-343分类读185题库，列提纲，落实具体细节，查字典分类写文章，修改到完美，准备机经练习3分钟看一篇短文，做笔记然后重述的能力练习听学术段子，重述能力，建议93篇学术段子练习可以从不计时到计时，量变到质量三角和巴朗的练习一、独立写作评分标准An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following:●Ef fective addresses the topic and task●Is well organized and well developed,using clearly appropriate explanations,exemplification,and/or details●Displays unity, progression, and coherence●Displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors.OG 325-343effectively:in a way that produces the intended result or a successful resultorganized:arranged or planned in a particular order or structuredeveloped:to make an idea clearer by explaining it furtherexplanation:a statement,fact or situation that tells you why a reason given for sthunity:the state of looking or being complete in a natural and pleasing wayprogression:the process of developing gradually from one stage to anothercoherence:of different ideas,arguments,sentences to have a clear logical connection so that together they make a wholeconsistent:always behaving in the same way ,or having the same opinions standard评分规则关键的部分1、细节、例子和原因有效上支持了观点、切题2、不要说没有意义的套话和没有观点和主旨的话3、逻辑和结构上的联系并不等于第一第二第三4、宏观和微观上内容统一、逻辑结构渐进连贯5、避免重复的观点6、句子结构的变化、合适的单词选择、允许少量的语法或者拼写错误，前提是这些错误不影响意思的理解7、句子结构的复杂程度、以及词汇的复杂程度一个能力五个误区能力：清楚恰当举例的能力，切题就能写出文章，体现语言运用能力误区：1、没有一定要书面化和地道，托福是为英语是非母语的人设计的，不可能做到，见官方指南5分作文评论289页2、没有说要有观点新颖独特，是语言考试，并不是作文竞赛，在语言上下功夫，而不是在观点上下功夫。
托福基础写作讲义参考答案第二章：一般功能词汇（P10-P19）1 逻辑关系表示因果关系(1)because(2)owing to(3)As a result(4)so(5)thereby(6)thus(7)His illness/sickness resulted from eating bad food.(8)Industrial Revolution originated in/from the invention of steam engine.(9)gives rise to(10)is responsible for(11)prompted表示类比与对比关系(1)Similarly(2)Boys demanded total loyalty from girls, but by the same token boys gave total loyalty in return.(3)Unlike(4)She doesn't seem ugly to me; on the contrary, I think she is rather beautiful.(5)In contrast to their pessimism, I was feeling a remarkable euphoria.(6)The policy will promote rather than hinder reformInstead of hindering reform, the policy will promote it.表示让步关系(1)Nonetheless(2)Although I was tempted to various benefits, I still insist on my principles.(3)despite表示限定关系(1)In terms of/in terms of(2)When it comes to2.2 事物数量表示很多(1)a host of(2)legions of(3)Innumerable(4)Government met a vast number of difficulties when treating water pollution.(5)A large amount of(6)A great deal of Sprite was left in the bottle.(7)Liu Qian performed plenty of magic shows to entertain audiences at Spring Festival Gala.表示很少(1)A small number of(2)few表示各种各样(1)The two doctors made different diagnoses of my disease.(2)various(3)diverse(4)diverse表示相同的(1)Bill Gate’s achievements are not comparable to Edison’s.(2)similar(3)alike(4)The two systems are, in fact, identical.2.3 变化(1)boost(2)grew(3)rise(4)has risen(5)increases(6)The volume of business of Baidu Inc. has grown dramatically in the past five years.(7)has dwindled(8)deplete(9)The number of students attending college entrance exam has dwindled quickly for four years insuccession.2.4 事物/事件属性表示重要的(1)crucial/fundamental(2)integral parts of(3)be significant(4)In the American system of values，patience is not a high priority.表示次要的(1)secondary(2)Sex education has always been a low priority in schools, and parents are often reluctant to talk about thetaboo issue.(3)takes a back seat.表示昂贵的/便宜的(1)costly(2)Asians are major purchasers of world famous luxurious brand such as Louis Vuitton, Gucci and Dior.(3)The price of houses located within the 3rd ring road in Beijing is exorbitant.(4)He kept his first love letter since it was pretty precious to him.(5)cheap(6)Although Mark Zuckerberg is a billionaire, he lives a frugal life such as taking subway in Beijing.表示必要的/非必要的(1)necessary(2)imperative(3)Without doubt, when it comes to international terrorism, a new spirit of common resolution isindispensable.(4)We usually pay attention to some inessential details, but throw away what are more valuable .(5)Mutual distrust is the cause for unnecessary arguments between many couples.表示合适的/不合适的(1)A focus on climate change is entirely appropriate.(2)Horror movies are not proper to teenagers. Even so, many of them are still keen on this kind of movies.(3)When visiting National September 11 Memorial, loud laughter seems inappropriate.(4)improper(5)Due to the unsuitable climate, it's impossible to play the winter games like skiing in Britain.表示传统的(1)Dragon Boat Festival, a Chinese traditional festival, is to commemorate Qu Yuan, the great politician,thinker and poet.(2)Mother told us many conventional ideas that we can get pregnant holding hands with boys when I was ayoung girl.(3)It is a conventional culture to put cheeks against others when people great each other in Belgium.表示可能的/不可能的(1)There is a huge likelihood that transoceanic missile can be built right now.(2)It is conceivable that economists believe that a new economic crisis will sweep around the world.(3)possible(4)The level of unemployment in America is unlikely to decline in the next five years.表示明显的(1)Helping the enemies of one’s own country is an apparent treason.(2)Big banks have obvious advantages over small ones.(3)The design of this website delivered distinct sense of visual stimulation.表示普遍存在的/罕见的(1)prevalent(2)Nowadays, plastic products are ubiquitous in our lives.(3)Wild pandas are quite rare in China.(4)Due to massive usage of paper products, forest vegetation are becoming gradually sparse.表示强制的/可选择的(1)are required to(2)mandatory(3)She will choose French as an elective course next year.第三章：特殊背景词汇（P22-P63）School EducationA:1. have a strong impact on2. work as a team3. share a room with4. prevent school violence5. making a change in6. Learning by yourself7. With the help of8. offer an educational opportunity9. gain updated information10. face your problem11. expand your knowledge12. get involved in outdoor activitiesB（略）Translation:1. Teachers and students all have to participate with enthusiasm in a class discussion.2. It costs a lot of money for parents to make their children study abroad.3. Besides pursuing knowledge, people also attend a university to do their career preparation.4. All the students should have the opportunity to do outdoor activities.5. Schools provide students with opportunities to increase their potential capabilities.6. The goal of writing a book report is to share ideas with others about the book you read.7. As you write, you will be able to organize your thoughts better.8. Sometimes, people learn by making a mistake.9. Some students do not want to go to school because they feel peer pressure.10. I believe that every student should be required to read a book every week.11. In order to promote creative thinking, some people explore nature.12. Real life experience is as important as knowledge from school.13. School life includes not only attending classes but also getting along with other students.14. The government should increase the education budget so that every school can have its own library.15. Every person has a choice of whether to live or to die.16. If we have a long summer vacation, we can use it to develop expertise in a certain field.17. In my opinion, every elementary school teacher should have a diploma in psychology.18. I prefer watching TV to reading books because I can gain knowledge from TV more easily than from books.19. Once you form a study group with others, you should follow the rules of the group.20. Some people commit crimes because they only put a priority on personal gains.Family & SocietyA:1. get along with2. form an organization3. make a contribution to4. has a tendency to5. have more of a sense of community6. feel secure7. follow in a same-sex parent’s footsteps8. show respect to9. use public transportation10. participate in community activities.11. making important decision for12. reminds me ofB（略）Translation:1. Students have to decide what to do for a living in the future before they graduate from school.2. It is hard to support your family without making sacrifices yourself.3. Once you make a promise, you should be committed to keeping it.4. Young children treat their pets like toys.5. Since we have freedom of speech, we can form public opinion regardless of our age.6. Parents have high standards for their children because they love their children.7. As a way to improve public transportation, I suggest running the subway 24 hours a day.8. Some people say teenage delinquency is not necessary for the mental development of adolescents.9. I want to have a close relationship with all of my classmates.10. In Korean culture, people usually do not build a monument to a living person.11. Dependent children are often too emotionally attached to their parents.12. It is our duty to pass on our good values to our children.13. In order to practice a particular religion, you have to obey the rules of that religion from the bottom of your heart.14. You cannot be a good teacher until you show leadership skills to your students.15. In my view, people have to live in different places before putting down their roots in one place.16. People tend to be hospitable to a member of their group.17. If you live in a suburban area, you will have a lot of chances to know your neighbors.18. Children usually build their social skills for the first time in kindergarten.19. Before trying to gain the support of your family, you should try to do without their help.20. If you visit a friend’s neighborhood, you may understand your friend better.Economy & BusinessA:1. have a positive attitude towards2. obtains an entry-level position3. encourage competition4. work overtime5. leave your job6. make up for their losses7. Getting a promotion/ Climbing corporate ladder8. cannot a promotion9. returning corporate profits to society10. get a refund on11.charges higher prices12. lower the interest rateB（略）Translation:1. It is important to understand the market principles to be successful in a business.2. Some companies never fire employees but allow them to retire from their jobs.3. Interest rates are one of the most important factors to boost the economy.4. If a company does not have enough money to pay back a loan, it may end up going bankrupt.5. It is essential to increase productivity to keep a good work environment.6. If you want to hire a person in your department, you have to explain a job description.7. A number of people should work very hard in order to make a living.8. One of the best aspects of having a job is earning money.9. Public schools would lack revenue if we did not pay taxes.10. You must compete with others in order to climb the corporate ladder.11. In a group project, you can feel a sense of accomplishment and share it with others.12. A lack of communication with your family is not beneficial to your mental health.13. You have to minimize your cost of living to save money for the future.14. It is more effective to complain in writing than to complain in person.15. When two companies work together, they can split the cost of production.16. I prefer getting paid by the hour to getting paid by the day, because my job requires me to work overtime all the time.17.Everyone’s effort is needed to overcome the economic recession.18. If you call in sick every week, nobody will believe you.19. Many people want to be self-employed these days.20. A company cannot urge its employees to devote their whole lives to the company.Living & ThinkingA:1. plan ahead2. go on a shopping spree/ get stressed out3. take advantage of4. look up to5. endure hardship6. get into trouble7. after careful thought8. lives by a rule9. save money for a rainy day10. look down on11. take a short rest12. takes my sideB（略）Translation:1. If you have a lot of things to do, you should set your priorities before taking action.2. Some people are afraid of speaking in public because they are not confident in themselves.3. If you take the risk of starting over, you will not be afraid of failure.4. Because of peer pressure, some students cannot stay out of trouble.5. If you take the risk of starting over, you will not be afraid of failure.6. Some people cannot break their bad habits because they are addicted to those habits.7. It is not wise to judge others by their appearances.8. Sometimes, slowing down is the fastest way.9. Keeping a secret does not always make you a good person.10. Immigrants have difficult times because they should adapt to a new situation.11. Some people are extremely critical of others but very generous in evaluating themselves.12. A lack of communication with your family is not beneficial to your mental health.13. I have a sociable character, so I cannot put up with staying at home alone.14. It is better to consult with your doctor before taking medicine if you are worried about any side effects.15. Being sincere to yourself means telling the truth to yourself.16. Frustration is only a rite of passage to adolescents if they are equipped with courage.17. Everyone’s effort is needed to overcome the economic recession.18. You should make a careful decision when you choose your major in university.19. The world would be boring if everyone had the same taste in everything.20. Optimistic people try not to have regrets about what they cannot change.Culture & LeisureA:1. respect cultural differences2. dress in the traditional costumes3. a guided tour4. make a film about5. save face6. lead public opinion7. make history8. take a break from their routines9. giving (or expressing) an opinion10. be attracted to11. appreciate art12. become an idol to teenagersB（略）Translation:1.When you travel abroad, you may experience jet lag.2. Some people do not want to go traveling because they get severe motion sickness.3. Camping is better than staying at a hotel because I like to make a bonfire.4. You should make a reservation in advance for a live performance.5. Nowadays, television decides what is in vogue tomorrow.6. To make many friends, you should carry on a variety of activities.7. It is cheaper to subscribe to a newspaper than to buy it on newsstands.8. Even if I dress in the costume of a queen, it does not make me a queen.9. Every person has a knack for something.10. If you exercise your imaginative power, you can communicate with children better.11. A couch potato would not understand the beauty of nature.12. Parents should recommend their children to make their own rules.13. Students should not be allowed to use their cell phones during recess.14. If you live in a rural area, it will be hard to attend a live performance.15. It can be dangerous to give a ride to a stranger on the street.16. You may not know why you should celebrate national holidays if you do not learn history.17. When someone speaks a different language from you, you have to be more attentive.18. I believe that students can show creativity in art or music classes.19. In my opinion, violent movies have a less effect on copycat crimes than television news does.20. If I have an opportunity to go abroad, I want to go to Europe.Health & EnvironmentA:1. am allergic to2. a desperate food shortage3. cure a patient of a disease4. receive sufficient nutrition5. Educating the public6. adapt to the environment7. preserving the environment8. cause damage to the environment9. gets a physical checkup10. urban sprawl11. be short of12. sustainableB（略）Translation:1. We should prohibit smoking in public places to protect non-smokers.2. Hygiene education is very important to protect people from being infected with disease.3. Natural resources like charcoal or petroleum are nonrenewable resources.4. Healthy eating habits can decrease the risks of heart-related illness.5. Using less water and carrying one’s own cup help to preserve the environment.6. Eating les and doing daily exercise are the best ways to diet.7. While it is easy to pollute the air, it is very hard to purify polluted air.8. Getting sleep when you are stressed out is not always good for your mental health.9. A dense population has caused a serious increase in the temperature in our city.10. Every living thing consumes energy, but humans consume the most energy.11. It is more important to prevent a disease than to heal the disease.12. The next generation will not be able to consume as many natural resources as we do.13. Students should learn at school how we can care for the handicapped.14. Even though life expectancy has increased over the years, many people still die at a young age.15. Our government is managing public medical facilities very well to compete with private medical facilities.16. Due to careless exploitation, the tropical rainforests of the Amazon are currently in critical condition.17. Optimistic people rarely come down with illnesses.18. People who eat foods which are high in calories must exercise regularly.19. If we can relieve the overpopulation of our city, the traffic problems will be also solved.20. People living in urban areas are more exposed to car exhaust than people living in rural areas.Science & TechnologyA:1. Exploring outer space2. create online communities3. download software from4. shutting down a computer5. make a long-distance call6. made progress7. develop nuclear weapons8. expose children to9. making an in-depth analysis of10. peer-to-peer sharing11. provide us with a chance12. turn off the TVB（略）Translation:1. The purpose of space exploration is to find other planets which humans can control.2. Before signing up for a website, you should read the terms of membership carefully.3. Many people can keep in touch with their old friends through the Internet.4. Radical advances in technology are considered one cause of recent environmental problems.5. The government should make it easier for the handicapped to gain access to information.6. It is necessary for us to change the power resources of electronic appliances to protect the environment.7. Some people do not know how to program a computer though they use it every day.8. It is hard to stay up to date with technology as it progresses so rapidly.9. Genetic engineering has made a great difference in many aspects of our lives.10. We can do more things with our cell phones than just making wireless communications.11. People have used the Internet to get information and interact with others.12. Without the aid of cutting-edge technology, ancient people could build great walls and pyramids.13. Reading more books and watching less television is the key to deep thinking.14. Modern technology is so advanced that we may not be able to make a significant breakthrough any more.15. Computer technology could reach the current state since people did not stop making adjustments.16. Our government should explain why we need to conduct research on outer space.17. Because of the negative consequences of globalization, some countries do not want to keep in step with globalization.18. People without the basic knowledge of computers are called computer illiterate.19. Our government has spent a fortune to advance medical science.20. Since cellular phones are now an integral part of modern life, many people think they cannot do without their cell phones.第四章：必备表达（P64-P103）Agree/ Disagree ITranslation:1. I agree that a feeling of accomplishment is more important than a salary.2. In my opinion, automobiles have done us more good than harm.3. To sum up, it is good for children's emotional development to read fiction.4. There is no question that making quick decisions often gives us the wrong answers.5. It is evident that borrowing money from a friend can damage the friendship.6. I firmly believe that it is a good rule to prohibit smoking in public places.7. In short, homemade food costs less than the food at restaurants.8. I do not hold with the idea that people do not need to travel because they can explore the world through9. I am in favor of the idea that students should learn more than two foreign languages at school.10. I disagree with the opinion that technological development isolates people from each other.11. I firmly believe that water pollution is one of the most serious problems we have.12. I go along with the idea that capital punishment should be terminated.13. There is no doubt that we can learn many things from the elderly.14. Personally, I think that school uniforms prevent students from expressing their personalities.15. I do not hold with the notion that the government is not responsible for poverty at all.16. I agree that teachers should give students daily homework.17. In brief, I prefer staying home to going outside on holidays.18. In summary, people earn money in order to be happy in the end.19. I agree that the government should prohibit the advertising of alcohol and tobacco on television.20. I do not agree that it is more important to learn knowledge from studying than it is to develop creativity.21. In my view, people can get healthier if they do not eat junk food.22. It is evident that violent movies can incite adolescents’ aggressive behavior.23. I firmly believe it is more important to spen d time with one’s family than it is to spend time at work.24. I go along with the opinion that our ancestors enjoyed life more than we do.A:1. people succeed by luck, not by hard work.2. watching television has a negative effect on children.3. middle and high school students should learn art and music as compulsory subjects.4. only the rich can be considered successful.5. childhood is the most important period in one’s life.B:1. movies are as entertaining as novels and short stories.2. teachers’ salaries should be determined by their students’ achievements.3. dancing has played a huge role in enriching our cultures.4. children’s academic achievements are more affected by their peers than by their parents.5. In my view, there is nothing people can learn from fictional stories.C:1. experiences gained through hardships become the foundation for a successful future.2. people can communicate more effectively only when they see each other in person.3. modern technology helps students to learn more things in a short period of time.4. you do not need to feel pressured to do what you do not want to do.5. we can learn valuable lessons from fictional books.Writing:1. Agree:I firmly believe that universities should spend as much money on sports activities as they spend on libraries. Knowledge is of no use if students lose their health, so it would be helpful for universities to invest money in sports facilities and encourage students to take part in sports activities.I disagree that students’ sports activities are important enough for universities to spend the same amount of money as they do on libraries. Not every student enjoys sports activities, but all the students need a good facility where they can concentrate on their studies2. Agree:I go along with the idea that traveling in a group led by a tour guide is the best way to enjoy a trip. There are two reasons for this. First, you do not need to worry about getting lost. Also, you can save a lot of money by traveling in a group with other people.Disagree:I do not hold with the opinion that the best way to travel is a guided tour. In my view, traveling alone is more fun because you can go to anywhere you want.3. Agree:I agree that high school students should be able to choose their courses without any limitations. Students will pay more attention to their classes if they are learning what they want to know.Disagree:It is evident that students should not be allowed to take only the courses that they want to study. If they are given such options, students will take only easy courses and avoid possibly boring but important courses.4. Agree:I firmly believe that clothes change people’s behavior. Students try not to g et into trouble when they are wearing their school uniforms because they can be easily identified by their uniforms.Disagree:There is no question that human behavior has nothing to do with one’s clothes. If we could change people’s behavior with clothes, we would be able to reform criminals by changing their clothes.5. Agree:I am in favor of the idea that the mass media tends to dig excessively into the personal lives of famous people.I believe that we do not have to know that they do in their free time unless they commit crimes or harm others’ lives.Disagree:1. In my view, it is unavoidable for public figures and celebrities to be exposed to the mass media. The media would not be interested in the private lives of those people if they were not famous.Agree/ Disagree IITranslation:1. I support the idea that students can develop their imaginations by reading novels.2. I do not think it is impossible for universities to give a scholarship to every student.3. As a result of globalization, people d on’t feel many cultural differences these days.4. There is a saying, “A friend in need is a friend indeed.”5. In my experience, parents can be the best friends for their children because they always take their side.6. I am against the opinion that women should stay at home to take care of their children.7. I question whether it is educational to allow children to watch TV commercials.8. For example, passive viewers prefer entertaining programs to informative ones.9. To give you an idea, I will explain how an optimistic attitude can change a person’s life.10. I object to the notion that people who take risks are the only ones who can get good chances.11. I support the idea that it is important to participate in extracurricular activities.12. Consequently, I believe that people who are attracted to dangerous sports cannot stand their daily routines.13. I am against the opinion that people can hardly learn some points from one’s experience.14. It is said that people should be able to take care of themselves when they are isolated.15. I object to the notion that it is a waste of time to listen to popular music.16. It is reported that many parents make their children read biographies.17. I question whether people acknowledge the importance of moral education or not.18. To give you an idea, I will give several reasons why we need a hospital in our community.19. There are several reasons why some students are more successful at language learning than others.20. In my experience, people do not always tell the truth.21. For instance, we can observe animals at a short distance in zoos.22. I am against the opinion that museums are the best places where children can learn about their ancestors.23. As a result of the invention of the light bulb, people can read books at night without their eyesight being damaged.24. Studies indicate that junk foods are one of the major causes of obesity.A:1. playing games has nothing to do with learning how to live one’s life.2. it is more advantageous to be a group member than to lead a group.3. companies should guarantee lifelong employment.4. older people cannot learn lessons from younger people.5. our judgment of someone should not be based on how he or she looks.B:1. teenagers learn how to make important decisions either by making mistakes or through their own experiences.2. recent research, coeducation is more helpful for both male and female students for several reasons.3. we can get a lot of information about a country by watching commercials for that country.4. external appearances are not reliable when you judge a person’s character.5. why children should learn a foreign language in elementary school.C:1. why people are treated differently when they wear different clothes, I will present two examples.2. nobody will work hard to raise his productivity if a company never fires its employees.3. I will discuss how much children can enjoy nature by living in rural areas.4. there have always been bad consequences whenever we destroy ecosystems.5. children can share their opinions about what they saw on TV with their friends.Writing:。
托福写作讲义_暑假班新托福写作讲义,4,作文的连贯与衔接“启”,首先,first, firstly, first of all, to begin with, in the first place, to start with, in the beginning,at first,一方面,on the one hand (…on the other hand) For one thing…, for another…一般说来,generally speaking, in general现在,目前,at present, now, currently最近,recently“承”第二/第三,second, secondly / third, thirdly此外,besides, in addition, furthermore, what’s more, moreover, in addition to, moreover 而且,also, too例如,for example, for instance, as an example, as another example 即,也就是说,namely, in other words, (In other words, she must give up singing.换言之, 她必须放弃唱歌。
) that is to say, it means that, that is,同样地,in the same way, similarly,用于句首,= likewise后来,from now on, later on, after a few days, after a while, then, 与此同时,meanwhile,此时,by this time1新托福写作讲义不久,soon因此,as a result, consequently, so同样重要,equally important“转”虽然,though, as, although,尽管,nevertheless,后面跟句子,, despite, in spite of ,后面加名词或代词,但是,but, yet,however即使,even though/even if ,后面加从句,相反,on the contrary, conversely ,相反地,颠倒地,, rather than, instead of…另一方面,on the other hand不幸地,unfortunately仍然,still与…不同,unlike“合”因此,hence,as a result, so, for this reason, as a result of总之,in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, briefly最终,eventually, at last,如我所说,as I have said, as has been said于是,accordinglye.g. He was told to speak briefly; accordingly he cut short his remarks.2新托福写作讲义人家叫他说话简短, 于是他就长话短说了。
新托福写作讲义09年暑假第一课时新托福考试流程报名-缴费-考试流程和界面-成绩-大学录取分数线第二课时新托福考试备考观点1 攻克托福考试最有效的捷径是听写观点2 托福考试全面复习的同时重点放在单词和听力上观点3口语和写作部分是很容易得分的第三课时新托福独立写作评分标准第三课时新托福独立写作中文构思和文章结构第四课时新托福独立写作开头部分例子——提炼——中文思维模板——中文练习——英文模板——英文练习——英文模板变换开头类型1：特训234同意不同意：明智的父母比优秀的老师对我们教益更多明智的父母教会我们许多生活的哲理，例如高尚的价值观、与不同的人融洽相处的方法以及理解她对他人的责任。
优秀的老师则教会我们怎样为将来的工作做好准备和实现梦想所需要的技能。
老师和父母在我们的成长中起着同样重要的作用，是他们使我们对未来有了一种敏锐的洞察力。
所以，我反对明智的父母比优秀的老师对我们教益更多的观点。
提炼类型1：用例子解释或定义关键词1+用例子或定义解释关键词2+所以，表明观点开头类型1举例：图书馆还是体育设施图书馆的资源是大学生获取知识、培养自学能力最主要的方式之一。
而体育设施能够使大学生强身健体、舒缓压力、娱乐身心。
我不否认体育锻炼对于学生成长的重要影响。
但作为大学投资的决定，学校应该把更多的钱投资于图书馆而不是体育设施。
开头类型1举例：事实还是概念事实是发生在我们周围事情，往往形象生动并且容易让人理解，而概念是事实的总结和抽象，能够概括一系列符合规律的事实。
因此据我来看，在学习的过程中间，概念和事实的学习对于学生来说有着不同的作用。
开头类型2：特训236 同意不同意在社区周围建立一家折扣店折扣店的出现成为我们社区关注的焦点。
当一家企业决定在购物区开折扣店时，一些人游行表示反对，而另一些人觉得在这种商店购物很方便。
我喜欢附近有一所大型折扣店，但我也能理解在同一条街开小商店的朋友为什么不喜欢这种竞争对手。
换句话说，我支持新商店，因为它位置便利、价格低廉。
提炼类型2：关键词背景+论题重复+表明观点开头类型2举例：经济发展和环境保护经济发展和环境保护逐渐成为全球政府共同关注的两大议题。
政府在制定国家发展策略的时候，一些人主张优先发展经济，而另一些人认为人们的首要任务是保护环境。
尽管自然环境是经济发展的基础，为其发展提供了土地和能源，但我认为，只有经济的高速发展，我们才有可能更好的从根本上解决保护环境的问题。
economic development and environmental protection are two most concerned issues of the global government, the two issues will effect the well being of all the nation and society and will decide the destiny of all the man kind. T o provide a viable solution, we have to consider this dilemma from a broad and long term perspective. As the basis of the economic development, the natural environment feed the society with arable land and energy, but in my point of view, only a fully developed economy can we resolve the environment problem fundamentally.开头类型2举例：同意不同意低分学挑战大的学科日益竞争激烈的人才市场上，用人单位把大学生的在校成绩和所学科目作为考核人才素质的重要指标。
大学生对于选择课程都十分慎重，有些人认为即使最后没能取得高分也应该去挑战难度较大的学科，而我则持反对意见，我认为这样做不但学不到知识，还会打击自己的信心甚至影响未来的深造和就业。
开头练习：1、别人做决定而不是自己做决定2、高分鼓励学生学习面对困难和取舍，人们需要勇敢的做出自己的判断，有些人认为应该求助那些比自己经验更加丰富的人，他们可以更加冷静客观的做出决定。
另一些坚持自己做决定会学到更多的东西。
我认为让别人代替自己做决定是一种逃避责任的做法，而且别人的决定也可能不适合你。
考试的成绩是从一定程度上反映了学生阶段性学习的情况。
尽管获得高分可以建立学生学习的信心，但也可能引起学生盲目的骄傲，如果考试的设置过于简单，考试就不能起到查漏补缺，帮助学生巩固学习为下一阶段学习作准备的作用。
因此，我反对高分会鼓励学生学习的观点。
提炼类型1：用例子解释或定义关键词1+用例子或定义解释关键词2+所以，表明观点提炼类型2：关键词背景+论题重复+表明观点解释关键词的句型：关键词使我们怎么样enables us to do如果没有关键词我们就不能怎么样It becomes totally impossible for people to do without在关键词的帮助下我们可以怎么样with the...of，we are able to可以使我们怎么样的就是关键词What gives people the ability to do is我们怎么样的原因就是关键词as a result of举例：科学可以使我们学到更多的知识。
(1)The development of science and technology enables people to acquire knowledge dramatically easily.(2)It becomes totally impossible for people to gain knowledge in a remarkably easy way without progressing science and technology.(3)With the improvement of science and technology, people are empowered to accumulate knowledge at amazing ease.(4)What gives people the ability to obtain knowledge easily is the growth of science and technology.(5)Knowledge accumulation becomes strikingly easy for people as a result of the development of science and technology.关键词背景的句型：越来越多人认识到关键词的重要性(1)More and more people realize/come to know the importance of protecting the environment/ the environmental protection.(2)The significance of the environmental protection has been clearly understood by an increasing number of people.(3)There are an increasing number of people who come to know / become aware of the necessity of the environmental protection.(4)The number of people who come to know how vital it is to protect the environment is enormously/dramatically/remarkably increasing.(5)The significance of the environmental protection is increasingly recognized.(6)People in increasing numbers come to know the importance of the environmental protection.论题重复的和表达观点的句型：许多人毫无疑问觉得A优于B，同时其他人对于问题持非常不同的看法，个人而言，我什么立场many people do not doubt that A is superior to B, while others think quite differently on the issue personally, I stand on the side of...when it come to topic/asked about topic/faced with/inquired about/topic is mentioned/we discuss topic/, most people tend to believe/the vast majority people would support that/hold the opinion that/take the position that/stick to the idea that/, but/while/however/whereas/in contrast/,others regard/ consider/prefer/see/deem/assert/advocate/allege thatas far as i am concern/ from my point view(1)I do not think it is a good idea to build a factory in our community.(2)I oppose building a factory in our community.(3)From my point of view, building a factory in our community is totally stupid/harmful.(4)In my opinion, the plan/idea to set up a factory in our community is far from being wise/ sagacious.(5)As far as I see, the idea of building a factory in our community is anything but good/right/admirable/wonderful.(6)I believe the last thing we should do is founding a factory in our community.练习翻译：开头举例：电视是比书更有效的学习方式电视拥有生动的画面和音效作为获得知识的工具越来越受到大家欢迎。
