2429-01中文资料

LM2429Monolithic Triple Channel 15MHz DTV DriverGeneral DescriptionThe LM2429is an integrated high voltage CRT driver circuit designed for use in DTV applications.The IC contains three high input impedance,wide band amplifiers which directly drive the RGB cathodes of a CRT.Each channel has its gain internally set to −51and can drive CRT capacitive loads as well as resistive loads present in other applications,limited only by the package’s power dissipation.The IC is packaged in an industry standard 11-lead TO-220molded plastic power package designed specifically to meet high voltage spacing requirements.See Thermal Consider-ations section.Featuresn 0V to 5V input rangen Greater than 130V PP output swing capabilityn Stable with 0–20pF capacitive loads and inductive peaking networksn Convenient TO-220staggered thin lead package styleApplicationsn AC coupled DTV applications using the 480p format as well as standard NTSC and PAL formats.Connection Diagram Schematic Diagram20073102Note:Tab is at GNDTop ViewOrder Number LM2429FIGURE 1.Simplified Connection and Pinout Diagram20073101FIGURE 2.Simplified Schematic Diagram(One Channel)October 2004LM2429Monolithic Triple Channel 15MHz DTV Driver©2004National Semiconductor Corporation Absolute Maximum Ratings(Notes 1,3)If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required,please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/Distributors for availability and specifications.Supply Voltage (V CC )+200V Bias Voltage (V BB )+15VInput Voltage (V IN )-0.5V to V BB +0.5V Storage Temperature Range (T STG )−65˚C to +150˚CLead Temperature (Soldering,<10sec.)300˚C ESD Tolerance,Human Body Model 2kV Machine Model 200V Junction Temperature 150˚C θJC (typ)2.9˚C/W Operating Ranges (Note 2)V CC +130V to +180VV BB +7V to +13V V IN +0V to +4V V OUT+15V to +175V Case TemperatureRefer to Figure 11Do not operate the part without a heat sink.Electrical Characteristics(See Figure 3for Test Circuit)Unless otherwise noted:V CC =+180V,V BB =+8V,C L =8pF,T C =50˚C.DC Tests:V IN =2.5V DC .AC Tests:Output =130V PP (35V -165V)at 1MHz.Symbol ParameterConditionsLM2429Units MinTypical Max I CC Supply Current All Three Channels,No Input Signal,No Output Load 1630mA I BB Bias Current All Three Channels1217mA V OUT,1DC Output Voltage No AC Input Signal,V IN =2.5V DC 100105110V DC V OUT,2DC Output Voltage No AC Input Signal,V IN =1.2V DC 163168173V DCA V DC Voltage Gain No AC Input Signal-48-51-54∆A V Gain Matching (Note 4),No AC Input Signal 1.0dB LE Linearity Error (Notes 4,5),No AC Input Signal 8%t R Rise Time (Note 6),10%to 90%26ns t F Fall Time (Note 6),90%to 10%30ns OSOvershoot(Note 6)5%Note 1:Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur.Note 2:Operating ratings indicate conditions for which the device is functional,but do not guarantee specific performance limits.For guaranteed specifications and test conditions,see the Electrical Characteristics.Datasheet min/max specification limits are guaranteed by design,test,or statistical analysis.The guaranteed specifications apply only for the test conditions listed.Some performance characteristics may change when the device is not operated under the listed test conditions.Note 3:All voltages are measured with respect to GND,unless otherwise specified.Note 4:Calculated value from Voltage Gain test on each channel.Note 5:Linearity Error is the variation in DC gain from V IN =1.1V to V IN =3.8V.Note 6:Input from signal generator:t r ,t f <1ns.L M 2429 2AC Test CircuitFigure 3shows a typical test circuit for evaluation of the LM2429.This circuit is designed to allow testing of the LM2429in a 50Ωenvironment without the use of an expensive FET probe.The two 4990Ωresistors form a 400:1divider with the 50Ωresistor and the oscilloscope.A test point is included for easy use of an oscilloscope probe.The compensation capacitor is used to compensate the network to achieve flat frequency response.20073103Note:8pF load includes parasitic capacitance.FIGURE 3.Test Circuit (One Channel)LM24293Typical Performance Characteristics(V CC =+180V DC ,V BB =+8V DC ,C L =8pF,V OUT =130V PP(35V −165V),Test Circuit -Figure 3unless otherwise specified)20073104FIGURE 4.V OUT vs V IN20073106FIGURE 5.LM2429Pulse Response20073118FIGURE 6.Bandwidth20073105FIGURE 7.Speed vs Load Capacitance20073108FIGURE 8.Speed vs Offset20073109FIGURE 9.Speed vs Case TemperatureL M 2429 4Typical Performance Characteristics (V CC =+180V DC ,V BB =+8V DC ,C L =8pF,V OUT =130V PP(35V −165V),Test Circuit -Figure 3unless otherwise specified)(Continued)20073107FIGURE 10.Power Dissipation vs Frequency20073116FIGURE 11.Power Derating Curve20073119FIGURE 12.Cathode Pulse ResponseLM24295Typical Performance Characteristics (V CC =+180V DC ,V BB =+8V DC ,C L =8pF,V OUT =130V PP(35V −165V),Test Circuit -Figure 3unless otherwise specified)(Continued)TABLE 1.Power Dissipation for Various Video PatternsPower Dissipation (W)Pattern Format 480i 480p Raster 1.8 1.8Full White Field4.0 4.0White Box,75%Screen Size3.1 3.1Gray Bars3.2 3.3Color Bars 75%Amplitude 2.7 2.8Color Bars 100%Amplitude3.0 3.0SMPTE Color Bars2.7 2.7SMPTE 1333.6 3.9Cross Hatch 16x12 2.3 2.6Resolution Chart3.84.1Multiburst5.27.3White Text on Black Background6.18.9Windows Pattern 3.4 4.3Windows Pattern 3.7 4.4Windows Pattern 5.0 6.2Vertical Lines 5On 5Off 4.6 6.3Vertical Lines 4On 4Off 5.07.1Vertical Lines 3On 3Off 5.68.7Vertical Lines 2On 2Off 7.211.4Vertical Lines 1On 1Off11.515.4Note:Input from signal generator:t r ,t f <2ns.Theory of OperationThe LM2429is a high voltage monolithic three channel CRT driver suitable for HDTV applications.The LM2429operates with 180V and 8V power supplies.The part is housed in the industry standard 11-lead TO-220molded plastic power package with thin leads for improved metal-to-metal spacing.The circuit diagram of the LM2429is shown in Figure 2.The PNP emitter follower,Q5,provides input buffering.Q1and Q2form a fixed gain cascode amplifier with resistors R1and R2setting the gain at −51.Emitter followers Q3and Q4isolate the high output impedance of the cascode stage from the capacitance of the CRT cathode which decreases the sensitivity of the device to load capacitance.Q6provides biasing to the output emitter follower stage to reduce cross-over distortion at low signal levels.Figure 3shows a typical test circuit for evaluation of the LM2429.This circuit is designed to allow testing of the LM2429in a 50Ωenvironment without the use of an expen-sive FET probe.In this test circuit,the two 4.99k Ωresistors form a 400:1wideband,low capacitance probe when con-nected to a 50Ωcoaxial cable and a 50Ωload (such as a 50Ωoscilloscope input).The input signal from the generator is ac coupled to the base of Q5.Application HintsINTRODUCTIONNational Semiconductor (NSC)is committed to provide ap-plication information that assists our customers in obtaining the best performance possible from our products.The fol-lowing information is provided in order to support this com-mitment.The reader should be aware that the optimization of performance was done using a specific printed circuit board designed at NSC.Variations in performance can be realized due to physical changes in the printed circuit board and the application.Therefore,the designer should know that com-ponent value changes may be required in order to optimize performance in a given application.The values shown in this document can be used as a starting point for evaluation purposes.When working with high bandwidth circuits,good layout practices are also critical to achieving maximum per-formance.IMPORTANT INFORMATIONThe LM2429performance is targeted for the HDTV market.The application circuits shown in this document to optimize performance and to protect against damage from CRT ar-cover are designed specifically for the LM2429.If another member of the LM242X family is used,please refer to its datasheet.L M 2429 6Application Hints(Continued)POWER SUPPLY BYPASSSince the LM2429is a wide bandwidth amplifier,proper power supply bypassing is critical for optimum performance.Improper power supply bypassing can result in large over-shoot,ringing or oscillation.0.1µF capacitors should be con-nected from the supply pins,V CC and V BB ,to ground,as close to the LM2429as is practical.Additionally,a 22µF or larger electrolytic capacitor should be connected from both supply pins to ground reasonably close to the LM2429.ARC PROTECTIONDuring normal CRT operation,internal arcing may occasion-ally occur.Spark gaps,in the range of 300V,connected from the CRT cathodes to CRT ground will limit the maximum voltage,but to a value that is much higher than allowable on the LM2429.This fast,high voltage,high energy pulse can damage the LM2429output stage.The application circuit shown in Figure 13is designed to help clamp the voltage at the output of the LM2429to a safe level.The clamp diodes,D1and D2,should have a fast transient response,high peak current rating,low series impedance and low shunt capaci-tance.1SS83or equivalent diodes are recommended.D1and D2should have short,low impedance connections to V CC and ground respectively.The cathode of D1should be located very close to a separately decoupled bypass capaci-tor (C3in Figure 13).The ground connection of D2and the decoupling capacitor should be very close to the LM2429ground.This will significantly reduce the high frequency voltage transients that the LM2429would be subjected to during an arcover condition.Resistor R2limits the arcover current that is seen by the diodes while R1limits the current into the LM2429as well as the voltage stress at the outputs of the device.R2should be a 1⁄2W solid carbon type resistor.R1can be a 1⁄4W metal or carbon film type resistor.Having large value resistors for R1and R2would be desirable,but this has the effect of increasing rise and fall times.Inductor L1is critical to reduce the initial high frequency voltage levels that the LM2429would be subjected to.The inductor will not only help protect the device but it will also help minimize rise and fall times as well as minimize EMI.For proper arc protection,it is important to not omit any of the arc protection components shown in Figure 13.EFFECT OF LOAD CAPACITANCEFigure 7shows the effect of increased load capacitance on the speed of the device.This demonstrates the importance of knowing the load capacitance in the application.EFFECT OF OFFSETFigure 8shows the variation in rise and fall times when the output offset of the device is varied from 95V to 105V DC .The rise time shows a variation of less than 8%relative to the center data point (100V DC ).The fall time shows a variation of less than 9%relative to the center data point.THERMAL CONSIDERATIONSFigure 9shows the performance of the LM2429in the test circuit shown in Figure 3as a function of case temperature.The figure shows that the rise and fall times of the LM2429increase by approximately 15%and 30%,respectively,as the case temperature increases from 50˚C to 90˚C.This corresponds to a speed degradation of 3.75%and 7.5%for every 10˚C rise in case temperature.Figure 10shows the power dissipation of the LM2429vs.Frequency when all three channels of the device are driving an 8pF load with a 130V PP alternating one pixel on,one pixel off signal.The graph assumes a 72%active time (device operating at the specified frequency)which is typical in a TV application.The other 28%of the time the device is assumed to be sitting at the black level (165V in this case).Table 1also shows the typical power dissipation of the LM2429for various video patterns in the 480i and 480p video formats.Figure 10,Figure 11,and Table 1give the designer the information needed to determine the heatsink requirement for the LM2429.For example,if an HDTV application uses the 480p format and "Vertical Lines 2On 2Off"is assumed to be the worst-case pattern to be displayed,then the power dissipated will be 11.4W (from Table 1).Figure 11shows that the maximum allowed case temperature is 117˚C when 11.4W is dissipated.If the maximum expected ambient tem-perature is 70˚C,then a maximum heatsink thermal resis-tance can be calculated:This example assumes a capacitive load of 8pF and no resistive load.The designer should note that if the load capacitance is increased the AC component of the total power dissipation will also increase.Note:A LM126X preamplifier,with rise and fall times of about 2ns,was used to drive the LM2429for these power ing a preamplifier with rise and fall times slower than the LM126X will cause the LM2429to dissipate less power than shown in Table 1.OPTIMIZING TRANSIENT RESPONSEIn Figure 13,there are three components (R1,R2and L1)that can be adjusted to optimize the transient response of the application circuit.Increasing the values of R1and R2will slow the circuit down while decreasing overshoot.In-creasing the value of L1will speed up the circuit as well as increase overshoot.It is very important to use inductors with very high self-resonant frequencies,preferably above 300MHz.Ferrite core inductors from ler Magnetics (part #78FR__k)were used for optimizing the performance of the device in the NSC application board.The values shown in Figure 14and Figure 15can be used as a good starting point for the evaluation of the ing a variable resistor for R1will simplify finding the value needed for optimum performance in a given application.Once the optimum value is determined,the variable resistor can be replaced with a fixed value.20073110FIGURE 13.One Channel of the LM2429with theRecommended Application Circuit LM24297Application Hints(Continued)Figure 12shows the typical cathode pulse response with an output swing of 130V PP using a LM1269preamplifier.PC BOARD LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONSFor optimum performance,an adequate ground plane,iso-lation between channels,good supply bypassing and mini-mizing unwanted feedback are necessary.Also,the length of the signal traces from the preamplifier to the LM2429and from the LM2429to the CRT cathode should be as short as possible.The following references are recommended:Ott,Henry W.,“Noise Reduction Techniques in Electronic Systems”,John Wiley &Sons,New York,1976.“Video Amplifier Design for Computer Monitors”,National Semiconductor Application Note 1013.Pease,Robert A.,“Troubleshooting Analog Circuits”,Butterworth-Heinemann,1991.Because of its high small signal bandwidth,the part may oscillate in a TV if feedback occurs around the video channel through the chassis wiring.To prevent this,leads to the video amplifier input circuit should be shielded,and input circuit wiring should be spaced as far as possible from output circuit wiring.TYPICAL APPLICATIONA typical application of the LM2429is shown in the sche-matic for the NSC demonstration board in Figure 14and Figure ed in conjunction with an LM126X preamplifier,a complete video channel from input to CRT cathode can be achieved.Performance is ideal for DTV applications.The NSC demonstration board can be used to evaluate the LM126X/LM2429combination in a TV.NSC DEMONSTRATION BOARDFigure 16shows the routing and component placement on the NSC LM126X/LM2429demonstration board.This board provides a good example of a layout that can be used as a guide for future layouts.Note the location of the following components:•C19—V CC bypass capacitor,located very close to pin 2and ground pins•C20—V BB bypass capacitor,located close to pin 11and ground•C46,C48—V CC bypass capacitors,near LM2429and V CC clamp diodes.Very important for arc protection.The routing of the LM2429outputs to the CRT is very critical to achieving optimum performance.Figure 17shows the routing and component placement from pin 10(V1OUT )of the LM2429to the blue cathode.Note that the components are placed so that they almost line up from the output pin of the LM2429to the blue cathode pin of the CRT connector.This is done to minimize the length of the video path be-tween these two components.Note also that D8,D9,R24and D6are placed to minimize the size of the video nodes that they are attached to.This minimizes parasitic capaci-tance in the video path and also enhances the effectiveness of the protection diodes.The anode of protection diode D8is connected directly to a section of the the ground plane that has a short and direct path to the LM2429ground pins.The cathode of D9is connected to V CC very close to decoupling capacitor C48which is connected to the same section of the ground plane as D8.The diode placement and routing is very important for minimizing the voltage stress on the LM2429during an arcover stly,notice that S3is placed very close to the blue cathode and is tied directly to CRT ground.This demonstration board uses large PCB holes to accom-modate socket pins,which function to allow for multiple insertions of the LM2429in a convenient manner.To benefit from the enhanced LM2429package with thin leads,the device should be secured in small PCB holes to optimize the metal-to-metal spacing between the leads.L M 2429 8LM2429 Application Hints(Continued)20073111FIGURE14.LM126X/LM242X/LM248X Demonstration Board Schematic9Application Hints(Continued)20073112FIGURE 15.LM126X/LM242X/LM248X Demonstration Board Schematic (continued)L M 2429 10Application Hints(Continued)20073113FIGURE 16.LM126X/LM242X/LM248X Demonstration Board Layout20073114FIGURE 17.Trace Routing and Component Placement for Blue Channel OutputLM242911Physical Dimensionsinches (millimeters)unless otherwise notedCONTROLLING DIMENSION IS INCH VALUES IN []ARE MILLIMETERSNS Package Number TE11B Order Number LM2429National does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described,no circuit patent licenses are implied and National reserves the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications.For the most current product information visit us at .LIFE SUPPORT POLICYNATIONAL’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT AND GENERAL COUNSEL OF NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION.As used herein:1.Life support devices or systems are devices or systems which,(a)are intended for surgical implant into the body,or (b)support or sustain life,and whose failure to perform when properly used in accordance with instructions for use provided in the labeling,can be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury to the user.2.A critical component is any component of a life support device or system whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support device or system,or to affect its safety or effectiveness.BANNED SUBSTANCE COMPLIANCENational Semiconductor certifies that the products and packing materials meet the provisions of the Customer Products Stewardship Specification (CSP-9-111C2)and the Banned Substances and Materials of Interest Specification (CSP-9-111S2)and contain no ‘‘Banned Substances’’as defined in CSP-9-111S2.National Semiconductor Americas Customer Support CenterEmail:new.feedback@ Tel:1-800-272-9959National SemiconductorEurope Customer Support CenterFax:+49(0)180-5308586Email:europe.support@Deutsch Tel:+49(0)6995086208English Tel:+44(0)8702402171Français Tel:+33(0)141918790National Semiconductor Asia Pacific Customer Support CenterEmail:ap.support@National SemiconductorJapan Customer Support Center Fax:81-3-5639-7507Email:jpn.feedback@ Tel:81-3-5639-7560L M 2429M o n o l i t h i c T r i p l e C h a n n e l 15M H z D T V D r i v e r。

乳铁蛋白在美白化妆品开发中的应用前景李谋;杨小琳;赵金礼【摘要】乳铁蛋白作为一种内源性糖蛋白,具有抗炎、抗菌、促进胶原蛋白形成等多种功能的内源性糖蛋白,新进报道内源性蛋白乳铁蛋白具有减少黑色素形成功能,提示其可应用于美白化妆品中.作为内源性蛋白,乳铁蛋白可利用体内代谢系统代谢,安全性高且美白功效显著,可用于新一代美白产品的开发中,综述了美白化妆品现状及乳铁蛋白在美白化妆品中的应用潜力.【期刊名称】《广州化工》【年(卷),期】2017(045)024【总页数】3页(P26-27,36)【关键词】乳铁蛋白;美白;化妆品;应用【作者】李谋;杨小琳;赵金礼【作者单位】陕西慧康生物科技有限责任公司,陕西西安 710054;陕西慧康生物科技有限责任公司,陕西西安 710054;陕西慧康生物科技有限责任公司,陕西西安710054【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TQ65爱美是人之天性，在我国一直有着一白遮千丑的俗语，也道出了我国女性对美的定义及对皮肤白皙的渴求，然而目前市场上的美白、祛斑化妆品要么效果欠佳，要么存在产生白斑、产生激素依赖甚至致癌等危及健康的风险，有些不法商家在美白产品中加入化妆品目录名文禁用原料，以期获得即时的美白效果，严重损害了消费者权益。

安全有效的美白化妆品亟待开发。

下文就美白化妆品的现状、研究思路及乳铁蛋白在美白化妆品中的应用潜力进行综述。

有文献报道我国食品药品监督管理局对市场上现售美白产品抽检发现不合格的美白产品中主要为汞含量超标、违规添加糖皮质激素，添加违禁成分氢醌、苯酚，添加超标的丙烯酰胺。

这些成分的违规添加可能会引发激素依赖性皮炎、病理性白斑、甚至有的会毒害神经系统、具有致癌风险危及健康[1-3]。

自2014年以来我国美白化妆品市场容量逐年增长，预计2019年美白类产品市场达4000多亿元[2]，但目前市场上尚无安全且美白效果显著的美白产品，亟待开发此类产品。

黑色素是影响皮肤颜色的重要因素之一[4]，紫外线照射、氧化应激、体内代谢紊乱、衰老等因素都会影响体内黑色素产生的种类及数量，影响肤色。

All dimensions are in inches. Tolerances (except noted): .xx = ±.02” (,51 mm), .xxx = ± .005” (,127 mm).All specifications are to the latest revisions. Specifications are subject to change without notice. Registered trademarks are the property of their respective companies.FEATURES:The molded strain relief is directly bonded to the cable jacket for superior strength and durability.Teflon insulation and nickel tarnish resistant outer shells used in the BNC connector provide long life and reliability.Gold plated center contacts assure the most noise free connection possible. The connectors and cable are impedance matched. CABLE DESIGNATION & TYPE:2249-C: RG58C/U, 50 ohm cable makes it ideal for most test and measurement applications, RFtransmission systems and Thinnet LAN applications.2249-E: RG59B/U, 75 ohm cable assembly for use with broadcast, video, and other signalapplications.2249-K: RG174/U, smaller diameter 50 ohm cable for greater flexibility in tight applications. It isbest suited for use in low power situations where small size and flexibility is important.2249-M: RG62A/U, 93 ohm cable, use when higher impedance, > 75 ohms is required.2249-Y: RG223/U, double shielded 50 ohm cable assembly for superior interference rejection. RATINGS:Cable DesignationType Impedance ohms Capacitance per 1 foot / 0,304 meters Power Loss/100 Ft @ 1 MHz Insulation AWG CenterStrands XAWG Wire Type Jacket Material CableODShield Temperature(w/o connectors)°C C RG58C/U 50 30.8 pf 0.44 dB PE 20 19X36 TC PVCNC .195 TCB -40 to +85 E RG59B/U 75 22.5 pf 0.60 dB PE 23 Solid BCCS PVCNC .242 BCB -40 to +60 K RG174/U 50 30.8 pf 1.90 dB PE 26 7X34 BCCSPVC.110TCB-40 to +75 M RG62A/U 93 13.5 pf 0.25 dB SSPE 22 Solid BCCS PVCNC .242 BCB / BCB 0 to +75 YRG223/U5030.8 pf0.35 dBPE19SolidSPC PVCNC.212 SCB / SCB-40 to +60AWG = American Wire Gauge BCB = Bare Copper BraidBCCS = Bare Copper Covered Steel PE = Polyethylene PVC = Polyvinyl ChloridePVCNC = Polyvinyl Chloride Non-ContaminatingSCB = Silver Coated Braid SPC = Silver Plated Copper SSPE = Semi-Solid Polyethylene TC = Tinned Copper TCB = Tinned Copper BraidAll dimensions are in inches. Tolerances (except noted): .xx = ±.02” (,51 mm), .xxx = ± .005” (,127 mm). All specifications are to the latest revisions. Specifications are subject to change without notice. Registered trademarks are the property of their respective companies.Voltage: 500 Vrms max from center conductor to shield and 33 Vac / 70 Vdc max from shield to earth in controlled hands free testing environments. For CE compliance : not intended for hand-held use at voltage above 33 Vrms / 70 Vdc.MATERIALS: BNC Male:Body: Brass, Tarnish Resistant Nickel Plating Dielectric: PTFECenter Contact: Gold Plated BrassStrain Relief:PVC molded directly to cable and connectorsORDERING INFORMATION: Model 2249-type -length* Cable Type: C, E, K, M, Y. (see table for detail).Cable Length*: 6” (15,24cm), 12” (30,5cm), 24” (61,0cm), 36” (91,4cm), 48” (121,9cm), 60” (152,4cm), 72” (182,9cm), 96” (243,84cm), 120” (304,8cm), 144” (365,76cm), 180” (457,2cm), 240” (6096cm), 300” (762cm), 360” (914,4cm), 600” (1524cm).Ordering Example: 2249-C-72 (type “C” cable with a 72” (182,9cm) length)* Custom lengths are available, contact Pomona Technical Support: 800-241-2060 (technicalsupport@)。

苯基聚硅氧烷的合成及其应用研究进展李静【摘要】苯基的引入赋予了聚硅氧烷产品优异的耐高低温性、润滑性和耐辐照性,发展前景广阔.介绍了近几年苯基聚硅氧烷的合成方法及用途,并对其发展前景进行展望.【期刊名称】《山西化工》【年(卷),期】2018(038)002【总页数】4页(P38-41)【关键词】苯基;聚硅氧烷;合成;应用【作者】李静【作者单位】阳煤集团太原化工新材料有限公司,山西太原 030000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TQ264.1引言有机硅化合物是一种广泛应用的元素有机高分子化合物，因其骨架结构基本单元为Si-O-Si，使其具有独特的化学结构和优异的性能如耐高低温性、憎水性、耐候性等。

有机硅化合物具有有机、无机双重性质，且品种繁多，使其广泛应用于国民经济、国防建设中，是当今各行各业不可缺少的化工原料[1-5]。

近年来，由于高新技术的发展，有机硅品种的发展方向已多元化，其数量也不断增加。

苯基聚硅氧烷(俗称苯基硅油)是一类重要的有机硅产品。

一般指甲基聚硅氧烷中一部分甲基基团被苯基基团代替后的物质。

在聚硅氧烷分子主链中引入苯基，可以提高聚硅氧烷的耐高低温性、耐水性和耐辐照性。

相比较于同黏度的二甲基聚硅氧烷，苯基聚硅氧烷黏温系数更高，凝固点、闪点更低等[6-11]。

低苯基的聚硅氧烷在-70 ℃具有流动性，可见其耐低温效果好。

随着苯基含量增大，苯基聚硅氧烷的耐辐照性、耐高温性、润滑性、溶解性(有机溶剂中)均有所提高，但耐低温性下降。

当硅油苯基含量高时，在250 ℃以上受热时才会发生氧化，同时黏度升高；当硅油苯基含量为50%时，若添加稳定剂，可在300 ℃～350 ℃使用几百个小时。

这些优异的性能使得苯基聚硅氧烷在航空、汽车、电子等领域有广阔的发展前景[12-15]。

本文介绍了不同结构的苯基聚硅氧烷的合成方法以及应用领域，并对其发展前景进行了展望。

1 苯基聚硅氧烷的合成1.1 二苯基聚硅氧烷的合成二苯基二甲基聚硅氧烷与典型的二甲基聚硅氧烷的合成方法类似，主要采用两种方法。

N22备案号：7791—2000中华人民共和国电力行业标准DL/T 731—2000电能表测量用误差计算器Error calculator used inelectrical energy meter calibrating2000-11-03 发布2001-01-01 实施中华人民共和国国家经济贸易委员会发布前言电能表测量用误差计算器(以下简称误差计算器)，是电能计量标准装置的主要配套设备。

本标准采用国家有关标准及机械行业有关标准，结合电力行业电能计量工作的特点而制定的，本标准是电力计量部门使用、测试、验收误差计算器的技术依据，也可供产品制造厂参照执行。

本标准的附录A是提示的附录。

本标准由原电力工业部提出。

本标准由电力行业电测量标准化技术委员会归口。

本标准起草单位：华东电力试验研究院、海盐电力仪表厂、羊城科技实业公司。

本标准主要起草人：王之浩、陈鹤鸣、郁伟、刘伟华。

本标准由电力行业电测量标准化技术委员会负责解释。

目次前言1 范围2 引用标准3 术语4 分类5 技术要求6 试验方法7 检验规则8 标志、包装及贮存附录A(提示的附录) 插座连接器与接线排序1 范围本标准规定了电能表用误差计算器的技术要求、试验方法及检验规则。

本标准适用于脉冲输入方式，采用计算机运算处理和显示其相对误差值的电能表用误差计算器。

具有误差计算功能和显示电能表相对误差的电子式标准电能表，电能表检定装置中的误差运算部分及现场校验仪等可参照使用。

2 引用标准下列标准所包含的条文，通过在本标准中引用而构成为本标准的条文。

在标准出版时，所示版本均有效。

所有标准都会被修订，使用本标准的各方应探讨、使用下列标准最新版本的可能性。

—1989 电工电子产品基本环境试验规程试验A(低温试验方法)—1989 电工电子产品基本环境试验规程试验B(高温试验方法)—1993 电工电子产品基本环境试验规程试验Db(交变温热试验方法)GB2829—1981 周期检查计数抽样程序及抽样表—1992 工业过程测量和控制装置的电磁兼容性静电放电要求GB/T15464—1995 仪器仪表包装运输通用技术条件JB/T6214—1992 仪器仪表可靠性验证试验及测定试验(指数分布)导则—1995 电工电子产品环境试验第二部分：试验方法试验Ea和导则：冲击—1995 电工电子产品环境试验第二部分：试验方法试验Ec和导则：倾跌与翻倒—1989 电工电子产品基本环境试验规程试验Cb：设备用恒定湿热试验方法—1995 电工电子产品环境试验第二部：试验方法试验Fc和导则：振动(正弦)3 术语3.1 电能表常数比Constant Ratio of Wattmeter被检电能表常数与标准电能表常数之比值。

MMC拓扑无变压器并网存在的问题和解决措施LIAN Jianyang;QIU Defeng;JIANG Tiangui;WU Ting;XIE Yeyuan【摘要】适用于城市电网的柔性直流换流器拓扑需要考虑可靠性、经济性、占地和故障特性.柔性直流换流器不通过变压器而直接接入10 kV交流电网带来2个问题:当直流侧发生单极接地故障时,交流侧断路器无法正常分闸;直流侧双极短路电流大.通过理论分析和仿真验证了桥臂串联阻尼模块的MMC拓扑具有交流侧故障穿越和直流侧故障抑制能力,可较好解决上述问题,满足城市电网对柔性直流换流器拓扑的要求.【期刊名称】《浙江电力》【年(卷),期】2019(038)001【总页数】5页(P53-57)【关键词】故障特性分析;柔性直流输电技术;拓扑结构;城市配电网【作者】LIAN Jianyang;QIU Defeng;JIANG Tiangui;WU Ting;XIE Yeyuan 【作者单位】;;;;【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TM7320 引言城市电网是城市现代化建设的基础设施之一，是电力系统的主要负荷中心，具有用电量大、负荷密度高、可靠性和供电质量要求高等特点。

柔性直流输电技术可在不增加短路容量的情况下，实现供电系统不同分区的合环运行，控制系统潮流方向，维持交流系统电压和频率稳定，为故障后负荷快速恢复提供支援。

不同分区互联之后，可减少系统备用容量，在不新增线路情况下，提高系统的供电能力[1-3]。

MMC（模块化多电平换流器）拓扑自2001年被提出，受到学术界和工业界的广泛关注，现有大部分柔性直流输电工程均采用该拓扑[1，4]。

在2010年和2011年的国际电力电子会议上提出了广义MMC的概念，以子模块为功率单元，并根据结构不同分为3种基本类型：HBSM（半桥子模块）、FBSM（全桥子模块）、CDSM（钳位双子模块）[5-6]。

基于HBSM的MMC-HVDC损耗低、控制简单，但不能抑制直流短路电流，在直流侧发生双极故障时，故障电流会达到10 kA以上，并且流过IGBT（绝缘栅双极型晶体管）的反向并联二极管，烧毁器件，为此需要在HBSM的两端并联晶闸管以提供短路电流通道。

Version 3.0 Revision Date: 01/18/2018SDS Number: 1765918-00003Date of last issue: 10/17/2017 Date of first issue: 06/23/2017SECTION 1. IDENTIFICATIONProduct name: Krytox ™ 240AZ GR1Product code: D1*******SDS-Identcode: 130000031476Manufacturer or supplier's details Company name of supplier: The Chemours Company FC, LLCAddress : 1007 Market Street Wilmington, DE 19899 United States of America (USA)Telephone : 1-844-773-CHEM (outside the U.S. 1-302-773-1000) Emergency telephone : Medical emergency: 1-866-595-1473 (outside the U.S. 1-302-773-2000) ; Transport emergency: +1-800-424-9300 (outsidethe U.S. +1-703-527-3887) Recommended use of the chemical and restrictions on use Recommended use: LubricantRestrictions on use : For industrial use only. Do not use or resell Chemours™ materials in medical applica-tions involving implantation in the human body or contact withinternal body fluids or tissues unless agreed to by Seller in a written agreement covering such use. For further information, please contact your Chemours representative. SECTION 2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATIONGHS classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1200 Not a hazardous substance or mixture. GHS label elementsNot a hazardous substance or mixture.Other hazardsThe thermal decomposition vapors of fluorinated plastics may cause polymer fume fever with flu-like symptoms in humans, especially when smoking contaminated tobacco. SECTION 3. COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTSSubstance / Mixture: MixtureHazardous ingredients No hazardous ingredientsVersion 3.0Revision Date: 01/18/2018SDS Number: 1765918-00003Date of last issue: 10/17/2017 Date of first issue: 06/23/2017SECTION 4. FIRST AID MEASURESIf inhaled: If inhaled, remove to fresh air.Get medical attention if symptoms occur.In case of skin contact: Wash with water and soap as a precaution. Get medical attention if symptoms occur.In case of eye contact: Flush eyes with water as a precaution.Get medical attention if irritation develops and persists.If swallowed: If swallowed, DO NOT induce vomiting. Get medical attention if symptoms occur. Rinse mouth thoroughly with water.Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed: Inhalation may provoke the following symptoms: Irritation Lung edemaEye contact may provoke the following symptoms Blurred vision Discomfort LachrymationSkin contact may provoke the following symptoms: Irritation RednessProtection of first-aiders: No special precautions are necessary for first aid responders.Notes to physician: Treat symptomatically and supportively.SECTION 5. FIRE-FIGHTING MEASURESSuitable extinguishing media : Not applicable Will not burnUnsuitable extinguishing media : Not applicable Will not burn Specific hazards during fire fighting: Exposure to combustion products may be a hazard to health. Hazardous combustion prod-ucts : Hydrogen fluoride carbonyl fluoride potentially toxic fluorinated compoundsaerosolized particulates Carbon oxidesSpecific extinguishing meth-ods : Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local cir-cumstances and the surrounding environment. Use water spray to cool unopened containers.Remove undamaged containers from fire area if it is safe to do so.Evacuate area.Version 3.0 Revision Date: 01/18/2018SDS Number: 1765918-00003Date of last issue: 10/17/2017 Date of first issue: 06/23/2017Special protective equipment for fire-fighters : Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary. Use personal protective equipment.SECTION 6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURESPersonal precautions, protec-tive equipment and emer-gency procedures: Follow safe handling advice and personal protective equipment recommendations.Environmental precautions : Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.Retain and dispose of contaminated wash water.Local authorities should be advised if significant spillages cannot be contained.Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up : Soak up with inert absorbent material. For large spills, provide diking or other appropriate containment to keep material from spreading. If diked materialcan be pumped, store recovered material in appropriate container.Clean up remaining materials from spill with suitable absorbent.Local or national regulations may apply to releases anddisposal of this material, as well as those materials and items employed in the cleanup of releases. You will need to determine which regulations are applicable.Sections 13 and 15 of this SDS provide information regarding certain local or national requirements. SECTION 7. HANDLING AND STORAGETechnical measures: See Engineering measures under EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION section.Local/Total ventilation: Use only with adequate ventilation.Advice on safe handling: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice, based on the results of the workplace exposure assessmentTake care to prevent spills, waste and minimize release to the environment.Conditions for safe storage: Keep in properly labeled containers.Store in accordance with the particular national regulations.Materials to avoid: Do not store with the following product types: Strong oxidizing agentsFurther information on stor-age stability: No decomposition if stored and applied as directed.Version 3.0Revision Date: 01/18/2018SDS Number: 1765918-00003Date of last issue: 10/17/2017 Date of first issue: 06/23/2017SECTION 8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTIONIngredients with workplace control parametersContains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.Occupational exposure limits of decomposition productsEngineering measures: Processing may form hazardous compounds (see section 10).Ensure adequate ventilation, especially in confined areas. Minimize workplace exposure concentrations.Personal protective equipment Respiratory protection : General and local exhaust ventilation is recommended to maintain vapor exposures below recommended limits. Whereconcentrations are above recommended limits or areVersion 3.0 Revision Date: 01/18/2018SDS Number: 1765918-00003Date of last issue: 10/17/2017 Date of first issue: 06/23/2017unknown, appropriate respiratory protection should be worn. Follow OSHA respirator regulations (29 CFR 1910.134) and use NIOSH/MSHA approved respirators. Protection provided by air purifying respirators against exposure to anyhazardous chemical is limited. Use a positive pressure air supplied respirator if there is any potential for uncontrolled release, exposure levels are unknown, or any othercircumstance where air purifying respirators may not provide adequate protection.Hand protectionRemarks: Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.Eye protection: Wear the following personal protective equipment: Safety glassesSkin and body protection: Skin should be washed after contact.Hygiene measures: Ensure that eye flushing systems and safety showers are located close to the working place.When using do not eat, drink or smoke. Wash contaminated clothing before re-use.SECTION 9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIESAppearance: GreaseColor: whiteOdor: odorlessOdor Threshold : No data available pH: 7Melting point/freezing point: 320 °CInitial boiling point and boiling range: No data availableFlash point: Method: Pensky-Martens closed cup Not applicableEvaporation rate: Not applicableFlammability (solid, gas): Will not burnUpper explosion limit / Upper flammability limit: No data available Lower explosion limit / Lower flammability limit: No data availableVersion 3.0 Revision Date: 01/18/2018SDS Number: 1765918-00003Date of last issue: 10/17/2017 Date of first issue: 06/23/2017Vapor pressure: Not applicableRelative vapor density: Not applicableRelative density: 1.89 - 1.93 Solubility(ies)Water solubility: insolublePartition coefficient: n-octanol/water: Not applicable Autoignition temperature: No data availableDecomposition temperature: 300 °CViscosityViscosity, kinematic: Not applicableExplosive properties: Not explosiveOxidizing properties: The substance or mixture is not classified as oxidizing.Particle size: No data availableSECTION 10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITYReactivity: Not classified as a reactivity hazard.Chemical stability: Stable under normal conditions.Possibility of hazardous reac-tions: Can react with strong oxidizing agents.Hazardous decomposition products will be formed at elevated temperatures.Conditions to avoid: None known.Incompatible materials: Oxidizing agentsHazardous decomposition products Thermal decomposition : Hydrofluoric acid Carbonyl difluorideCarbon dioxide Carbon monoxide SECTION 11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATIONInformation on likely routes of exposure Skin contact Ingestion Eye contactVersion 3.0 Revision Date: 01/18/2018SDS Number: 1765918-00003Date of last issue: 10/17/2017 Date of first issue: 06/23/2017Acute toxicityNot classified based on available information. Skin corrosion/irritationNot classified based on available information. Serious eye damage/eye irritationNot classified based on available information. Respiratory or skin sensitizationSkin sensitizationNot classified based on available information. Respiratory sensitizationNot classified based on available information. Germ cell mutagenicityNot classified based on available information.CarcinogenicityNot classified based on available information. IARC No ingredient of this product present at levels greater than or equal to 0.1% is identified as probable, possible or confirmedhuman carcinogen by IARC.OSHA No component of this product present at levels greater than or equal to 0.1% is on OSHA’s list of regulated carcinogens.NTPNo ingredient of this product present at levels greater than orequal to 0.1% is identified as a known or anticipated carcinogen by NTP. Reproductive toxicityNot classified based on available information. STOT-single exposureNot classified based on available information. STOT-repeated exposureNot classified based on available information. Aspiration toxicityNot classified based on available information. SECTION 12. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATIONEcotoxicityNo data availablePersistence and degradability No data availableBioaccumulative potential No data availableVersion 3.0 Revision Date: 01/18/2018SDS Number: 1765918-00003Date of last issue: 10/17/2017 Date of first issue: 06/23/2017Mobility in soil No data available Other adverse effects No data availableSECTION 13. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONSDisposal methods Waste from residues : Dispose of in accordance with local regulations.Contaminated packaging: Empty containers should be taken to an approved waste handling site for recycling or disposal.If not otherwise specified: Dispose of as unused product.SECTION 14. TRANSPORT INFORMATIONInternational Regulations UNRTDG Not regulated as a dangerous good IATA-DGR Not regulated as a dangerous good IMDG-Code Not regulated as a dangerous goodTransport in bulk according to Annex II of MARPOL 73/78 and the IBC Code Not applicable for product as supplied. Domestic regulation49 CFR Not regulated as a dangerous good SECTION 15. REGULATORY INFORMATIONEPCRA - Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know CERCLA Reportable QuantityThis material does not contain any components with a CERCLA RQ. SARA 304 Extremely Hazardous Substances Reportable QuantityThis material does not contain any components with a section 304 EHS RQ. SARA 302 Extremely Hazardous Substances Threshold Planning Quantity This material does not contain any components with a section 302 EHS TPQ. SARA 311/312 Hazards: No SARA HazardsSARA 313: This material does not contain any chemical components with known CAS numbers that exceed the threshold (De Minimis) reporting levels established by SARA Title III, Section 313.Version 3.0 Revision Date: 01/18/2018SDS Number: 1765918-00003Date of last issue: 10/17/2017 Date of first issue: 06/23/2017US State Regulations Pennsylvania Right To Know PFPE fluid Trade secretFluoropolymerTrade secretCalifornia Prop. 65This product does not contain any chemicals known to the State of California to cause cancer, birth, or any other reproductive defects.SECTION 16. OTHER INFORMATIONFurther information NFPA: HMIS® IV:HMIS® ratings are based on a 0-4 rating scale, with 0 representing minimal haz-ards or risks, and 4 representing signifi-cant hazards or risks. The "*" represents a chronic hazard, while the "/" represents the absence of a chronic hazard.Krytox™ and any associated logos are trademarks or copyrights of The Chemours Company FC, LLC.Chemours™ and the Chemours Logo are trademarks of The Chemours Company. Before use read Chemours safety information.For further information contact the local Chemours office or nominated distributors.All chemical substances in this material are included on or exempted from listing on the TSCA Inventory of Chemical Substances.Full text of other abbreviations ACGIH : USA. ACGIH Threshold Limit Values (TLV) NIOSH REL : USA. NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limits OSHA Z-1 : USA. Occupational Exposure Limits (OSHA) - Table Z-1 Lim-its for Air Contaminants OSHA Z-2 : USA. Occupational Exposure Limits (OSHA) - Table Z-2 ACGIH / TWA : 8-hour, time-weighted average ACGIH / STEL : Short-term exposure limit ACGIH / C : Ceiling limit NIOSH REL / TWA : Time-weighted average concentration for up to a 10-hourworkday during a 40-hour workweekNIOSH REL / ST : STEL - 15-minute TWA exposure that should not be exceededat any time during a workdayNIOSH REL / C : Ceiling value not be exceeded at any time.FlammabilityH e a l t hInstabilitySpecial hazard.Version 3.0 Revision Date: 01/18/2018SDS Number: 1765918-00003Date of last issue: 10/17/2017 Date of first issue: 06/23/2017OSHA Z-1 / TWA : 8-hour time weighted average OSHA Z-2 / TWA : 8-hour time weighted averageAICS - Australian Inventory of Chemical Substances; ASTM - American Society for the Testing of Materials; bw - Body weight; CERCLA - Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act; CMR - Carcinogen, Mutagen or Reproductive Toxicant; DIN - Standard of the German Institute for Standardisation; DOT - Department of Transportation; DSL - Domestic Sub-stances List (Canada); ECx - Concentration associated with x% response; EHS - Extremely Haz-ardous Substance; ELx - Loading rate associated with x% response; EmS - Emergency Schedule; ENCS - Existing and New Chemical Substances (Japan); ErCx - Concentration associated with x% growth rate response; ERG - Emergency Response Guide; GHS - Globally Harmonized Sys-tem; GLP - Good Laboratory Practice; HMIS - Hazardous Materials Identification System; IARC - International Agency for Research on Cancer; IATA - International Air Transport Association; IBC - International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk; IC50 - Half maximal inhibitory concentration; ICAO - International Civil Aviation Organiza-tion; IECSC - Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances in China; IMDG - International Maritime Dangerous Goods; IMO - International Maritime Organization; ISHL - Industrial Safety and Health Law (Japan); ISO - International Organisation for Standardization; KECI - Korea Existing Chemi-cals Inventory; LC50 - Lethal Concentration to 50 % of a test population; LD50 - Lethal Dose to 50% of a test population (Median Lethal Dose); MARPOL - International Convention for the Pre-vention of Pollution from Ships; MSHA - Mine Safety and Health Administration; n.o.s. - Not Oth-erwise Specified; NFPA - National Fire Protection Association; NO(A)EC - No Observed (Adverse) Effect Concentration; NO(A)EL - No Observed (Adverse) Effect Level; NOELR - No Observable Effect Loading Rate; NTP - National Toxicology Program; NZIoC - New Zealand Inventory of Chemicals; OECD - Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development; OPPTS - Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention; PBT - Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic sub-stance; PICCS - Philippines Inventory of Chemicals and Chemical Substances; (Q)SAR - (Quanti-tative) Structure Activity Relationship; RCRA - Resource Conservation and Recovery Act; REACH - Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council concern-ing the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals; RQ - Reportable Quantity; SADT - Self-Accelerating Decomposition Temperature; SARA - Superfund Amend-ments and Reauthorization Act; SDS - Safety Data Sheet; TCSI - Taiwan Chemical Substance Inventory; TSCA - Toxic Substances Control Act (United States); UN - United Nations; UNRTDG - United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods; vPvB - Very Persistent and Very BioaccumulativeSources of key data used to compile the Material Safety Data Sheet : Internal technical data, data from raw material SDSs, OECD eChem Portal search results and European Chemicals Agen-cy, http://echa.europa.eu/ Revision Date : 01/18/2018Items where changes have been made to the previous version are highlighted in the body of this document by two vertical lines.The information provided in this Safety Data Sheet is correct to the best of our knowledge, information and belief at the date of its publication. The information is designed only as a guidance for safe handling, use, processing, storage, transportation, disposal and release and shall not be considered a warranty or quality specification of any type. The information provided relates only to the specific material identified at the top of this SDS and may not be valid when the SDS material is used in combination with any other materials or in any process, unless specified in the text. Material users should review the information and recommendations in the specific context of their intended manner of handling, use, processing and storage, including an assessmen t of the appropriateness of the SDS material in the user’s end product, if applicable.SAFETY DATA SHEET Krytox ™ 240AZ GR1Version3.0Revision Date: 01/18/2018 SDS Number: 1765918-00003 Date of last issue: 10/17/2017 Date of first issue: 06/23/2017US / Z8。

一种晶硅切割废浆中回收聚乙二醇的再利用方法刘心建; 王泽云; 李梦雪【期刊名称】《《中国洗涤用品工业》》【年(卷),期】2019(000)009【总页数】5页(P77-81)【关键词】晶硅切割废浆; 回收聚乙二醇; 聚乙二醇脂肪酸酯; 洗涤剂; 乳化剂【作者】刘心建; 王泽云; 李梦雪【作者单位】山西焦煤运城盐化集团有限责任公司日化研究所山西运城 044000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TQ649.9近10年来，我国光伏行业发展迅猛，太阳能电池年产量持续排名全球前列。

切割液是太阳能电池中晶硅片切割制作的必备辅材，太阳能电池产量的急增带动了其切割液用量的暴涨，随之也带来了大量切割废浆的生成、积聚。

目前，市场上的晶硅切割液多为聚乙二醇型，因此，其废浆成分主要是聚乙二醇和晶片切割过程中出现的少量碳化硅和硅粉等。

这些废浆的生成给资源利用、环境保护、企业经营都造成了严重的负面影响，影响了行业的健康可持续发展。

国内，晶硅切割废浆的回收再利用课题已展开了广泛的研究，业已取得了一定的积极成果[1-3]。

但是，利用晶硅切割废浆中回收聚乙二醇合成洗涤用表面活性剂的研究却鲜有报道。

研究表明，从晶硅切割废浆中回收的聚乙二醇的相对分子质量分布较宽，为200～400g/mol，由此推算其环氧乙烷加合数大致在4.5～9，适合于合成用于渗透、洗涤、乳化、润滑等领域的表面活性剂[4]。

聚乙二醇单月桂酸酯和聚乙二醇单油酸酯是工业上极为重要的两种非离子表面活性剂，前者低泡、对人体刺激性小、去污力强，后者乳化、分散性能突出。

聚乙二醇脂肪酸酯可以通过脂肪酸与环氧乙烷的乙氧基化法制备，也可通过聚乙二醇与脂肪酸直接酯化合成，后者方法简单、易于操作。

本文利用晶硅切割废浆中回收的聚乙二醇和脂肪酸直接酯化合成了聚乙二醇脂肪酸酯，同时对产物在洗涤剂和乳化液配方中的应用性能进行了研究，为晶硅切割废浆回收聚乙二醇的再利用提供了一条崭新途径，对于提升废物资源化、无害化水平，以及优化其下游产品性能和成本，提升市场竞争力具有重要意义。

•综述•颈动脉支架内再狭窄张继冲宋云山东第一医科大学第一附属医院（山东省千佛山医院）神经内科，山东省神经免疫研究所，山东省风湿免疫病转化医学重点实验室，济南250014通信作者：宋云，Email:songyunjn@【摘要】颈动脉狹窄是缺血性卒中的主要病因之一。

颈动脉支架置人术逐渐成为颈动脉狭窄的主流治疗方法，支架内再狭窄是其最常见的晚期并发症，制约着颈动脉支架置入术的发展。

文章对颈动脉支架内再狭窄的流行病学、影像学评价、病理生理学机制、预防和治疗措施进行了综述。

【关键词】颈动脉狭窄;支架;血管成形术，气囊;复发基金项目：山东省医药卫生科技发展计划项B(2015W S0227)DOI ： 10.3760/cma.j.issn. 16734165.2021.04.010In-stent restenosis of carotid arteryZhang Jichong, Song YunDepatlment o f Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital o f Shcmdong First Medical University (ShandongProvincial Qianfoshan Hospital), Shandong Institute o f Neuroimmurinology, Shandong Key Laboratory o fRheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Jinan 250014, ChinaCorresponding author: Song Yun, Email:*****************【A bstract】Carotid artery stenosis is one of the main causes of ischemic stroke. Carotid arterystenting has gradually become a mainstream treatment approach of carotid stenosis, and the in-stentrestenosis is its most common late complications, which restricts the development of carotid artery stenting.This article reviews the epidemiology, imaging evaluation, pathophysiological mechanism, and prevention andtreatment measures of carotid in-stent restenosis.【Key w ords】Carotid stenosis; Stents; Angioplasty，balloon; RecurrenceFound program：Medicine and Health Science and Technology Development Plan Project of ShandongProvince, China (2015WS0227)DOI ：10.3760/cma.j.issn.l673-4165.2021.04.010据统计，中国是全球卒中风险最高的国家m，其中缺血性卒中约占81.9% [2]。