Confidential-Writing_test_of_HHYT_Law_Firm

CONFIDENTIALITY AGREEMENT保密协议THIS CONFIDENTIALITY AGREEMENT (“Agreement”) is entered into on this day of 2014 (the “Effective Date”) between [ xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx], a corporation organised and existing under the laws of [ xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx] (“xxxxxxxxxx”) and [ xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx], a corporation organised and existing under the laws of xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx], with its registered office at [xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx] (“xxxxxxxxxx”) together t he “Parties” and each a “Party”.本保密协议（“协议”）在2014年月日（“生效日”）签订。

协议双方：[ xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]，一家根据[ xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]法律成立并存续的公司，注册办公地址位于 [ xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx] （“ xxxxxxxx”）；以及 [ xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]，一家根据[xxxxxxxx]法律成立并存续的公司，注册办公地址位于[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]（“xxxxxx”）。

以上当事人在本协议中合称“双方”或单独称为“一方”。

RECITALS:The Parties are currently entering into discussions with each other with a view to potential supply of LNG to China and related investments (the “Proposed Transaction”). The Parties agree to provide each other with Confidential Information in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement.鉴于：协议双方正在就为中国和相关投资项目提供LNG事宜（“拟议交易”）进行讨论。

Confidentiality AgreementAs a sign of our commitment to maintaining confidentiality, we, the undersigned parties, hereby agree to the terms of this Confidentiality Agreement.PurposeThis agreement is designed to ensure the protection of confidential information belonging to the parties involved. The confidential information may include, but is not limited to, business plans, trade secrets, intellectual property, financial information, customer data, and any other information that should be kept confidential.ObligationsThe parties involved in this agreement agree to the following obligations:1.Limitations on Disclosure: The recipient of confidential informationwill not disclose, publish, or share any confidential information with any third party without the prior written consent of the owner of such information.2.Proper Use of Confidential Information: The recipient will useconfidential information solely for the purpose of furthering the interests of the owner of such information.3.Duty to Notify: The recipient of confidential information will notifythe owner of such information immediately if they become aware of anyunauthorized use, disclosure, or loss of confidential information.4.Duty to Protect: The recipient will take all necessary measures toprotect the confidentiality of the information provided. This includes but is not limited to, safeguarding the information from theft, loss or unauthorized access.5.Return of Confidential Information: Upon the request of the owner,the recipient will return all confidential information and any copies thereof that they may have received.TermThis agreement shall become effective on the date of signing by both parties and shall remain effective until the confidential information is no longer confidential.Governing lawThis agreement shall be governed by the laws of the jurisdiction in which it was executed.MiscellaneousThis agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties and supersedes all prior discussions and understandings between the parties. This agreement may not be amended except in writing signed by both parties.SignaturesOwner Signature:Recipient Signature:By signing below, the parties signify their agreement to the terms of this Confidentiality Agreement.。

Dear [Recipient's Name],I hope this email finds you well. I am writing to you today to discuss the importance of confidentiality and to propose the execution of a Confidentiality Agreement between [Your Company Name] and [Recipient's Company Name].As you may know, [Your Company Name] is committed to protecting the confidentiality of our clients, employees, and business partners. In order to ensure that this commitment is upheld, it is essential that we establish a formal agreement that outlines the obligations and responsibilities of both parties regarding the handling of confidential information.Below is a draft of the Confidentiality Agreement that we would like to propose. Please review the terms and conditions carefully and let us know if you have any questions or concerns. We are open to making any necessary modifications to ensure that the agreement meets the needs of both parties.Confidentiality AgreementThis Confidentiality Agreement (the "Agreement") is entered into as of [Date] between [Your Company Name] ("Company A"), a [Your Company's Country] corporation with its principal place of business at [Your Company's Address], and [Recipient's Company Name] ("Company B"), a [Recipient's Company's Country] corporation with its principal place of business at [Recipient's Company's Address].1. Purpose of the AgreementThe purpose of this Agreement is to protect the confidentiality of any and all information that is disclosed between Company A and Company B, either directly or indirectly, in connection with the contemplated business relationship.2. Confidential InformationFor the purposes of this Agreement, "Confidential Information" shall mean any and all non-public information that is disclosed by eitherparty to the other, either directly or indirectly, in writing, orally, or by inspection of tangible objects.Confidential Information shall include, but not be limited to, the following:- Business plans, strategies, and forecasts- Financial information, including, but not limited to, budgets, financial statements, and pricing information- Technical and proprietary information, including, but not limited to, designs, specifications, source codes, and trade secrets- Marketing plans and strategies- Customer lists and other information regarding clients and prospects- Employee information, including, but not limited to, salaries, benefits, and performance evaluations3. Obligations of the PartiesCompany A and Company B agree to the following obligations:- To hold in strict confidence and not disclose to any third party any Confidential Information received from the other party.- To use the Confidential Information solely for the purpose offulfilling the obligations of this Agreement and not for any other purpose.- To ensure that all employees, agents, and representatives who have access to Confidential Information are made aware of and agree to comply with the terms of this Agreement.- To return or destroy all Confidential Information upon the termination of this Agreement or upon the written request of the other party.4. Exclusions from Confidential InformationConfidential Information shall not include information that:- Is or becomes publicly known through no fault of the receiving party.- Is already in the possession of the receiving party at the time of disclosure.- Is obtained by the receiving party from a third party without a breach of such third party's obligations of confidentiality.- Is independently developed by the receiving party without use of or reference to the Confidential Information.5. Term and TerminationThis Agreement shall remain in effect for a period of [Number of Years] from the date of execution. Either party may terminate this Agreement at any time by providing written notice to the other party.6. Governing Law and Dispute ResolutionThis Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of [Your Company's Country]. Any disputes arising out of or in connection with this Agreement shall be resolved through binding arbitration in accordance with the rules of the [Arbitration Institution].Please let us know if you have any questions or if you would like to discuss any of the terms of this Agreement. We are looking forward to working with you and ensuring that our business relationship is built on trust and confidentiality.Thank you for your attention to this matter.Sincerely,[Your Name][Your Title][Your Company Name][Your Company's Address][Your Company's Phone Number] [Your Company's Email Address]。

Introduction:A confidentiality agreement, also known as a non-disclosure agreement (NDA), is a legally binding contract between two or more parties. Its primary purpose is to protect sensitive information that may be shared during the course of business. This review aims to analyze the key components of a confidentiality agreement and highlight any potential issues or areas of concern.1. Scope of Confidential Information:The confidentiality agreement should clearly define what constitutes confidential information. This should include trade secrets, customer lists, financial data, technical specifications, and any other information that is not publicly available. It is crucial to ensure that the scope is broad enough to cover all sensitive information while not being overly restrictive.2. Obligations of the Parties:The agreement should outline the obligations of the parties involved, including the confidentiality duty, non-use, and non-disclosure. The confidentiality duty requires the parties to maintain the secrecy of the confidential information. The non-use clause prohibits the party from using the confidential information for any purpose other than what is agreed upon. The non-disclosure clause ensures that the confidential information is not shared with third parties without prior consent.3. Exclusions from Confidential Information:It is essential to include exclusions in the confidentiality agreement to avoid any ambiguity. These exclusions may include information that is already publicly available, information that is independently developed by the receiving party, and information that is obtained from a third party without a breach of confidentiality.4. Duration of the Agreement:The confidentiality agreement should specify the duration for which the parties are bound by the agreement. It is common to have a term thatextends beyond the end of the business relationship to ensure that the confidential information remains protected. Additionally, it is crucial to consider the enforceability of the agreement beyond the specified term.5. Jurisdiction and Governing Law:The confidentiality agreement should clearly state the jurisdiction and governing law that will apply in case of any disputes. This ensures that the parties are aware of the legal framework that will govern the enforcement of the agreement.6. Confidentiality Breach and Remedies:The agreement should outline the consequences of a confidentiality breach, including any remedies available to the injured party. This may include monetary damages, injunctive relief, and other legal remedies. It is crucial to ensure that the remedies are sufficient to deter potential breaches.7. Amendments and Modifications:The agreement should specify the process for making amendments or modifications to the confidentiality agreement. This ensures that any changes are properly documented and agreed upon by all parties involved.8. Entire Agreement:The confidentiality agreement should state that it constitutes theentire agreement between the parties and supersedes any previous agreements or understandings.Conclusion:A well-drafted confidentiality agreement is essential for protecting sensitive information in business relationships. This review has highlighted the key components of a confidentiality agreement and emphasized the importance of clarity, exclusions, and enforceability. It is advisable to consult with a legal professional to ensure that theconfidentiality agreement meets the specific needs and requirements of the parties involved.。

Introduction:Confidentiality agreements, commonly known as NDAs (Non-Disclosure Agreements), are crucial legal documents that protect sensitive information from unauthorized disclosure. Reviewing these agreements meticulously is essential to ensure that the interests of all parties involved are adequately safeguarded. This article outlines the key points that should be considered when reviewing confidentiality agreements.1. Definition of Confidential Information:The agreement should clearly define what constitutes "confidential information." It should encompass all forms of information, including written, verbal, and electronic data. The definition should be broad enough to cover all types of information that could be sensitive or proprietary to the disclosing party.2. Scope of Confidentiality:The scope of the confidentiality obligations should be well-defined. It should specify the duration, the geographical extent, and the nature of the confidential information that is protected. This includes identifying the types of activities that are prohibited, such as direct or indirect disclosure, use, or dissemination of the confidential information.3. Exclusions from Confidential Information:It is important to identify what is not considered confidential information. This typically includes information that is already publicly known, independently developed, or received from a third party without any confidentiality obligations.4. Ongoing Obligations:The agreement should outline the ongoing obligations of the receiving party. This includes the requirement to maintain confidentiality even after the termination of the agreement or the end of the relationship with the disclosing party.5. Return or Destruction of Confidential Information:Upon termination of the agreement or the relationship, the receiving party should be obligated to return or destroy all copies of the confidential information. The agreement should specify the proceduresfor doing so and any conditions that must be met.6. Permitted Disclosure:The agreement should clearly define the circumstances under which the receiving party may disclose confidential information. This might include legal proceedings, regulatory requirements, or the mutual consent of both parties.7. Jurisdiction and Governing Law:It is essential to specify the jurisdiction and the governing law that will apply in the event of any disputes arising from the agreement. This ensures that both parties are subject to the same legal framework and that enforcement mechanisms are clear.8. Term of the Agreement:The duration of the confidentiality obligations should be reasonable and should align with the nature of the confidential information being protected. The agreement should also include provisions for its renewal or termination.9. Non-Disparagement Clause:A non-disparagement clause should be included to prevent either party from making false or defamatory statements about the other during or after the relationship.10. Entire Agreement Clause:An entire agreement clause should be present to ensure that the confidentiality agreement represents the complete understanding between the parties, excluding any prior verbal or written agreements.Conclusion:Reviewing confidentiality agreements is a critical process that requires attention to detail. By carefully considering these key points, both parties can ensure that their interests are protected, and that the agreement is enforceable and fair. It is advisable to consult with a legal professional to assist in the review and negotiation of confidentiality agreements to ensure that all aspects are covered effectively.。

信息鉴别英语作文英文回答：Information authentication, also known as information verification or data validation, is the process of ensuring that information is accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. It involves verifying the authenticity and integrity of data, whether it is in digital or physical form.Information authentication is essential in various aspects of our lives, including:Security: Authenticating information helps protect against unauthorized access, modification, or deletion of data.Trust: Authentication establishes trust in information sources, ensuring that they are credible and reliable.Accountability: Authenticated information can be tracedback to its source, promoting accountability and responsibility.Legal compliance: Many industries and regulationsrequire information authentication to ensure data accuracy and compliance.Decision-making: Authenticated information provides a solid basis for informed decision-making.There are several methods used for information authentication:Digital signatures: Electronic certificates that verify the identity of the sender and the integrity of the message.Hash functions: Mathematical algorithms that produce unique fingerprints for data, allowing for verification of its authenticity.Biometrics: Physical or behavioral characteristics used for authentication, such as fingerprints, facialrecognition, or voice recognition.Two-factor authentication: Utilizing multiple authentication methods, such as a password and a one-time code, to enhance security.Source verification: Checking the credibility of the information source by examining its reputation, track record, and expertise.中文回答：信息鉴别。

申请保密流程内容摘要Securing confidential information is a critical aspect for any organization to protect its sensitive data, intellectual property, and trade secrets. 保护机密信息是任何组织保护其敏感数据、知识产权和商业秘密的关键方面。

Failure to safeguard confidential information can result in severe financial and reputational damage, and may also lead to legal repercussions. 未能保护好机密信息可能会导致严重的财务和声誉损失，并且可能会导致法律后果。

The process of applying for confidentiality involves several steps and careful consideration. 申请保密的过程包括几个步骤和慎重考虑。

First and foremost, it is important to identify the specific information that requires protection. 首先，重要的是要确定需要保护的具体信息。

This may include financial records, customer data, research and development plans, as well as any other proprietary information that could be detrimental if disclosed to unauthorized parties. 这可能包括财务记录、客户数据、研发计划，以及任何其他专有信息，如果泄露给未经授权的方，可能会有害。

Confidentiality agreements, commonly referred to as NDAs (Non-Disclosure Agreements), are legally binding documents that are crucial in safeguarding sensitive information exchanged between parties. Understanding the terminology used in these agreements is essential for both parties to ensure clarity and compliance. Below is a comprehensive list of key terms and their meanings in English:1. Confidential Information: This refers to any information that is identified as confidential by one or both parties. It can include trade secrets, technical data, financial information, business strategies, and other sensitive materials.2. Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA): This is a legally binding contract that prohibits the recipient of confidential information from disclosing it to any unauthorized third party.3. Recipient: The party receiving the confidential information under the NDA. This can be an individual, a company, or any other legal entity.4. Disclosing Party: The party providing the confidential information. This is often the company or individual with the sensitive information to protect.5. Obligation of Maintaining Confidentiality: This is the legal obligation imposed on the recipient to keep the confidential information secure and not to use it for any purpose other than what is agreed upon in the NDA.6. Duty of Confidentiality: Similar to the obligation of maintaining confidentiality, this term emphasizes the moral and ethicalresponsibility of the recipient to protect the confidential information.7. Confidentiality Notice: A formal notice provided to the recipient of the confidential information, outlining the terms of the NDA and the importance of keeping the information confidential.8. Exclusions from Confidential Information: Certain types of information may be excluded from the scope of confidentiality, such as information already publicly known, information independently developedby the recipient, or information received from a third party without a confidentiality obligation.9. Permitted Disclosure: Some NDAs may allow for the disclosure of confidential information under certain circumstances, such as with the prior written consent of the disclosing party or when required by law.10. Termination of NDA: The conditions under which the NDA will terminate, such as the expiration of a specified period or upon the occurrence of certain events.11. Jurisdiction: The legal jurisdiction where any disputes arising from the NDA will be resolved. This is typically specified in the agreement to ensure legal certainty.12. Indemnification: The legal obligation of the recipient to compensate the disclosing party for any losses incurred as a result of a breach of the NDA.13. Return of Confidential Information: The requirement for therecipient to return or destroy all copies of the confidential information upon the termination or expiration of the NDA.14. No License or Right Granted: A clause stating that the NDA does not grant any license, right, or interest in the confidential information to the recipient.15. No Obligation to Enter into a Transaction: A statement indicating that the NDA does not obligate either party to enter into any transaction or agreement.16. Use of Confidential Information: The specific purposes for which the recipient is allowed to use the confidential information as outlined in the NDA.17. Scope of Confidentiality: The extent of the information that is considered confidential under the NDA, including the types of information and the duration of the confidentiality obligation.18. Third Party Disclosures: The restrictions on the disclosure of confidential information to third parties, including the requirement for prior written consent from the disclosing party.Understanding these terms is crucial for drafting, reviewing, and executing confidentiality agreements. Both parties should carefully consider the terms to ensure that their interests are adequately protected and that the agreement is enforceable under applicable laws.。

保密协议书英文Confidentiality AgreementThis Confidentiality Agreement (the "Agreement") is entered into between the undersigned parties (the "Parties") on this day of [Date], with the intent to establish a confidential relationship between them. Both Parties acknowledge and agree to the following terms and conditions:1. Purpose:The purpose of this Agreement is to protect and secure the confidential information shared between the Parties, as defined below, in order to maintain the competitive advantage of the disclosing Party.2. Definitions:a) "Confidential Information" refers to any and all information disclosed by either Party that is deemed confidential and proprietary, including but not limited to trade secrets, business plans, financial information, customer lists, and any other information marked as confidential or disclosed orally and later confirmed in writing.b) "Receiving Party" refers to the Party that receives the Confidential Information.c) "Disclosing Party" refers to the Party that discloses its Confidential Information.3. Non-Disclosure Obligations:a) The Receiving Party agrees to maintain the confidentiality of the Confidential Information and not disclose it to any third party without the prior written consent of the Disclosing Party.b) The Receiving Party shall take reasonable measures to prevent unauthorized access or disclosure of the Confidential Information, including but not limited to implementing adequate security measures and restricting access to only those employees or representatives who have a legitimate need to know the information.c) The Receiving Party shall inform its employees or representatives who have access to the Confidential Information of their obligations under this Agreement and ensure their compliance.d) The Receiving Party shall promptly notify the Disclosing Party of any unauthorized disclosure or use of the Confidential Information.4. Use of Confidential Information:a) The Receiving Party shall use the Confidential Information solely for the purposes authorized by the Disclosing Party and for no other purpose.b) The Receiving Party shall not reproduce, modify, distribute, or create derivative works based on the Confidential Information without the prior written consent of the Disclosing Party.c) The Receiving Party shall not disclose the Confidential Information to any third party, except as expressly permitted by this Agreement or with the prior written consent of the Disclosing Party.5. Return of Confidential Information:Upon the completion or termination of the business relationship between the Parties, the Receiving Party shall return or destroy (at the option of the Disclosing Party) all Confidential Information, including any copies or reproductions thereof, and provide written certification of such destruction or return to the Disclosing Party.6. Term and Termination:a) This Agreement shall be effective as of the date first above written and shall continue in force until terminated by either Party.b) Either Party may terminate this Agreement by giving written notice to the other Party. However, the termination of this Agreement shall not relieve the Receiving Party of its obligations in relation to the Confidential Information obtained prior to the termination.7. Governing Law and Jurisdiction:This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of [Jurisdiction]. Any disputes arising out of or in connection with this Agreement shall be submitted to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of [Jurisdiction].8. Entire Agreement:This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the Parties regarding the subject matter herein and supersedes all prior discussions, negotiations, or agreements, whether oral or written.In witness whereof, the Parties hereto have executed this Confidentiality Agreement as of the day and year first above written.[Party A Name]_________________ [Party B Name]_________________。

如何保护你的信息安全英语作文English:In today's digital age, protecting personal information security is vitally important. One of the most effective ways to safeguard your information is to regularly update and use strong, unique passwords for all online accounts. It's also important to be cautious about sharing personal information on social media and other online platforms. Utilizing two-factor authentication wherever possible can further bolster security. Additionally, regularly updating antivirus and anti-malware software can help protect against cybersecurity threats. Avoiding public Wi-Fi networks and using a virtual private network (VPN) when accessing sensitive information can also minimize the risk of data breaches. Finally, staying informed about the latest cybersecurity threats and best practices through reputable sources can help individuals stay proactive in protecting their information.中文翻译:在当今的数字时代，保护个人信息安全至关重要。

A Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA), also known as a confidentiality agreement, is a legally binding document that is designed to protect sensitive information shared between parties. The NDA sets forth the terms and conditions under which the confidential information is to be protected and the obligations of the parties involved. In this article, we will discuss the legal effectiveness of NDAs and their significance in protecting confidential information.1. Definition and Purpose of an NDAAn NDA is a contract that establishes a confidential relationship between two or more parties. The primary purpose of an NDA is to prevent the unauthorized disclosure of sensitive information, such as trade secrets, technical data, business strategies, and personal information. By signing an NDA, the parties agree to maintain the confidentiality of the information shared and to refrain from using it for any unauthorized purpose.2. Legal Effectiveness of NDAsThe legal effectiveness of an NDA depends on several factors:a. Validity of the Agreement: An NDA must be a valid contract, which means it must be in writing, signed by both parties, and contain clear and enforceable terms. If an NDA is not in writing or does not meet the requirements for a valid contract, it may not be enforceable in court.b. Proper Definition of Confidential Information: The NDA must provide a clear and comprehensive definition of confidential information. If the definition is too narrow, it may not protect the necessary information, and if it is too broad, it may impose unnecessary restrictions on the parties.c. Reasonableness of the Obligations: The obligations imposed by the NDA must be reasonable and not unduly burdensome. If the obligations are too strict, they may be considered unenforceable. The court will consider the nature of the confidential information, the relationship between the parties, and the industry standards when determining the reasonableness of the obligations.d. Proper Enforcement Mechanisms: An NDA should include enforceable mechanisms for ensuring compliance with its terms. This may include the right to seek injunctive relief, monetary damages, or both. Without proper enforcement mechanisms, the NDA may be difficult to enforce in court.3. Jurisdictional ConsiderationsThe legal effectiveness of an NDA can also be affected by jurisdictional considerations. Different countries have different laws and regulations regarding confidentiality agreements. When drafting an NDA, it is essential to consider the applicable laws and ensure that the agreement is enforceable in the relevant jurisdiction.4. Benefits of an NDAThe legal effectiveness of an NDA provides several benefits to theparties involved:a. Protection of Confidential Information: An NDA helps to protect sensitive information from being disclosed to unauthorized third parties, thereby reducing the risk of intellectual property theft, loss of competitive advantage, and other damages.b. Trust and Transparency: By entering into an NDA, the parties demonstrate their commitment to confidentiality and trust, which can enhance business relationships and encourage the exchange of information.c. Legal Recourse: In the event of a breach of the NDA, the parties have a legal basis for seeking remedies, such as injunctive relief and monetary damages.In conclusion, the legal effectiveness of a Non-Disclosure Agreement is crucial for protecting confidential information and maintaining trust between parties. By ensuring that the NDA is valid, contains clear and enforceable terms, and complies with applicable laws, the parties can effectively safeguard their sensitive information and mitigate the risks associated with unauthorized disclosure.。

Abbreviation: OWCAExplanation:The abbreviation "OWCA" stands for "One-Way Confidentiality Agreement." This abbreviation is designed to be clear and easily recognizable, reflecting the key aspects of the agreement:1. One-Way: This indicates that the agreement is structured to protect information from one party to the other, with the primary obligation of confidentiality resting on the receiving party. It signifies that the agreement is not reciprocal, meaning that while one party is required to maintain confidentiality, the other may not have the same level of obligation.2. Confidentiality: The term "Confidentiality" is central to any agreement of this nature, and its inclusion in the abbreviation emphasizes the purpose of the document—namely, to ensure that certain information is kept secret and not disclosed to unauthorized individuals or entities.3. Agreement: The final part of the abbreviation, "Agreement," simply confirms that the document is a legally binding contract between the parties involved.Elaboration:A One-Way Confidentiality Agreement (OWCA) is a specialized legal instrument that establishes a framework for the handling of sensitive information between two parties. Unlike a Mutual Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA), which binds both parties to confidentiality, an OWCA is designed to provide protection for confidential information from one party to another, with the emphasis on the receiving party's obligation to keep the information confidential.Here are some key points to consider when using the OWCA abbreviation:- Purpose: The primary goal of an OWCA is to safeguard information that one party wishes to keep confidential, while still engaging in some form of business relationship or information exchange with the other party.- Parties Involved: The OWCA typically involves two parties—the disclosing party, who is the source of the confidential information, and the receiving party, who is obligated to maintain confidentiality.- Obligations: The receiving party is usually required to refrain from disclosing the confidential information to any third party, using the information for their own benefit, or otherwise violating the terms of the agreement.- Duration: The OWCA will specify a duration for which theconfidentiality obligations are enforceable, which is typically longer than that of a standard NDA to account for the one-way nature of the agreement.- Exclusions: The OWCA may also outline certain exceptions to the confidentiality obligations, such as information that is alreadypublicly available, known to the receiving party prior to the agreement, or information that is independently developed by the receiving party.- Legal Compliance: It is crucial that the OWCA complies with all relevant laws and regulations governing confidentiality and data protection, both in the jurisdiction where the agreement is signed and in any other jurisdictions that may be affected by the information exchange.In summary, the OWCA abbreviation serves as a concise representation of a One-Way Confidentiality Agreement, highlighting its one-directional nature and the fundamental principle of confidentiality that underpins the agreement. It is an essential tool for businesses and individuals seeking to protect sensitive information in a structured and legally binding manner.。

Introduction:In today's highly competitive business environment, the protection of technical information has become a crucial concern for organizations. Technical confidentiality agreements play a vital role in safeguarding sensitive information from unauthorized access and misuse. This essay aims to discuss the importance of adhering to technical confidentiality agreements and provide guidance on how individuals and organizations can ensure compliance.Importance of Adhering to Technical Confidentiality Agreements:1. Protection of Intellectual Property:Technical information, including trade secrets, proprietary technologies, and confidential data, constitutes valuable intellectual property. Adhering to technical confidentiality agreements helps in protecting these assets from being stolen, copied, or disclosed to competitors, ensuring a competitive edge in the market.2. Maintaining Business Advantage:Confidential information can provide organizations with a significant advantage over their competitors. By adhering to technicalconfidentiality agreements, companies can prevent their competitors from gaining access to sensitive data, thereby maintaining their competitive position.3. Legal and Ethical Obligations:Technical confidentiality agreements are legally binding documents that require parties to maintain the confidentiality of the information shared. Non-compliance with these agreements can lead to legal consequences, including lawsuits and damages. Moreover, it is an ethical responsibility to protect confidential information and respect the trust placed in you by the organization.Guidance for Adhering to Technical Confidentiality Agreements:1. Understand the Agreement:Before signing a technical confidentiality agreement, it is essential to thoroughly read and understand the terms and conditions. Seek clarification if needed and ensure that you are aware of yourobligations under the agreement.2. Implement Internal Controls:Organizations should establish internal controls to ensure compliance with technical confidentiality agreements. This may include restricted access to sensitive information, password protection, encryption, and regular audits to identify any potential breaches.3. Train Employees:Employees should be trained on the importance of technicalconfidentiality and the specific obligations under the agreement. Regular training sessions can help reinforce the importance ofprotecting confidential information and ensure that employees are aware of the potential consequences of non-compliance.4. Monitor and Enforce the Agreement:Organizations should monitor the adherence to technical confidentiality agreements and take appropriate action in case of any breaches. This may involve disciplinary measures, legal action, or other corrective measures to protect the confidential information.5. Review and Update the Agreement:Technical confidentiality agreements should be reviewed periodically to ensure they remain effective and up-to-date with the evolving nature of technology and business practices. Modifications may be necessary to address new challenges and protect the interests of the organization.Conclusion:Adhering to technical confidentiality agreements is crucial for organizations to protect their valuable intellectual property and maintain a competitive edge in the market. By understanding the importance of these agreements, implementing internal controls, trainingemployees, and monitoring compliance, organizations can ensure the protection of their confidential information and avoid legal and ethical repercussions. It is a collective responsibility of both individuals and organizations to respect the confidentiality of technical information and contribute to a secure and competitive business environment.。

Translating confidentiality agreements from Chinese to English is a task that requires not only linguistic proficiency but also a deep understanding of legal concepts and cultural nuances. As a translator, I have gained valuable insights throughout this process. Here, I wouldlike to share my experiences and reflections on translating confidentiality agreements.First and foremost, understanding the legal context is crucial. Confidentiality agreements, also known as non-disclosure agreements (NDAs), are legally binding documents that outline the terms and conditions under which information is protected. As a translator, it is essential to have a solid grasp of legal terminology and concepts to ensure the accuracy and integrity of the translated text. This involves familiarizing oneself with the relevant laws and regulations in both China and the target English-speaking country.One of the key challenges in translating confidentiality agreements is the translation of legal jargon. Legal terminology can be quite specific and may not have direct equivalents in the target language. In such cases, it is important to find the most appropriate translation that maintains the original intent and legal implications. For instance, the Chinese term “保密义务” can be translated into “obligation of confidentiality” or “confidentiality duty” in English, depending on the context and the specific legal system.Another challenge lies in maintaining the tone and formality of the original document. Confidentiality agreements are formal documents, and the language used should reflect the seriousness of the matter. Translating such documents requires a balance between being too verbose and being too concise. It is crucial to use language that is clear, precise, and respectful, while also being legally sound.Cultural differences can also pose challenges in translation. Certain phrases or expressions may have different connotations or may not be understood in the same way in different cultures. For example, the Chinese phrase “保守秘密” (kee p a secret) may imply a more personal commitment to confidentiality compared to the English term “confidentiality,” which is more commonly used in a professional orlegal context. As a translator, one must be aware of these cultural nuances and adapt the translation accordingly.Furthermore, ensuring the consistency of legal terms is essential. In a confidentiality agreement, terms such as “confidential information,” “disclosure,” and “receiving party” should be consistentlytranslated throughout the document. This consistency is crucial forlegal clarity and to avoid ambiguity.Here are some key insights I have gained from translatingconfidentiality agreements:1. Legal Research: It is vital to conduct thorough legal research to understand the legal framework and terminology in both languages.2. Attention to Detail: Paying close attention to details, such as date formats, legal citation styles, and formatting, is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the original document.3. Collaboration with Legal Experts: Consulting with legal experts, especially when dealing with complex legal concepts, can greatly enhance the accuracy of the translation.4. Quality Control: Proofreading and editing the translated document multiple times is essential to catch any errors or inconsistencies.5. Cultural Sensitivity: Being aware of cultural differences andadapting the translation to fit the target audience is important for the document's effectiveness.In conclusion, translating confidentiality agreements from Chinese to English is a complex task that requires a combination of legal knowledge, linguistic skills, and cultural sensitivity. By following these insights and maintaining a meticulous approach, translators can ensure that the confidentiality agreements are accurately and effectively translated, protecting the interests of all parties involved.。

安全测试⼯具操作Confidential(秘密) 安全测试⼯具操作2011.06Written By ********有限公司?1996，2011All Rights Reserved修订历史记录1.概述1.1 编写⽬的详细介绍安全测试期间需使⽤的⼯具，该操作⼿册配合<<安全测试规范>>⼀起使⽤。

1.2⼯具说明以下是安全测试的部分⼯具，在安全测试评估过程中很实⽤，后续可补充更专业的⼯具。

2. 安全测试⼯具2.1 AppScan2.1.1 ⼯具介绍IBM AppScan是⼀个领先的Web应⽤程序安全测试⼯具，基于⿊盒测试，可⾃动化Web应⽤的安全漏洞评估⼯作，能扫描和检测所有常见的Web应⽤程序漏洞，如：SQL注⼊,跨站点脚本攻击等，并提供了扫描,报告和修复建议等功能。

具体信息请参考：/doc/43454a9afab069dc5022018e.html /software/awdtools/appscan/2.1.2 ⼯具原理通过模拟Web⽤户单击链接，爬⾍站点应⽤程序内所有预定的页⾯和链接，并建⽴本地副本，得到应⽤程序内⽬标脚本，URL,⽬录,表单，页⾯,和字段,并分析它所发送的每个请求的响应，查找潜在漏洞的任何指⽰信息，AppScan接受到可能指⽰有安全漏洞的响应时，它将⾃动基于响应创建测试，并通知所需验证规则，同时考虑在确定哪些结果构成漏洞以及所涉及到安全风险的级别时所需的验证规则。

测试将发送它在”探索”阶段创建的上千条定制测试请求。

它使⽤定制验证规则记录和分析应⽤程序对每个测试的响应，这些规则即可识别应⽤程序内的安全问题，⼜可排列其安全风险级别。

⼯具原理图：2.1.3 功能列表2.1.4实⽤操作共四步操作：1.下载AppScan,⽬前使⽤的是破解版本7.8.0.2,并安装成功；2.启动AppScan，点击菜单：⽂件—>新建, 展⽰界⾯如下：说明：以下模板是⼯具内部模板，只可以在线升级，不可以⽤户⾃定义。

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Parallel Signcryption with OAEP,PSS-R,and other Feistel Paddings Yevgeniy Dodis†Michael J.Freedman†Shabsi Walfish†April10,2003AbstractWe present a new,elegant composition method for joint signature and encryption,also referred to as signcryption.The new method,which we call Padding-based Parallel Signcryption(P b PS),builds an effi-cient signcryption scheme from any family of trapdoor permutations,such as RSA.Each user U generates asingle public/secret key pair f U/f−1used for both sending and receiving the data.To signcrypt a messageUm to a recipient with key f rcv,a sender with key f snd efficiently transforms m into a pair w,s ,and simplysends f rcv(w) f−1(s).P b PS enjoys many attractive properties:simplicity,efficiency,generality,paral-sndlelism of“encrypting”/“signing”,optimal exact security,flexible and ad-hoc key management,key reuse forsending/receiving data,optimally-low message expansion,long message and associated data support,and,finally,complete compatibility with the PKCS#1infrastructure.The pairs w,s sufficient for the security of P b PS are called universal two-padding ing one round of the Feistel transform,we give a very general construction of such schemes.Interestingly,wenotice that all popular padding schemes with message recovery used for plain signature or encryption,suchas OAEP,OAEP+,PSS-R,and“scramble all,encrypt small”[21],naturally consist of two pieces w,s .Quite remarkably,we show that all such pairs become special cases of our construction.As a result,wefinda natural generalization of all conventional padding schemes,and show that any such padding can be usedfor signcryption with P b PS.However,none of such paddings gives optimal message bandwidth.For thatpurpose and of independent interest,we define a new“hybrid”between PSS-R and OAEP,which we callProbabilistic Signature-Encryption Padding(PSEP).We recommend using P b PS with PSEP to achievethe mostflexible and secure signcryption scheme up-to-date.To justify this point,we provide a detailedpractical comparison of P b PS/PSEP with other previously-proposed signcryption candidates.Keywords:Universal padding schemes,signcryption,joint signature and encryption,authenticated encryption, Feistel Transform,OAEP,PSS-R,extractable commitment.Contents1Introduction1 2Definitions52.1Encryption,Signatures,and Trapdoor and Claw-Free Permutations (5)2.2Two-Paddings (7)2.3Extractable Commitments (7)3Feistel Two-Padding9 4PSS-R,OAEP,OAEP+,SAP and other Feistel2-Paddings9 5Two-Padding as a Secure Signcryption115.1Definition of Signcryption (12)5.2P b PS Gives Secure Signcryption (13)6Signcryption for Long Messages(with Associated Data)136.1Two-Paddings with Associated Data (13)6.2Signcryption with Associated Data (14)6.3Signcryption of Long Messages using Associated Data (15)6.4Putting the Pieces Together (15)A Exact Security Comparisons20B Formal Security Definitions22C Proof of Theorem1(Feistel Two-Padding)23D Proof of Theorem3(Labelled Feistel Two-Padding)26E Padding Schemes that Use Extractable Commitments28F Proof of Theorem2(P b PS)29G Proof of Theorem5(Signcryption of Long Messages)301IntroductionS IGNCRYPTION.Until recently,the two main building-blocks of modern public-key cryptography—encryp-tion and signature schemes—have been considered as distinct entities that may be composed in various ways to ensure message privacy and authentication.From a design and analysis standpoint,this evolution makes sense,as encryption and signatures serve fundamentally different purposes.In practice,however,there are increasingly fewer applications that do not use both primitives,whether one considers secure e-mail or the key-establishment protocols for SSL or SSH.In the past few years,research in the symmetric key setting has introduced authenticated encryption[5,19, 23]to combine both functionalities in a single primitive.Soon thereafter,a number of authenticated-encryption schemes were proposed and other related investigations followed[26,1,22,32,31,4,11].These results produced a variety of practical and efficient implementations.As importantly,they established authenticated encryption as a new cryptographic primitive which can be used to design simpler higher-level protocols.More recent research has extended authentication encryption to the public-key setting,which is also the setting of this paper.We refer to this notion of a“joint signature and encryption”primitive as signcryption, following the terminology of[38].While several papers[38,39,28,20]offered security arguments about various signcryption schemes,thefirst formal investigations appeared only recently[3,2].Both works define signcryption as a multi-user primitive which simultaneously satisfies chosen ciphertext security for privacy and existential unforgeability for authenticity.1In terms of constructions,Baek et al.[3]showed that the original “discrete log-based”proposal of Zheng[38]indeed can be proven secure in the random oracle model under the so called Gap Diffie-Hellman assumption.Zheng’s signcryption scheme is quite elegant and efficient,but has the disadvantage that all parties must agree on the same public parameters,such as the common discrete log group.Thus,for example,all users must uniformly agree on the security parameter and have some trusted party perform system initialization.Also,if one party wants to use a different security parameter or a different signcryption scheme,this party has to convince all other parties to change their public keys,or he will no longer be able to communicate with them.Finally,the security of[3]is based on a specific,non-standard assumption.In contrast,An,Dodis,and Rabin[2]formally examined generic composition methods of building signcryption from any secure signature and encryption scheme.In addition to the sequential compositions such as“encrypt-then-sign”(E t S)and“sign-then-encrypt”(S t E),this work also introduced a novel construction —“commit-then-encrypt-and-sign”(C t E&S)—that allows encryption and authentication to be performed in parallel.All these composition paradigms are very general and give rise to a large variety of signcryption schemes.Additionally,users can easily change their public keys or their favorite signature/encryption scheme, and still be able to seamlessly communicate with other users.2However,these generic schemes suffer from poor efficiency.Indeed,they all utilize relatively-expensive encryption and signature schemes which by themselves must already be IND-CCA2and sUF-CMA secure.O UR G OAL.The main motivation of this work is to design a class of signcryption schemes satisfying the following desirable properties.(1)Key management is simple andflexible.In particular,each user chooses its public/secret key on its own and has freedom in the type/length of the key chosen.Also,users can easily change/create their keys“on thefly”and still be able to communicate with others users,provided that they circulate the new key.(2)Signcryption/de-signcryption are“close”to current standards for plain signature and encryption,i.e.,PKCS#1[33].In particular,the signcryption/de-signcryption procedure should be some-what similar to popular efficient signature/encryption schemes,such as PSS-R[7]or OAEP[6],as few code changes would therefore be needed to support signcryption with the existing infrastructure.(3)Related to the above,users should easily be able to use their signcryption keys for plain signature/encryption functionality.(4)Schemes must be simple and efficient.For example,they must be faster than using a generic composition of strong signature and encryption.(5)Despite this,schemes should be general enough to allow many instantia-tions.(6)Last,but certainly not least,schemes should be provably secure under well-established cryptographic assumptions.O UR M ETHOD.We propose the following high-level method to achieve all of the above properties based on any family F of trapdoor permutations.Each player U independently picks a trapdoor permutation f U∈F(together with its trapdoor,denoted f−1U )and publishes f U as its public key.To signcrypt a message m fromuser S to user R,Sfirst preprocesses m into a pair of strings(w,s),using what we call a universal two-padding scheme,whose constructions and security properties will be determined later.Then,S transmits f R(w) f−1S(s)to R.Upon receiving ciphertextψ σ,R computes w=f−1R (ψ),s=f S(σ),and R recovers m from w and s(possibly performing some“consistency check”before outputting m;see later).We call this method Padding-based Parallel Signcryption(P b PS).3We believe P b PS naturally satisfies all of the above properties(1)-(6).For example,user U independently picks his key f U and uses the same f U for both sending and receiving data.Moreover,the specific two-padding schemes we construct are extremely fast and veryflexible in accommodating arbitrary domains for f S and f R,which allows users to use different families and change their keys easily.In fact,we show that popular padding schemes like OAEP,PSS-R and many others—ordinarily used for plain signature or encryption—can be used for signcryption purposes too,when viewed as two-paddings!Furthermore,we provide a simple, general way to construct and verify the security of universal two-padding schemes.The resulting signcryption is provably secure in the strongest sense(in the random oracle model),assuming the mere one-wayness of the underlying trapdoor permutation.Moreover,we show that the security reduction is tight for a large class of trapdoor permutations,including all the known ones such as RSA,Rabin,and Paillier.Additionally,theschemes easily achieve non-repudiation,since R can extract a regular,publicly verifiable signature w f−1S (s)of S from the ciphertext(see below).Finally,the more expensive“encrypting”and“signing”operations(using f R and f−1S)are indeed performed in parallel.To summarize,we believe that P b PS is a very efficient,yet general method,for building a robust,flexible, and provably-secure signcryption infrastructure.T WO-P ADDING S CHEMES:O UR R ESULTS.The soundness of our suggested P b PS paradigm for signcryp-tion crucially depends on the properties of universal two-padding schemes,a new notion we introduce.Syn-tactically,such schemes(probabilistically)transform a message m into a pair w s,from which m can be later recovered.In terms of security,we require that for any trapdoor permutation f,f(w) s is a chosen-ciphertext-secure(IND-CCA2)encryption of m,while w f−1(s)is an existentially-unforgeable(sUF-CMA)signature of m.The universality property additionally requires that the above induced signature and encryption schemes remain secure even when used with the same key f.First,we formally argue that universal two-paddings—defined entirely using plain signature and encryption properties—are indeed sufficient for P b PS.This result actually requires some work,as signcryption has to be defined in the multi-user setting to prevent“identity fraud”[2].In particular,the naive signcryption candidate f R(w) f−1S(s)(informally stated earlier for simplicity)will not be secure,unless we ensure that w and s also non-trivially depend on the public keys of S and R.Luckily,we found several simple and efficient ways to achieve this“binding”at minimal or no extra cost,formally justifying our initial claim.Second,we give a simple and very general construction of universal two-paddings in the random oracle model.Our starting point was the observation that all popular padding schemes with message recovery currently used for ordinary signature or encryption,such as OAEP[6],OAEP+[36],PSS-R[7],and“scramble all, encrypt small”[21](in the future denoted SAP)actually consist of two natural components w and s,whichis consistent with our two-padding syntax.Moreover,the last step of computing w and s always consists of a Feistel Transform applied to some pair d and c(this step uses the random oracle H).This led us to examine which general properties on d and c suffice to ensure that w=c,s=H(c)⊕d form a universal two-padding scheme.Quite interestingly,we found that all one needs is that d,c form a commitment scheme with a special property,called extractability(see[10]).We formally define it later,but observe that extractable commitments are extremely easy to construct in the random oracle model,which we use anyway in the subsequent Feistel Transform.Indeed,we give a number of such simple and efficient constructions,which in turn gives many examples of provably-secure two-padding schemes.Moreover,our security reductions from the corresponding two-padding schemes to the problem inverting f are tight for a large class of trapdoor permutations f(defined later)which includes all currently known examples,such as RSA,Rabin,and Paillier.This makes the P b PS paradigm very attractive in terms of exact security.Even more remarkable,however,is that all the aforementioned padding schemes—OAEP,OAEP+,PSS-R, SAP—become special cases of our general construction when viewed as two-paddings!As a result,not only do wefind a natural generalization of all conventional padding schemes,but we show that any such padding scheme defines a secure two-padding scheme which can then be used for signcryption.Of indepen-dent interest,we will also define a new“hybrid”between PSS-R and OAEP,which we call Probabilistic Signature-Encryption Padding(PSEP).This two-padding will allow us to achieve optimal message bandwidth for signcryption using P b PS.E XTENSIONS.We extend the basic P b PS approach in two important ways.First,it can effortlessly support associated data[31],allowing one to“bind”a public label to a message when signcrypting it.This capability has many nice applications,including allowing us to trivially bind the message to the public keys of S and R,thus solving the aforementioned“multi-user”problem for signcryption.Second,using the recent work of Dodis and An[11],we efficiently extend our method to signcrypt arbitrarily long messages;namely,to build a full-fledged,practical signcryption scheme of arbitrary messages(that also supports associated data).R ELATION TO P REVIOUS W ORK.While padding schemes are very popular in the design of ordinary encryp-tion and signature schemes(e.g.[6,7,36,15]),the most relevant previous works are those of[9,2,27].C OMPARING WITH[9].Our universal two-padding schemes are similar in spirit to“universal padding”schemes defined by Coron et al.[9],which we refer to as universal one-paddings.To explain this name, such one-paddings transform m into a single stringπsuch that f(π)is a secure encryption and f−1(π)is a secure signature.Additionally,[9]requires that users can use the same trapdoor permutation f for both signing and encrypting.We now compare one-and two-paddings.Application-wise,one-paddings are conceptually used for plain signature and encryption separately;i.e.,the user can either sign or encrypt with the same key.In this setting,reusing the key for signing/decrypting is much more important than reusing the padding scheme. In fact,the latter property is really of marginal importance given the simplicity of current padding schemes.4In contrast,our motivation for two-padding scheme comes from joint signature and encryption;i.e.,the user can either signcrypt or de-signcrypt,and even with a single key for both.In this setting,reusing the two-padding is much more crucial:The whole application to parallel signcryption would not even make sense unless the same w and s can be used for encrypting and signing simultaneously.On the other hand,from a technical perspective,every non-trivial partition of a one-padding into two parts is a secure two-padding—by considering trapdoor permutations of the form f′(w s)=f(w) s and f′′(w s)= w f(s)—while the converse is easily seen to be false.Of course,prior to this work,no universal one-padding schemes were known,since[9]only constructs one specific to RSA rather than any f.Subsequent to our work, several constructions of one-paddings were found[12,25].However,the construction of[25]is a special casePbPS CtE&SFigure 1:High-level comparison between C t E &S and P b PS .of a more general construction of [12],while the latter critically builds upon this current work.Needless to say,these one-paddings are more complicated than the two-paddings we construct,and we actually do not need these extra complications for our signcryption application.Finally,we remark that a very special case of our result —PSS-R is a secure two-padding —can be indirectly derived from previous work of [7,9]:[7]can be seen to imply the signing part,while the “partial one-wayness”result of [9]is general enough to imply the encryption part.Of course,our construction is much more general,gives many more two-paddings,and the whole signcryption application was not previously considered.C OMPARING WITH [2].The parallel “commit-then-encrypt-and-sign”(C t E &S )paradigm of [2]for building signcryption first applies any commitment scheme to transform m into a pair d,c ,and then encrypts d and signs c ,using a IND-CCA2-secure encryption and sUF-CMA -secure signature,respectively.Two-paddings can be viewed as allowing us to replace the above “strong”encryption and signature schemes by a mere trapdoor permutation (resp.its inverse)such as RSA (see Figure 1).In fact,our Feistel-based two-padding construction essentially says that applying one round of the Feistel Transform to a pair d,c sufficient for C t E &S ,we get a pair w =c,s =H (c )⊕d sufficient for P b PS !Indeed,using only trapdoor permutations our scheme fully satisfies the standard IND-CCA2and sUF-CMA security definitions,which C t E &S schemes cannot!Of course,another natural question is to compare the generic composition paradigm of [2]with the P b PS approach in the random oracle model.For example,we could use a padding-based IND-CCA2-secure en-cryption,such as OAEP+[36],and a padding-based sUF-CMA -secure signature,such as PSS or PSS-R [7].While this is indeed a possibility,the resulting signcryption scheme is considerably more awkward and less ef-ficient (in all respects!)than the optimized P b PS approach used with any of the simple two-padding schemes we ing such schemes we essentially have to pad the message twice,which only allows us to sign-crypt significantly shorter messages,and results in much poorer exact security.5Padding the message twice also requires more bits for the random salts and unnecessarily complicates the implementation of the signcryption and de-signcryption operations.Perhaps more importantly,while the resulting scheme is IND-gCCA2/UF-CMA secure,it can never be IND-CCA2/sUF-CMA secure,as Enc /Sig are probabilistic (see appendix in [2]).Thus,while C t E &S provides a generic composition paradigm,it is not well suited to implementations based on trapdoor permutations (which is the setting of this work).Furthermore,C t E &S does not support associated data,and thus lacks support for efficient long-message signcryption.Also,in order to achieve security in the multi-user setting,a hash of the sender’s identity must be included in the encrypted portion and a hash of the recipient’s identity must be included in the signed portion.These hashes further complicate the implementation and increase the bit stly,while it is tempting to assume the results of [18]show that C t E &S can safely reuse keys,these results are proven in a completelydifferent setting when parties want to separately encrypt/sign with the same keys.Therefore,we require some additional verification to show that specific instantiations of C t E&S,such as for OAEP+and PSS-R,can safely reuse keys(and doing so incurs additional losses in exact security).The sequential approaches(S t E and E t S)have similar disadvantages,while additionally losing the parallelism.C OMPARING WITH[27].This recent work suggests to use the PSS-R padding for sequential signcryption with ly,to transmit RSA R(RSA−1S(π)),whereπis the result of PSS-R applied to the message m,and RSA U is the RSA key of user U.This approach has several disadvantages as compared to the P b PS approach.(1)While the approach syntactically makes sense for general f,using PSS-R effectively restricts its use to RSA[9].On the other hand,P b PS works for general f with a wide variety of padding schemes.(2)The exact security of encryption is extremely poor,while P b PS gives tight security reductions.(3)The scheme can be proven secure only in the so-called two-user setting[2],and is provably insecure in a more realistic multi-user setting for signcryption.(4)While the above problem could potentially befixed by somehow“binding”the message with the users’public keys,a more serious problem is that[27]use a relatively weak notion of so-called Outsider security[2]for privacy.In contrast,P b PS uses a much stronger notion of Insider security[2] for both privacy and authenticity.We see no obvious way how to overcome this problem in the construction of[27].(5)The scheme of[27]is sequential,while P b PS is parallel.(6)Using a sequential composition with RSA creates syntactic problems of ensuring that the domain sizes for RSA S and RSA R“match up”,which requires special ad-hoc care.In particular,the suggested scheme is notflexible to support RSA keys of different sizes,while P b PS has no such problem.On a positive note,if all users in the system have RSA keys of size k,the scheme of[27]allows a user to signcrypt(very short)messages with a ciphertext of length k.On the other hand,the minimal length of the ciphertext with P b PS would be2k.We believe that this disadvantage is minor in light of(1)-(6),especially since it is relevant only for very short messages.Moreover,using the scheme of[27],one can only signcrypt messages of length significantly less than k/2,while P b PS with an appropriate two-padding scheme allows a user to signcrypt messages of length close to2k.S UMMARY OF COMPARISONS.Table1summarizes the comparison between this work and the previous works mentioned above.Specific estimates for ciphertext and message lengths based on2048-bit RSA moduli (using the existing OAEP+and PSS-R padding schemes)are provided where appropriate.The security reduc-tions for TBOS in[27]are indeed so poor that we were unable to determine any appropriate practical message length(even though we are using their recommended key length).A more detailed breakdown of our estimated lengths which confirms the advantages of P b PS can be found in Appendix A.To summarize,we believe that P b PS instantiated with PSEP substantially outperforms all previously pro-posed signcryption schemes,both from practical and theoretical perspectives.We plan to propose it as a new standard for public-key signcryption.2DefinitionsIn this section,we start by quickly reviewing some common cryptographic definitions;Appendix B provides more formal security definitions of such schemes.Second,we introduce the notion of a two-padding.We put off the discussion of signcryption until Section5.2.1Encryption,Signatures,and Trapdoor and Claw-Free PermutationsE NCRYPTION.A public-key encryption scheme consists of the algorithms(Enc-Gen,Enc,Dec).Enc-Gen(1λ) generates the public/private key-pair(EK,DK),with a security parameterλ.Syntactically,we write the ran-domized encryption algorithm asψ←Enc EK(m),where m is a message chosen from message space MTBOS[27]C t E&S[2]no yes yespoor good excellentno yes yesyes yes yesyes yes/no yesno∗no/yes yes General Construction?no yesKey Flexibility?no yesKey Reuse(Short Key)?no∗no∗Avoid Special Set-up?yes yesExtract Plain Sig/Enc?only Sig yesAssociated Data?no noCompatible to PKCS#1?maybe maybeParallel Operations?no yesBit Expansion on Long Messages varies,expect>1350bitsvaries,expect>2900bitsMax message canfit in-side4096bits0?<1550bitsMessage/Ciphertext&?/20481550/409640962048thanεTDP,which is negligible in the security parameterλof the generation algorithm.C LAW-FREE PERMUTATIONS.To improve the exact security of our constructions,we will also talk about a general class of TDP s—those induced by a family of claw-free permutation pairs[17],following the obser-vation made by[13].In this context,the generation algorithm outputs(f,f−1,g),where g is another efficient permutation over the same domain as f.The task of the PPT adversary B now is tofind a“claw”(x,z),i.e., f(x)=g(z),which it succeeds at with probabilityεclaw,negligible inλ.It is trivial to see that omitting g from the generation algorithm induces a TDP family withεTDP≤εclaw(B calls A on random g(z)).On the other hand,all known TDP families,such as RSA,Rabin,and Paillier,are easily seen to be induced by some claw-free permutation families withεclaw=εTDP.Thus,a tight reduction to“claw-freeness”of such families implies a tight reduction to inverting them.See[13]for more details.2.2Two-PaddingsS YNTAX.A two-padding scheme consists of the poly-time algorithms PAD and DePAD.The probabilistic algorithm PAD accepts input messages m∈M and produces a pair of outputs,denoted as(w,s)←PAD(m). The deterministic algorithm DePAD accepts input pairs of the same form(w,s)and returns either message m∈M or⊥.Correctness requires that DePAD(PAD(m))=m for any m∈M.For syntactical convenience,we further define a pair of operations,with respect to any TDP s f and f′,as the following:ψ s←PadEnc f(m)and w σ←PadSig f′(m).PadEnc f(m)first computes(w,s)←PAD(m) and then outputsψ s=f(w) s.Similarly,PadSig f′(m)computes(w,s)←PAD(m)and outputs w σ= w f′−1(s).The corresponding pair of operations PadDec f(ψ s)and PadVer f′(w σ)are defined in the natural way,both recovering the pair(w,s)and outputting DePAD(w,s).S ECURITY.We call PS=(PAD,DePAD)a(t,εCCA2,εCMA,q D,q S)-secure two-padding scheme if,for any (T f,εTDP)-secure TDP s f and f′,the corresponding PadEnc f is a(t,εCCA2,q D)-secure IND-CCA2encryp-tion and PadSig f′is a(t,εCMA,q S)-secure sUF-CMA signature.We call PS=(PAD,DePAD)a(t,εCCA2,εCMA,q D,q S)-secure universal two-padding scheme if,for any TDP f,the corresponding PadEnc f and PadSig f are simultaneously(t,εCCA2,q D)-and(t,εCMA,q S)-secure, respectively,when a user reuses the same f for both encryption and signature.Formally,the adversary has access to a PadSig f oracle during the IND-CCA2attack game played against PadEnc f,and,similarly,the adversary has access to a PadDec f oracle during the sUF-CMA attack game played against PadSig f.2.3Extractable CommitmentsOur constructions for two-paddings will involve a specialized commitment scheme we call an“extractable”commitment.Extractable commitments have a syntax similar to standard commitment schemes,but with the additional property that there exists an extraction algorithm which a simulator can use to extract a unique de-commitment from any valid commitment with high probability.This extraction algorithm immediately follows for most commitment schemes based on the random oracle model,but requires the existence of a trapdoor for commitment schemes which do not make use of the random oracle model.Note that this differs from what is commonly referred to as a“trapdoor commitment”[8]where the goal is to construct alternative decommitments (with different openings)for a given commitment.S YNTAX.An extractable commitment scheme C consists of four algorithms(Setup,Commit,Open,Extract). The optional setup algorithm Setup(1λ)outputs a public commitment key CK(possibly empty)and possibly a secret trapdoor TK used by the extraction algorithm Extract.Given a message m∈M and some random coins r,Commit CK(m;r)outputs a pair(c,d)where c is k1-bit string representing the commitment to m and d is the corresponding k2-bit long decommitment.As a shorthand,we will write(c,d)←Commit(m)and c(m)。

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Oracle® Argus MartSecurity Configuration GuideRelease 1.0E39180-01April 2013This guide describes essential security management options for the Oracle Argus Martapplication.1IntroductionThis guide presents the following security guidelines and recommendations:■Establishing SQLPLUS Connection■Configuring Strong Password on the Database and WLS■Closing All Open Ports not in Use■Disabling the Telnet Service■Disabling Other Unused Services2Establishing SQLPLUS ConnectionTo connect to SQLPLUS, execute the following steps:1.Open a command window in Windows. Alternatively, in Unix, type at the shellprompt.2.Enter the sqlplus <dbuser>@<tnsnames_entry> command and press Enter.3.Enter the password when prompted by the SQLPLUS program.You must not enter the password in the same command line that is used whilecalling the SQLPLUS program.3Configuring Strong Password on the Database and WLSAlthough the importance of passwords is well-known, the following basic rule ofsecurity management is worth repeating:Ensure all your passwords are strong passwords.You can strengthen passwords by creating and using password policies for yourorganization. For guidelines on securing passwords and for additional ways to protectpasswords, refer to the Oracle Database Security Guide specific to the database releaseyou are using.You should modify the following passwords to use your policy-compliant strings:■Passwords for the database default accounts, such as SYS and SYSTEM.■Passwords for the weblogic server default accounts, such as weblogic.■Password for the database listener. If you do not configure the database listener to require an authorization password, you unnecessarily expose the underlyingdatabase service names to unauthorized individuals.4Closing All Open Ports not in UseKeep only a minimum number of ports open. You should close all ports that are not in use.5Disabling the Telnet ServiceThe Argus Mart application does not use the Telnet service. Telnet listens on port 23 by default.If the Telnet service is available on the Argus Mart host machine, Oracle recommends that you disable Telnet in favor of Secure Shell (ssh). Telnet, which sends clear-text passwords and user names through a login, is a security risk to your servers. Disabling Telnet tightens and protects your system security.6Disabling Other Unused ServicesIn addition to not using Telnet, the Argus Mart application does not use the following services or information for any functionality:■Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP): This protocol is an Internet standard for E-mail transmission across Internet Protocol (IP) networks.■Identification Protocol (identd): This protocol is generally used to identify the owner of a TCP connection on UNIX.■Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP): This protocol is one method for managing and reporting information about different systems.Therefore, restricting these services or information will not affect the Argus Mart application. If you are not using these services for other applications, Oracle recommends that you disable these services to minimize your security exposure.If you need SMTP, identd, or SNMP for other applications, be sure to upgrade to the latest version of the protocol to provide the most up-to-date security for your system.7Documentation AccessibilityFor information about Oracle's commitment to accessibility, visit the Oracle Accessibility Program website at/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=acc&id=docacc.Access to Oracle SupportOracle customers have access to electronic support through My Oracle Support. For information, visit /pls/topic/lookup?ctx=acc&id=info or visit /pls/topic/lookup?ctx=acc&id=trs if you are hearing impaired.Oracle Argus Mart Security Configuration Guide, Release 1.0E39180-01Copyright © 2013 Oracle and/or its affiliates. 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