《跨文化交际》考试试卷Section I Listening Test[20points]Part1.Questions1-5are based on this part.(10points)You are going to listen to a panel discussion between two people on animal behavior.Choose the best answer from A,B,C and D for each question.Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.1.Madam Chair states that chimpanzee's altruism__________.A.is similar to that of beesB.may contain an element of self-interestC.is part of a group feeding systemD.is not a mutual-aid system2.Worker bees work hard looking for food for2or3weeks,__________.A.and then die,leaving no offspringB.and then feed their offspringC.but die before feeding their offspringD.and then produce their offspring3.Chimpanzees who don't do their share of grooming are__________by the group.A.criticizedB.acceptedC.exchangedD.rejected4.Male lions will cooperate in groups comprising__________.A.brothersB.brothers and sistersC.brothers and sisters and daughtersD.brothers and sisters and daughters and aunts5.Which of the following animals are being discussed in the conversation?A.bees,dogs,and lionsB.bees,chimpanzees,and fishC.bees,chimpanzees,and lions.D.chimpanzees,lions,and dogsPart2.Questions6-15are based on this part.(10points)You are going to listen to part of a lecture.As you listen,fill in the blanks with words from the lecture to complete the sentences that summarize the main points of the lecture.Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Note:Each blank requires only ONE word.People communicate with one another all the time.Culture is regarded at the__6___of communication challenges and it influences how people__7___problems and participate in groups and in___8___.One definition of culture given in the lecture is that"Culture refers to a group with which we share common experiences that__9___how we understand the world."In the complex world,culture is one of the factors that act upon people.Anthropologists Keven Avruch and Peter Black explained that"culture provides the lens through which we view the world;the__10___by which we order it;the_11___by which the world makes sense."Since people coming from different cultural groups need to work together,cultural values sometimes__12___and misunderstanding arises.The speaker mentioned six patterns of cultural differences which include:different communication styles,attitudes toward conflict,approaches to___13____tasks,decision making styles,attitudes toward__14___,and approaches to knowing.When talking about communication style,the speaker introduced two aspects:verbal and non-verbal communication.Non-verbal communication includes facial expressions,__15___, seating arrangements,personal distance,and sense of time.This is the end of the Listening Test.Section II Communicative Competence[30points]Questions16-30:Choose the best answer from A,B,C and D.Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.16.Which of the following statements is TRUE of collectivism?__________A.Collectivist cultures are described as"I"cultures.B.Members of collectivist cultures value open discussion of disagreement.C.Uniformity and conformity are stressed in collectivist cultures.D.Collectivists tend to draw attention to themselves and express unique opinions.17.Just now I suddenly realized that I was totally to blame.I'll just have to face the music.The underlined part here means__________.A.to go to a concert and forget anything else by enjoying the musicB.to relax oneself by listening to the music aloneC.to accept responsibility for a mistakeD.to go to see the person who is in charge and ask what has gone wrong18.Which of the following statements is NOT true?__________A.Individualism can be traced to the philosophy of liberalism.B.The basic social unit in collectivist cultures is the autonomous self.C.Eastern collectivism is tied to Confucianism.D.Culture shock may occur at the individualist-collectivist divide,but the gap can be bridged.19.Bob is great!He always plays the game.The underlined part has the same meaning as __________.A.takes something as a game without caring too muchB.plays various gamesC.helps others when playing gamesD.behaves in a fair and honorable way20.Which of the following first names is shortened as"Bob"?__________A.RobertB.WilliamC.AlexanderD.Peter21.Which of the following statements is TRUE of the roots of English names?__________A."Forester"came from personal characteristics.B."Young"came from occupations.C."O'Patrick"came from family relationships.D."Butler"came from places.22.If you received an English invitation to a formal western banquet but could not attend it,what would be an appropriate action?__________A.Ask a friend to attend the banquet for you.B.Ask a colleague to phone a refusal.C.Accept the invitation but then not attend.D.Write a reply informing the host/hostess that you could not attend the banquet.23.Your American colleague has just had her hair dyed green.She is expecting your comment. What would you say appropriately?__________A."Your hair is as green as tree leaves."B."It looks good."C."It's too green.I don't like the color."D."It looks much better."24.Your classmate from Britain would like to borrow your computer this weekend.Unfortunately, you need to use it at the same time.How would you refuse the request politely?__________A."Well,why don't you borrow one from someone else?"B."Sorry,I cannot lend it to you."C."Yes,but you need to give it back to me as soon as possible."D."I'd love to,but I'm afraid I've got a lot of things to type up as well."25.Trying to explain rock music to your grandfather is just like dui niu tan qin(对牛弹琴)-playing violin to a bull.The corresponding English expression is__________.A.casting pearls before swineB.casting diamonds to a dogC.throwing pearls to a pigD.throwing diamonds to a goat26.Which of the following statements is TRUE of non-verbal communication?__________A.Non-verbal communication serves a variety of purposes.B.Non-verbal communication is less important than verbal communication.C.Since non-verbal communication is hard to interpret,it is important to reduce it to the minimum in cross-cultural communication.D.Non-verbal communication is not effective without verbal communication.27.The idiom"by the skin of one's teeth"means__________.A.very thinB.hard and flexibleC.only justD.one's sense of right and wrong28.What does the ring gesture(you form an"O"by holding the tip of your forefinger to the tip of your thumb)mean in Britain?__________A.Something is expensive.B.Something is good.C.Something is worthless.D.I will kill you.29.Which of the following statements is NOT true?__________A.Proxemics is the study governing how closely one person stands to another.B.All cultures draw lines between appropriate and inappropriate social distance for different relationships.C.Social distance has a wider range than public distance.D.The appropriateness of physical contact varies between cultures.30.If someone is said to be"economical with the truth",he/she__________A.has saved a lot of moneyB.does not tell the whole truthes very few wordsD.has recently diedSection III Reading Comprehension[30points]Part1.Questions31-35are based on Passage1.(10points)Passage1A handshake will be an acceptable greeting around the world.However,the strength,length,and duration of a handshake will vary by culture.Of course,Japanese will still bow to each other and it is advisable for foreign visitors to bow slightly when shaking hands.Mexicans who know each other will hug and East Europeans may kiss.In many European countries it is common to shake hands with everyone in the room before and after each business meeting.Business card exchanges are an important part of any international business meeting.Variations include where to keep your cards,which languages the card should be in,and what to do with the business card once you have received it.One rule to follow:Always bring five times more cards than you think you will need.To explore the nuances of business card exchange,we will examine the exchange as carried out by an American in Japan.First,the cards should be in English on one side and Japanese on the other.The Japanese side should have a logo or other marker.It is important that the company and title be prominently positioned.The cards should be kept in a card holder in the vest or jacket.Never keep the cards in a wallet or a pocketbook.The presentation of the card is done at the beginning of the meeting. Cards are presented with the giver's name(Japanese side)facing the recipient.The card can be delivered by one or preferably two hands accompanied by a slight bow.On receipt of a card,it should be studied carefully to determine the status of the person.Since meetings usually involve more than one person,each card received should be placed on the table,like an open deck of cards, in front of the recipient so that the executive can tell who he or she is speaking with.The recipient should avoid shuffling the cards,placing them in one's wallet,or writing on them in the presence of the giver.The business card is the symbolic embodiment of the organization;therefore it should be treated with the utmost respect.As a general rule,use people's titles on international business assignments.Learn the appropriate titles for each country.People with Ph.D.s should always be referred to as'Doctor'.In many countries,people will be referred to by their titles only.For example,"Chief Engineer,can you tell us how this operation works?"The use of first names in business also varies by country and age. Be alert to these differences.Questions31-35:Decide whether the following statements are true,false,or not mentioned according to the passage.Write T for"true",F for"false",and NM for"not mentioned"on the Answer Sheet._______31.Generally speaking,in Europe you should shake hands with everybody at the beginning and the end of a meeting._______32.You should always take at least five more business cards than you expect to need on your business trips._______33.In Japan,the person's status should be clearly given on the card._______34.It is acceptable for an American to note something down on a Japanese business card to remind him of the person who gave it to him._______35.The Japanese business card is more than just a reminder of who the person is.It also represents the company he works for.Part2.Questions36-40are based on Passage2.(10points)Passage2In an effort to get over culture shock,there is value in knowing something about the nature of culture and its relationship to the individual.In addition to living in a physical environment,an individual lives in a cultural environment consisting of manmade physical objects,social institutions,ideas and beliefs.An individual is not born with culture but only with the capacity to learn it and use it.There is nothing in a newborn child which dictates that it should eventually speak Portuguese,English,or French,nor that it should eat with a fork in its left hand rather than in the right,or use chopsticks. All these things the child has to learn.Nor are the parents responsible for the culture which they transmit to their young.The culture of any people is the product of history and is built up over time largely through processes which are,as far as the individual is concerned,beyond his/her awareness.It is by means of culture that the young learn to adapt themselves to the physical environment and to the people with whom they associate.As we know,children and adolescents often experience difficulties in this process of learning and adjustment.But once learned,culture becomes a way of life,the sure,familiar,largely automatic way of getting what you want from your environment and as such it also becomes a value. People have a way of accepting their culture as both the best and the only way of doing things. This is perfectly normal and understandable.To this attitude we give the name ethnocentrism,a belief that not only the culture but the race and nation form the center of the world.Individuals identify themselves with their own group and its ways to the extent that any critical comment is taken as an affront to the individual as well as to the group.If you criticize my country, you are criticizing me.If you criticize me,you are criticizing my country.Along with this attitude goes the tendency to attribute all individual peculiarities as national characteristics.For instance,if an American does something odd or antisocial in a foreign country which back home would be considered a purely individual act,it is now considered a national trait.Instead of being censured as an individual,his country is censured.It is best to recognize that ethnocentrism is a characteristic of national groups.If a person criticizes some aspect of one's own culture,one should listen but not enter into criticisms.Questions36-40:Choose the best answer from A,B,C and D.Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.36.According to the passage,which of the following choices is NOT mentioned as an element in acultural environment?A.social institutionsB.beliefsC.historyD.physical objects37.What is the writer's stand about culture?A.Parents are responsible for transmitting culture to their children.B.Children are born with culture.C.Culture needs to be taught to young people.D.Culture builds up over time and guides young people to adjust to environment.38.According to the passage,what is NOT suggested by the writer as a symptom of ethnocentrism?A.Regarding cultures containing similar values as the best cultures.B.Regarding home culture is superior to other cultures.C.Identifying oneself with the group one comes from.D.Assuming other cultures do things likewise.39.What is the writer's attitude towards ethnocentrism in the article?A.positiveB.negativeC.neutralD.indifferent40.What does the word"censure"mean in the article?A.praiseB.criticizeC.evaluateD.judgePart3.Questions41-45are based on Passage3.(10points)Passage3The Chinese make a clear distinction between insiders and outsiders,and this distinction exists on all levels of interpersonal interaction.Insiders consist of people from two categories:automatic and selected.Automatic insiders include one's parents,siblings,relatives,colleagues,and classmates,whereas selected ones are special relations that one has developed over time at work or elsewhere.For example,a person is considered an insider at work after he or she has developed a special relationship by helping others and sharing information with others.The five common criteria of an insider are nice,trustworthy,caring,helpful,and empathetic.The distinction between an insider and an outsider provides specific rules of interaction in Chinese interpersonal relationships.Insiders often are treated differently from outsiders,and a person with insider status often enjoys privileges and special treatment beyond an outsider's comprehension. To illustrate,a Chinese person may go beyond his or her means to help an insider,but an outsider has to follow the rules.The insider-outsider distinction also involves moral implications.In the Chinese culture,moral judgments are not only cognitively but affectively based.Moral stands tend to vary from one relationship to another.Family-centered"insider"relationships have two important implications for relationshipdevelopment with strangers.First,as King and Bond argue,the importance of family and the sense of dependency built up in the Chinese family system make it difficult to develop personal relationships with strangers.In the Chinese culture,the transformation from a wai ren(outsider)to a zi ji ren(insider)involves an arduous and time-consuming process,because personal relationships often take a long time to develop.After relationships have been established,however, they tend to stay very solid.As a result,in order to overcome the inherent difficulty in relationship development,intermediaries are widely used for social relationship construction.Second,the Chinese and other collectivistic cultures tend to be particularistic in their utilization of value standards toward in-groups and out-groups.This particularistic principle of interpersonal relationships hinders interactions with outsiders because value standards applied to in-groups may not be readily adapted to out-groups,and most Chinese don't feel knowledgeable about dealing with outsiders.Questions41-45:Answer the following questions briefly.Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.41.According to the author,what are the five common criteria of an insider?42.How do automatic insiders differ from selected ones?43.What example does the author give to show that insiders are treated differently from outsiders?44.According to the author,what makes it difficult for a Chinese person to develop a personal relationship with a stranger?45.What might be an appropriate title for this passage?Section IV Communication Analysis[20points]The following are two cases of cross-cultural communication.In each of the cases there is something to be improved upon.Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successful communication or cultural understanding.Your analysis should be about100words for each case. You may organize your analysis in accordance with the following procedure:why did the people involved behave so from the cultural perspective?What behaviors caused the misunderstanding in the case?What corrective behaviors do you suggest to each party in the case?Note:Your writing ability will be assessed.Case1(10points)Li Hong is a new teacher in a middle school.One day,one of her Chinese colleague Yang Zhen introduces her to their middle-aged foreign teacher Maggy.Yang:Li Hong,this is Maggy,our English teacher from America.And Maggy,this is Li Hong,our new colleague.Li and Maggy:How do you do?Maggy:Your sweater is so smart.Li:Oh,it is only an old one,I bought it last year.Maggy:You are so young and smart,I am sure you are a good teacher.Li:No,no.I am just a newcomer,I should learn from you old teachers.Maggy looks surprised and thinks,"I am really so old?"Question46:Why did Li and Maggy behave so from the cultural perspective?What behaviors caused the misunderstanding in the case?What corrective behaviors do you suggest to Li and Maggy to avoid miscommunication?Case2(10points)Li has returned to China after a year in the States.He marries his childhood sweetheart,who has never traveled and speaks very little English.Li's best friend in the States,Bob,comes to visit China for the first time and is introduced to Wang Lan,the new wife of his best friend."Gee,it's great to meet you",says Bob,"Li talked about you all the time back in Houston!",and kisses Wang Lan heartily on both cheeks.Wang Lan is shocked.Question47:Why did Bob and Wang Lan behave so from the cultural perspective?What behaviors caused the misunderstanding in the case?What corrective behaviors do you suggest to Bob and Wang Lan to avoid miscommunication?《跨文化交际》考试参考答案Section I Listening Test[20points]Part1.(10points,2points each.)1.B2.A3.D4.A5.CPart2.(10points,1point each.0.5point off for each misspelling.)6.root7.approachmunities9.shape10.logic11.grammar12.conflictpleting14.disclosure15.gesturesSection II Communicative Competence[30points](30points,2points each.)16.C17.C18.B19.D20.A21.C22.D23.B24.D25.A26.A27.C28.B29.C30.BSection III Reading Comprehension[30points]Part1.(10points.Award2points to each correct answer.)31.T32.F33.NM34.F35.TPart2.(10points.Award2points to each correct answer.)36.C37.D38.A39.C40.BPart3.(10points)Award2points to each correct answer.41.The five common criteria of an insider are nice,trustworthy,caring,helpful,and empathetic.42.Automatic insiders include one's parents,siblings,relatives,colleagues,and classmates, whereas selected ones are special relations that one has developed over time at work or elsewhere.43.A Chinese person may go beyond his or her means to help an insider,but an outsider has to follow the rules.44.The importance of family and the sense of dependency built up in the Chinese family system (or value standards applied to in-groups may not be readily adapted to out-groups).45.In-Groups and Out-Groups in China;Interpersonal Relations in China;Relating Foreigners in China,etc.Section IV Communication Analysis[30points]The sample answers given in this part are more detailed than required in order to lead you through the three steps.In the examination,the students'analysis for each case should be about100words. Question46.Case1(10points,1point for overall language quality.)1.Li Hong comes from a collectivist culture which emphasizes deference paid to people older than self and modesty displayed on the part of the young.Maggy comes from an individualistic culture which values assertiveness and free expression of feelings.(2points)2.As a young and new teacher,Li Hong showed her respect to Maggy with a formal greeting. When Maggy complimented Li on her sweater and herself,Li reacted in a typical Chinese way by overusing modesty in front of a teacher older than her.She displayed her humbleness by saying that her sweater was an old one and she should learn from Maggy,an old teacher.Li's responses are perfect between Chinese people but terrible in cross-cultural situations like this.She did not realize that her expression of respect could be translated into offence since individualistic cultures do not associate as much deference with age as collectivistic cultures do.Therefore,Maggy, coming from an individualistic culture,was surprised when Li called her"old teacher".Maggy did not understand that the word"old"here meant as a compliment,meaning that she had richer teaching experience.Both Li Hong and Maggy communicated only from their cultural perspectives and thus caused miscommunication.(3points)3.To avoid miscommunication,Li Hong and Maggy should learn more about each other's culture and adjust their behaviors accordingly.When Maggy complimented Li on her sweater and herself, Li could simply reply"thank you".She could use her non-verbal language to show her respect to Maggy,for instance,with a smile,a handshake,etc.(2points)As to Maggy,she could use fewer complimentary words or more objective questions to reduce Li's nervousness.She should also understand that one of the key values in collectivism is deference paid to experience and old age. (2points)Question47.Case2(10points,1point for overall language quality.)1.Bob comes from an individualistic culture which features close body contact among personal relationships.Wang Lan comes from a collectivistic culture which does not feature open display of personal feelings through body contact.(2points)2.In the case,Bob treated Wang Lan as a close friend and greeted her in a typical western way with hearty kisses on her cheeks to display the close friendship.However,with little knowledge of western greeting etiquette,Wang Lan was shocked since Bob's"rude"behavior was not in line with the Chinese ways of expressing close friendship.In Chinese culture,a hearty handshake will serve the purpose.It is the contrast of Bob's open expression of closeness through close body contact and Wang Lan's indirectness in expressing her feelings that caused miscommunication.(3 points)3.To avoid miscommunication,Bob and Wang Lan need to learn more about each other's culture and adjust their behaviors accordingly.Bob should ask Wang Lan if he could kiss her to express his friendship or he could shake hands with Wang Lan instead.(2points)Wang Lan needs to understand that the kisses were well meant and does not have to feel embarrassed or shocked.She could act more actively by extending her hand out first for a handshake rather than behave passively.(2points)。
