新概念英语第四册句子精选：Lesson44

$课文1 发现化石人1. We can read of things that happened 5，000 years ago in the Near East， where people first learned to write。

我们从书籍中可读到5，000 年前近东发生的事情，那里的人最早学会了写字。

2。

But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write。

但直到现在,世界上有些地方,人们还不会书写。

3. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas —- legends handed down from one generation of story tales to another。

他们保存历史的唯一办法是将历史当作传说讲述，由讲述人一代接一代地将史实描述为传奇故事口传下来.4。

These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago,这些传说是有用的，因为他们告诉我们很久以前生活在这里的移民的一些事情.5. but none could write down what they did。

但是没有人能写下来。

6. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from。

人类学家过去不清楚如今生活在太平洋诸岛上的波利尼西亚人的祖先来自何方,7. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2，000 years ago。

Lesson 44 Through the forest 穿过森林First listen and then answer the question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。

How did Mrs. Sterling get her bag back?Mrs. Anne Sterling did not think of the risk she was taking when she ran through a forest after two men. They had rushed up to her while she was having a picnic at the edge of a forest with her children and tried to steal her handbag. In the struggle, the strap broke and, with the bag in their possession, both men started running through the trees. Mrs. Sterling got so angry that she ran after them. She was soon out of breath, but she continued to run. When she caught up with them, she saw that they had sat down and were going through the contents of the bag, so she ran straight at them. The men got such a fright that they dropped the bag and ran away. ‘The strap needs mending,’said Mrs. Sterling later, ‘but they did not steal anything.’New words and expressions 生词和短语forest (title) ['fɒrist] n. 森林risk (1.1) [rɪsk] n. 危险，冒险picnic (1.3) ['pɪknɪk] n. 野餐edge (1.3) [edʒ] n. 边缘strap (1.4) [stræp] n. 带，皮带possession (1.5) [pə'zeʃən] n. 所有breath (1.7) [breθ] n. 呼吸contents (1.9) ['kɒntents] n.（常用复数）内有的物品mend (1.10) [mend] v. 修理Notes on the text 课文注释1 the risk she was taking, 她所冒的风险，take the risk 有“冒……风险”的意思2 when she ran through a forest after two men, 当她穿过森林追赶两个男人时。

（英音版）新概念英语第四册Lesson 44 Patternsof cultureLesson 44Patterns of culture文化的模式First listen and then answer the following question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。

What influences us from the moment of birth?Custom has not commonly been regarded as a subject of great moment. The inner workings of our won brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behaviour at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behaviour more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how aberrant. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probing he cannot go behind these stereotypes; his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to hisparticular traditional customs. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behaviour of the individual, as against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the vernacular of his family. When one seriously studies the social orders that have had the opportunity to develop autonomously, the figure becomes no more than an exact and matter-of-fact observation. The life history handed down in his community. From the moment of his birth, the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behaviour. By the time he can talk, he is the little creature of his culture, and by the time he is grown and able to take part in its activities, its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs, its impossibilities his impossibilities. Every child that is born into his group will share them with him, and no child born into one on the opposite side of the globe can ever achieve the thousandth part. There is no social problem it is more incumbent upon us to understand than this of the role of custom. Until we are intelligent as to its laws and varieties, the main complicating facts of human life must remain unintelligible.The study of custom can be profitable only after certain preliminary propositions have been accepted, and some of these propositions have been violently opposed. In the first place, any scientific study requires that there be no preferential weighting of one or another of the items in the series it selects for its consideration. In all the less controversial fields, like the study of cacti or termites or the mature of nebulae, the necessary method of study is togroup the relevant material and to take note of all possible variant forms and conditions. In this way, we have learnedall that we know of the laws of astronomy, or of the habitsof the social insects, let us say. It is only in the relevant material and to take note of all possible variant forms and conditions. In this way, we have learned all that we know of the laws of astronomy, or of the habits of the social insects, let us say. It is only in the study of man himself that the major social sciences have substituted the study of one local variation, that of Western civilization.Anthropology was by definition impossible, as long asthese distinctions between ourselves and the primitive, ourselves and the barbarian, ourselves and the pagan, held sway over people's minds. It was necessary first to arrive at that degree of sophistication where we no longer set our own belief against our neighbour's superstition. It was necessary to recognize that these institutions which are based on the same premises, let us say the supernatural, must beconsidered together, our own among the rest.RUTH BENEDICT Patterns of CultureNew words and expressions 生词和短语commonplaceadj. 平凡的aberrantadj. 脱离常轨的，异常的trivial。

新概念英语四册课堂笔记Lesson44：TheBackwardSociety新概念英语四册课堂笔记 Lesson44：The BackwardSociety新概念英语Lesson 44 The Backward Society落后的社会If a nation is essentially disunited, it is left to the government to hold it together.This increases the expense of government, and reduces correspondingly the amount of economic resources that could be used for developing the country, And it should not be forgotten how small those resources are in a poor and backward country.Where the cost of government is high, resources for development are correspondingly low.This may be illustrated by comparing the position of a nation with that of a private Business enterprise.An enterprise has to incur certain costs and expenses in order to stay in Business.For our purposes, we are concerned only with one kind of cost--the cost of managing and administering the business.Such administrative overhead in a Business is analogousto the cost of government in a nation.The administrative overhead of a Business is low to the extent that everyone working in the Business can, be trusted to behave in a way that best promotes the interests of the firm.If they can each be trusted to take such responsibilities, and to exercise such initiative as falls within their sphere, then administrative overhead will be low.It will be low because it will be necessary to have only one man looking after each job, without having another man to checkupon what he is doing, keep him in line, and report on him to someone else.But if no one can be trusted to act in a loyal and responsible manner towards his job, then the Business will require armies of administrators, checkers, and foremen, and administrative overhead will rise correspondingly.As administrative overhead rises, so the earnings of the Business, after meeting the expense of administration, will fall; and the Business will have less money to distribute as dividends or invest directly in its future progress and development.It is precisely the same with a nation.To the extent that the people can be relied upon tobehave in a loyal and responsible manner, the government does not require armies of police and civil servants to keep them in order.But if a nation is disunited, the government cannot besure that the actions of the people will be in the interestsof the nation; and it will have to watch, check, and control the people accordingly.A disunited nation therefore has to incur unduly highcosts of government.。

海涛讲新概念英语四册44课文新概念英语四册44课文：海涛讲Lesson 44: Gulliver's TravelIn this lesson, we will study an exciting adventure from Jonathan Swift's famous work "Gulliver's Travels." The story takes us on a journey with Lemuel Gulliver, a sailor who encounters bizarre civilizations and experiences unimaginable situations.The story begins with Gulliver embarking on a sea voyage, unaware of the extraordinary adventures awaiting him. As Gulliver's ship encounters a violent storm, he is thrown overboard and ends up stranded on an unknown island. This island turns out to be inhabited by miniature people called Lilliputians, who are only about six inches tall.Gulliver, a giant among the Lilliputians, awakens to find himself tied down by countless tiny ropes from the Lilliputians. He is treated as a prisoner, but his immense size and strength give him the advantage. Eventually, Gulliver gains the trust of the Lilliputians and helps them in their conflicts with the neighboring island, Blefuscu.One of the most memorable scenes in the story is Gulliver extinguishing a fire in Lilliput by urinating on it. This act demonstrates Gulliver's ability to exert control over the Lilliputians and further solidifies his role as a larger-than-life character in this miniature world.After his successful contribution to the Lilliputians, Gulliver sets sail again, only to face more extraordinary encounters. In his subsequent journey,he encounters giants, a floating island, and an intelligent race of horses called the Houyhnhnms. Through these encounters, Swift uses satire to shed light on various aspects of society, human behavior, and governmental systems.Swift's "Gulliver's Travels" is a masterpiece that showcases his sharp wit and critical commentary on society. By presenting imaginary worlds and outlandish characters, Swift challenges readers to examine the flaws and absurdities of their own world.Throughout the story, Gulliver is portrayed as an outsider, providing readers with a unique perspective on the societies he encounters. This perspective serves as a commentary on cultural relativism and the impact of one's background on their perception of others.In conclusion, "Gulliver's Travels" by Jonathan Swift is an imaginative and thought-provoking work that offers readers a window into a world of adventure, satire, and social commentary. The character of Gulliver serves as a vehicle for examining societal norms and human behavior, all while entertaining readers with thrilling and fantastical tales. As we delve into this famous work, we can appreciate the enduring relevance and brilliance of Swift's literary genius.。

【导语】新概念英语之所以经久不衰是因为以其全新的教学理念，有趣的课⽂内容和全⾯的技能训练，为英语学习者排忧解难，深受⼴⼤英语学习者的欢迎和喜爱。

想要学好英语的你，怎能错过？快来加⼊学习吧！为您提供了以下内容，希望能够为⼤家学习新概念英语提供帮助!新概念英语第四册惯⽤语整理Lesson43 1.behind adv.在…后⾯ prep.在…的后⾯ n. 臀部 be behind in 在…落后 例句：I'm way behind in my writing, I've got to get started. 我写信已经拖了很久了，我得开始写信了。

A:Hey, Larry. Wanna meet a few of us for coffee in a little while? A:嘿，拉⾥!⼀会⼉我们⼏个⼀起去喝点⼉咖啡吗? B:Hmm. I would if I weren't so far behind in this reading I'm doing for history. B:嗯。

如果我历史课的阅读任务不差这么多的话，我就会跟你们⼀块⼉去的。

fall behind 落后;不能按期⽀付(be left behind, move back behind; fail to maintain a schedule) 例句：The country has fallen behind its competitors in the manufacture of computers 这个国家在计算机制造⽅⾯已经落后于其竞争者了。

A:Joe's car was repossessed by the finance company. A:乔的汽车被⾦融公司收回了。

B:Yes, He's fallen behind in the payments. B:是的，他没能按期付款。

新概念第四册课文新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记【Lesson40、41、42】新概念第四册课文新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记【Lesson40、41、42】【导语】新概念英语作为一套世界闻名的英语教程，以其全新的教学理念，有趣的课文内容和全面的技能训练，深受广大英语学习者的欢迎和喜爱。

为了方便同学们的学习，大为大家了最全面的新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记，希望为大家的新概念英语学习提供帮助!First listen and then answer the following question.What false impression does an ocean wave convey to the observer?Waves are the children of the struggle between ocean and atmosphere, the ongoing signatures of infinity. Rays from the sun excite and energize the atmosphere of the earth, awakening it to flow, to movement, to rhythm, to life. The wind then speaks the message of the sun to the sea and the sea transmits it on through waves -- an ancient, exquisite, powerful message.These ocean waves are among the earth"s most plicated natural phenomena. The basic features include a crest (the highest point of the wave), a trough (the lowest point), a height (the vertical distance from the trough to the crest), a wave length (the horizontal distance between two wave crests), and a period (which is the time it takes a wave crest to travel one wave length).Although an ocean wave gives the impression of a wall of water moving in your direction, in actuality waves move through the water leaving the water about where it was. If the water was moving with the wave, the ocean and everything on it would beracing in to the shore with obviously catastrophic results.An ocean wave passing through deep water causes a particle on the surface to move in a roughly circular orbit, drawing the particle first towards the advancing wave, then up into the wave, then forward with it and then -- as the wave leaves the particles behind -- back to its starting point again.From both maturity to death, a wave is subject to the same laws as any other "living" thing. For a time it assumes a miraculous individuality that, in the end, is reabsorbed into the great ocean of life.The undulating waves of the open sea are generated by three natural causes: wind, earth movements or tremors, and the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun. Once waves have been generated, gravity is the force that drives them in a continual attempt to restore the ocean surface to a flat plain.from World Magazine (BBC Enterprises)signature n. 签名，标记infinity n. 无穷ray n. 光线energize v. 给与...能量rhythm n. 节奏transmit v. 传送exquisite adj. 高雅的phenomena n. 现象crest n. 浪峰trough n. 波谷vertical adj. 垂直的horizontal adj. 水平的actuality n. 现实catastrophic adj. 大灾难的 particle n. 微粒maturity n. 成熟undulate v. 波动，形成波浪 tremor n. 震颤gravitational adj. 地心吸力的1.transmit vt.①传达例句：Gypsies frequently transmit recipes orally within the family.吉普赛人经常以口头形式把秘方世代相传。

＄课文1 发现化石人1. We can read of things that happened 5，000 years ago in the Near East， where people first learned to write。

我们从书籍中可读到5，000 年前近东发生的事情，那里的人最早学会了写字.2。

But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write。

但直到现在，世界上有些地方，人们还不会书写。

3。

The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas -- legends handed down from one generation of story tales to another。

他们保存历史的唯一办法是将历史当作传说讲述，由讲述人一代接一代地将史实描述为传奇故事口传下来。

4。

These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago，这些传说是有用的，因为他们告诉我们很久以前生活在这里的移民的一些事情。

5。

but none could write down what they did。

但是没有人能写下来。

6. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from.人类学家过去不清楚如今生活在太平洋诸岛上的波利尼西亚人的祖先来自何方，7。

The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2，000 years ago。

【导语】新概念英语作为⼀套世界闻名的英语教程，以其全新的教学理念，有趣的课⽂内容和全⾯的技能训练，深受⼴⼤英语学习者的欢迎和喜爱。

为了⽅便同学们的学习，⽆忧考为⼤家整理了⾯的新概念第四册课⽂翻译及学习笔记，希望为⼤家的新概念英语学习提供帮助!Lesson43 【课⽂】 First listen and then answer the following question. 听录⾳，然后回答以下问题。

What does the 'uniquely rational way' for us to communicate with other intelligent beings in space depend on? We must conclude from the work of those who have studied the origin of life, that given a planet only approximately like our own, life is almost certain to start. Of all the planets in our solar system, we ware now pretty certain the Earth is the only one on which life can survive. Mars is too dry and poor in oxygen, Venus far too hot, and so is Mercury, and the outer planets have temperatures near absolute zero and hydrogen-dominated atmospheres. But other suns, start as the astronomers call them, are bound to have planets like our own, and as is the number of stars in the universe is so vast, this possibility becomes virtual certainty. There are one hundred thousand million starts in our own Milky Way alone, and then there are three thousand million other Milky Ways, or galaxies, in the universe. So the number of the stars that we know exist is now estimated at about 300 million million million. Although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets, that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe. If then we are so certain that other intelligent life exists in the universe, why have we had no visitors from outer space yet? First of all, they may have come to this planet of ours thousands or millions of years ago, and found our then prevailing primitive state completely uninteresting to their own advanced knowledge. Professor Ronald Bracewell, a leading American radio astronomer, argued in Nature that such a superior civilization, on a visit to our own solar system, may have left an automatic messenger behind to await the possible awakening of an advanced civilization. Such a messenger, receiving our radio and television signals, might well re-transmit them back to its home-planet, although what impression any other civilization would thus get from us is best left unsaid. But here we come up against the most difficult of all obstacles to contact with people on other planets -- the astronomical distances which separate us. As a reasonable guess, they might, on an average, be 100 light years away. (A light year is the distance which light travels at 186,000 miles per second in one year, namely 6 million million miles.) Radio waves also travel at the speed of light, and assuming such an automatic messenger picked up our first broadcasts of the 1920's, the message to its home planet is barely halfway there. Similarly, our own present primitive chemical rockets, though good enough to orbit men, have no chance of transporting us to the nearest other star, four light years away, let alone distances of tens or hundreds of light years. Fortunately, there is a 'uniquely rational way' for us to communicate with other intelligent beings, as Walter Sullivan has put it in his excellent book, We Are not Alone. This depends on the precise radio frequency of the 21-cm wavelength, or 1420 megacycles per second. It is the natural frequency of emission of the hydrogen atoms in space and was discovered by us in 1951; it must be known to any kind of radio astronomer in the universe. Once the existence of this wave-length had been discovered, it was not long before its use as the uniquely recognizable broadcasting frequency for interstellar communication was suggested. Without something of this kind, searching for intelligences on other planets would be like trying to meet a friend in London without a pre-arranged rendezvous and absurdly wandering the streets in the hope of a chance encounter. ANTHONY MICHAELIS Are There Strangers in Space? from The Weekend Telegraph 【New words and expressions ⽣词和短语】 Mercury n. ⽔星 hydrogen n. 氢⽓ prevailing adj. 普遍的 radio astronomer 射电天⽅学家 uniquely adv. 地 rational adj. 合理的 radio frequency ⽆线电频率 cm n. 厘⽶ megacycle n. 兆周 emission n. 散发 intersteller adj.星际的 rendezvous n. 约会地点　【课⽂注释】 1.that given a planet only approximately like our own, life is almost certain to start 这是⼀个宾语从句，作动词conclude的宾语，其中given a planet…our own,过去分词短语作条件状语，given与if的意思相近，这个过去分词短语可译成“如果⼀个⾏星与我们所在的⾏星⼤致相同的话”。

新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记Lesson44【课文】First listen and then answer the following question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。

What influences us from the moment of birth?Custom has not commonly been regarded as a subject of any great moment. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behaviour at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behaviour more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how aberrant. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probing he cannot go behind these stereotypes; his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to hisparticular traditional customs. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behaviour of the individual, as against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue against those words ofhis own baby talk that are taken up into the vernacular of his family. When one seriously studies the social orders that have had the opportunity to develop autonomously, the figure becomes no more than an exact and matter-of-fact observation. The life history of the individual is first and foremost an accommodation to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community. From the moment of his birth, the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behaviour. By the time he can talk, he is the little creature of his culture, and by the time he is grown and able to take part in its activities, its habits are his habits, itsbeliefs his beliefs, its impossibilities his impossibilities. Every child that is born into his group will share them with him, and no child born into one on the opposite side of the globe can ever achieve the thousandth part. There is nosocial problem it is more incumbent upon us to understand than this of the role of custom. Until we are intelligent as to its laws and varieties, the main complicating facts of human life must remain unintelligible.The study of custom can be profitable only after certain preliminary propositions have been accepted, and some of these propositions have been violently opposed. In the first place, any scientific study requires that there be no preferential weighting of one or another of the items in the series it selects for its consideration. In all the less controversial fields, like the study of cacti or termites or the mature of nebulae, the necessary method of study is to group the relevant material and to take note of all possible variant forms and conditions. In this way, we have learnedall that we know of the laws of astronomy, or of the habitsof the social insects, let us say. It is only in the study of man himself that the major social sciences have substituted the study of one local variation, that of Western civilization.Anthropology was by definition impossible, as long as these distinctions between ourselves and the primitive, ourselves and the barbarian, ourselves and the pagan, held sway over people's minds. It was necessary first to arrive at that degree of sophistication where we no longer set our own belief against our neighbour's superstition. It was necessary to recognize that these institutions which are based on the same premises, let us say the supernatural, must be considered together, our own among the rest.RUTH BENEDICT Patterns of Culture【New words and expressions 生词和短语】commonplace adj. 平凡的aberrant adj. 脱离常轨的，异常的trivial adj. 微不足道的，琐细的predominant adj. 占优势的，起支配作用的manifest v. 表明pristine adj. 纯洁的，质朴的stereotype n. 陈规vernacular n. 方言accommodation n. 适合。

$课文1 发现化石人1. We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write.我们从书籍中可读到5,000 年前近东发生的事情，那里的人最早学会了写字。

2. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write.但直到现在,世界上有些地方，人们还不会书写。

3. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas -- legends handed down from one generation of story tales to another.他们保存历史的唯一办法是将历史当作传说讲述，由讲述人一代接一代地将史实描述为传奇故事口传下来。

4. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago,这些传说是有用的，因为他们告诉我们很久以前生活在这里的移民的一些事情。

5. but none could write down what they did.但是没有人能写下来。

6. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from.人类学家过去不清楚如今生活在太平洋诸岛上的波利尼西亚人的祖先来自何方，7. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago.当地人的传说却告诉人们：其中一部分是约在2,000年前从印度尼西亚迁来的。

新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记：Lesson44【课文】First listen and then answer the following question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。

What influences us from the moment of birth? Custom has not commonly been regarded as a subject of any great moment. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behaviour at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact,it is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behaviour more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how aberrant. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest. No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probing he cannot go behind these stereotypes; his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behaviour of the individual, as against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the vernacular of his family. When one seriously studies the social orders that have had the opportunity to develop autonomously, the figure becomes no more than an exact and matter-of-fact observation. The life history of the individual isfirst and foremost an accommodation to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community. From the moment of his birth, the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behaviour. By the time he can talk, he is the little creature of his culture, and by the time he is grown and able to take part in its activities, its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs, its impossibilities his impossibilities. Every child that is born intohis group will share them with him, and no child born into one on the opposite side of the globe can ever achieve the thousandth part.There is no social problem it is more incumbent upon us to understand than this of the role of custom. Until we are intelligent as to its laws and varieties, the main complicating facts of human life must remain unintelligible. The study of custom can be profitable only after certain preliminary propositions have been accepted, and someof these propositions have been violently opposed. In the first place,any scientific study requires that there be no preferential weighting of one or another of the items in the series it selects for its consideration. In all the less controversial fields, like the study of cacti or termites or the mature of nebulae, the necessary method of study is to group the relevant material and to take note of all possible variant forms and conditions. In this way, we have learned all that we know of the laws of astronomy, or of the habits of the social insects, let us say. It is only in the study of man himself that the major social sciences have substituted the study of onelocal variation, that of Western civilization. Anthropology was by definition impossible, as long as these distinctions between ourselves and the primitive, ourselves and the barbarian, ourselves and the pagan, held sway over people's minds. It was necessary first to arrive at that degree of sophistication where we no longer set our own belief against our neighbour's superstition. It was necessary to recognize that these institutions which are based on the same premises, let us say the supernatural, must be considered together, our own among the rest. RUTH BENEDICT Patterns of Culture【New words and expressions 生词和短语】commonplace adj. 平凡的aberrant adj. 脱离常轨的，异常的trivial adj. 微不足道的，琐细的predominant adj. 占优势的，起支配作用的manifest v. 表明pristine adj. 纯洁的，质朴的stereotype n. 陈规vernacular n. 方言accommodation n. 适应incumbent adj. 义不容辞的，有责任的preliminary adj. 初步的proposition n. 主张preferrential adj. 优先的controversial adj. 引起争论的cactus n. 仙人掌termite n. 白蚁nebula adj. 星云variant n. 不同的barbarian n. 野蛮人pagan n. 异教徒sophistication n. 老练premise n. 前提supernatural adj. 超自然的【课文注释】 1.The inner workings of our own brains 这一部分是feel的宾语，为了强调而把宾语提前了，to be uniquely worthy of investigation 是宾语补足语。

lesson 44forest n 森林risk n 危险，冒险picnic n 野餐edge n 边缘strap n 带，皮带possession n 所有breath n 呼吸contents n （常用复数）内有地物品mend v 修理out of breath 上气不接下气waste one's breath 白费口舌in one breath：片刻hold one's breath：屏住呼吸bad breath：口臭content：内容（抽象）textMrs Anne Sterling did not think of the risk she was taking when she ran through a forest after two men. They had rushed up to her while she was having a picnic at the edge of a forest with her children and tried to steal her handbag. In the struggle, the strap broke and, with the bag in their possession, both men startedrunning through the trees. Mrs Sterling got so angry that she ran after them. Shewas soon out of breath, but she continued to run. When she caught up with them, she saw that they had sat down and were going through the contents of the bag, soshe ran straight at them. The men got such a fright that they dropped the bag and ran away. 'The strap needs mending,' said Mrs Sterling later, 'but theydid not steal anything.'Mrs. Anne Sterling did not think of the risk...take a risk：冒...风险run after：追赶，追随，追求，run behind：在某人后面跑run to：跑向rush up to：up：向上；面对面（down：方向相同）in one's possession：为某人所拥有so...that：如此...以至于continued to do：接着做catch up with：追上，赶上（强调结果）contents of the bag：包里的东西go through：浏览，翻看run（straight）atneed doing：需要做，需要被做（被动含义）needn't可以回答must开头的疑问句，只能用在肯定句中，可以直接加动词－ing want doing：主动，表示被动含义它们的主语一定是物need to be done主语是人，也可以是物1、never/not think of the risk she was taking2、with sth in one's possession3、need doingletter writing：Esq.Esquire写信时对男性的敬称（放在人名的后面）Mr.and Mrs.（已婚）先写人名，再写地址key structuresa.动词-ing做介词宾语，或做主语b.to 做介词＋动词-inglook forward to，be used to，be accustomed to（习惯于），devote oneself to全身心投入，object to反对my mother devote herself to doing the houseworki object to eating outc.begin，start，continue＋to do/doing（没有区别）d.hate，love，like＋doing--表示一种习惯hate，love，like＋to do--表示一次性的行为i like drinking tea我喜欢喝茶i like to drink coffee我喜欢喝咖啡（现在）would love/like to do：表示想要i hate to disturb you，but can i come in for a moment please？我不愿意打扰你，但我可以进来一会儿吗？i hate disturbing people when they are busy人们忙的时候，我不愿意打扰i hate to （say)...i hate to say i have no money，but i really need themi hate to say，but i really have something important to doe.need，want如果以物体为主语，可以直接加动词-ing，表达被动含义i hate to leave so early，but i'm afraid i have to（很好的告别用语）mutiple choice4.that's后一般加特殊疑问词引导的从句或that's all 加从句for 加句子的时候，放在主句之后biaoshi由于某个理由，我们不说for this，而说for this reason5.frightful ＝terriblefrightened感到害怕的10.steal后面加物，rob的后面加人steal sth from sbrob sb of sth8.what she did她做的事what i said is true我所说的话是真的that is what i heard那就是我所听到的事情what＝the thing thatthe thing is that my brother will come/arrivethe thing surprised methe thing thatlesson 45clear adj 无罪的，不亏心的conscience n 良心，道德心wallet n 皮夹，钱夹savings n 存款villager n 村民percent 百分之...clear conscience 问心无愧guilty conscience 问心有愧i have a clear conscience 我问心无愧i have a guilty conscience我问心有愧bad conscience问心有愧purse 钱包（女士用）handbag手袋billfold钱包（美语）savings account存款帐号checking account存款（没有利息）deposit定金deposit account存款（有利息）A TM 自动取款机auto teller machineself-service machine自助银行cash card取款卡three percent百分之三textThe whole village soon learnt that a large sum of money had been lost. Sam Benton,the local butcher, had lost his wallet while taking his savings to thepost-office. Samwas sure that the wallet must have been found by one of the villagers, but it wasnot returned to him. Three months passed, and then one morning, Sam found his wallet outside his front door. It had been wrapped up in newspaper and it contained half the money he had lost, to-gether with a note which said: 'A thief,yes, 'but only 5o per cent a thief!' Two months later, some more money was sent to Sam with another note:'Only 25 percent a thief now!' In time, all Sam's money was paid back in this way. The last note said:' I am 100 per cent honest now!'learn得知the whole world learn...全世界都知道while doing是一个省略形式这种情况应具备两个条件1、这个动作的主语跟主句的主语一样2、这句话一定要是进行时态这句话完整的应为while he was taking...must have been donemust have done 表示对过去的推测must have been done 是表示对过去被动的推测三种表示一段时间以后，另外一件事情发生的方式1、...passed and then2、some time later3、some passed beforewrap up 包裹it had been wrapped up in newspaper by somebodyhalf the money钱的一半half an hour半个小时half a year半年together with＝with介词短语作状语，表示随他一起的还有i with my son went there我带着我的儿子去了那my som and i went there。

新概念英语第四册：惯用语 Lesson44 【篇一】as long as 只要;和…一样长1.A:See that guy over there in the corner? He comes in every Thursday night around six and he just sits there, for hours.A:你看见角落里那家伙了吗?他每星期四晚上6点左右就来了，然后就坐在那儿，一坐就是好几个小时。

B:It's odd. But there is not much we can do as long as he orders something that is.B:很奇怪。

但只要他点菜要东西的话，我们也没有可做的。

2.A:Would you be interested in two bedrooms, one bedroom, or a studio?A:你对两居室，一居室，还是一室公寓房感兴趣?B:It doesn't matter as long as it's close to the university.B:只要离学校近，无所谓。

【篇二】birth 出生，诞生birth certificate 出生证明例句：I need to get a copy of my birth certificate.我需要复印一张我的出生证明。

【篇三】brain n. 脑;智力rack one's brains 绞尽脑汁(to think very deeply or for a long time)例句：1.Julia racked her brains, but she still coundn't figure out what had really happened. 朱丽娅绞尽了脑汁也想不出到底发生了什么事。

2.Rack your brains, maybe you can get some hints.绞尽脑汁想一想，也许你会得到些线索的。

【课⽂】 First listen and then answer the following question. 听录⾳，然后回答以下问题。

What influences us from the moment of birth? Custom has not commonly been regarded as a subject of any great moment. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behaviour at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behaviour more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how aberrant. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest. No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probing he cannot go behind these stereotypes; his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behaviour of the individual, as against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the vernacular of his family. When one seriously studies the social orders that have had the opportunity to develop autonomously, the figure becomes no more than an exact and matter-of-fact observation. The life history of the individual is first and foremost an accommodation to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community. From the moment of his birth, the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behaviour. By the time he can talk, he is the little creature of his culture, and by the time he is grown and able to take part in its activities, its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs, its impossibilities his impossibilities. Every child that is born into his group will share them with him, and no child born into one on the opposite side of the globe can ever achieve the thousandth part. There is no social problem it is more incumbent upon us to understand than this of the role of custom. Until we are intelligent as to its laws and varieties, the main complicating facts of human life must remain unintelligible. The study of custom can be profitable only after certain preliminary propositions have been accepted, and some of these propositions have been violently opposed. In the first place, any scientific study requires that there be no preferential weighting of one or another of the items in the series it selects for its consideration. In all the less controversial fields, like the study of cacti or termites or the mature of nebulae, the necessary method of study is to group the relevant material and to take note of all possible variant forms and conditions. In this way, we have learned all that we know of the laws of astronomy, or of the habits of the social insects, let us say. It is only in the study of man himself that the major social sciences have substituted the study of one local variation, that of Western civilization. Anthropology was by definition impossible, as long as these distinctions between ourselves and the primitive, ourselves and the barbarian, ourselves and the pagan, held sway over people's minds. It was necessary first to arrive at that degree of sophistication where we no longer set our own belief against our neighbour's superstition. It was necessary to recognize that these institutions which are based on the same premises, let us say the supernatural, must be considered together, our own among the rest. RUTH BENEDICT Patterns of Culture 【New words and expressions ⽣词和短语】 commonplace adj. 平凡的 aberrant adj. 脱离常轨的，异常的 trivial adj. 微不⾜道的，琐细的 predominant adj.占优势的，起⽀配作⽤的 manifest v. 表明 pristine adj. 纯洁的，质朴的 stereotype n. 陈规 vernacular n. ⽅⾔ accommodation n. 适应 incumbent adj. 义不容辞的，有责任的 preliminary adj. 初步的 proposition n. 主张 preferrential adj. 优先的 controversial adj. 引起争论的 cactus n. 仙⼈掌 termite n. ⽩蚁 nebula adj.星云 variant n. 不同的 barbarian n. 野蛮⼈ pagan n. 异教徒 sophistication n. ⽼练 premise n. 前提 supernatural adj. 超⾃然的 【课⽂注释】 1.The inner workings of our own brains 这⼀部分是feel的宾语，为了强调⽽把宾语提前了，to be uniquely worthy of investigation 是宾语补⾜语。